Jump to content

Mirtazapine: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
→‎Efficacy and tolerability: Previous language was misleading; the cited paper only compared Mirtazapine to several SSRI medications, and not other types of antidepressants
Line 121: Line 121:
| location = West Sussex
| location = West Sussex
}}
}}
</ref> Unlike most antidepressants, however, mirtazapine has a faster onset of antidepressant action, with an initial reduction in affective symptoms being seen within the first week of treatment, and the maximal change in improvement occurring over the course of the first two weeks, however ingesting small doses sporadically can cause some of the same short term side effects as opiates such as minor pain relief as well as constricting of the pupils. <ref name="pmid12404667" /><ref name="pmid18568129">{{cite journal | author = Lavergne, F; Berlin, I; Gamma, A; Stassen, H; Angst, J | title = Onset of improvement and response to mirtazapine in depression: a multicenter naturalistic study of 4771 patients | journal = Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 59–68 |date=March 2005 | pmid = 18568129 | pmc = 2426820 | doi =10.2147/nedt.1.1.59.52296 }}</ref>
</ref> Mirtazapine has a faster onset of antidepressant action when compared to SSRIs, with an initial reduction in affective symptoms being seen within the first week of treatment, and the maximal change in improvement occurring over the course of the first two weeks, however ingesting small doses sporadically can cause some of the same short term side effects as opiates such as minor pain relief as well as constricting of the pupils. <ref name="pmid12404667" /><ref name="pmid18568129">{{cite journal | author = Lavergne, F; Berlin, I; Gamma, A; Stassen, H; Angst, J | title = Onset of improvement and response to mirtazapine in depression: a multicenter naturalistic study of 4771 patients | journal = Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 59–68 |date=March 2005 | pmid = 18568129 | pmc = 2426820 | doi =10.2147/nedt.1.1.59.52296 }}</ref>


==Adverse reactions==
==Adverse reactions==

Revision as of 18:30, 21 July 2015

Mirtazapine
Clinical data
Trade namesRemeron, Avanza, Axit, Mirtazon, Zispin
Other names6-Azamianserin, Org 3770
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa697009
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B3
Routes of
administration		Oral
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability50%[2][3][4][5]
Protein binding85%[2][3][4][5]
MetabolismLiver (CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4)[2][3][4][5][6]
Elimination half-life20–40 hours[2][3][4][5]
ExcretionUrine (75%)[2]
Faeces (15%)[2][3][4][5]
Identifiers
  • (±)-2-methyl-1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydropyrazino[2,1-a]pyrido[2,3-c][2]benzazepine
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.080.027 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC17H19N3
Molar mass265.35 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Density1.22 g/cm3
Melting point114 to 116 °C (237 to 241 °F)
Boiling point432 °C (810 °F)
Solubility in waterSoluble in methanol and chloroform mg/mL (20 °C)
  • n1cccc3c1N4C(c2ccccc2C3)CN(C)CC4
  • InChI=1S/C17H19N3/c1-19-9-10-20-16(12-19)15-7-3-2-5-13(15)11-14-6-4-8-18-17(14)20/h2-8,16H,9-12H2,1H3 checkY
  • Key:RONZAEMNMFQXRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Mirtazapine (brand names: Avanza, Axit, Mirtaz, Mirtazon, Remeron, Zispin)[7] is a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA) introduced by Organon International in the United States in 1996,[3] and is used primarily in the treatment of depression. It is also commonly used as an anxiolytic, hypnotic, antiemetic and appetite stimulant. In structure, mirtazapine can also be classified as a tetracyclic antidepressant (TeCA) and is the 6-aza analogue of mianserin.[7] It is also racemic—occurs as a combination of both (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers.[7]

Its patent expired in 2004, so generic versions are available.[8]

Medical uses

Approved and off-label

Mirtazapine's primary use is the treatment of major depressive disorder and other mood disorders.[9][10]

However, it has also been found useful in alleviating the following conditions and may be prescribed off-label for their treatment:

Investigational

Mirtazapine has had literature published on its efficacy in the experimental treatment of these conditions:

Feline and Canine

Mirtazapine is sometimes prescribed as an appetite stimulant for cats or dogs experiencing anorexia due to medical conditions such as chronic kidney disease. It is especially useful for treating combined poor appetite and nausea in cats and dogs.[42][43]

Efficacy and tolerability

In clinical studies, mirtazapine has been found to be an effective antidepressant with a generally tolerable side-effect profile relative to other antidepressants.[44]

In a major meta-analysis published in 2009 that compared the efficacy and tolerability of 12 second-generation antidepressants, mirtazapine was found to be superior to all of the included selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), reboxetine and bupropion in terms of antidepressant efficacy, while it was average in regard to tolerability.[44] However, its superior efficacy over the other medications in the top four (escitalopram, sertraline and venlafaxine) did not reach statistical significance.[44]

Compared to earlier antidepressants, mirtazapine has been found to be significantly superior to trazodone,[45] while it has been shown to be approximately equivalent in efficacy to several of the tricyclic antidepressants including amitriptyline, doxepin and clomipramine, though with a much improved tolerability profile.[6][46] However, two other studies found mirtazapine to be significantly inferior to imipramine, another TCA.[47][48] One study compared the combination of venlafaxine and mirtazapine to the monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) tranylcypromine alone and found them to be similarly effective, though tranylcypromine was much less tolerable in regard to side effects and drug interactions.[49]

In general, all antidepressants, including mirtazapine, require at least a week for their therapeutic benefits on depressive and anxious symptoms to become apparent.[50][51] Mirtazapine has a faster onset of antidepressant action when compared to SSRIs, with an initial reduction in affective symptoms being seen within the first week of treatment, and the maximal change in improvement occurring over the course of the first two weeks, however ingesting small doses sporadically can cause some of the same short term side effects as opiates such as minor pain relief as well as constricting of the pupils. [50][52]

Adverse reactions

A box of Mirtazapine-Sandoz

Side effects

Information sources:[3][4][5][53][54][55]

Very common (≥10% incidence) adverse effects
Common (1%≤ incidence <10%) adverse effects
Uncommon (0.1%≤ incidence <1%)
Rare (incidence <0.1%)

Template:MultiCol

| class="col-break " |

| class="col-break " |

Template:EndMultiCol

Unknown frequency

Mirtazapine is not considered to have a risk of many of the side effects often associated with other antidepressants like the SSRIs, and may actually improve certain ones when taken in conjunction with them.[6][46] These adverse effects include decreased appetite, weight loss, insomnia, nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea, urinary retention, increased body temperature, excessive sweating, pupil dilation and sexual dysfunction.[6][46]

In general, some antidepressants, especially SSRIs, can paradoxically exacerbate some peoples' depression or anxiety or cause suicidal ideation.[56] Despite its sedating action, mirtazapine is also believed to be capable of this, so in the United States and certain other countries, it carries a black box label warning of these potential effects.

Discontinuation

Mirtazapine and other antidepressants may cause a withdrawal syndrome upon discontinuation.[6][57][58] A gradual and slow reduction in dose is recommended to minimize withdrawal symptoms.[59] Effects of sudden cessation of treatment with mirtazapine may include depression, anxiety, panic attacks, vertigo, restlessness, irritability, decreased appetite, insomnia, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, flu-like symptoms such as allergies and pruritus, headaches and sometimes hypomania or mania.[57][60][61][62][63]

Overdose

Mirtazapine is considered to be relatively safe in the event of an overdose,[51] although it is considered slightly more toxic in overdose than most of the SSRIs (except citalopram).[64] Unlike the TCAs, mirtazapine showed no significant cardiovascular adverse effects at 7 to 22 times the maximum recommended dose.[46] Case reports of overdose with as much as 30 to 50 times the standard dose described the drug as relatively nontoxic, compared to TCAs.[65][66]

Twelve reported fatalities have been attributed to mirtazapine overdose.[67][68] The fatal toxicity index (deaths per million prescriptions) for mirtazapine is 3.1 (95% CI: 0.1 to 17.2). This is similar to that observed with SSRIs.[69]

Pharmacology

Binding profile

Mirtazapine is an antagonist/inverse agonist at the following receptors:[70][71]

Molecular target Binding affinity, Ki (nM)[72] Notes
5-HT2A receptor 69 The (S)-(+) enantiomer is responsible for this antagonism.[7]
5-HT2B receptor ? ~20-fold lower than for 5-HT2A/5-HT2C[73]
5-HT2C receptor 39 Inverse agonist[74] The (S)-(+) enantiomer is responsible for this action.[7]
5-HT3 receptor ? Similar to 5-HT2A/5-HT2C (mouse neuroblastoma cell)[75] R-(–) enantiomer antagonises the 5-HT3 receptor.[7]
5-HT7 receptor 265
α1-adrenergic receptor 500 [76]
α2A-adrenergic receptor 20 The S-(+) enantiomer is responsible for this antagonism at autoreceptors.[7] Heteroreceptors are blocked by both the (S)-(+) and (R)-(–) enantiomers.[4]
α2C-adrenergic receptor 18 The S-(+) enantiomer is responsible for this antagonism at autoreceptors.[7] Heteroreceptors are blocked by both the (S)-(+) and (R)-(–) enantiomers.[4]
D1 receptor 4167
D2 receptor >5454
D3 receptor 5723
H1 receptor 1.6 [77]
mACh receptors 670 [76]

All affinities listed were assayed using human materials except those for α1-adrenergic and mACh that are for rat tissues, due to human values being unavailable.[70][71]

Mirtazapine has recently found to act as a weak (EC50 7.2 μM) κ-opioid receptor partial agonist.[78]

Correspondence to clinical effects

Antagonization of the α2-adrenergic receptors, which function largely as autoreceptors and heteroreceptors enhances adrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission, the notable ones being central 5-HT1A receptor-mediated transmission in the dorsal raphe nucleus and hippocampus; hence, mirtazapine's classification as a NaSSA. Indirect α1-adrenoceptor-mediated enhancement of 5-HT cell firing and direct blockade of inhibitory α2-heteroreceptors located on 5-HT terminals are held responsible for the increase in extracellular 5-HT.[6][9][79][80][81] Because of this, mirtazapine has been said to be a functional "indirect agonist" of the 5-HT1A receptor.[80] Increased activation of the central 5-HT1A receptor is thought to be a major mediator of efficacy of most antidepressant drugs.[82] Unlike most conventional antidepressants, however, at clinically used doses mirtazapine has no appreciable affinity for the serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine transporters and thus lacks any significant effects as a reuptake inhibitor of these neurotransmitters,[83] nor does it have any significant inhibitory effects on monoamine oxidase.[84]

Antagonism of the 5-HT2 subfamily of receptors and inverse agonism of the 5-HT2C receptor appears to be in part responsible for mirtazapine's efficacy in the treatment of depressive states.[85][86] The 5-HT2C receptor is known to inhibit the release of the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine in various parts of the brains of rodents, notably in reward pathways such as the ventral tegmental area.[87][88] Accordingly, it was shown that by blocking the α2-adrenergic receptors and 5-HT2C receptors mirtazapine disinhibited dopamine and norepinephrine activity in these areas in rats.[89] In addition, mirtazapine's antagonism of 5-HT2A receptors has beneficial effects on anxiety, sleep and appetite, as well as sexual function regarding the latter receptor.[6][46] The newest research however has shown that mirtazapine is actually an inverse agonist of the 5-HT2C receptor. 5-HT2C inverse agonists have been shown to inhibit mesoaccumbens dopamine outflow[90] attenuating the rewarding properties of various substances like morphine. This inhibition of dopamine may be stronger than thought as substances with 5-HT2C inverse agonist properties may have more activity to regulate dopamine neurotransmission than ones with competitive antagonism.[91] With its newly understood properties of 5-HT2C inverse agonism, it is being investigated and shown to lower drug seeking behaviour, conditioned place preference and the rewarding effects of substances such as methamphetamine in various human and animal studies.[74][92][93] It is also being investigated to help in substance abuse disorders with withdrawal effects and remission rates.[74][94] but some studies have shown mixed benefit.[74][95][96]

Antagonism of the 5-HT3 receptor, an action mirtazapine shares with the approved antiemetic ondansetron, significantly improves pre-existing symptoms of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome in afflicted individuals.[97] Mirtazapine may be used as an inexpensive antiemetic alternative to ondansetron.[24] Blockade of the 5-HT3 receptors has also shown to improve anxiety and to be effective in the treatment of drug addiction in several studies.[98] In conjunction with substance abuse counseling, mirtazapine has been investigated for the purpose of reducing methamphetamine use in dependent individuals with success.[92] In contrast to mirtazapine, the SSRIs, SNRIs, MAOIs, and some TCAs increase the general activity of the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT3 receptors leading to a host of negative changes and side-effects, the most prominent of which including anorexia, insomnia, sexual dysfunction (loss of libido and anorgasmia), nausea, and diarrhoea, among others. As a result, it is often combined with these drugs to reduce their side-effect profile and to produce a stronger antidepressant effect.[46][49][99][100][101][102]

Mirtazapine is a very strong H1 receptor inverse agonist and, as a result, it can cause powerful sedative and hypnotic effects.[6] After a short period of chronic treatment, however, the H1 receptor tends to desensitize and the antihistamine effects become more tolerable. Many patients may also dose at night to avoid the effects, and this appears to be an effective strategy for combating them. Blockade of the H1 receptor may improve pre-existing allergies, pruritus, nausea, and insomnia in afflicted individuals. It may also contribute to weight gain, however.[103] In contrast to the H1 receptor, mirtazapine has very low affinity for the mACh receptors, although anticholinergic side effects like dry mouth, constipation, and mydriasis are still commonly seen in clinical practise.[104]

Like many other antidepressants, mirtazapine has been found to have antinociceptive properties in mice.[105] However, unlike most other antidepressants, though similarly to venlafaxine, these effects are mostly mediated through downstream modulation of the endogenous opioid system, of which in the case of mirtazapine the μ-opioid and κ3-opioid receptors are mainly involved.[105] Interestingly, while virtually all antidepressants differ little in their maximal effectiveness in the treatment of major depression, mirtazapine and venlafaxine have demonstrated superior efficacy in treating severe types of depression such as psychotic depression and treatment-resistant depression.[105] This may be due to their unique influence on the opioid system, which is a property that may give them an advantage over other antidepressants in cases of severe depressive symptomatology.[105]

Pharmacokinetics

The (S)-(+)-enantiomer has a plasma half-life of 9.9±3 hours and the (R)-(–)-enantiomer has a plasma half-life of 18±2.5 hours.[2] The overall elimination half-life is 20–40 hours.

Dosage

Mirtazapine is typically prescribed in doses for humans of 15, 30 and 45 mg. However, clinical doses as high as 120 mg have been reported in the medical literature.[106]

Interactions

Concurrent use with inhibitors or inducers of the cytochrome (CYP) P450 isoenzymes CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and/or CYP3A4 can result in altered concentrations of mirtazapine, as these are the main enzymes responsible for its metabolism.[2][6] As examples, fluoxetine and paroxetine, inhibitors of these enzymes, are known to modestly increase mirtazapine levels, while carbamazepine, an inducer, considerably decreases them.[2]

According to information from the manufacturers, mirtazapine should not be started within two weeks of any MAOI usage; likewise, MAOIs should not be administered within two weeks of discontinuing mirtazapine.[107] However, a single study regarding the combination reported it does not result in any incidence of serotonin-related toxicity.[108] In addition, a case report claimed that mirtazapine can actually be used to treat serotonin syndrome.[109] Mirtazapine in combination with an SSRI, SNRI, or TCA as an augmentation strategy is considered to be relatively safe and is often employed therapeutically,[46][49][99][100][101] with a combination of venlafaxine and mirtazapine sometimes referred to as “California rocket fuel”.[110]

Another case report described mirtazapine as inducing hypertension in a clonidine-treated patient, likely due to occupancy of α2-autoreceptors by mirtazapine limiting the efficacy of concurrent clonidine therapy.[111]

Liver and moderate renal impairment have been reported to decrease the oral clearance of mirtazapine by about 30%; severe renal impairment decreases it by 50%.[2]

Chemistry

Mirtazapine is a racemic mixture of enantiomers. The (S)-(+)-enantiomer is known as esmirtazapine.

A four-step chemical synthesis of mirtazapine has been published.[112][113]

See also

References

  1. ^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 Oct 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Timmer, CJ; Sitsen, JM; Delbressine, LP (June 2000). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of mirtazapine". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 38 (6): 461–74. doi:10.2165/00003088-200038060-00001. PMID 10885584.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "REMERON (mirtazapine) tablet, film coated [Organon Pharmaceuticals USA]". DailyMed. Organon Pharmaceuticals USA. October 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "Axit Mirtazapine PRODUCT INFORMATION". TGA eBusiness Services. alphapharm. 25 October 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Mirtazapine 30 mg Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics" (PDF). electronic Medicines Compendium. Sandoz Limited. 20 March 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Anttila, SA; Leinonen, EV (2001). "A review of the pharmacological and clinical profile of mirtazapine". CNS Drug Reviews. 7 (3): 249–64. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2001.tb00198.x. PMID 11607047.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Cite error: The named reference "pmid11607047" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Brayfield, A, ed. (30 January 2013). Mirtazapine. The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Retrieved 3 November 2013. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  8. ^ Schatzberg, AF; Cole, JO; DeBattista, C. "3". Manual of Clinical Psychopharmacology (7th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58562-377-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b Gorman, JM (1999). "Mirtazapine: clinical overview". J Clin Psychiatry. 60 Suppl 17: 9–13, discussion 46–8. PMID 10446735.
  10. ^ Benjamin, S; Doraiswamy, PM (July 2011). "Review of the use of mirtazapine in the treatment of depression". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 12 (10): 1623–32. doi:10.1517/14656566.2011.585459. PMID 21644844.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Goodnick, PJ; Puig, A; DeVane, CL; Freund, BV (July 1999). "Mirtazapine in major depression with comorbid generalized anxiety disorder". J Clin Psychiatry. 60 (7): 446–8. doi:10.4088/JCP.v60n0705. PMID 10453798.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ a b c d Croom, KF; Perry, CM; Plosker, GL (2009). "Mirtazapine: a review of its use in major depression and other psychiatric disorders". CNS Drugs. 23 (5): 427–52. doi:10.2165/00023210-200923050-00006. PMID 19453203.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Muehlbacher, M; Nickel, MK; Nickel, C; et al. (December 2005). "Mirtazapine treatment of social phobia in women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 25 (6): 580–3. doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0000186871.04984.8d. PMID 16282842. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Koran, LM; Quirk, T; Lorberbaum, JP; Elliott, M (October 2001). "Mirtazapine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder". J Clin Psychopharmacol. 21 (5): 537–9. doi:10.1097/00004714-200110000-00016. PMID 11593084.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[unreliable medical source?]
  15. ^ Carpenter, LL; Leon, Z; Yasmin, S; Price, LH (June 1999). "Clinical experience with mirtazapine in the treatment of panic disorder". Ann Clin Psychiatry. 11 (2): 81–6. doi:10.3109/10401239909147053. PMID 10440525.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[unreliable medical source?]
  16. ^ Carli, V; Sarchiapone, M; Camardese, G; Romano, L; DeRisio, S (July 2002). "Mirtazapine in the treatment of panic disorder". Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 59 (7): 661–2. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.7.661. PMID 12090820.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[unreliable medical source?]
  17. ^ Landowski, J (2002). "[Mirtazapine--an antidepressant]". Psychiatria Polska (in Polish). 36 (6 Suppl): 125–30. PMID 12647431.
  18. ^ Chinuck, RS; Fortnum, H; Baldwin, DR (December 2007). "Appetite stimulants in cystic fibrosis: a systematic review". Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics : the Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association. 20 (6): 526–37. doi:10.1111/j.1365-277X.2007.00824.x. PMID 18001374.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Davis, MP; Khawam, E; Pozuelo, L; Lagman, R (August 2002). "Management of symptoms associated with advanced cancer: olanzapine and mirtazapine. A World Health Organization project". Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy. 2 (4): 365–76. doi:10.1586/14737140.2.4.365. PMID 12647979.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Hartmann, PM (January 1999). "Mirtazapine: a newer antidepressant". Am Fam Physician. 59 (1): 159–61. PMID 9917581.
  21. ^ Jindal, RD (2009). "Insomnia in patients with depression: some pathophysiological and treatment considerations". CNS Drugs. 23 (4): 309–29. doi:10.2165/00023210-200923040-00004. PMID 19374460.
  22. ^ Nutt, DJ (June 2002). "Tolerability and safety aspects of mirtazapine". Human Psychopharmacology. 17 Suppl 1: S37–41. doi:10.1002/hup.388. PMID 12404669.
  23. ^ a b Li, TC; Shiah, IS; Sun, CJ; Tzang, RF; Huang, KC; Lee, WK (June 2011). "Mirtazapine relieves post-electroconvulsive therapy headaches and nausea: a case series and review of the literature". The Journal of ECT. 27 (2): 165–7. doi:10.1097/YCT.0b013e3181e63346. PMID 21602639.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ a b Kast, RE; Foley, KF (July 2007). "Cancer chemotherapy and cachexia: mirtazapine and olanzapine are 5-HT3 antagonists with good antinausea effects". Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 16 (4): 351–4. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2354.2006.00760.x. PMID 17587360.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ Twycross, R; Greaves, MW; Handwerker, H; et al. (January 2003). "Itch: scratching more than the surface". QJM : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 96 (1): 7–26. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcg002. PMID 12509645. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ Greaves, MW (2005). "Itch in systemic disease: therapeutic options". Dermatologic Therapy. 18 (4): 323–7. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2005.00036.x. PMID 16297004.
  27. ^ Colombo, B; Annovazzi, PO; Comi, G (October 2004). "Therapy of primary headaches: the role of antidepressants". Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 25 Suppl 3: S171–5. doi:10.1007/s10072-004-0280-x. PMID 15549531.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ Tajti, J; Almási, J (June 2006). "[Effects of mirtazapine in patients with chronic tension-type headache. Literature review]". Neuropsychopharmacologia Hungarica : a Magyar Pszichofarmakológiai Egyesület Lapja = Official Journal of the Hungarian Association of Psychopharmacology (in Hungarian). 8 (2): 67–72. PMID 17073214.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ Kohler, M; Bloch, KE; Stradling, JR (May 2009). "Pharmacological approaches to the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 18 (5): 647–56. doi:10.1517/13543780902877674. PMID 19388881.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ Marshall, NS; Yee, BJ; Desai, AV; Buchanan, PR; Wong, KK; Crompton, R; Melehan, KL; Zack, N; Rao, SG; Gendreau, RM; Kranzler, J; Grunstein, RR (June 2008). "Two randomized placebo-controlled trials to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of mirtazapine for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea". Sleep. 31 (6): 824–31. PMC 2442407. PMID 18548827.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ Masi, G (2004). "Pharmacotherapy of pervasive developmental disorders in children and adolescents". CNS Drugs. 18 (14): 1031–52. doi:10.2165/00023210-200418140-00006. PMID 15584771.
  32. ^ Marek, GJ; Carpenter, LL; McDougle, CJ; Price, LH (February 2003). "Synergistic action of 5-HT2A antagonists and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in neuropsychiatric disorders". Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 28 (2): 402–12. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300057. PMID 12589395.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ^ Posey, DJ; Guenin, KD; Kohn, AE; Swiezy, NB; McDougle, CJ (2001). "A naturalistic open-label study of mirtazapine in autistic and other pervasive developmental disorders". J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 11 (3): 267–77. doi:10.1089/10445460152595586. PMID 11642476.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ Coskun, M; Karakoc, S; Kircelli, F; Mukaddes, NM (April 2009). "Effectiveness of mirtazapine in the treatment of inappropriate sexual behaviors in individuals with autistic disorder". J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 19 (2): 203–6. doi:10.1089/cap.2008.020. PMID 19364298.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  35. ^ Kumar, R; Sachdev, PS (May 2009). "Akathisia and second-generation antipsychotic drugs". Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 22 (3): 293–99. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e32832a16da. PMID 19378382.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ Hieber, R; Dellenbaugh, T; Nelson, LA (June 2008). "Role of mirtazapine in the treatment of antipsychotic-induced akathisia". Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 42 (6): 841–6. doi:10.1345/aph.1K672. PMID 18460588.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  37. ^ Graves, SM; Rafeyan, R; Watts, J; Napier, TC (December 2012). "Mirtazapine, and mirtazapine-like compounds as possible pharmacotherapy for substance abuse disorders: evidence from the bench and the bedside". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 136 (3): 343–353. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.08.013. PMC 3483434. PMID 22960395.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ Ritsner, MS (2013). Polypharmacy in Psychiatry Practice, Volume I. Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. ISBN 9789400758056.
  39. ^ Vidal, C; Reese, C; Fischer, BA; Chiapelli, J; Himelhoch, S (March 2013). "Meta-Analysis of Efficacy of Mirtazapine as an Adjunctive Treatment of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia". Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses. Walsh Medical Media: 1–24. doi:10.3371/CSRP.VIRE.030813. ISSN 1935-1232. PMID 23491969.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  40. ^ Tagai, K; Nagata, T; Shinagawa, S; Tsuno, N; Ozone, M; Nakayama, K (June 2013). "Mirtazapine improves visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: a case report". Psychogeriatrics. 13 (2): 103–107. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8301.2012.00432.x. PMID 23909968.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: year (link)
  41. ^ Taylor, D; Paton, C; Shitij, K (2012). The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-470-97948-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  42. ^ "Remeron for Cats".
  43. ^ "Mirtazapine (Remeron)".
  44. ^ a b c Cipriani, A; Furukawa, TA; Salanti, G; Geddes, JR; Higgins, JP; Churchill, R; Watanabe, N; Nakagawa, A; Omori, IM; McGuire, H; Tansella, M; Barbui, C (February 2009). "Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 12 new-generation antidepressants: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis". Lancet. 373 (9665): 746–58. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60046-5. PMID 19185342.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  45. ^ van Moffaert, M; de Wilde, J; Vereecken, A; Dierick, M; Evrard, JL; Wilmotte, J; Mendlewicz, J (March 1995). "Mirtazapine is more effective than trazodone: a double-blind controlled study in hospitalised patients with major depression". Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 10 (1): 3–9. doi:10.1097/00004850-199503000-00001. PMID 7622801.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  46. ^ a b c d e f g Fawcett, J; Barkin, RL (December 1998). "Review of the results from clinical studies on the efficacy, safety and tolerability of mirtazapine for the treatment of patients with major depression". J Affect Disord. 51 (3): 267–85. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(98)00224-9. PMID 10333982.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  47. ^ Bruijn, JA; Moleman, P; Mulder, PG; van den Broek, WW; van Hulst, AM; van der Mast, RC; van de Wetering, BJ (October 1996). "A double-blind, fixed blood-level study comparing mirtazapine with imipramine in depressed in-patients". Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 127 (3): 231–7. doi:10.1007/BF02246131. PMID 8912401.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  48. ^ Bruijn, JA; Moleman, P; Mulder, PG; van den Broek, WW (May 1999). "Depressed in-patients respond differently to imipramine and mirtazapine". Pharmacopsychiatry. 32 (3): 87–92. doi:10.1055/s-2007-979200. PMID 10463374.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  49. ^ a b c McGrath, PJ; Stewart, JW; Fava, M; Trivedi, MH; Wisniewski, SR; Nierenberg, AA; Thase, ME; Davis, L; Biggs, MM; Shores-Wilson, K; Luther, JF; Niederehe, G; Warden, D; Rush, AJ (September 2006). "Tranylcypromine versus venlafaxine plus mirtazapine following three failed antidepressant medication trials for depression: a STAR*D report". Am J Psychiatry. 163 (9): 1531–41, quiz 1666. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.9.1531. PMID 16946177.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  50. ^ a b Thompson, C (June 2002). "Onset of action of antidepressants: results of different analyses". Human Psychopharmacology. 17 Suppl 1: S27–32. doi:10.1002/hup.386. PMID 12404667.
  51. ^ a b Taylor, D; Paton, C; Shitij, K (2012). Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry (11th ed.). West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-47-097948-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Cite error: The named reference "Maudsley" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  52. ^ Lavergne, F; Berlin, I; Gamma, A; Stassen, H; Angst, J (March 2005). "Onset of improvement and response to mirtazapine in depression: a multicenter naturalistic study of 4771 patients". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 1 (1): 59–68. doi:10.2147/nedt.1.1.59.52296. PMC 2426820. PMID 18568129.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  53. ^ "mirtazapine (Rx) - Remeron, Remeron SolTab". Medscape. WebMD. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  54. ^ "Australian Medicines Handbook". Australian Medicines Handbook Pty Ltd. 2013.
  55. ^ British National Formulary (BNF) (65th ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. p. 1120. ISBN 978-0857110848.
  56. ^ Möller, HJ (December 2006). "Is there evidence for negative effects of antidepressants on suicidality in depressive patients? A systematic review". European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 256 (8): 476–96. doi:10.1007/s00406-006-0689-8. PMID 17143567.
  57. ^ a b Benazzi, F (June 1998). "Mirtazapine withdrawal symptoms". Can J Psychiatry. 43 (5): 525. PMID 9653542.[unreliable medical source?]
  58. ^ Blier, P (2001). "Pharmacology of rapid-onset antidepressant treatment strategies". J Clin Psychiatry. 62 Suppl 15: 12–7. PMID 11444761.
  59. ^ Vlaminck, JJ; van Vliet, IM; Zitman, FG (March 2005). "[Withdrawal symptoms of antidepressants]". Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd (in Dutch and Flemish). 149 (13): 698–701. PMID 15819135.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  60. ^ Berigan, TR (June 2001). "Mirtazapine-Associated Withdrawal Symptoms: A Case Report". Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 3 (3): 143. doi:10.4088/PCC.v03n0307a. PMC 181176. PMID 15014614.[unreliable medical source?]
  61. ^ Klesmer, J; Sarcevic, A; Fomari, V (August 2000). "Panic attacks during discontinuation of mirtazepine". Can J Psychiatry. 45 (6): 570–1. PMID 10986577.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[unreliable medical source?]
  62. ^ MacCall, C; Callender, J (October 1999). "Mirtazapine withdrawal causing hypomania". Br J Psychiatry. 175 (4): 390. doi:10.1192/bjp.175.4.390a. PMID 10789310.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[unreliable medical source?]
  63. ^ Ali, S; Milev, R (May 2003). "Switch to mania upon discontinuation of antidepressants in patients with mood disorders: a review of the literature". Can J Psychiatry. 48 (4): 258–64. PMID 12776393.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  64. ^ White, N; Litovitz, T; Clancy, C (December 2008). "Suicidal antidepressant overdoses: a comparative analysis by antidepressant type" (PDF). Journal of Medical Toxicology. 4 (4): 238–50. doi:10.1007/bf03161207. PMC 3550116. PMID 19031375.
  65. ^ Holzbach R, Jahn H, Pajonk FG, Mähne C (November 1998). "Suicide attempts with mirtazapine overdose without complications". Biol. Psychiatry. 44 (9): 925–6. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00081-X. PMID 9807651.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[unreliable medical source?]
  66. ^ Retz W, Maier S, Maris F, Rösler M (November 1998). "Non-fatal mirtazapine overdose". Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 13 (6): 277–9. doi:10.1097/00004850-199811000-00007. PMID 9861579.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[unreliable medical source?]
  67. ^ Nikolaou, P; Dona, A; Papoutsis, I; Spiliopoulou, C; Maravelias, C. "Death Due to Mirtazapine Overdose". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) in "Abstracts of the XXIX International Congress of the European Association of Poison Centres and Clinical Toxicologists, May 12–15, 2009, Stockholm, Sweden". Clinical Toxicology. 47 (5): 436. 2009. doi:10.1080/15563650902952273.
  68. ^ Baselt, RC (2008). Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man (8th ed.). Foster City, CA: Biomedical Publications. pp. 1045–7. ISBN 978-0-9626523-7-0.
  69. ^ Buckley, NA; McManus, PR (December 2002). "Fatal toxicity of serotoninergic and other antidepressant drugs: analysis of United Kingdom mortality data". BMJ. 325 (7376): 1332–3. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7376.1332. PMC 137809. PMID 12468481.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[unreliable medical source?]
  70. ^ a b Fernández, J; Alonso, JM; Andrés, JI; Cid, JM; Díaz, A; Iturrino, L; Gil, P; Megens, A; Sipido, VK; Trabanco, AA (March 2005). "Discovery of new tetracyclic tetrahydrofuran derivatives as potential broad-spectrum psychotropic agents". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 48 (6): 1709–12. doi:10.1021/jm049632c. PMID 15771415.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  71. ^ a b de Boer, TH; Maura, G; Raiteri, M; de Vos, CJ; Wieringa, J; Pinder, RM (April 1988). "Neurochemical and autonomic pharmacological profiles of the 6-aza-analogue of mianserin, Org 3770 and its enantiomers". Neuropharmacology. 27 (4): 399–408. doi:10.1016/0028-3908(88)90149-9. PMID 3419539.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  72. ^ Roth, BL; Driscol, J. "PDSD Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved 2013-07-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  73. ^ de Boer, T (1996). "The pharmacologic profile of mirtazapine". J Clin Psychiatry. 57 Suppl 4: 19–25. PMID 8636062.
  74. ^ a b c d Graves, SM; Napier, TC (2012). "SB 206553, a putative 5-HT2C inverse agonist, attenuates methamphetamine-seeking in rats". BMC Neurosci. 13: 65. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-13-65. PMC 3441362. PMID 22697313.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) Cite error: The named reference "Graves_2012" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  75. ^ Kooyman, AR; Zwart, R; Vanderheijden, PM; Van Hooft, JA; Vijverberg, HP (1994). "Interaction between enantiomers of mianserin and ORG3770 at 5-HT3 receptors in cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells". Neuropharmacology. 33 (3–4): 501–7. doi:10.1016/0028-3908(94)90081-7. PMID 7984289.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  76. ^ a b Brunton, L; Chabner, B; Knollman, B (2010). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-162442-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  77. ^ Wikström, HV; Mensonides-Harsema, MM; Cremers, TI; Moltzen, EK; Arnt, J (July 2002). "Synthesis and pharmacological testing of 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydro-6-methoxy-2-methyldibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepin and its enantiomers in comparison with the two antidepressants mianserin and mirtazapine". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 45 (15): 3280–5. doi:10.1021/jm010566d. PMID 12109911.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  78. ^ Olianas MC, Dedoni S, Onali P (November 2012). "The atypical antidepressant mianserin exhibits agonist activity at κ-opioid receptors". Br. J. Pharmacol. 167 (6): 1329–41. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02078.x. PMID 22708686.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  79. ^ De Boer, T; Nefkens, F; Van Helvoirt, A (February 1994). "The alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist Org 3770 enhances serotonin transmission in vivo". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 253 (1–2): R5–6. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(94)90778-1. PMID 7912194.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[unreliable medical source?]
  80. ^ a b Berendsen, HH; Broekkamp, CL (October 1997). "Indirect in vivo 5-HT1A-agonistic effects of the new antidepressant mirtazapine". Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 133 (3): 275–82. doi:10.1007/s002130050402. PMID 9361334.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  81. ^ Nakayama, K; Sakurai, T; Katsu, H (April 2004). "Mirtazapine increases dopamine release in prefrontal cortex by 5-HT1A receptor activation". Brain Res. Bull. 63 (3): 237–41. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2004.02.007. PMID 15145142.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[unreliable medical source?]
  82. ^ Blier, P; Abbott, FV (January 2001). "Putative mechanisms of action of antidepressant drugs in affective and anxiety disorders and pain" (PDF). J Psychiatry Neurosci. 26 (1): 37–43. PMC 1408043. PMID 11212592.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  83. ^ Tatsumi, M; Groshan, K; Blakely, RD; Richelson, E (December 1997). "Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters". European Journal of Pharmacology. 340 (2–3): 249–58. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(97)01393-9. PMID 9537821.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  84. ^ Fisar, Z; Hroudová, J; Raboch, J (2010). "Inhibition of monoamine oxidase activity by antidepressants and mood stabilizers". Neuro Endocrinology Letters. 31 (5): 645–56. PMID 21200377.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  85. ^ Millan, MJ (2005). "Serotonin 5-HT2C receptors as a target for the treatment of depressive and anxious states: focus on novel therapeutic strategies". Therapie. 60 (5): 441–60. doi:10.2515/therapie:2005065. PMID 16433010.
  86. ^ Dekeyne, A; Millan, MJ (April 2009). "Discriminative stimulus properties of the atypical antidepressant, mirtazapine, in rats: a pharmacological characterization". Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 203 (2): 329–41. doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1259-8. PMID 18709360.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  87. ^ De Deurwaerdère, P; Navailles, S; Berg, KA; Clarke, WP; Spampinato, U (March 2004). "Constitutive activity of the serotonin2C receptor inhibits in vivo dopamine release in the rat striatum and nucleus accumbens". J. Neurosci. 24 (13): 3235–41. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0112-04.2004. PMID 15056702.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[unreliable medical source?]
  88. ^ Bubar, MJ; Cunningham, KA (April 2007). "Distribution of serotonin 5-HT2C receptors in the ventral tegmental area". Neuroscience. 146 (1): 286–97. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.12.071. PMC 1939890. PMID 17367945.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[unreliable medical source?]
  89. ^ Millan, MJ; Gobert, A; Rivet, JM; Adhumeau-Auclair, A; Cussac, D; Newman-Tancredi, A; Dekeyne, A; Nicolas, JP; Lejeune, F (March 2000). "Mirtazapine enhances frontocortical dopaminergic and corticolimbic adrenergic, but not serotonergic, transmission by blockade of α2-adrenergic and serotonin2C receptors: a comparison with citalopram". Eur. J. Neurosci. 12 (3): 1079–95. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00982.x. PMID 10762339.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  90. ^ Leggio, GM; Cathala, A; Neny, M; Rouge-Pont, F; Drago, F; Piazza, PV; Spampinato, U (October 2009). "In vivo evidence that constitutive activity of serotonin2C receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex participates in the control of dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens: differential effects of inverse agonist versus antagonist". J. Neurochem. 111 (2): 614–23. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06356.x. PMID 19702657.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  91. ^ Berg, KA; Harvey, JA; Spampinato, U; Clarke, WP (2008). "Physiological and therapeutic relevance of constitutive activity of 5-HT 2A and 5-HT 2C receptors for the treatment of depression". Prog. Brain Res. 172: 287–305. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(08)00914-X+=. PMID 18772038.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  92. ^ a b Colfax, GN; Santos, GM; Das, M; Santos, DM; Matheson, T; Gasper, J; Shoptaw, S; Vittinghoff, E (November 2011). "Mirtazapine to reduce methamphetamine use: a randomized controlled trial". Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 68 (11): 1168–75. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.124. PMC 3437988. PMID 22065532.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  93. ^ Herrold, AA; Shen, F; Graham, MP; Harper, LK; Specio, SE; Tedford, CE; Napier, TC (January 2009). "Mirtazapine treatment after conditioning with methamphetamine alters subsequent expression of place preference". Drug Alcohol Depend. 99 (1–3): 231–9. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.08.005. PMID 18945553.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  94. ^ Rose, ME; Grant, JE (2008). "Pharmacotherapy for methamphetamine dependence: a review of the pathophysiology of methamphetamine addiction and the theoretical basis and efficacy of pharmacotherapeutic interventions". Ann Clin Psychiatry. 20 (3): 145–55. doi:10.1080/10401230802177656. PMID 18633741.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  95. ^ Brackins, T; Brahm, NC; Kissack, JC (December 2011). "Treatments for methamphetamine abuse: a literature review for the clinician". J Pharm Pract. 24 (6): 541–50. doi:10.1177/0897190011426557. PMID 22095579.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  96. ^ Brensilver, M; Heinzerling, KG; Shoptaw, S (September 2013). "Pharmacotherapy of amphetamine-type stimulant dependence: An update". Drug Alcohol Rev. 32 (5): 449–60. doi:10.1111/dar.12048. PMID 23617468.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  97. ^ Kast, RE (September 2001). "Mirtazapine may be useful in treating nausea and insomnia of cancer chemotherapy". Support Care Cancer. 9 (6): 469–70. doi:10.1007/s005200000215. PMID 11585276.
  98. ^ Costall, B; Naylor, RJ; Tyers, MB (1990). "The psychopharmacology of 5-HT3 receptors". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 47 (2): 181. doi:10.1016/0163-7258(90)90086-H.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  99. ^ a b Sennef, C; Timmer, CJ; Sitsen, JM (March 2003). "Mirtazapine in combination with amitriptyline: a drug-drug interaction study in healthy subjects". Hum Psychopharmacol. 18 (2): 91–101. doi:10.1002/hup.441. PMID 12590402.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[unreliable medical source?]
  100. ^ a b Gándara Martín Jde, L; Agüera Ortiz, L; Ferre Navarrete, F; Rojo Rodés, E; Ros Montalbán, S (2002). "[Tolerability and efficacy of combined antidepressant therapy]". Actas Esp Psiquiatr (in Spanish). 30 (2): 75–84. PMID 12028939.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  101. ^ a b Ravindran, LN; Eisfeld, BS; Kennedy, SH (February 2008). "Combining mirtazapine and duloxetine in treatment-resistant depression improves outcomes and sexual function". J Clin Psychopharmacol. 28 (1): 107–8. doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e318160d609. PMID 18204355.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[unreliable medical source?]
  102. ^ Caldis, EV; Gair, RD (October 2004). "Mirtazapine for treatment of nausea induced by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors". Can J Psychiatry. 49 (10): 707. PMID 15560319.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  103. ^ Chiu, HW; Li, TC (2011). "Rapid weight gain during mirtazapine treatment". The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 23 (1): E7. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.23.1.E7. PMID 21304130.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  104. ^ Burrows, GD; Kremer, CM (April 1997). "Mirtazapine: clinical advantages in the treatment of depression". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 17 Suppl 1: 34S–39S. doi:10.1097/00004714-199704001-00005. PMID 9090576.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  105. ^ a b c d Schreiber, S; Bleich, A; Pick, CG (2002). "Venlafaxine and mirtazapine: different mechanisms of antidepressant action, common opioid-mediated antinociceptive effects--a possible opioid involvement in severe depression?". J. Mol. Neurosci. 18 (1–2): 143–9. doi:10.1385/JMN:18:1-2:143. PMID 11931344.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  106. ^ Kristensen, JH; Ilett, KF; Rampono, J; Kohan, R; Hackett, LP (March 2007). "Transfer of the antidepressant mirtazapine into breast milk". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 63 (3): 322–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2006.02773.x. PMC 2000733. PMID 16970569.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  107. ^ Mirtazapine monograph
  108. ^ Gillman, PK (June 2006). "A review of serotonin toxicity data: implications for the mechanisms of antidepressant drug action". Biol. Psychiatry. 59 (11): 1046–51. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.11.016. PMID 16460699.
  109. ^ Hoes, MJ; Zeijpveld, JH (March 1996). "Mirtazapine as treatment for serotonin syndrome". Pharmacopsychiatry. 29 (2): 81. doi:10.1055/s-2007-979550. PMID 8741027.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[unreliable medical source?]
  110. ^ Stahl, SM (2008). Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology Online: Print and Online. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-74609-4.
  111. ^ Abo-Zena, RA; Bobek, MB; Dweik, RA (April 2000). "Hypertensive urgency induced by an interaction of mirtazapine and clonidine". Pharmacotherapy. 20 (4): 476–8. doi:10.1592/phco.20.5.476.35061. PMID 10772378.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[unreliable medical source?]
  112. ^ Rao, DVNS; Dandala, R; Bharathi, C; Handa, VK; Sivakumaran, M; Naidub, A (2006). "Synthesis of potential related substances of mirtazapine". Arkivoc. 2006 (15): 127–32. doi:10.3998/ark.5550190.0007.f15.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  113. ^ US patent 4062848, Van der Burg WJ, "Tetracyclic compounds", published 1977-12-13, issued 1977-12-13 

Further reading

  • Stimmel, GL; Dopheide, JA; Stahl, SM (1997). "Mirtazapine: an antidepressant with noradrenergic and specific serotonergic effects". Pharmacotherapy. 17 (1): 10–21. PMID 9017762.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Anttila, SA; Leinonen, EV (2001). "A review of the pharmacological and clinical profile of mirtazapine". CNS Drug Rev. 7 (3): 249–64. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2001.tb00198.x. PMID 11607047.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirtazapine&oldid=672465379"