All Nippon Airways

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For other uses of "ANA", see Ana.
All Nippon Airways
全日本空輸
Zen Nippon Kūyu
IATA ICAO Callsign
NH ANA ALL NIPPON
Founded27 December 1952
Hubs
Secondary hubs
Focus cities
Frequent-flyer programANA Mileage Club
AllianceStar Alliance
Subsidiaries
Fleet size211
Destinations73
HeadquartersShiodome City Center
Minato, Tokyo, Japan[2]
Key peopleYoji Ohashi (Chairman)
Shinichiro Ito (CEO)
Revenue¥1.411 trillion (2011)
Operating income¥97.02 billion (2011)
Net income¥28.17 billion (2011)
Total assets¥2.002 trillion (2011)
Total equity¥554.85 billion (2011)
Employees32,884 (2011)
Websitewww.ana.co.jp

All Nippon Airways Co., Ltd. (全日本空輸株式会社, Zen Nippon Kūyu Kabushiki-gaisha, TYO: 9202, LSE: ANA), also known as Zennikkū (全日空) or ANA, is a Japanese airline. Its head office is located at Shiodome City Center in the Shiodome area of Minato, Tokyo, Japan. It operates services to 49 destinations in Japan and 32 international routes[3] and has about 33,000 employees as of August 2013.[4] In May 2010, ANA's total passenger traffic is up year-on-year by 7.8%, and its international services grow by 22% to 2.07 million passengers in the first five months of 2010.[5] ANA's main international hubs are at Narita International Airport outside Tokyo and Kansai International Airport outside Osaka. Its main domestic hubs are at Tokyo International Airport (Haneda), Osaka International Airport Itami, Chūbu Centrair International Airport (near Nagoya), and New Chitose Airport (near Sapporo).[6]

In addition to its mainline operations, ANA controls several subsidiary passenger carriers,[7] including its regional airline, ANA Wings and charter carrier, Air Japan. Additional smaller carriers include Air Do, a low-cost carrier operating scheduled service between Tokyo and cities in Hokkaido, Vanilla Air, a low-cost carrier serving resort and selected international destinations, and Allex Cargo (ANA Cargo), the freighter division operated by Air Japan. Since October 1999, the airline became a member of Star Alliance. ANA is also the largest shareholder in Peach, a low-cost carrier joint venture with First Eastern Investment Group. On 29 March 2013, ANA was announced as a 5-Star Airline by Skytrax.

History

Formation

ANA's earliest ancestor was Nippon Helicopter and Aeroplane (日本ヘリコプター輸送, Nippon Herikoputā Yusō), an airline company founded on 27 December 1952.[8] Nippon Helicopter was the source of what would later be ANA's IATA airline code, NH.[9]

Boeing 737-200 in ANA's late 1960s-1983 "Mohican Livery"

NH began helicopter services in February 1953. On 15 December 1953, it operated its first cargo flight between Osaka and Tokyo using a de Havilland Dove, JA5008.[8] This was the first scheduled flight flown by a Japanese pilot in postwar Japan. Passenger service on the same route began on 1 February 1954, and was upgraded to a de Havilland Heron in March.[10] In 1955, Douglas DC-3s began flying for NH as well,[8] by which time the airline's route network extended from northern Kyūshū to Sapporo.

ANA's other ancestor was Far East Airlines (極東航空, Kyokutō Kōkū).[11] Although it was founded on 26 December 1952, one day before NH, it did not begin operations until 20 January 1954, when it began night cargo runs between Osaka and Tokyo, also using a de Havilland Dove. It adopted the DC-3 in early 1957, by which point its route network extended through southern Japan from Tokyo to Kagoshima.[10]

FEA merged with NH in March 1958. The combined companies had a total market capitalization of 600 million yen, and the result of the merger was Japan's largest private airline.[8] The merged airline, called All Nippon Airways,[8] received a new Japanese name (全日本空輸 Zen Nippon Kūyu; Japan Air Transport). The company logo of the larger NH was selected as the logo of the new combined airline, and the new carrier operated a route network combined from its two predecessors.[8]

Domestic era

Revenue Passenger-Miles/Kilometers, in millions
Year Traffic
1964 693 RPMs
1968 1327 RPMs
1970 2727 RPMs
1972 3794 RPMs
1973 8421 RPKs
1975 10513 RPKs
1979 17073 RPKs
1985 18997 RPKs
1990 33007 RPKs
1995 42722 RPKs
Source: Air Transport World

ANA grew through the 1960s, adding the Vickers Viscount to the fleet in 1960 and the Fokker F27 in 1961.[8] October 1961 marked ANA's debut on the Tokyo Stock Exchange as well as the Osaka Securities Exchange.[8] 1963 saw another merger, with Fujita Airlines, raising the company's capital to 4.65 billion yen.[8] In 1965 ANA introduced jets with Boeing 727s on the Tokyo-Sapporo route. It also introduced Japan's first homegrown turboprop airliner, the NAMC YS-11 in 1965, replacing Convair 440s on local routes.[8] In 1969, ANA introduced Boeing 737 services.[8]

ANA Boeing 747SR-81 at Perth Airport (mid-1980s)

As ANA grew it started to contract travel companies across Japan to handle ground services in each region. Many of these companies received shares in ANA as part of their deals. Some of these relationships continue today in different forms: for instance, Nagoya Railroad, which handled ANA's operations in the Chūbu region along with other partnerships,[12] maintains a permanent seat on ANA's board of directors.[13] By 1974, ANA had Japan's largest domestic airline network.[11]

While ANA's domestic operations grew, the Ministry of Transportation had granted government-owned Japan Airlines (JAL) a monopoly on international scheduled flights[8] that lasted until 1986. ANA was allowed to operate international charter flights: its first was a 727 charter from Tokyo to Hong Kong on February 21, 1971.[14]

Key ANA fleet types in the early 1990s: Boeing 747SR and Lockheed L-1011

ANA bought its first widebody aircraft, six Lockheed L-1011s, in November 1971, following a lengthy sales effort by Lockheed which had involved negotiations between US president Richard Nixon, Japanese prime minister Kakuei Tanaka and UK prime minister Edward Heath (lobbying in favor of engine maker Rolls-Royce). Tanaka also pressed Japanese regulators to permit ANA to operate on Asia routes as part of the package.[15] The aircraft entered service on the Tokyo-Okinawa route in 1974. The carrier had ordered McDonnell Douglas DC-10s but cancelled the order at the last minute and switched to Lockheed. It was later revealed that Lockheed had indirectly bribed Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka to force this switch: the scandal led to the arrest of Tanaka and several managers from ANA and Lockheed sales agent Marubeni for corruption.[16]

Boeing 747-200s were introduced on the Tokyo-Sapporo and Tokyo-Fukuoka routes in 1976[8] and Boeing 767s in 1983[17] on Shikoku routes. The carrier's first 747s were the short-range SR variant, designed for Japanese domestic routes.[14]

International era

ANA Boeing 737-500 at Sapporo International Airport (Chitose). Another ANA aircraft, a Boeing 777-200 can be seen on final approach in the background.

In 1986, ANA began to expand beyond Japan's key domestic carrier to become a competitive international carrier as well.[8] On 3 March 1986, ANA started scheduled international flights with a passenger service from Tokyo to Guam.[18] Flights to Los Angeles and Washington, D.C. followed by year's end, and ANA also entered a service agreement with American Airlines[8] to feed the US carrier's new flights to Narita.

ANA expanded its international services gradually: to Beijing, Dalian, Hong Kong and Sydney in 1987; to Seoul in 1988; to London and Saipan in 1989; to Paris in 1990 and to New York in 1991.[19][20] Airbus equipment such as the A320 and A321 was added to the fleet in the early 1990s, as was the Boeing 747-481 jet. ANA joined the Star Alliance in October 1999.[21]

2004 saw ANA's profits exceed JAL's for the first time. That year, facing a surplus of slots due to the construction of new airports and the ongoing expansion of Tokyo International Airport, ANA announced a fleet renewal plan that would replace some of its large aircraft with a greater number of smaller aircraft.[22]

ANA aircraft (both B747-400Ds) at Tokyo International Airport (Haneda Airport).

Also in 2004, ANA set up low-cost subsidiary Air Next to operate flights from Fukuoka Airport starting in 2005, and became the majority shareholder in Nakanihon Airline Service (NAL) headquartered in Nagoya Airport.[23] In 2005, ANA renamed NAL to Air Central, and relocated its headquarters to Chūbu Centrair International Airport.[24] On July 12, 2005, ANA reached a deal with NYK to sell its 27.6% share in Nippon Cargo Airlines, a joint venture formed between the two companies in 1987.[25] The sale allowed ANA to focus on developing its own cargo division. In 2006, ANA, Japan Post, Nippon Express, and Mitsui O.S.K. Lines founded ANA & JP Express (AJV), which would operate freighters. ANA is the top shareholder of AJV. It absorbed Air Japan's freighter operations.

Air Transport World named ANA its 2007 "Airline of the Year." In 2006, the airline was recognized by FlightOnTime.info as the most punctual scheduled airline between London and Tokyo for the last four consecutive years, based on official British statistics.[26] Japan Airlines took over the title in 2007. In 2009, ANA announced plans to test an idea as part of the airline's "e-flight" campaign, encouraging passengers on select flights to visit the airport restroom before they board.[27][28] On November 10 of the same year, ANA also announced "Inspiration of Japan", ANA's newest international flight concept, with redesigned cabins initially launched on its 777-300ER aircraft.[29]

July 2011, All Nippon Airways and AirAsia have agreed to form a low-cost carrier AirAsia Japan based in Tokyo's Narita International Airport. ANA will hold 51 percent shares and AirAsia will hold 33 percent voting shares and 16 percent non-voting shares through its wholly owned subsidiary, AA International.[30] The carrier lasts until October 26, 2013, as AirAsia withdrawn from the joint venture; the carrier was subsequently rebranded as Vanilla Air.

Corporate affairs and identity

Headquarters

Shiodome City Center in Minato, Tokyo, headquarters of ANA and Air Nippon.[31]

All Nippon Airways is headquartered at the Shiodome City Center in the Shiodome area in Minato, Tokyo, Japan.[31][32]

In the late 1960s ANA had its headquarters in the Hikokan Building in Shinbashi, Minato.[33] From the 1970s through the late 1990s All Nippon Airways was headquartered in the Kasumigaseki Building in Chiyoda, Tokyo.[34][35][36][37] Before moving into its current headquarters, ANA had its headquarters on the grounds of Tokyo International Airport in Ōta, Tokyo.[38] In 2002 ANA announced that it was taking up to 10 floors in the then under-construction Shiodome City Center. ANA announced that it was also moving some subsidiaries to the Shiodome City Center.[39] Shiodome City Center, which became ANA's headquarters, opened in 2003.[40]

Subsidiaries

ANA Group is a group of companies which are wholly or primarily owned by ANA. It comprises the following:[41]

The Utility Center building, the former headquarters of ANA at Tokyo International Airport

Commercial aviation

General aviation

Discontinued

The following airlines merged into ANA Wings on October 1, 2010

Cargo services

A Boeing 767-300BCF of Allex Cargo

As of July 2013, ANA owns nine Boeing 767-300 freighter aircraft[42] and plans to take delivery of a tenth 767 freighter during fiscal year 2013.[43]

ANA's freighters operate on 18 international routes and 6 domestic routes. ANA operates an overnight cargo hub at Naha Airport in Okinawa, which receives inbound freighter flights from key destinations in Japan, China and Southeast Asia between 1 and 4 a.m., followed by return flights between 4 and 6 a.m., allowing overnight service between these regional hubs as well as onward connections to other ANA and partner carrier flights. The 767 freighters also operate daytime flights from Narita and Kansai to various destinations in East and Southeast Asia.[44] ANA also operates a 767 freighter on an overnight Kansai-Haneda-Saga-Kansai route on weeknights,[45] which is used by overnight delivery services to send parcels to and from destinations in Kyushu.[46]

ANA established a 767 freighter operation in 2006 through a JV with Japan Post, Nippon Express and Mitsui called ANA & JP Express. ANA announced a second freighter joint venture called Allex in 2008, with Kintetsu World Express, Nippon Express, MOL Logistics and Yusen Air & Sea as JV partners.[47] Allex merged with ANA subsidiary Overseas Courier Services (OCS), an overseas periodical distribution company, in 2009,[48] and ANA & JP Express was folded into ANA in 2010.[49]

ANA Cargo and the United States based United Parcel Service (UPS Airlines) have a cargo alliance and a code-share agreement to transport member cargo, similar to an airline alliance.[50][51]

ANA also has a long historical relationship with Nippon Cargo Airlines, a Narita-based operator of Boeing 747 freighters. ANA co-founded NCA with shipping company Nippon Yusen in 1978, and at one time held 27.5% of NCA's stock. ANA sold its stake to NYK in 2005, but retained a technical partnership with NCA.[52] ANA announced in July 2013 that it would charter NCA's 747 freighter aircraft for an overnight cargo run between Narita and Okinawa, doubling capacity between ANA's key cargo hubs and freeing up 767 aircraft to operate new routes from Okinawa to Nagoya and Qingdao.[43]

Personnel

As of 2014, ANA has around 5,000 flight attendants, around 400 of whom are non-Japanese (mainly European, Chinese and Korean). ANA plans to increase its non-Japanese cabin staff headcount to 550 by fiscal year 2016 with a focus on recruiting in Southeast Asia.[53]

Destinations

Main article: All Nippon Airways destinations

ANA has an extensive domestic route network that covers the entirety of Japan, from Hokkaido in the north to Okinawa in the south. ANA's international route network extends through China, Korea, and Southeast Asia, United States and Western Europe. Its key international hub is Narita International Airport, where it shares the South Wing of Terminal 1 with its Star Alliance partners.[54]

ANA's international network currently focuses on business destinations; its only remaining "resort" routes are its routes from Haneda and Narita to Honolulu; past resort routes such as Narita-Guam, Kansai-Honolulu and Nagoya-Honolulu have been cancelled, although ANA plans to expand resort service in the future through its low-cost subsidiary Vanilla Air.[55]

Countries with destinations of All Nippon Airways (including seasonal and future destinations).
  Japan
  All Nippon Airways Destinations

Codeshare agreements

As of October 2014, All Nippon Airways has codeshare agreements with the following airlines.[56]

Template:Multicol International

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-break Domestic

Template:Multicol-end

ANA also codeshares with Deutsche Bahn for rail services feeding Frankfurt Airport. [citation needed]

ANA operations at its destinations, Haneda Airport (left) and Itami Airport (right)

Fleet

All Nippon Airways Boeing 777-200 takeoff from Haneda Airport.
All Nippon Airways Boeing 767-300 parked at Haneda Airport.

As of January 2015, the ANA passenger fleet (excluding subsidiaries) consists of the following aircraft:[42][61] For Boeing aircraft (not counting the 787), ANA's Boeing customer code is 81. For instance, a Boeing 777-200ER ordered new by ANA will bear the model number 777-281ER.

All Nippon Airways Passenger Fleet
Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers Notes
F C P Y
Total
Airbus A320-211
14
—
— — —
166
166
Airbus A320neo
—
7[62]
TBA
Airbus A321-200
—
4[63]
TBA
Airbus A321neo
—
26[64][62]
TBA
Boeing 737-700
20
—
—
8
—
112
120
3 wet leased.
Boeing 737-700ER
2
—
—
24
20
—
44
Operated by ANA Business Jet.
—
38
— —
38
Boeing 737-800
30
5[65]
—
8
—
158
166
—
8
—
159
167
Boeing 767-300
22
—
— —
10
260
270
Older Aircraft will be phased out or be replaced by Boeing 787.[66]
Boeing 767-300ER
35
—
— —
10
260
270
Older aircraft will be phased out or be replaced by Boeing 787.[66]
—
35
—
179
214
—
35
—
167
202
Boeing 777-200
16
—
— —
21
384
405
To be phased out and replaced by Boeing 787-9 in 2015.[66]
Boeing 777-200ER
12
—
— —
21
384
405
—
35
—
271
306
—
70
36
117
223
Boeing 777-300
7
—
— —
21
493
514
Boeing 777-300ER
19
9 [62][67]
8
52
24
166
250
Deliveries begin Q1 2015.
8
77
24
138
247
8
44
24
137
213
8
68
24
112
212
8
52
24
180
264
Boeing 777-9X
—
20[62]
TBA
Boeing 787-8
32 [68]
4
—
12
—
323
335
—
42
—
198
240
—
42
—
180
222
—
46
21
102
169
Boeing 787-9
2[69]
42
— —
18
377
395
Entry into service: August 4, 2014[70] Replacing: Boeing 777-200.
—
48
21
146
215
Boeing 787-10
—
3[71]
TBA
Mitsubishi MRJ90
—
15
TBA
Entry into service: 2016.
Total 211 128

The combined fleet of 211 passenger aircraft has an average age of 9.8 years.

Cargo

In addition to its passenger aircraft, ANA operates nine Boeing 767-300F cargo aircraft.[72]

Fleet history

An example of an NAMC YS-11, a domestically produced mainstay of the ANA fleet from the 1960s through the 1990s

The NAMC YS-11 was an important aircraft for All Nippon Airways, although most of them were used under the name of ANK, or Air Nippon, a subsidiary of All Nippon Airways. The final YS-11 in operation was retired in 2006.[73] A number of YS-11s are in museums, or otherwise scrapped or taken apart. After a final retirement process through September 2006, all YS-11s were grounded, obligated to retire, unless privately owned and were privately restored. The YS-11 was a big part of All Nippon Airways from the 1970s to the early 1990s, when it was used on domestic operations.[73]

ANA flew its last flight of an Airbus A321 on February 29, 2008. This marked the end of almost ten years of operation of the Airbus A321, of which ANA was the only Japanese operator.[74]

ANA was the launch customer for the new Boeing widebody, the 787 Dreamliner, ordering 50 examples with an option for 50 more during April 2004. ANA split the order between 30 of the short-range 787-3 and 20 of the long haul 787-8. However, ANA later converted its -3 orders to the -8 variant.[75]

Deliveries finally began in late 2011 when ANA received its first Boeing 787 on 21 September, the first ever Dreamliner to be delivered in the world. ANA flew its first Boeing 787 passenger flight on October 26, 2011, which operated as a charter flight from Tokyo Narita to Hong Kong.[76] ANA also became the second airline to receive the Boeing 787-9–on July 28, 2014. Despite being second, the airline preceded launch customer Air New Zealand for the first commercial flight on the 787-9, a special sightseeing charter for Japanese and American school children on August 4.

Formerly operated

Fleet plans

ANA 787 Dreamliner at Haneda Airport (January 2012).
ANA Boeing 747-400 on landing approach

On 31 July 2014, ANA firmed up an order for 7 Airbus A320neos, 23 Airbus A321neos, 20 Boeing 777-9Xs, 14 Boeing 787-9s and 6 Boeing 777-300ERs, which will be used for its short and long-haul fleet renewal. Boeing valued ANA’s order at approximately $13 billion at list prices.[77]

On 2 February 2015, ANA placed orders with Airbus and Boeing worth $2.2bn for three Boeing 787-10s, five Boeing 737-800s and seven Airbus A321s. [78]

Special liveries

ANA operates 20 special livery aircraft:[61]

Two ANA Boeing 747s in special Pokémon liveries

Services

New cabin

ANA "Inspiration of Japan" 777-300ER first class

Introduced in 2009, the "Inspiration of Japan" cabin features included fully-lie-flat-bed business class seats (the first for a Japanese airline[citation needed]), nearly enclosed first class suite seats, fixed shell back seats in both of its economy classes (42-inch pitch in premium economy, which is shared for the largest pitch in its class along with its fellow Star Alliance member Thai Airways International on its Airbus A340-500s; 34-inch pitch in economy, above average than most airlines[citation needed]), a new AVOD in-flight entertainment system (based on Panasonic Avionics Corporation's eX2 IFE system with iPod connectivity, in-seat shopping and meal ordering as well as cabin touchscreen consoles) as well as improvements to its in-flight service[example needed]. ANA will also introduce a new lounge (which opened on February 20, 2010, supposed to be in coincidence with the introduction of new aircraft interiors but delayed [see below]) and check-in concept (later in autumn 2010) at Narita for first class and ANA Mileage Club's Diamond Service elite members.

The introduction of the concept also discontinued the use of the name "Club ANA", which was used for its international business class seats (changing into a generic business class name) as well as the name of the lounges (all lounges for both first class and business class are named "ANA Lounge", with the first class lounge called the "ANA Suite Lounge" and its arrival lounge the "ANA Arrival Lounge").

ANA "Inspiration of Japan" 787 Dreamliner economy class

This "Inspiration of Japan" concept was originally set to debut on February 20, 2010 with the delivery of its new Boeing 777-300ER prior to that date, followed by the introduction of the concept on that date on the Narita-New York route. However, due to delays to the new premium economy seats, the debut was pushed back to April 19. (The delay was due to the failure of a safety test in Japan of a new seat design axle, made by seat manufacturer Koito Industries Ltd. This safety test failure also affected deliveries of aircraft to be operated by three other fellow Star Alliance members - Singapore Airlines for its A380s, Thai Airways' A330s, and Continental Airlines for new 737-800 deliveries.[82][83])

The "Inspiration of Japan" concept has been refitted on its existing 777-300ERs for service on all the airline's North American routes,[84] and may be refitted on its European routes. Parts of it may eventually be phased into its existing Boeing 767-300ERs in service as well as the upcoming Boeing 787s in order.[29][29][85][86][87]

Since February 2010 ANA offers women's only lavatories on international flights.[88] The first Boeing 787 the airline received have the bidets in both economy and business class lavatory.[89]

Inflight Magazine

ANA's inflight magazine is named 'Wingspan' and is available both on board and as a freely downloadable application for Apple's iPad. The iPad version is named 'Virtual Airport' and includes content from Wingspan as well as links to airline booking and online check-in pages.[90]

ANA in popular culture

Check-in machines for ANA at Hakodate Airport

Incidents and accidents

  • ANA's first crash occurred in 1958 when a Douglas DC-3 JA5045 operating as Flight 025 crashed.[92]
  • In 1958, dynamite was planted in a Douglas DC-3 by Akira Emoto, a candy salesman, as part of a suicide plan. Emoto killed himself by leaping from the aircraft and the bombs failed to detonate.[93]
  • In 1960, Douglas DC-3 JA5018 was lost.[94]
  • On 12 June 1961, Vickers Viscount G-APKJ was damaged beyond economic repair when the starboard undercarriage collapsed following a heavy landing at Osaka Itami Airport.[95]
  • On 19 November 1962, Vickers Viscount JA8202 crashed at Nagoya while on a training flight, killing all four people on board.[96]
  • On 4 February 1966, Flight 60, operated by Boeing 727 JA8302, was landing at Tokyo Haneda Airport when it crashed into Tokyo Bay with the loss of all 133 passengers and crew.[97]
  • On November 13, 1966, Flight 533, a YS-11 crashed in Matsuyama. All 50 aboard the aircraft were killed.[98]
  • On July 30, 1971, Flight 58, a Boeing 727, registration JA8329, collided with a JASDF F-86 Sabre fighter stationed at Matsushima Air Base.[99]
  • On June 22, 1995 a man calling himself "Fumio Kujimi" and registered with ANA as "Saburo Kobayashi" hijacked Flight 857, a Boeing 747SR, after it took off from Tokyo. The plane landed in Hokkaidō and police stormed the aircraft, arresting the hijacker.[100] Police stated that the hijacker was 53-year-old Fujio Kutsumi;[101] he had demanded the release of Shoko Asahara.[102] The hijacking incident lasted 16 hours.[101]
  • In 1999, a man hijacked Flight 61 and killed the captain. He was subdued by other crew members, and no passengers or other crew were killed or injured.[103]
  • On September 6, 2011, Flight 140, an All Nippon 737-700 traveling from Naha to Tokyo with 117 passengers and crew, banked over 90 degrees in mid-air and rapidly descended as the First Officer accidentally hit the rudder trim switch instead of the door unlock button as the captain returned from the lavatory. The First Officer eventually regained control and levelled the plane. There were minor injuries to two flight attendants.[104]
  • On December 8, 2012 an ANA Boeing 737 slid 80 meters off the end of the runway at Shonai Airport when landing during a snowstorm. There were no injuries to passengers and crew and the aircraft was not seriously damaged.[105]
  • On January 16, 2013, Flight 692, a Boeing 787 flying from Yamaguchi Ube Airport to Tokyo Haneda Airport reported a battery problem while climbing to FL330. The pilots made an emergency landing at Takamatsu Airport. No casualties were reported during the evacuation. However, after this incident, all 787s were subsequently grounded by respective aviation authorities until the battery issue was resolved.

See also

References

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  25. ^ ANA to Sell Share in Nippon Cargo Airlines to NYK All Nippon Airways official website browsed 21 January 2008
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