Pulkovo Airport: Difference between revisions
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|[[Alitalia]] | [[Milan Malpensa Airport|Milan-Malpensa]] (resumes {{date|2019-7-27}})<ref>{{cite news |last1=Liu |first1=Jim |title=Alitalia resumes Milan Malpensa – St. Petersburg route from late-July 2019 |url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/282778/alitalia-resumes-milan-malpensa-st-petersburg-route-from-late-july-2019/ |accessdate=5 February 2019 |work=Routesonline |date=5 February 2019 |
|[[Alitalia]] | '''Seasonal:''' [[Catania–Fontanarossa Airport|Catania]],<ref name="AlitaliaS17">{{cite news|title=Alitalia: new non-stop flight Rome-Kiev|url=http://www.finchannel.com/tourism-and-travel/63223-alitalia-new-non-stop-flight-rome-kiev|accessdate=9 February 2017|work=finchannel.com|publisher=The FINANCIAL|date=3 February 2017|language=en-gb}}</ref> [[Milan Malpensa Airport|Milan-Malpensa]] (resumes {{date|2019-7-27}}),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Liu |first1=Jim |title=Alitalia resumes Milan Malpensa – St. Petersburg route from late-July 2019 |url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/282778/alitalia-resumes-milan-malpensa-st-petersburg-route-from-late-july-2019/ |accessdate=5 February 2019 |work=Routesonline |date=5 February 2019}}</ref> [[Rome–Fiumicino]]<ref name="AlitaliaS17" /> |
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|[[Alrosa]] | [[Mirny Airport|Mirny]], [[Novosibirsk Tolmachevo Airport|Novosibirsk]], [[Polyarny Airport|Polyarny]], [[Yakutsk Airport|Yakutsk]] |
|[[Alrosa]] | [[Mirny Airport|Mirny]], [[Novosibirsk Tolmachevo Airport|Novosibirsk]], [[Polyarny Airport|Polyarny]], [[Yakutsk Airport|Yakutsk]] |
Revision as of 13:25, 15 February 2019
Pulkovo Airport Аэропорт Пулково | |||||||||||||||
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File:Pulkovo Airport logo.jpg | |||||||||||||||
Summary | |||||||||||||||
Airport type | International | ||||||||||||||
Owner | Saint Petersburg City Administration | ||||||||||||||
Operator | Northern Capital Gateway | ||||||||||||||
Serves | Saint Petersburg, Russia | ||||||||||||||
Hub for | |||||||||||||||
Elevation AMSL | 79 ft / 24 m | ||||||||||||||
Coordinates | 59°48′01″N 30°15′45″E / 59.80028°N 30.26250°E | ||||||||||||||
Website | pulkovoairport.ru | ||||||||||||||
Map | |||||||||||||||
Runways | |||||||||||||||
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Statistics (2018) | |||||||||||||||
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Pulkovo Airport (Russian: Аэропорт Пулково, IPA: [ˈpulkəvə]) (IATA: LED, ICAO: ULLI) is an international airport serving St. Petersburg, Russia. It consists of one terminal, Terminal 1 which is located 23 km (14 mi) south of the city centre.[3] The airport serves as a hub for Rossiya Airlines[4] (formerly Pulkovo Aviation Enterprise), and as focus city for Nordavia. Pulkovo International Airport is responsible for serving the citizens of Saint Petersburg, as well as the Leningrad Oblast: a total of 6,120,000 people.
Description
Pulkovo Airport was officially opened on June 24, 1932, as a state-owned domestic airport. According to provisional figures for 2017, 16,125,520 passengers passed through the airport, a 21.6% increase over 2016. This makes Pulkovo the 4th busiest airport in Russia and the Post-Soviet States.[3] Pulkovo is one of the largest airports in Russia and Eastern Europe.
History
1931–1986
In January 1931, construction of an aerodrome near Leningrad (Saint Petersburg's official name between 1924 and 1991 and the source of the airfield's IATA code of "LED" [3]) commenced and was completed on June 24, 1932, with the first aircraft arriving at 17:31 that day, after a two-and-a-half hour flight from Moscow carrying passengers and mail.[5] This aerodrome was at first named Shosseynaya Airport, the name coming from the nearby Shosseynaya railway station.[6] Soon after the airport opened regular flights to Petrozavodsk, Pudozh, Arkhangelsk, and Murmansk.
In 1936, a foundation for a new terminal was laid out. Leningrad's airport was also provided with new G-2s and PS-84s.[7] In 1941, a new completely commercial passenger route between Moscow and Leningrad was opened; before it was a mixed passenger-mail route. Construction of the new terminal thrived between 1937 and 1941. The architects of the new three-story terminal were Aleksandr Ivanovich Gegello and N.E. Lansere. Construction was abruptly put on hold in July 1941, one month after Nazi Germany's invasion of the USSR on June 22, 1941. The airport was the front line in the German Siege of Leningrad. There were no flights between 1941 and 1944. The nearby Pulkovo hills were occupied by the Germans and were used by German long-range artillery for daily bombardments of Leningrad. The airport was cleared of the Germans in January 1944, and resumed cargo and mail flights after the runways were repaired in 1945. In February 1948, after the damage was completely repaired, the airport resumed scheduled passenger flights. In 1949, there were scheduled flights to 15 major cities of the USSR, and 15 more short-range flights within the north-western Russia.[8] In 1949 Shosseynaya Airport recorded a passenger traffic rate of 6,305, 333 tons of mail, and 708 tons of cargo.[9]
In 1951, the construction of the new terminal was complete. In the mid-1950s the new extended runway was completed, allowing to handle larger aircraft such as Ilyushin-18 and Tupolev-104.[10] in that same time period the exploitation of jet engine planes began in Shosseynaya Airport. On March 15, 1959, the USSR-42419 Tu-104 was the first commercial jet airplane to take off from the Shosseynaya Airport.[citation needed]
In the early 1960s long-distance airplanes such as the An-24 and Yak-40 began to appear in the airport. Flights to Vladivostok began to emerge in the flight lists. ICAO category 1 standards were implemented in 1965, making way for international operations. By the late 1960s, over 60 airlines had flights to and from Saint Petersburg's airport. On February 8, 1971, Shosseynaya was awarded the Order of the October Revolution.[11] The airport was renamed Pulkovo Airport on April 24, 1973. In May 1973, the new Pulkovo 1 terminal was opened. The famous 5-cup Pulkovo 1 was designed by Alexandr Zyk. The 5 cups on top were put intentionally to give the terminal a more spacious feeling, as well as to allow more natural sunlight to pass through. This terminal is regarded as a masterpiece of Soviet postmodern architecture.[12] Pulkovo 1 was a domestic-only terminal. Domestic air traffic increased approximately 45% every decade between the 1970-1990s. The old pre-war building of the airport was renamed to Pulkovo 2 and the terminal was exploited for international flights only.[13]
On April 11, 1986, the new departure and arrival zones for the international terminal were completed, doubling the passenger traffic rate capacity of Pulkovo 1.
1986–2007
In 1990, Pulkovo Airport reach its passenger traffic rate peak of over 10,000,000 passengers. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union the number of passengers declined. In 2005, Pulkovo Airport gained independence as it separated from the Pulkovo Aviation Enterprise. Also in 2005 Rosavia declares that Pulkovo Airport (still state-owned) is to have an open tender on an investment project of the new terminal construction.This allowed it to sell shares and begin working on investment bidding projects. In 2006, Pulkovo Airport served just over 5,000,000 passengers: only 50% of the number from 1990.
2007–present
In 2007, Grimshaw Architects was announced as the winner of the construction contract. In 2009, The Saint Petersburg Transportation Ministry requested that an operating company for Pulkovo Airport be created, and a consortium known as NCG (Northern Capital Gateway) was set up by Russian VTB Capital Bank, international Fraport AG Company, and the Greek Copelouzos Group. On April 29, 2010, NCG won the tender for a 30-year operating lease over Pulkovo Airport. On November 24, 2010, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin attended a ceremony celebrating the beginning of construction on the new 150,000 m² Terminal 1.
Terminals
Pulkovo 2
Pulkovo 2 is approximately 25,000 m2 (270,000 sq ft). The terminal used to serve as the international departures and arrivals zone. It was last renovated in 2009. Today, Pulkovo 2 is used as a second-hand terminal for government officials and VIP members.
Pulkovo 1
This terminal is 43,000 m2 (460,000 sq ft).[14] It served as the main terminal for over 30 years. Pulkovo 1 was built for 6,500,000 passengers annually, but by 2008 it surpassed its maximum capacity.[15] Today Pulkovo 1 is under a major reconstruction. This terminal is planned to be used as the domestic transit/departure zone. The zone is planned to have several duty-free shops, restaurants, and 6 jet bridges. When Pulkovo 1 is completed, Pulkovo Airport's capacity will increase to 17,000,000 passengers annually. Reconstruction of Pulkovo 1 was finished at the end of 2014.
Terminal 1
Construction of Terminal 1 was delayed several times and began in 2010.[citation needed] In November 2013, the airport was tested for errors by over 5,200 residents of Saint Petersburg who partook in the process. Several days after the test the new Terminal 1 opened on December 3, 2013. On February 14, 2014, all operations were consolidated into the new terminal as the old Pulkovo 1 and Pulkovo 2 terminals have been shut down.[14] The new terminal contains several business lounges, restaurants, pharmacies. Terminal 1 is 147,000 m² and has 400,000 m² airport dock in front of it. The airport has 88 check-in counters, 110 passport booths, 7 baggage carousels, 110 parking stands, 17 gates, and 17 escalators. The interior of the new airport was designed by Grimshaw Architects and directly correlates with the designs and style of Saint Petersburg city. The new Terminal also sought many artistic sculptures and paintings to give a sense of thriving culture to passengers. Four sculptures from Dmitry Shorin's project named I Believe in Angels decorate the departure hall.[16][17]
The current Pulkovo-1 terminal includes new terminal and old Soviet terminal that was re-constructed and fully converted into departure area.
Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Cargo
Airlines | Destinations |
---|---|
Asiana Cargo | Gothenburg–Landvetter, Seoul–Incheon, Vienna |
Statistics
Annual traffic
Year | Passengers | % Change |
---|---|---|
2004 | 4,337,749 | |
2005 | 4,654,405 | 7.3% |
2006 | 5,101,842 | 9.6% |
2007 | 6,137,805 | 20% |
2008 | 7,071,537 | 15.2% |
2009 | 6,758,352 | -4.4% |
2010 | 8,443,753 | 25% |
2011 | 9,610,767 | 14% |
2012 | 11,154,560 | 16% |
2013 | 12,854,366 | 15.2% |
2014 | 14,264,732 | 11% |
2015 | 13,500,125 | -5.3% |
2016 | 13,300,000 | -1.4% |
2017 | 16,125,520 | 21.2% |
2018 | 18,122,286 | 12.4% |
Route statistics
2015–2016
2015
Rank | City | Country | Airports | Airlines | Number of passengers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Minsk | Belarus | Minsk National Airport | Belavia, Rossiya | 162,712 |
2 | Kiev | Ukraine | Boryspil International Airport Kiev International Airport (Zhuliany) |
Rossiya, Transaero, Ukraine International Airlines | 162,103 |
3 | Tashkent | Uzbekistan | Tashkent International Airport | Rossiya, Uzbekistan Airways | 123,268 |
4 | Almaty | Kazakhstan | Almaty International Airport | Air Astana, Rossiya | 118,300 |
5 | Dushanbe | Tajikistan | Dushanbe International Airport | Rossiya, Somon Air, Tajik Air | 88,266 |
6 | Samarkand | Uzbekistan | Samarkand Airport | Rossiya, Uzbekistan Airways | 87,108 |
7 | Chișinău | Moldova | Chișinău International Airport | Air Moldova, Rossiya | 79,106 |
8 | Astana | Kazakhstan | Astana International Airport | Air Astana, Rossiya | 75,381 |
9 | Urgench | Uzbekistan | Urgench International Airport | Rossiya, Uzbekistan Airways | 49,839 |
10 | Baku | Azerbaijan | Heydar Aliyev International Airport | Azerbaijan Airlines, Rossiya | 47,542 |
Rank | City | Country | Airports | Airlines | Number of passengers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Antalya | Turkey | Antalya International Airport | Rossiya, Ural Airlines | 460,392 |
2 | Frankfurt | Germany | Frankfurt Airport | Lufthansa, Rossiya | 268,795 |
3 | Paris | France | Charles de Gaulle Airport | Air France, Rossiya | 216,483 |
4 | Hurghada | Egypt | Hurghada International Airport | Ural Airlines | 206,471 |
5 | Larnaca | Cyprus | Larnaca International Airport | Rossiya, Transaero | 179,738 |
6 | Sharm el-Sheikh | Egypt | Sharm el-Sheikh International Airport | Metrojet, Rossiya | 170,557 |
7 | Istanbul | Turkey | Istanbul Atatürk Airport | Rossiya, Turkish Airlines | 151,657 |
8 | Munich | Germany | Munich Airport | Lufthansa, Rossiya | 150,517 |
9 | Rome | Italy | Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport | Alitalia, Rossiya | 134,930 |
10 | Dubai | United Arab Emirates | Dubai International Airport | Emirates, Rossiya | 124,709 |
2013
Rank | City | Region | Airports | Airlines | Number of passengers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Moscow | Moscow Moscow Oblast |
Domodedovo, Sheremetyevo, Vnukovo | Aeroflot, Gazpromavia, Rossiya, S7 Airlines, UTair Aviation | 2,965,331 |
2 | Kaliningrad | Kaliningrad Oblast | Khrabrovo Airport | Rossiya | 287,796 |
3 | Arkhangelsk | Arkhangelsk Oblast | Talagi Airport | Nordavia, Rossiya | 248,298 |
4 | Murmansk | Murmansk Oblast | Murmansk Airport | Nordavia, Rossiya | 247,633 |
5 | Sochi | Krasnodar Krai | Adler–Sochi International Airport | Donavia, Rossiya | 237,678 |
6 | Yekaterinburg | Sverdlovsk Oblast | Koltsovo Airport | Rossiya, Ural Airlines | 181,933 |
7 | Krasnodar | Krasnodar Krai | Pashkovsky Airport | Rossiya, Yakutia Airlines | 169,533 |
8 | Novosibirsk | Novosibirsk Oblast | Tolmachevo Airport | Rossiya, S7 Airlines, Ural Airlines | 150,629 |
9 | Rostov-on-Don | Rostov Oblast | Rostov-on-Don Airport | Donavia, Rossiya, Ural Airlines | 124,281 |
10 | Samara | Samara Oblast | Kurumoch International Airport | Ak Bars Aero, Rossiya | 115,542 |
Rank | City | Country | Airports | Airlines | Number of passengers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Antalya | Turkey | Antalya International Airport | Rossiya, Ural Airlines | 451,046 |
2 | Frankfurt | Germany | Frankfurt Airport | Lufthansa, Rossiya | 307,103 |
3 | Hurghada | Egypt | Hurghada International Airport | Ural Airlines | 287,363 |
4 | Munich | Germany | Munich Airport | Lufthansa, Rossiya | 235,710 |
5 | Larnaca | Cyprus | Larnaca International Airport | Rossiya, Transaero | 230,291 |
6 | Paris | France | Charles de Gaulle Airport | Air France, Rossiya | 228,564 |
7 | Sharm el-Sheikh | Egypt | Sharm el-Sheikh International Airport | Metrojet, Rossiya | 222,671 |
8 | Berlin | Germany | Tegel Airport, Schönefeld Airport | Air Berlin (TXL), Rossiya (SXF) | 186,644 |
9 | Dubai | United Arab Emirates | Dubai International Airport | Emirates, Rossiya | 177,120 |
10 | Prague | Czech Republic | Prague Václav Havel Airport | Czech Airlines, Rossiya | 143,956 |
Investors
Northern Capital Gateway (NCG) began managing the airport in 2009.[71]
The airport's website lists the companies currently participating alongside NCG:[71]
"Russian VTB Capital, member of state-owned VTB Group, German Fraport AG, which manages and operates the airport of Frankfurt and many other international airports, and Horizon Air Investments S.A. member of the Greek Copelouzos Group".
Although not yet listed on the website, the latest investor is Qatar Investment Authority (QIA), which now owns a 24.99% share of the Pulkovo Airport.[72]
Qatar Investment Authority
In mid-2016, Qatari sovereign wealth fund QIA was proud to announce that it had purchased nearly a quarter-percent stake in the Russian airport.[73]
Qatar purchased a roughly 10% stake in Thalita Trading from Germany's airport operating holding, Fraport (FRAG.DE), in July 2016.[72] Thalita Trading is the parent company of NCG, manager of the airport.[74] It was reported that Fraport expected to make between €30–40 million in the sale.[73]
Qatar then bought stake from Copelouzos Group to grow its share in Thalita, and consequently the entire airport, to 24.99%.[74] As of September 2016, it was reported that QIA was to pay €239, or $269 million, for the quarter-percent stake.[75]
Commenting on the sale, Qatar's Doha News reported that:[73]
"QIA's purchase of a stake in Pulkovo increases the country's interest in foreign airports, following a big investment in London Heathrow operator Heathrow Airport Holdings".
Sheikh Ahmed Al-Thani, vice chairman of QIA and member of Qatar's ruling Al-Thani family, is now listed as a member of the Board of Directors on the Pulkovo airport's website, along with Arturo Carta of QIA.[76]
Investment background and controversy
QIA is the sovereign wealth fund of Qatar founded in 2005 by the Al-Thani family.
Since its inception, the sovereign wealth fund has been ramping up its worldwide real estate purchases, and most recently has invested heavily throughout the United States. The fund purchased stake in the Empire State Building in August 2016 and became the primary investor in one of Washington, D.C.'s larger mixed-use developments, CityCenterDC, which delivered in 2015.[77]
In December 2016, QIA together with commodities trader Glencore purchased a 19.5% share in Russia's largest oil company, Rosneft, for €10.2 billion ($10.8 billion).[78] Rosneft has been under sanctions by the European Union and United States since 2014.[79][80] A few months following the deal, Reuters reported that when asked if he was still confident about the investment, QIA CEO Sheikh Abdullah Bin Mohammed Al-Thani responded "Absolutely, no doubt".[78]
In March 2017, CEO Al-Thani announced Qatar's latest venture: "Soon we will be opening an office in the Silicon Valley in San Francisco".[81][82]
Qatar's aggressive investments, including its "interest in foreign airports", have been met with hesitation from those suspicious about the country's longstanding connections to multiple terrorist organizations and their senior-level operators.[83][84][85]
Ground transportation
- "Marshrutka" minibuses No. K-39 run on several lines, some of them following the city bus routes (and using matching line numbers).
- Pulkovo Airport is served by the shuttle buses(No.39 and No.39Ex).They connect the airport with metro station "Moskovskaya" on line M2.
- Train station "Аirport" (Russian "Аэропорт") is 15 minutes walk from Pulkovo 2.
For private car travel, Pulkovo Airport is accessible via the nearby Pulkovo Highway (Pulkovskoe shosse) from Saint Petersburg city center.
Accidents and incidents
- April 27, 1974, an Ilyushin Il-18V passenger aircraft of Aeroflot flying to Krasnodar crashed right after take off from Pulkovo after an engine fire. All 108 passengers and 10 members of crew died.
- June 26, 1991, an Antonov An-24 cargo aircraft of the AKF Polet company heading to Voronezh crashed in the Gulf of Finland five minutes after take off from Pulkovo. All ten people on board died.
See also
- List of the busiest airports in Russia
- List of the busiest airports in the former USSR
- List of the busiest airports in Europe
References
- ^ "ACI EUROPE Airport Traffic Report. December, Q4 and Full Year 2015" (PDF). Retrieved 28 August 2016.
- ^ "Russian AIP (CAIGA)". Retrieved 28 August 2016.
- ^ a b c "About the Airport". Retrieved 3 June 2015.
- ^ About Us – STC Russia Archived 2009-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, Rossiya Airlines, retrieved January 2, 2009
- ^ "History of Pulkovo Airport". Retrieved 3 June 2015.
- ^ "Pulkovo Airport – About – History". 2013. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
- ^ "Pulkovo – About – History – 1930s". 2010. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "History of Pulkovo Airport". Retrieved 3 June 2015.
- ^ "Pulkovo – About – History – 40s". 2013. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
- ^ "History of Pulkovo Airport". Retrieved 3 June 2015.
- ^ "Pulkovo – About – History – 1970s". 2010. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Pulkovo – About – History – 1970s". 2013. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
- ^ "History of Pulkovo Airport". Retrieved 3 June 2015.
- ^ a b "Information report on final moving of international flights from Pulkovo-2 to the new Terminal-1 of Pulkovo Airport". Retrieved 3 June 2015.
- ^ "Pulkovo – Airport Indicators". 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
- ^ "Dmitry Shorin. I Believe in Angels". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
- ^ "Pulkovo Airoprt art and architecture projects page". Archived from the original on 2014-03-07. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
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- ^ "В Международном аэропорту Владивосток откроется новый рейс в Санкт-Петербург | Международный аэропорт Владивосток". vvo.aero. Vladivostok International Airport. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
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- ^ a b c d e f g "Flight Search". pegasys.pegast.ru.
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- ^ https://centreforaviation.com/news/pobeda-will-not-operate-international-st-petersburg-services-from-mar-2019-873016
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- ^ Liu, Jim (19 February 2018). "Pobeda schedules Kaliningrad launch in S18". Routesonline. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- ^ https://centreforaviation.com/news/pobeda-will-not-operate-international-st-petersburg-services-from-mar-2019-873016
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- ^ https://centreforaviation.com/news/pobeda-will-not-operate-international-st-petersburg-services-from-mar-2019-873016
- ^ "Qatar Airways Launches Flights to Russia's St. Petersburg as Ambitious Expansion Plans Continue". qatarairways.com. Qatar Airways. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
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- ^ "Руслайн расширяет полетную программу в Санкт-Петербург | Belgorod International Airport". belgorodavia.ru (in Russian). International airport Belgorod. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ^ "RusLine: RusLine S17 European route additions". Retrieved 21 February 2017.
- ^ Liu, Jim (2 November 2017). "RusLine adds Kaliningrad routes in W17". Routesonline. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
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- ^ Liu, Jim (6 January 2019). "S7 Airlines S19 Domestic network addition as of 04JAN19". Routesonline. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
- ^ "Russia, Saint Petersburg, Pulkovo (LED) <-> Russia, Murmansk (MMK)". S7.ru. S7 Airlines. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
- ^ a b Liu, Jim (21 January 2019). "S7 Airlines further expands St. Petersburg – Europe routes in S19". Routesonline. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
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- ^ "Russia, Saint Petersburg, Pulkovo (LED) <-> Croatia, Pula (PUY)". S7.ru. S7 Airlines. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
- ^ a b Liu, Jim (14 November 2017). "S7 Airlines expands European network from St. Petersburg in S18". Routesonline. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
- ^ Sichuan Airlines begin service to Saint Petersburg from 2018
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- ^ a b c d e f "Airport Indicators". MOST POPULAR DESTINATIONS. Northern Capital Gateway LLC. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
- ^ a b "About the Airport". www.pulkovoairport.ru. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
- ^ a b "Fraport sells stake in St Petersburg airport to Qatar". Reuters. 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
- ^ a b c "Qatar Investment Authority buys stake in Russian airport". Doha News. 2016-08-01. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
- ^ a b "Fraport sells a share in Pulkovo Airport to Qatar investor – Russian aviation news". Russian Aviation Insider. 2016-08-01. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
- ^ "Press about us | VTB Capital". www.vtbcapital.com. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
- ^ "Board of Directors". www.pulkovoairport.ru. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
- ^ "D.C.'s City Center had stalled until Qatar came along and invested $650 million in the development". Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
- ^ a b "QIA chief says he's "absolutely" confident in Rosneft investment". Reuters. 2017-03-27. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
- ^ "EU top court upholds sanctions against Russia's Rosneft". Reuters. 2017-03-28. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
- ^ "Ukraine-related Sanctions". www.treasury.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
- ^ "Qatar Investment Authority to open office in Silicon Valley – The Peninsula Qatar". www.thepeninsulaqatar.com. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
- ^ Editorial, Reuters. "Qatar wealth fund to open office in Silicon Valley". Reuters India. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
{{cite news}}
:|first=
has generic name (help) - ^ "Qatar and Terror Finance – Foundation for Defense of Democracies". www.defenddemocracy.org. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
- ^ "Minister's family ties to terror". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
- ^ "Terror financiers are living freely in Qatar, US discloses". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
External links
Media related to Pulkovo Airport at Wikimedia Commons