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Chromebook

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Chromebook
Samsung Series 5 Chromebook
Product typePersonal computer - Notebook
OwnerGoogle
Introduced15 June 2011 (2011-06-15)
Websitewww.google.com/chromebook/

A Chromebook is a personal computer running the Google Chrome OS operating system. Chromebooks are known for their comparatively low cost and fast startup times. The devices are designed to be used while connected to the Internet and support applications that reside on the Web, rather than traditional PC applications like Microsoft Office and Photoshop that reside on the machine itself.

The first Chromebooks for sale, by Acer Inc. and Samsung, were announced at the Google I/O conference in May 2011 and began shipping on 15 June 2011.[1] Six laptop models have been introduced to date, as well as a single desktop, known as a "Chromebox".

Chromebooks are primarily being sold online, both directly from Google and from the company's retail partners. By 2012, schools had become the largest category of customer. With the third generation Chromebook, Google broadened its marketing strategy to include first-time computer users and households seeking an additional computer. Critical reaction to the first two generations of the device was generally skeptical, with some reviewers unfavorably comparing the value proposition of Chromebooks with that of more fully featured laptops running the Microsoft Windows operating system. That complaint dissipated in reviews of third generation machines, which were priced significantly lower.

In October 2012 Simon Phipps, writing in InfoWorld, said "the Chromebook line is probably the most successful Linux desktop/laptop computer we've seen to date."[2]

Design

Chromebooks are shipped with Chrome OS, which uses the Linux kernel, and the Google Chrome web browser with an integrated media player.[3][4] With limited offline capability and a boot time, according to Google, of eight seconds, Chromebooks are primarily designed to be used while connected to the Internet.[5] Instead of installing traditional applications such as word processing and instant messaging, users add web apps from the Chrome Web Store.[6] Google claims that a multi-layer security architecture eliminates the need for anti-virus software.[1]

Support for many USB devices such as cameras, mice, external keyboards and flash drives is included, utilizing a feature similar to plug-and-play on other operating systems. Like the prototype Cr-48, Chromebooks have a specialized keyboard complete with buttons for opening and controlling multiple browser windows, as well as a Web search button which replaces the caps lock key (caps lock being activated by pressing both shift keys together).[7]

An analysis of the Samsung Series 5 components by iFixit in June 2011 estimated that the unit cost about US$322 in materials and US$12 in labor costs. With a retail price of US$499.99 and shipping, marketing, research and development and retail margins to account for this indicates that the profit margins on the Chromebooks are quite thin, requiring a large production run to make a profit.[8]

Models

Google developed the first Chromebook, the Cr-48, as a prototype machine. The first commercial Chromebooks, functionally similar to the Cr-48, are produced by Samsung and Acer.[5] The machines are available in both Wi-Fi and 3G versions from both manufacturers. The Samsung Chromebook has a 12.1 inch 1280×800 screen.[9] The Acer Chromebook has an 11.6-inch (290 mm) screen.[10] Both versions include an HD webcam and two USB 2.0 ports. The original Samsung version has Mini-VGA out[9] while the Acer version has the HDMI output.[10] No Chromebook features an Optical disk drive since most of the media and software available is obtained via the Chrome Web Store or Google Play.

Chromebook models
Generation Manufacturer Model Available Processor Battery life RAM Storage Screen size Weight Base price Origin References
Prototype Google Cr-48 Dec 2010 1.66 GHz Intel Atom N455 9 hrs 2 GB DDR3 16 GB SSD 12.1 in (30.7 cm) 3.8 lb (1.7 kg) Not for retail sale China [11][12][13]
1 Samsung Series 5
XE500C21 		Jun 2011 1.66 GHz Intel Atom N570 6.5 hours 2 GB DDR3 16 GB SSD 12.1 in (30.7 cm) 3.06–3.26 lb (1.4–1.5 kg) US$349.99 Wi-Fi
US$449.99 3G[14] 		China [15][16]
Acer AC700 Jul 2011 1.66 GHz Intel Atom N570 6 hours 2 GB DDR3 16 GB SSD 11.6 in (29.5 cm) 3.19 lb (1.4 kg) US$299.99 Wi-Fi
US$399.99 3G[14] 		China [10][17][18]
2 Samsung Series 5
XE550C22 		May 2012 1.3 GHz Intel Celeron 867[19] 6 hours 4 GB DDR3 16 GB SSD 12.1 in (30.7 cm) 3.3 lb (1.5 kg) US$449.99 Wi-Fi
US$549.99 3G 		China [20][21][22]
3 Samsung Series 3
XE303C12 		Oct 2012 1.7 GHz Samsung Exynos 5 Dual[23] 6.5 hours 2 GB DDR3 16 GB SSD 11.6 in (29.5 cm) 2.43 lb (1.1 kg) US$249.99 Wi-Fi
US$329.99 3G 		China [24][25]
Acer C7 Nov 2012 1.1 GHz Intel Celeron 847 4 hours 2 GB DDR3 320 GB HDD 11.6 in (29.5 cm) 3 lb (1.4 kg) US$199.99 Wi-Fi [26]

Chromeboxes

Chromeboxes are the desktop variants of Chromebooks. Samsung has released the first Chromebox.[27]

Chromebox models
Manufacturer Model Available Processor RAM Hard drive Size Weight Base price Origin References
Samsung Series 3
XE300M22-A01US 		May 2012 1.9 GHz dual-core Intel Celeron B840 4 GB 16 GB SSD 1.3″×7.5″×7.5″ 2.64 lb (1.2 kg) $329.99 China [27][28][29]
Samsung Series 3
XE300M22-A02US 		Release date unknown 2.5 GHz Intel Core i5-2450M 4 GB 16 GB SSD 1.3″×7.6″×7.6″ 5.82 lb (2.6 kg) $499.99 China [30]

Sales and marketing

The Acer Chromebook

Since late 2010, Google's Chromebooks initiative has been headed by Rajen Sheth, best known as the “father of Google Apps”. His strategy for marketing Chromebooks has centered on the total cost of ownership, which, he said, can be "dramatically" reduced by lower maintenance, management and security costs, even if hardware costs remain unchanged.[31]

Chromebooks began selling through online channels, including Amazon and Best Buy in the U.S., and in some European countries starting 15 June 2011. The first machines sold for between $349 and $499, depending on model and whether 3G was included.[32] Google also offered a monthly payment scheme for business and education customers at $28 and $20 per user, per month, respectively for a three-year contract, including replacements and upgrades. Verizon offered 100 megabytes of wireless data per month, with an additional gigabyte at $20 per month.[5]

Google's early marketing efforts relied primarily on hands-on experience: giving away Samsung machines to 10 Cr-48 pilot program participants along with the title Chromebook Guru and loaning Chromebooks to passengers on some Virgin America flights.[33][34][35] At the end of September 2011, Google launched the Chromezone, a "store within a store", inside the Currys and PC World superstore in London.[36] The store had a Google-style look and feel with splashes of color all around the retail store front.[37] Google said it was planning to open more Chromezones in the UK over the next few months.[38] In addition to these marketing strategies, Google Chrome has created several "Chromebook minis" that demonstrate the ease of use and simplicity of the devices in a comical manner. For example, when the question "How do you back up a Chromebook" is asked, it is implied to refer to data backup, but instead, shows two hands pushing a Chromebook back to the end of a table. This is followed by the statement, "You don't have to back up a Chromebook," showing how all data is stored on the web.[39]

On 21 November 2011, Google announced[14] price reductions on all Chromebooks. Since then, the Wi-Fi-only Samsung Series 5 was reduced to $349, the 3G Samsung Series 5 was reduced to $449, and the Acer AC700 was reduced to $299.

By January 2012, commercial sales for Chromebooks were flat, with the exception of the education market. Google had placed nearly 27,000 Chromebooks in schools across 41 states, including "one-on-one" programs, which allocate a computer for every student, in South Carolina, Illinois, and Iowa.[40] As of August 2012, over 500 school districts in the United States and Europe were using the device, as well as universities, corporations and government facilities.[41][42]

Reception

Chromebooks

File:Chromebook launch.jpg
Google's Sundar Pichai speaking about the Chromebook at its launch at Google I/O, May 2011.

Some analysts viewed Google's web-centric operating system packaged with hardware as a direct attack on the market dominance of Microsoft.[43][44][45] Some observers argued that the success of the platform depends on the quality of available Web applications, access to Windows applications on virtual desktops[46] which is available from third party products,[47] and the ability of some applications to function offline.[48][49]

Reviewing the Samsung Series 5 specifications, Scott Stein of CNET was unimpressed with the "Atom-based 12-incher with only 16 GB of onboard storage. Chrome OS might be lighter than Windows XP, but we'd still prefer more media storage space. At this price, you could also get a 11.6-inch (290 mm) Wi-Fi AMD E-350-powered ultraportable running Windows 7."[15] On the other hand, MG Siegler of TechCrunch wrote a largely favorable review, praising the improvements in speed and trackpad sensitivity over the CR-48 prototype, as well as the long battery life and the fact that all models are priced below the iPad.[44]

In June 2011 iFixit dismantled a Samsung Series 5 and concluded that it was essentially an improved Cr-48. They rated it as 6/10 for repairability, predominantly because the case has to be opened to change the battery and because the RAM chip is soldered to the motherboard. iFixit noted that the "mostly-plastic construction" felt "a little cheap". On the plus side they stated that the screen was easy to remove and most of the components, including the solid state drive would be easy to replace. iFixit's Kyle Wiens concluded: "Our analysis revealed that the Series 5 is a well-polished version of the rather imperfect Cr-48 prototype Chromebook. The Series 5 fixes the major shortfalls of the Cr-48 and adds the polish necessary to strike lust into the heart of a broad consumer base: sleek looks, 8+ hours of battery life, and optimized performance."[50]

In an article published on ZDNet in June 2011, entitled Five Chromebook concerns for businesses, Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols faulted the devices for lack of virtual private network capability, not supporting some Wi-Fi security methods, in particular Wi-Fi Protected Access II (WPA2) Enterprise with Extensible Authentication Protocol-Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS) or Cisco’s Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol (LEAP). He also noted that its file manager does not work, the need to use the undocumented crosh shell to accomplish basic tasks such as setting up a secure shell (SSH) network connection as well as serious deficiencies in documentation.[51]

In one of the first customer reviews, the City of Orlando reported on their initial testing of 600 Chromebooks as part of a broader study related to accessing virtual desktops. Early indications show potential value in reducing IT support costs. End users have indicated that the Chromebook is easy to travel with and starts up quickly. One stated that "If I just need to stay connected for emergencies, I take my Chrome," but when traveling for business she would still take her laptop. Orlando does plan to continue to use the Chromebooks.[52]

Shortly after the Samsung Series 5 Chromebook was released to the public in July 2011, the review site Chromebook Ratings praised the Series 5 and its 8-second boot-up time, claiming that "You can literally go from a cold machine to searching the internet in about 10 seconds. It’s one thing to see it described, but it’s another to experience it first-hand." They also lauded the Series 5 for its "exceptionally long battery life" that exceeded the battery life of the Acer AC700 Chromebook.[53]

Reviewing the Samsung Series 5 Chromebook in July 2011, Benjamin Humphrey of OMG! Ubuntu! concluded: "Overall, the Samsung Series 5 is a lovely piece of hardware and a perfect start to the Chromebook lineup...However, the Series 5 as an overall product is let down by comparatively feature-poor software. While you shouldn’t expect a Chromebook to be a full replacement for a complete operating system, it should be able to handle basic things such as copy and paste in the File Manager and playback of common local formats. Thankfully, Chrome OS has a very quick release cycle of 6 weeks, and many of my gripes have been addressed and are targeted to the next couple of updates, so it can only get better...unless you’re a keen early adopter, I’d suggest holding out until later in the year before purchasing a Chromebook to let the software mature a bit more. If you’re simply after a tablet with a keyboard however, the Series 5 might just be the perfect purchase."[54]

Second generation

In May 2012, Samsung introduced a second generation device, the Chromebook Series 5 550, priced at US$449 for the Wi-Fi model and US$549 for 3G.[29]

Reviews generally questioned the value proposition. Dana Wollman of Engadget wrote that the Chromebook's keyboard "put thousand-dollar Ultrabooks to shame" and, like the previous model, the display quality is better than on many laptops selling for twice the price. But she wrote that the price "seems like a lofty figure, given how relatively little devices like this can actually do. What's more, that price seems to exist in a vacuum -- a place where tablet apps aren't growing more sophisticated, where Transformer-like Win8 tablets aren't on the way and where there aren't some solid budget Windows machines to choose from".[22]

Joey Sneddon of OMG! Chrome! in May 2012 also found fault with Samsung's pricing, saying, "expecting people to fork out over $500 for a Chromebook is unrealistic. People coming to ChromeOS will be prepared to make sacrifices – but more money for less speed is unlikely to be one of them. I can’t help but feel that Samsung have priced the Chromebook to fail."[55]

Joe Wilcox of BetaNews wrote that "price to performance and how it compares to other choices" is "where Chromebook crumbles for many potential buyers." He noted that the new models sell for more than their predecessors, and while the price-performance ratio is quite favorable compared to the MacBook Air, "by the specs, there are plenty of lower-cost options."[56]

Third generation

In October 2012, the Series 3 Chromebook was introduced at a San Francisco event with the The Samsung Chromebook XE303. The device is priced at $249 and is thinner and lighter than the Chromebook 550. Google has marketed the Series 3 as the computer for everyone, due to its simple operating system (Chrome OS) and affordable price. Target markets include students and first-time computer users, as well as households looking for an extra computer.[57][58]

The third generation's price proved a watershed for some reviewers. New York Times technology columnist David Pogue reversed his earlier thumbs-down verdict on the Chromebook, writing that "$250 changes everything." The price is half that of an "iPad, even less than an iPad Mini or an iPod Touch. And you’re getting a laptop." He wrote that the Chromebook does many of the things people use computers and laptops for: playing flash videos, watching Netflix streaming movies, and opening Microsoft Office documents. "In other words, Google is correct when it asserts that the Chromebook is perfect for schools, second computers in homes and businesses who deploy hundreds of machines."[59][60]

Joey Sneddon of OMG Chrome also praised the pricing on the Series 3 Chromebook on 18 October 2012, indicating that Samsung had at last got it right, "We weren’t alone in criticising the prices of the Samsung Series 550 Chromebook released earlier this year. They were priced above and beyond the ‘tipping’ point of casual consumers, and sat firmly in the enthusiast land. As a result sales have been less than spectacular – making it the 2nd generation of Chrome devices to fall short of ‘taking off’ as Google hope. Acer’s 2nd Gen Chromebook has also gone quietly MIA. But, not ready to give up yet, Google and Samsung are back with a newer, cheaper, ARM-powered Chromebook."[61]

CNET's review of the Series 3 Chromebook was even more favorable, saying the machine largely delivered as a computer for students and as an additional computer for a household--especially for users who are already using Google Web applications like Google Docs, Google Drive, and Gmail. "It's got workable if not standout hardware, its battery life is good, it switches on quickly, and the $249 price tag means it's not as much of a commitment as the $550 Samsung Series 5 550 that arrived in May." The review subtracted points for performance. "It's fine for many tasks, but power users accustomed to having more than a couple dozen browser tabs open should steer clear."[57]

Chromeboxes

In reviewing the first Samsung Chromebox desktop PC released in May 2012, Joey Sneddon of OMG! Chrome! described it as a "tough sell". He said, "Given Google, Samsung and Acer have had a tough time trying to shift both the concept of ChromeOS and portable devices running it, the success of ChromeOS on a traditional PC looks far from certain. And if the steep pricing by TigerDirect holds true then Samsung may find themselves with an uphill struggle on their hands in gaining the device traction with consumers."[62]

Trademark dispute

In June 2010, ISYS Technologies, based in Salt Lake City, sued Google in a Utah district court, claiming rights to the name "Chromium", and, by default, Chromebook and Chromebox. The suit sought to stop Google and its hardware and marketing partners from selling Chromebooks.[63] The suit was later dismissed, and, as part of an undisclosed settlement, ISYS abandoned its trademark efforts.[64]

See also

References

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chromebooks.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chromebook&oldid=526433638"