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==References==
==References==
* For Election Results and Analysis Of Uttar Pradesh - http://www.partyanalyst.com/statePageAction.action?stateId=27
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Revision as of 19:15, 21 January 2012

Uttar Pradesh
उत्तर प्रदेश
اتر پردیش
U.P.
Official seal of Uttar Pradesh
Seal
Location of Uttar Pradesh in India
Location of Uttar Pradesh in India
Map of Uttar Pradesh
Map of Uttar Pradesh
Country India
RegionAwadh, Baghelkhand, Braj, Bundelkhand, Purvanchal, RohilKhand, Indo-Gangetic Plain
EstablishedModern : 1805 (as Ceded and Conquered Provinces. )
History
Summary
CapitalLucknow
Largest CityKanpur
Largest Metropolitan RegionKanpur Metropolitan Region
Districts75 total
Government
 • BodyGovernment of India, Government of Uttar Pradesh
 • GovernorBanwari Lal Joshi
 • Chief MinisterKumari Mayawati (BSP)
 • LegislatureBicameral (404 + 108 seats)
 • Parliamentary constituency80
 • High CourtAllahabad High Court
Area
 • Total243,286 km2 (93,933 sq mi)
 • Rank5th
Population
 (2011)[1][2]
 • Total200,000,000
 • Rank1st
 • Density820/km2 (2,100/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Uttarpradeshi, UPite, UPian
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
UN/LOCODEINUP
Vehicle registrationUP XX XXXX
HDIIncrease 0.490 (medium)
HDI rank32th (2005)
Literacy69.72% (29th)
79.24% (male)
59.26% (female)
Official languageHindi, Urdu
Websiteupgov.nic.in

Uttar Pradesh abbreviation U.P. (Template:Lang-hi, Template:Lang-ur, pronounced [ˈʊt̪t̪ər prəˈd̪eːʃ] ⓘ, "Northern Province"), (formerly: United Provinces; Template:Lang-hi, Template:Lang-ur) is a state located in the northern part of India. With a population of over 200 million people,[2] it is India's most populous state, as well as the world's most populous sub-national entity. Were it a nation in its own right, Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth most populous country ahead of Brazil, a country thirty-five times larger in territorial area than Uttar Pradesh.,[3][4]

Uttar Pradesh is the second largest state-economy in India, contributing 8.34% to India's total GDP in the financial year 2010.[5]

With an area of 93,933 sq mi (243,290 km2), Uttar Pradesh covers a large part of the highly fertile and densely populated upper Gangetic plain. It shares an international border with Nepal to the north along with the Indian state of Uttarakhand, Haryana, Delhi and Rajasthan on the west, Madhya Pradesh on the south, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand on the south east and Bihar on the east. The administrative and legislative capital of Uttar Pradesh is Lucknow and the industrial capital is Kanpur. The state's high court is based at Allahabad with a bench in state capital Lucknow. It is home to many historical cities, including Allahabad, Varanasi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Agra and Gorakhpur. Kanpur is the largest city.Other important cities are Jhansi, Varanasi, Allahabad, Kanpur, Meerut, Agra, Moradabad, Aligarh, Bareilly, Ghaziabad, Muzaffarnagar, and Noida.

Uttar Pradesh has a very vital place in the culture of India; it is the birthplace of Hinduism and admirer of its derived Vedic and Buddhism beliefs, UP has been the ancient seat of Hindu religion, learning and culture, and has many important sites of Hindu pilgrimage. The State also has several sites important to Buddhism: the Chaukhandi Stupa marks the spot where Buddha met his first disciples, while the Dhamek Stupa in Sarnath commemorates Buddha's first sermon. Also the town of Kushinagar is where Gautama Buddha died.

Throughout its history, the region of Uttar Pradesh was sometimes divided between smaller kingdoms and at other times formed an important part of larger empires that arose on its east or west, including the Magadha, Nanda, Mauryan, Sunga, Kushan, Gupta, Gurjara, Rashtrakuta, Pala and Mughal empires.

The Indo-Gangetic plain, that spans most of the state, is also the birth place of the Indo-Islamic syncretic culture of the medieval period. It holds much of the heritage of the Mughal Empire, including the world famous mausoleum Taj Mahal built by Shah Jehan, the magnificent tomb of Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great in Agra and Akbar's capital-palace in Fatehpur Sikri. It was a centre of nationalism during the British colonial period and has continued to play a prominent role in Indian political and cultural movements. The state has a rich heritage of traditional crafts and cottage industries of various types that employ highly skilled craftsmen and artisans.

Hindus constitute 80% and Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists constitute 1.5% of the population in the state. Islam is practised by about 18% of the population while the remaining 2% is made up of Christians as well as tribal religious groups.

History

Main article: History of Uttar Pradesh

Evolution of the state

The area has undergone several name changes and territorial demarcations since the early 19th century, i.e., after the British East India Company had established its supremacy in the Gangetic plains. In 1833 the then Bengal Presidency of the Company was divided into two parts, one of which became Presidency of Agra; in 1836 the Agra area was named North-Western Provinces and placed under a Lieutenant Governor by the Company. In 1877, the two provinces of Agra and Oudh (Oudh was occupied by the Company, in 1858), were placed under one Colonial administrator of the British Crown; he was called Lieutenant Governor of the North-Western Provinces and Chief Commissioner of Oudh. In 1902 the name was changed to United Provinces of Agra and Oudh with Lieutenant Governor of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh as administrator; in 1921 Lieutenant Governorship was elevated to Governorship and the name of the province was changed to United Provinces of British India. On 1 April 1937, the name was shortened to United Provinces. On independence from the British colonial rule in 1947, the princely states of Rampur, Banares and Tehri-Garwal were merged into the United Provinces. In 1950, the name of United Provinces was changed to Uttar Pradesh. In 2000 a separate Himalayan state, Uttaranchal, (now named Uttarakhand), was carved out of Uttar Pradesh.

Prehistory, legends and ancient period

Archeological finds in Uttar Pradesh confirm presence of Stone Age homo sapiens hunter-gatherers in Chhatarpalia, Mahugarh, Parisdhia, Lalitpur, Nihi and Gopipur,[6][7][8][9] between 85±11 and 72±8 kyr (thousand years ago) before present (BP); Middle Paleolithic and later the Upper Paleolithic artefacts dated at 21–31 kyr BP;[10] Mesolithic/Microlithic hunter-gatherer's settlement, near Pratapgarh, around 10550–9550 CE;[11] villages, domesticated cattle, sheep or goats and evidence of plants and agriculture as early as 6000 CE – although, most dates range between c. 4000 and 1500 CE – thus initiating a sequence which extends into the Iron Age,[12][13][14] beginning from Indus Valley Civilization and Harappa Culture finds in the Saharanpur division through the Vedic period.

File:EpicIndiaCities.jpg
Ancient cities of Indian Subcontinent.

The ancient Mahajanapada era kingdom of Kosala in Ayodhya – where, according to Hindu legend, the divine king Rama of the Ramayana epic reigned – was located here. Krishna – another divine king of Hindu legend, who plays a key role in the Mahabharata epic and is revered as the eighth reincarnation (Avatar) of Hindu god Vishnu – is believed to be born in the city of Mathura. The aftermath of Mahabharata war is believed to have taken place in the area between the Doab region of Western Uttar Pradesh and Delhi, (in what was Kuru Mahajanapada), during the reign of the Pandava king Yudhishtira. The kingdom of the Kurus[15] corresponds to the Black and Red Ware and Painted Gray Ware culture and the beginning of the Iron Age in Northwestern India, around 1000 BCE. The revered Swaminarayan – mentioned in the Brahma Purana and Vishwaksena Samhita as the manifestation of God – was born in the village of Chhapaiya.

Most of the empire building invasions of North India, from the east as well as the west, passed through the vast swathe of Gangetic plains of what today is Uttar Pradesh. Control over this region was of vital importance to the power and stability of all of India's major empires, including the Mauryan (320–200 BCE), Kushan (100–250 CE) and Gupta (350–600 CE) Gurjara-Pratihara (650–1036 CE) empires.

Mathura in Uttar Pradesh served as the capital of the Kushan Empire.

Following the Hun invasions that broke Guptas' empire, the Ganges-Yamuna Doab saw the rise of Kannauj. During the reign of Harshavardhana (590–647 CE), the Kannauj empire was at its zenith; spanning from Punjab and Gujarat to Bengal and Orissa – and parts of central India, north of the Narmada River – it encompassed the entire Indo-Gangetic plain. A patron of Buddhism and the University at Nalanda, Harsha organised theological debates and also patronised art and literature. A noted author on his own merit, he wrote three Sanskrit plays. Many communities in various parts of India boast of being descendants of migrants from Kannauj, reflecting its glory in the past.[16] Soon after Harshavardhana's death, his empire disintegrated into many kingdoms, to be invaded and ruled mostly by Gurjar Pratiharass, who also challenged Bengal's mighty Pala Empire's control of the region.

Medieval

Agra and Fatehpur Sikri in Uttar Pradesh were the capital cities of Akbar the Great.

The fall of the post-Harshavardhana Gurjar Pratihara Empire of north India came when the Turko-Afghan Muslim rulers moved into present day Uttar Pradesh. Much of the state formed part of the various Indo-Islamic empires (Sultanates) after 1000 CE and was ruled from their capital, Delhi.

Later, in Mughal times, U.P. became the heartland of their vast empire; they called the place Hindustan, which is used to this day as the name for India in several languages. Mughal rulers Babur and Humanyun had their capital in Delhi. In 1540 an Afghan, Sher Shah Suri, took the reigns of U.P. after defeating Humanyun, the Mughal king, who ran away to Kabul. Sher Shah's son, Islam Shah, ruled Uttar Pradesh from their capital at Gwalior. After the death of Islam Shah, his prime minister Hemu became the de facto ruler of U.P., Bihar, MP and western parts of Bengal. Hemu had won in all 22 battles spanning entire North India. He defeated Emperor Akbar's forces at Agra and Delhi and established Hindu Raj (which lasted one month) in U.P. on 7 October 1556. He was bestowed the title of Vikramaditya at his coronation or Rajyabhishake at Purana Quila in Delhi and was titled as Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya. Hemu died in the Second Battle of Panipat, and U.P. came under Emperor Akbar's rule. Agra and Fatehpur Sikri were the capitals of Emperor Akbar. At its zenith, the Mughal Empire covered almost the entire Indian subcontinent (including present day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh), which was ruled at different times from Delhi, Agra and Allahabad.

When the Mughal Empire disintegrated, their last territory remained confined to the Doab region of Hindustan and Delhi. Other areas of Hindustan (U.P.) were now ruled by different rulers: Awadh was ruled by the Nawabs of Awadh, Rohilkhand by Afghans, Bundelkhand by the Marathas and Benaras by its own king, while Nepal controlled Kumaon-Garhwal as a part of Greater Nepal. The state's capital city of Lucknow was established by the Muslim Nawabs of Awadh in the 18th century.

Modern-colonial

Starting from Bengal in the later half of the 18th century, a series of battles for North Indian lands finally gave the British East India Company accession over this state's territories – including the territories of Bundelkhand, Kumaon and Benaras rulers – and the last Mughal territories of Doab and Delhi. When the Company included Ajmer and Jaipur kingdoms in this northern territory, they named it the "North-Western Provinces" (of Agra). Today, the area may seem large compared to several of the Republic of India's present 'mini-states' – no more than the size of earlier 'divisions' of the British era – but at the time it was one of the smallest British provinces. Its capital shifted twice between Agra and Allahabad.

Due to dissatisfaction with British rule, a serious rebellion erupted in various parts of North India; Meerut cantonment's sepoy, Mangal Pandey, is widely credited as its starting point. It came to be known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857. After the revolt failed the British attempted to divide the most rebellious regions by reorganising the administrative boundaries of the region, splitting the Delhi region from ‘NWFP of Agra’ and merging it with Punjab, while the Ajmer- Marwar region was merged with Rajputana and Oudh was incorporated into the state. The new state was called the 'North Western Provinces of Agra and Oudh', which in 1902 was renamed as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. It was commonly referred to as the United Provinces or its acronym UP.

United Provinces of Agra and Oudh in 1903

In 1920, the capital of the province was shifted from Allahabad to Lucknow. The high court continued to be at Allahabad, but a bench was established at Lucknow. Allahabad continues to be an important administrative base of today's Uttar Pradesh and has several administrative headquarters.

Uttar Pradesh continued to be central to Indian politics and was especially important in modern Indian history as a hotbed of both the Indian Independence Movement and the Pakistan Movement. Nationally known figures such as Jawaharlal Nehru were among the leaders of the movement in UP. The All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) was formed at the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress on 11 April 1936 with the legendary nationalist Swami Sahajanand Saraswati elected as its first President,[17] in order to address the long standing grievances of the peasantry and mobilise them against the zamindari landlords' attacks on their occupancy rights, thus sparking the Farmers' movement in India.[18][19]

During the Quit India Movement of 1942, Ballia district overthrew the colonial authority and installed an independent administration under Chittu Pandey. Ballia became known then as Baghi Ballia (Rebel Ballia) for this significant contribution in India's freedom movement.

Post-independence

After independence, the state was renamed Uttar Pradesh ("northern province") by its first chief minister, Govind Ballabh Pant. Pant was well acquainted with and close to Jawaharlal Nehru (the first Prime Minister of free India) and was also popular in the Congress Party. He established such a good reputation in Lucknow that Nehru called him to Delhi, the capital and seat of Central Government of the country, to make him Home Minister of India in 27 December 1954. He was succeeded by Dr. Sampoornanand, a classicist Sanskrit scholar. Following a political crisis in Uttar Pradesh, initiated by Kamlapati Tripathi and C.B.Gupta, Sampurnanand was asked to resign as CM in 1960 and sent to Rajasthan as the Governor of Rajasthan, paving the way for Gupta and Tripathi to become Chief Ministers.

Sucheta Kripalani served as India's first woman chief minister from October 1963 until March 1967, when a two-month long strike by state employees caused her to step down. After her, Chandra Bhanu Gupta assumed the office of Chief Minister with Laxmi Raman Acharya as Finance Minister, but the government lasted for only two years due to the confusion and chaos which ended only with the defection of Charan Singh from the Congress with a small set of legislators. He set up a party called the Jana Congress, which formed the first non-Congress government in U.P. and ruled for over a year.

Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna was chief minister for Congress Party government for part of the 1970s. He was dismissed by the Central Government headed by Indira Gandhi, along with several other non-Congress chief ministers, shortly after the imposition of the widely unpopular Emergency, when Narain Dutt Tewari – later chief minister of Uttarakhand – became chief minister. The Congress Party lost heavily in 1977 elections, following the lifting of the Emergency, but romped back to power in 1980, when Mrs. Gandhi handpicked the man who would later become her son's principal opposition, V.P. Singh, to become Chief Minister.

Creation of the state of Uttarakhand

On 9 November 2000, the Himalayan portion of the state, comprising the Garhwal and Kumaon divisions and Haridwar district, was formed into a new state 'Uttaranchal', now called Uttarakhand, meaning the 'Northern Segment' state.

Proposal to split into smaller states

After the split of Uttarakhand in 2000, numerous groups have proposed that the state of Uttar Pradesh be further split into smaller states. Those who support this reorganisation argue this as a bid to improve governance of one of the poorest states in India. With a population greater than Brazil, and divergent needs of the population across the state, it is difficult to propose, agree on and then deliver on public policies necessary for inclusive growth of its citizens. The complicated federal structure of India, wherein many locally pressing development projects proposed by states such as Uttar Pradesh require central government approval, complicate matters and cause bureaucratic delays running into years.

Splitting the state into smaller states, these supporters claim, would foster development, decentralisation of power, and accountability. Those who oppose this initiative argue that the split is motivated by political needs.[20][21][22]

In November 2011, Uttar Pradesh chief minister Mayawati announced she would table the proposal to divide UP into four smaller states in the winter session of the state assembly starting 21 November. Her cabinet approved the proposal, and thereafter the democratically elected representatives of the state assembly approved the proposal to split the state into four smaller states.

The four parts will be Paschim Pradesh, Awadh Pradesh, Bundelkhand and Poorvanchal. The proposed new states are currently western UP, central UP, southwestern UP and eastern UP, respectively.[23]

The proposal is now expected to be considered by the central government of India.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh shares an international border with Nepal and is bounded by the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Bihar. The state can be divided into two distinct hypsographical regions.

The larger Gangetic Plain region is in the north: it includes the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, the Ghaghra plains, the Ganges plains and the Terai. It has highly fertile alluvial soils and flat topography (slope 2 m/km) broken by numerous ponds, lakes and rivers.

The smaller Vindhya Hills and Plateau region is in the south: it is characterised by hard rock strata and varied topography of hills, plains, valleys and plateau; limited availability of water makes the region relatively arid.

Rivers and lakes

Main article:, Hydrology of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh has more than 31 larger and smaller rivers among them the Ganges, Yamuna, Sarayu and Ghaghara are larger and of very much religious importance in Hinduism.

Flora and fauna

Uttar Pradesh has 2.34% land under forest cover now. In spite of alarming deforestation and poaching of wild life, a diverse flora and fauna exists. Several species of trees, large and small mammals, reptiles and insects are found in the belt of temperate upper mountainous forests; medicinal plants are also found wild here, or are now grown on plantations. Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands support cattle. Moist deciduous trees grow in the upper Gangetic plain, including its riverbanks. In fact, this vast plain is so fertile and life supporting that any thing, which can live or grow anywhere, will do so here. Ganges and its tributaries are the habitat of sameer a variety of large and small reptiles, amphibians, fresh-water fish and crabs. Mostly scrubs, trees like babool and animals like chinkara are found in the arid Vindhyas.[24][25] The state’s important plants and animals include the following:

Trees: pine, rhododendrons, silver fir, deodar, saal, oak, teak, sheesham, mango, neem, banyan, peepal, imli, jamun, mahua, semal, gular and dhak.

Medicinal plants: hingan,[26] Dhak,[27] rauwolfia, sepentina, hexandrum, podophyllum.

Large vertebrates: elephant, tiger, bear, neelgai, wild pig, deer, wolf, jackal, fox, langoor, porcupine. The Swamp deer or Barasingha is the state animal of Uttar Pradesh.

Birds: peacock, grey quail, pigeon, swallow, maina, Indian parakeet, crow and duck. The saras crane is the state bird of Uttar Pradesh.

Reptiles: crocodile, gharial, goh, snakes, chameleon and other lizards.

Fish: Rohu, catla, khusa, parhan, patra, moi, korouch and singhi.

According to Hindu legend, Lord Rama’s warrior devotee Hanuman had brought life saving Sanjivani herbs from a mountain of Dronagiri (Dunagiri) of the breakaway Uttarakhand, region.

Climate

Main article: Climate of Uttar Pradesh

The climate of Uttar Pradesh is predominantly subtropical, but weather conditions change significantly with location and seasons:

Temperature: Depending on the elevation, the average temperatures vary from 12.5–17.5 °C (54.5–63.5 °F) in January to 27.5–32.5 °C (81.5–90.5 °F) in May and June. The highest temperature recorded in the State was 49.9 °C (121.8 °F) at Gonda on 8 May 1958.

Rainfall: Rainfall in the State ranges from 1,000–2,000 mm (39–79 in) in the east to 600–1,000 mm (24–39 in) in the west. About 90% of the rainfall occurs during the southwest Monsoon, lasting from about June to September. With most of the rainfall concentrated during this four-month period, floods are a recurring problem and cause heavy damage to crops, life, and property, particularly in the eastern part of the state, where the Himalayan-origin rivers flow with a very low north-south gradient.

Snowfall: In the Himalayan region of the State, annual snowfall averaging 3 to 5 metres (10 to 15 feet) is common between December and March.

Droughts: Periodic failure of monsoons results in drought conditions and crop failure.

Constituent regions

Regions of Uttar Pradesh

The state comprises several distinct regions:

  • The Doab region which runs along UP’s western border from north to south; this region is further divided into three zones:
    • The Upper Doab in the north-west,
    • The Middle Doab in the west,
      • including the Braj-bhumi in the trans-Yamuna area,
    • The Lower Doab in the south-centre,
  • The Rohilkhand region in the north;
  • The Awadh(or Oudh), the historic country of Kosalas in the centre;
  • The northern parts of Bundelkhand in the south;
  • The northern parts of Bagelkhand in the south-east; and
  • The south-eastern part of the state, commonly called Purvanchal ("Eastern Province"), which is adjacent to the Bhojpur district of Bihar.

Administrative divisions and districts (as in 2010)

Main articles: Divisions of Uttar Pradesh and Districts of Uttar Pradesh

The state of Uttar Pradesh consists of seventy five districts, which are grouped into eighteen divisions:- Agra Division, Aligarh Division, Allahabad Division, Azamgarh Division, Bareilly Division, Basti Division, Chitrakoot Division, Devipatan Division, Faizabad Division, Gorakhpur Division, Jhansi Division, Kanpur Division, Lucknow Division, Meerut Division, Mirzapur Division, Moradabad Division, Saharanpur Division and Varanasi Division.

Municipal Corporations Following are Municipal Corporations (Nagar Nigam) in UP

  1. Agra
  2. Aligarh
  3. Allahabad
  4. Bareilly
  5. Ghaziabad
  6. Gorakhpur
  7. Jhansi
  8. Kanpur
  9. Lucknow
  10. Meerut
  11. Moradabad
  12. Saharanpur
  13. Varanasi

Special Status

  1. NOIDA

Largest Urban Area-2011 Census

  1. Kanpur(4901474)
  2. Lucknow(4320067)

Figures based on the census 2011 ([3])

Cities Under JNNURM

  1. Kanpur
  2. Lucknow
  3. Allahabad
  4. Varanasi
  5. Agra
  6. Meerut
  7. Mathura

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Uttar Pradesh

Template:IndiaCensusPop Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India with a population of 199,581,477 million people as of 1 March 2011. If it were a separate country, Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth most populous nation, next only to China, India, the United States of America and Indonesia. As of the 2001 census of India, about 80% of Uttar Pradesh population is Hindu, while Muslims make up around 18.5% of the population. The remaining population consists of Sikhs, Buddhists, Christians and Jains.[28]

The peripheral regions of Uttar Pradesh, are home to a number of tribal communities such as Agaria, Baiga, Bhar, Bhoksa, Bind, Chero, Gond, Kol and Korwa. Five of these tribal communities have been recoginised by the Government of India as disadvantaged scheduled tribes, viz. Tharus, Boksas, Bhotia, Jaunswaris and Rajis.[29]

Politics

Main article: Government of Uttar Pradesh
The results of the UP assembly elections since 1989

The State Assembly of Uttar Pradesh has 403 electoral constituencies. Uttar Pradesh is one of India's key bellwether states with a massive population of 200 million, similar to that of Brazil. Uttar Pradesh is often regarded as India's chronic under-achiever. It has provided Republic of India with eight Prime Ministers, but remains one of the poorest and most backward states. Still primordial voting loyalties are based on caste in the state.[30]

The last two decades has been mostly dominated the Samajwadi Party (mainly representing the interests of Other Backward Classes, led by the ageing former wrestler Mulayam Singh Yadav) and the Bahujan Samaj Party (led by Mayawati, the mercurial leader of the Dalits). The Samajwadi Party and Bahujan Samaj Party have for a long time marginalised the two national parties of India, the Indian National Congress and the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party.[30]

State elections 2007

In the Uttar Pradesh Elections, 2007, Mayawati's Bahujan Samaj Party achieved unexpected majority status, leading to her emergence as the chief minister of Uttar Pradesh. This is the first time, since 1991 victory of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) with a majority, that a single party has gained absolute majority.

Mayawati, having won 206 seats, took the oath of secrecy for the post of UP's next CM on 13 May 2007. She became Chief Minister for the fourth time. Along with her 19 cabinet rank ministers, 21 Ministers of State holding Independent Charge were also sworn in by the Governor T. V. Rajeswar.

Some of the prominent names of her cabinet colleagues are: Awadhpal Singh,, Badshah Singh, Nasimuddin Siddiqui, Rakesh Dhar Tripathi, Ratanlal Ahirwar and Sudhir Goyal. Former Chief Minister Mulayam Singh Yadav's Samajwadi Party stood second in State with 97 seats.

State elections 2012

On 24 December the Chief Election Commissioner S. Y. Quraishi announced the 7 phase polling of Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly election, 2012. The state elections 2012 will demonstrate whether the ruling Bahujan Samaj Party will be able to hold on to power and will demonstrate whether Rahul Gandhi, fourth-generation Nehru-Gandhi dynasty, has finally come of age.[30]

Political leadership

Jawaharlal Nehru,the first Prime Minister of Republic of India

The state has a record of providing national leadership; eight of India's fourteen Prime Ministers were from Uttar Pradesh. They are:

At the lowest tier of political pyramid the state has a large number of village councils, known as Panchayats, which are similar to those found in other states in India.

Education

Allahabad University
PK Kelkar Library, IIT Kanpur
IIM Lucknow
MNNIT, Allahabad
IIT-BHU known as IT-BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
Main article: Education in Uttar Pradesh

The region of Uttar Pradesh had a long tradition of learning, although it had remained mostly confined to the elite class and religious establishments. Sanskrit-based education comprising the learning of Vedic-to-Gupta periods, coupled with the later Pali corpus of knowledge and a vast store of ancient-to-medieval learning in Persian/Arabic languages, had formed the core of Hindu-Buddhist-Muslim education, until the rise of British power. The present schools-to-university system of education owes its inception and development here, as in the rest of the country, to foreign Christian missionaries and the British colonial administration.

Banaras Hindu University is a Central University located in Varanasi.[31] It evolved out of the Central Hindu College of Varanasi, set up by Annie Besant — a colourful British lady of Irish descent — who joined hands with Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya in April 1911 for a common Hindu university at Varanasi. The Banaras Hindu University started functioning from 1 October 1917, with the Central Hindu College as its first constituent college. Most of the money for the university came from Hindu princes and its present 1,350-acre (5.5 km2) campus was built on land donated by the Kashi Naresh. Regarded as the one among the largest residential universities in Asia,[32] it has more than 128 independent teaching departments; several of its colleges — including science, linguistics, law, engineering (IT-BHU) and medicine (IMS-BHU) — are ranked amongst the best in India.[33] The university's total enrolment stands at just over 15,000, including international students. It will be the only university in India that will host one of the IITs on its premises, the IT-BHU, from academic session 2010.[34]

The Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur &Madras; set up in 1959 in the industrial city of Kanpur and now known as IIT-Kanpur or IITK & IITM ; is one of the famous internationally respected Indian Institutes of Technology; it is primarily focused on teaching of undergraduates in engineering and related sciences and technologies and research in these fields. It is among the very few institutions which enjoys the status of Institute of National Importance. It was the first college in India to start education in Computer Science.


The Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology,Jais.Rae Bareli : The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MOP&NG), Government of India set up the institute at Jais, Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh through an Act of Parliament. RGIPT has been accorded "Institute of National Importance” along the lines of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) and Indian Institute of Management (IIM). With the status of a Deemed University, the institute awards degrees in its own right. RGIPT is co-promoted as an energy domain specific institute by six oil public sector units (ONGC, IOCL, OIL, GAIL, BPCL and HPCL) in association with the Oil Industry Development Board (OIDB). The Institute is associated with leading International Universities/Institutions specializing in the domain of Petroleum Technology.


The Indian Institute of Management Lucknow is among premier management schools in India. IIM Lucknow was established in 1984 by the government of India. It was the fourth Indian Institute of Management to be established in India after IIM Calcutta, IIM Ahmedabad, and IIM Bangalore. IIM Lucknow 185 acres (75 ha) main campus is in Prabandh Nagar about 21 kilometres (13 mi) from Lucknow Railway Station and 31 kilometres (19 mi) from Lucknow Airport. A second campus, focusing on executive programs, was set up in Noida. According to the institute's website, IIM Lucknow is the first IIM to start an additional campus in the country.

The Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad was formerly Motilal Nehru Regional Engineering College, Allahabad. It is among one of the leading institutes in the country; it was established in 1961 as a joint enterprise of the governments of India and Uttar Pradesh in accordance with the scheme of establishment of REC. With effect from 26 June 2002 the college became a deemed university and is now known as Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology and declared as an Institute of National Importance. MNNIT was the first college in India to give B.Tech. degree in Computer Science and Engineering and among the very few colleges in India to have a PARAM supercomputer.

The Allahabad University (Hindi: इलाहाबाद विश्वविद्यालय), is a premier Central University located in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. Its origins lie in the Muir Central College, named after Lt. Governor of North-Western Provinces, Sir William Muir in 1876, who suggested the idea of a Central University at Allahabad, which later evolved to the present university. At one point it was called the "Oxford of the East", and on 24 June 2005 its Central University status was restored through the University Allahabad Act, 2005, of the Parliament of India. It is the fourth oldest university of India.

The Aligarh Muslim University is a residential academic institution. This university is spread over 1.5 km2. Modeled on the British University of Cambridge, it was established by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in 1875 — then named Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College — and in 1920 it was granted the status of a Central University by an Act of Parliament. Located in the city of Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, it was among the first institutions of higher learning set up during the British Raj.

The Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad was established in 1999 by the government of India. The institute was conferred deemed university status in 2000, empowering it to award degrees following the setting of its own examinations. The new campus has been developed on 100 acres (0.40 km2) of land at Deoghat, Jhalwa, on the outskirts of Allahabad. The campus and other buildings have been styled on patterns developed by mathematics professor Roger Penrose. IIITA offers a B.Tech degree in either Information Technology or Electronics and Communications Engineering. Admission is through the All India Engineering Entrance Examination (AIEEE). Foreign students are accepted based on SAT II scores. IIITA has an extension campus at Amethi, Sultanpur District, Uttar Pradesh, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Information Technology.

The Gautam Buddha Technical University is one of the famous technical universities in India, earlier known as Uttar Pradesh Technical University. It which provides technical education includes programs of education, research and training in Engineering, Technology, Architecture, Town Planning, Pharmacy, Applied Arts and Crafts and such other programs and areas that the central government may declare in consultation with All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE). There are five government engineering college of GBTU:

  1. Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur
  2. Madan Mohan Malaviya Engineering College, Gorakhpur
  3. Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow
  4. Kamla Nehru Institute of Technology, Sultanpur
  5. Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology, Janshi

There are many other reputed schools in the state capital Lucknow, including the famous Colvin Taluqdars' College,Lucknow, St. Francis' College, Lucknow and La Martinière College. Other schools, like Loreto Convent, St Agnes' Loreto High School, CMS are also there.

A Government Degree College was set up by the Government of Uttar Pradesh for providing higher education to scholars who are interested in course work and programs of higher studies. At present, 137[35] Government Degree Colleges have been established by the state government to fulfill above criteria. The UP government[36] administers, manages and controls these colleges through Department of Higher Education, Uttar Pradesh[37] and follows the norms and regulations of University Grants Commission, New Delhi.[38]

The Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow is one of the youngest central universities in the country. The jurisdiction of this residential university is over the entire state of Uttar Pradesh. The campus Vidya Vihar is located off Rae Bareli Road, about 10 km south of the Charbagh Railway Station, Lucknow. All courses offered by the university are postgraduate, innovative and non-traditional.

M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, established in 1975, has produced massive number of scholars and technocrats in various field of Arts, Science and Technology. With the faculty of Management, Engineering, Arts, Science, Law, Education, Technology the University has got success in every stream of knowledge. In this modern era technology leads everything, this was truly recognized by the University and Institute of Engineering and Technology was established in 1995. The university has the placement bureau for the job placement of passing students and successfully placed various student in the service of our nation in various fields.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Uttar Pradesh
DND Flyway
File:Noida1.jpg
Corenthum Business Park
IT Park
IT Park
Tata Consultancy Services campus, Lucknow
Kaushambi Housing Society
File:Honda plant greater noida.jpg
Honda car manufacturing plant at Greater Noida


Uttar Pradesh is the second largest state-economy in India contributing 8.34% to India's total GDP. Uttar Pradesh had been developing at very slow growth rate. But recently in the 11th five year plan(2007–12), Uttar Pradesh has registered 7.28% GDP growth rate against the target of 6.10% and is part of 5 states that exceeded the targets of growth rates.[39] Rising GDP growth rate of UP is the result of current majority govt under Mayawati which has taken over power in 2007 and made significant changes in economic policy as UP had failed to attain even a GDP growth rate of 5% since Independence.[40] Mayawati govt decided to promote the Lucknow region as another IT destination after Noida. Some IT giants like TCS have already started their campus in Lucknow since 2008–09.

The major economic activity in the state is agriculture; in 1991, 73% of the population in the state was engaged in agriculture and 46% of the state income was accounted for by agriculture. UP has retained its preeminent position in the country as a food-surplus state.[citation needed]

Uttar Pradesh is home to largest number of Small Scale industrial units in the country, with 12% of over 2.3 million units.[41] But, industrial output has been adversely affected by erratic power supply from the UP State Electricity Board and remains far below its full production capacity. Unavailability of adequate raw materials at competitive prices is another negative factor. Also, like in most parts of India, traders and middlemen make most of the profits while the labour class lives at subsistence level. Nevertheless, labour efficiency is higher in UP at 26 than the national average of 25.[41]

With a solid GDP of US$22 billion, Kanpur is the largest economic hub of Uttar Pradesh – followed by Lucknow – that is why Kanpur is assigned the status of economic capital of Uttar Pradesh and is the only city of the State listed in the 'Top 10 Indian cities'. Following are some of the important industrial hubs in the state:

Kanpur is the largest shoe-manufacturing centre in the country with strong leather, engineering, chemical and other booming sector Industries.

NOIDA is among the top IT (Information Technology) destinations of the country while Lucknow is an emerging one.

Meerut, a manufacturing centre of sports goods, sharp tools like scissors and also of gold ornaments, is regularly listed among the top tax-paying cities in the country.[42]

Mirzapur and Bhadohi are manufacturing centres and worldwide exporters of carpets and cotton durries.

Moradabad, a famous production centre of traditional 'Moradabadi' metalware, has emerged now as a major producer and exporter of stainless steel utensils also.

Aligarh is a manufacturing hub of brass, zinc, aluminium, iron door fittings and is also famous for its padlocks. These items are exported all over the world.

Agra was visited by more than 8 million domestic and 825,000 foreign tourists in 2006, followed by Varanasi, Lucknow, Allahabad, Vrindaban, Budaun and Mathura.Agra is also famoush for handicraft items, gold jewellery and a number of small scale industries.

Sonebhadra a district in Eastern Uttar Pradesh hase many large scale industries and its southern region, known as the Energy Capital Of India, has more than a dozen of Power Plants of UPRVUNL and NTPC around the Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar which produces more than 10,000 MW. of electricity, largest in India after Dadri in Western Uttar Pradesh. NCL has its headquarters in this region and is planning to build a couple of power plants each with Installed capacity of 1,000 MWs. This region has a private airport at Muirpur owned by Hindalco a subsidiary of the Aditya Birla Group.

Economy is gearing itself to cater to contemporary Western tastes and life style in upper class Uttar Pradeshis; elegant shopping malls are coming up in big cities to satisfy their needs. The economy also benefits from the State's thriving tourism industry. Allahabad has glass, wire based industries. The main industrial area of Allahabad is Naini and Phulpur, where several public and private sector companies have their units, offices and factories. These include AREVA T&D India [2] (a division of multinational Areva Group), Bharat Pumps & Compressors (BPC)[3] which is a Miniratna now, Indian Telephone Industries Limited [ITI] was set up in Naini in the year 1971 for the manufacture of transmission equipment. The major products are optic fibre systems of both PDH and SDH and telephone instruments of various types, Reliance Industries – Allahabad Manufacturing Division, Hindustan Cables also called as HCL which has now been taken over by defence for its revival, Triveni Structurals Limited (TSL, a subsidiary of Bharat Yantra Nigam), GEEP battery factory etc. Indian Farmers Fertilizer Co-Operative is in Phulpur. IFFCO's Phulpur complex has two Urea production units and once was world’s largest fertiliser complex based on naphtha as feed stock. But owing to environmental concerns, it has been switched to Natural Gas based Plant Baidyanath Ayurved has its unit in Naini, Allahabad

Transportation

File:Gorakhpur junction.jpg
Gorakhpur junction


File:Bridge2.JPG
The 2nd Yamuna Bridge, Allahabad
File:Kanpur Central.jpg
Kanpur Central (CNB) is the largest railway station of North Central Railways

The state has a large network of multimodal transportation system:

Airways: The state has four major airports and 23 airstrips. Cities that have nationally well connected. Amausi International Airport in Lucknow is the state's main airport. Other Domestic airports are Kanpur, Gorakhpur, Agra, Allahabad and Varanasi.

Railways: Almost all the major as well as smaller cities of the state are linked through railways. It has largest railway network in the country; with a total length of 8,546 km (as on 2006) and the sixth largest railway density. The Railway stations of Lucknow NR, Kanpur Central, Varanasi JN, Agra Cant and Mathura JN are included in the 50 world class railway stations by Indian Railways in its annual budget. Roadways: The state has largest road network in the country, after Maharashtra. It boasts of 31 National Highways (NH), with a total length of 4,942 km (8.5% of total NH length in India). Approx. each and every city is connected to State highways, most important of them are SH33, SH29 and SH51. Budaun city is the key city of these highways. It has seventh highest road density in India, (1,027 km per 1000 km,2 as on 2002 ) and largest surfaced urban road network in the country (50,721 km, as on 2002). Cities of Kanpur, Lucknow, Bareilly, Allahabad, Varanasi, Jhansi, Gorakhpur, Agra and Ghazipur are connected to a number of National Highways. The National Golden Quadrilateral of India is also passes through the cities of Agra, Kanpur, Allahabad and Varanasi within the state. With an existing expressway between Lucknow and Kanpur, new expressways are coming up between Agra and Noida and between Noida and Ballia ( through Unnao-Kanpur). The State Government’s road transport company Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (UPSRTC) serves nationalised routes in the state for intrastate and interstate transport. The State also set up the Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority with the task of developing 7 new expressways.

Waterways: A long stretch of the river Ganges – from Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh) to Haldia (West Bengal) – has been declared as National Waterway (NW)-I and 600 km of the total NW-I lies in Uttar Pradesh.

Although, the state has a large and diversified transportation network, its condition and functioning need substantial improvement.

Panoramic view of Charbagh Railway Station at Lucknow

Sports

Green Park Stadium, Kanpur, river Ganges In background.
Buddh International Circuit, Greater Noida
K. D. Singh Babu Stadium Lucknow
Indian Hockey Legend Major Dhyan Chand

Presently, common sports of Uttar Pradesh are of two distinct genre: the Traditional Sports and the modern sports of mainly European origin.

Traditional sports, now played mostly as a past time, include wrestling, swimming, kabaddi and track- or water-sports played according to local traditional rules and without use of modern gears; some times, display of martial skills using a sword or ‘Pata’ (stick) etc. form the basis of sports. Due to lack of organised patronage and requisite facilities, these sports are surviving mostly as individuals' hobbies or local competitive events, e.g. in interested schools.

Modern sports – the indoor, field and track games – are popular, especially among the educated class, but the State has yet to attain all-round national standing in most of them. Field hockey is very popular and Uttar Pradesh has produced some of the finest players in India.

Olympic hockey player Dhyan Chand was born on 29 August 1905, in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. Adolf Hitler, the Chancellor of Germany, was so impressed by Dhyan Chand's performance in the Berlin Olympic hockey finals that he offered to elevate 'Lance Naik' Dhyan Chand to the rank of a Colonel if he migrated to Germany; Chand had declined the offer.[citation needed]

Cricket has become more popular than field hockey. U.P. won its first Ranji Trophy tournament in February 2006, beating Bengal in the final. It can also boast of its 3 or 4 players normally finding a place in the national side. Green Park Stadium, Kanpur is the only one internationally recognised cricket stadium in Uttar Pradesh.

Green Park Stadium in Kanpur is one of the oldest cricket venues in India and has witnessed some of India's most famous victories. Greater Noida possess India's first formula-one track named Buddh International Circuit a venue for Indian Grand Prix and an state of the art international cricket stadium known as Greater Noida Cricket Stadium[43] is being built along with the Buddh International Circuit. It will seat 40,000 spectators initially, but will gradually be increased to 100,000.[citation needed] Faizabad Sports Complex[44] is another sports venue in Uttar Pradesh which includes Faizabad International Sports Stadium.

Tourism

A panoramic view of Taj Mahal, Agra

Uttar Pradesh attracts a large number of visitors, both national and international; with more than 71 million domestic tourists (in 2003) and almost 25% of the All-India foreign tourists visiting Uttar Pradesh, it is one of the top tourist destinations in India.[41] There are two regions in the state where a majority of the tourists go, viz. the Agra circuit and the Hindu pilgrimage circuit.

Fatehpur Sikri Palace, the transient capital of Hindustan made by Akbar.

The city of Agra, gives access to three World Heritage Sites: Taj Mahal, Agra Fort and the nearby Fatehpur Sikri. Taj Mahal is a mausoleum built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It is cited as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage". Agra Fort is about 2.5 km northwest of its much more famous sister monument, the Taj Mahal. The fort can be more accurately described as a walled palatial city. Fatehpur Sikri was the world famous 16th century capital city near Agra, built by the Mughal emperor Akbar the Great, whose mausoleum in Agra is also worth a visit. Dayal Bagh in Agra is a modern day temple and popular tourist sight. Its lifelike sculptures in marble are unique in India. Agra's dubious modern attractions include Asia's largest Spa as well as Asia's second 6D theatre.

The pilgrimage circuit includes the holiest of the Hindu holy cities on the banks of sacred rivers Ganges and the Yamuna: Varanasi (also considered world's oldest city), Ayodhya (birth place of Lord Rama), Mathura (birth place of Lord Krishna), Vrindavan (the village where Lord Krishna spent his childhood), and Allahabad (the confluence or 'holy-sangam' of the sacred Ganges-Yamuna rivers).

Varanasi is widely considered to be one of the oldest cities in the world. It is famous for its ghats (bathing steps along the river), full of pilgrims year round who come to bathe in the sacred Ganges River.

A view of the Ghat of Varanasi from the River Ganges

Mathura is world-famous for its colourful celebrations of the Holi festival, which attracts many tourists also – thanks partly to the hype, which the Indian film industry has given to this highly entertaining socio-religious festival.[citation needed]

Thousands gather at Allahabad to take part in the Magh Mela festival, which is held on the banks of the Ganges. This festival is organised on a larger scale every 12th year and is called the Kumbha Mela, where over 10 million Hindu pilgrims congregate – proclaimed as one of the largest gathering of human beings in the world.

Budaun is also a city which attracts thousands of tourists annually. Its religious city with many historical monuments and tombs of many famous people.

The historically important towns of Sarnath and Kushinagar are located not far from Varanasi. Gautama Buddha gave his first sermon at Sarnath after his enlightenment and died at Kushinagar; both are important pilgrimage sites for Buddhists. Also at Sarnath are the Pillars of Ashoka and the Lion Capital of Ashoka, both important archaeological artefacts with national significance. At a distance of 80 km from Varanasi, Ghazipur is famous not only for its Ganges Ghats but also for the Tomb of British potentate Lord Cornwallis, maintained by the Archeological Survey of India.

Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh, has several beautiful historical monuments such as Bara Imambara and Chhota Imambara. It has also preserved the damaged complex of the Oudh-period British Resident's quarters, which are being restored.

Some of the main natuaral protected areas in Uttar Prdesh are:-

Some areas require a special permit for non-Indians to visit.

Panoramic view of a part of the Fatehpur Sikri Palace

Culture

Architecture

Architectural legacies of the past millennia of Uttar Pradesh survive to varying extent. The oldest of them fall within the purview of archaeology or mythology; religious places in the State – identifiable in the narratives of Puranas and other sacred literature of Indian religions – have architectural edifices that are very old and have been built over repeatedly in course of time.

Medieval kings and emperors have left imposing monuments: forts, palaces, temples, mosques and mausoleums, whose external and internal grandeur recalls the opulence of those times. British colonial architecture is still seen in many cities' judicial buildings, hospitals, banks, post offices, police stations, and railway stations.

Art and craft

[[PIETRA DURA - Agra - India.png|thumb|210px|A marble table top in Pietra Dura, Agra]] Uttar Pradesh is famous for its rich heritage of art and craft. Most famous centres are the following:

  • Agra since the Mughal era has been home to numerous Mughal crafts, including the Pietra Dura, still practised today.
  • Aligarh is famous for its Lock around the world; Aligarh Muslim University is famous for Education in whole world.
  • Bareilly boasts for its Zari work, (a type of fabric decoration), 'Jhumka' – an intricate ear-rings or ear-pendants, Manja and Surma (Kohl (cosmetics)).
  • Firozabad, the city of bangles, is also a hub for crafting many glass accessories. The glass artefacts produced in its factories are of high value and are exported all over the country and around the world.
  • Kannauj is well known for oriental perfumes, scents and rose water and also for traditional tobacco products.
  • Kanpur is internationally known for its leather craft; shoes and other leather items are made here for the Indian market and exported to foreign countries as well. Kanpur is also known as Leather City of the World.
  • Khurja is famous for its ceramics pottery; in fact, the entire state is famous for its pottery not only in India but also around the world.
  • Lucknow, the capital, boasts of its cloth work and embroidery (chikan) work on silk and cotton garments.
  • Allahabad is known for its National Institute of Art & Craft College.
  • Bhadohi is known for its carpets, a craft which dates back to the 16th century, during the reign of Mughal Emperor, Akbar[45] and is believed to have established when centuries ago, some Iranian master weavers stopped at Madhosingh village, near Khamaria, in Bhadohi while travelling in India, and subsequently set up looms here. Bhadohi carpets received the Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2010,[46] and also known as dollar-city; beside this, it is one of the highest revenue generating districts of UP.
  • Moradabad is well known for its metal-ware, especially brass artefacts.
  • Pilibhit is known for its wooden footwear (locally called Paduka or Khadaon) and also for flutes made of wooden pipes. Flutes are exported to Europe, America and other countries.
  • Saharanpur is known all over India and abroad for its wood-carving items produced there.
  • Varanasi Mubarakpur(Azamgarh) is famous for its Banarasi saris and silk. A banarasi sari is an essential part of any marriage in the state.
  • Gorakhpur is famous for its beautiful teracotta statues and handcraft cloths.
  • Nizamabaad Azamgarh is famous for black pottery.

Language and literature

Main article: Languages of Uttar Pradesh
See also: Awadhi, Bagheli, Bhojpuri, Braj Bhasha, Bundeli, Kannauji, Khariboli, and Purvanchali

Uttar Pradesh is often referred to as the 'Hindi heartland of India'.[47] While the languages of state administration are Hindi,[48] established by the Uttar Pradesh Official Language Act, 1951, and Urdu, established by the Amendment to the same in 1989, the native languages of the state are considered. Both language are the common populace as well as the State and Central Governmental authorities. Linguistically, the state spreads across the Central, East-Central and Eastern zones of the Indo-Aryan languages, the major native languages of the state being, Awadhi, Bundeli, Braj Bhasha, Kannauji and the vernacular form of Khari boli, which also forms the basis for the standardised Hindi and Urdu registers. Bhojpuri is spoken in the east and Bagheli is spoken on the southwestern fringes of the state.[49] The state government promotes the native dialects in cultural festivals[50] – education in the dialects, however, is negligible. Moreover, the literature of the two main literary dialects of the medieval era, Braj Bhasha and Awadhi, is considered to be subsumed under Hindi literature. While once these two dialects were the main literary vehicles in the region, any progress in literature in them or any of the other native languages is negligible.

Uttar Pradesh is the seat of Hindi literature, and has produced many legendary writers and poets like Jaishankar Prasad, Maithili Sharan Gupt, Munshi Premchand, Suryakant Tripathi Nirala, Babu Gulabrai, Sachchidananda Hirananda Vatsyayan 'Agyeya', Rahul Sankrityayan, Harivansh Rai Bachchan, Dharamvir Bharati, Subhadra Kumari Chauhan, Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi, Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, Dushyant Kumar, Hazari Prasad Dwivedi, Chandramani Brahmdutt, Acharya Kuber Nath Rai, Bharatendu Harishchandra, Kamleshwar Prasad Saxena, Shivmangal Singh Suman, Pushpa Singh Visan, Mahadevi Varma, Vibhuti Narain Rai, Pushpendra Naagar and many more.

Uttar Pradesh state symbols
Animal Swamp Deer
Bird Sarus Crane
Dance Kathak
Flower Brahm Kamal
Language Hindi
Sport Field Hockey, Cricket, Kabaddi
Tree Ashok, Mango

Dance and music

Kathak is a famous dance form, indigenous to Uttar Pradesh.

The state is home to a very ancient tradition in dance and music. During the eras of Guptas and Harsh Vardhan, Uttar Pradesh was a major centre for musical innovation. Swami Haridas was a great saint-musician who championed Hindustani classical music. Tansen, the great musician in Mughal Emperor Akbar's court, was a disciple of Swami Haridas. The ragas sung by Tansen were believed to be so powerful that they could bring rain, or light a fire, when recited.

Kathak, a classical dance form, involving gracefully coordinated movements of feet and arms along with the entire body, grew and flourished in Uttar Pradesh. Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh, was a great patron and a passionate champion of Kathak. Today, the state is home to two prominent schools of this dance form, namely, Lucknow Gharana and Banaras Gharana.

In modern times, Uttar Pradesh has given to the world music legends like Anup Jalota, Baba Sehgal, Girija Devi, Gopal Shankar Misra, Hari Prasad Chaurasia, Kishan Maharaj, Naushad Ali, Pandit Ravi Shankar, Shubha Mudgal, Siddheshwari Devi, Talat Mehmood, and Ustad Bismillah Khan. The legendary Ghazal singer Begum Akhtar was also a native of Uttar Pradesh; "Ae Mohabbat Tere anjaam pe rona aaya" is said to be one of her best musical performances of all times. Uttar Pradesh is also the birthplace of British pop legend Sir Cliff Richard. The Bhatkhande Music Institute University at Lucknow is named after the great musician Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande.

The region's folk heritage includes songs called rasiya (known and especially popular in Braj), which celebrate the divine love of Radha and Shri Krishna. These songs are accompanied by large drums known as bumb and are performed at many festivals. Other folk dances or folk theatre forms include:

Lokrang Sanskritik Samiti – an organisation of Jogia Janubi Patti, Fazilanagar, Kushinagar – is doing research work in the field of Folk-songs, Folk-artists and Folk-cultures. In the month of May, every year the Samiti organises its function "Lokrang". More than 150 artists and writers participate in this programme.

Cuisine

Main articles: Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh, Mughlai cuisine, and Awadhi cuisine

Uttar Pradesh has a rich tradition of sumptuous vegetarian and non-vegetarian food preparations and of sweetmeats, seen at their best on formal occasions. A formal vegetarian meal of Uttar Pradesh consists of chapatis, rotis (flatbread) and/or puris (deep fried puffed flatbreads), daal (thick lentil soup), rice (boiled white rice), vegetable curries (one or more of dry/fried and semi-liquid curries each), curd, pickles, papad (thin spicy crackers) and a variety of sweets ( gulab jamuns, rasmalai, rabri, jalebi, laddoos of varying varieties, pethas, kheer, gujhiys and many others). It is normally served in metal dishes and traditionally eaten without the use of cutlery, sitting on the bare floor. When a large gathering is to be feasted in a traditional manner, food may also be served on disposable, flat platters (called 'pattal'), which are made by intertwining broad leaves of certain trees. Samosas, Chaat and pakoras are among the favourite snacks and have its root from Uttar Pradesh.

A non-vegetarian meal consists of many varieties of meat- or rice-preparations that have evolved in the region, and are now nationally and internationally known as the Moghlai cuisine; some of these are: kebab, kofta, korma, keema, pulao, biryani, parathas (plain or stuffed), halwa, firni etc. In addition, a selection from the above vegetarian dishes may be present among the food spread. Traditionally, food is served in metal-ware or ceramic crockery, eaten directly with bare hands or (sometimes) with spoons, sitting on the ground covered with a flooring material like cloth-sheet or carpet.

The Awadh region has its own distinct Nawabi style cuisine, the most famous cuisine of Awadhi Region is Tunday Kabab with various kinds of biryanis, kebabs and breads. Kebabs are also of different types – Kakori Kebabs, Galawati Kebabs, Shami Kebabs, Boti Kababs, Patili-ke-Kababs, Ghutwa Kababs and Seekh Kababs are among the known varieties.[51]

Uttar Pradesh has a range of finest hotels and restaurants of India catering to all tastes and budgets.

Makkhan Malai, 'Malai Ki Gilori' of Ram Asrey (an oldest shop of pure ghee sweets, established in 1805) Chowk, the famous Tundey Kebabs, named after the one-armed chef Haji Murad Ali,[52] and 'Kakori kebabs' are very popular with food lovers. The kebabs of Tunday Kababi, with their melt-in-the-mouth taste, are famous all over India. Situated in a small lane in the bustling chowk area, more than 100 year old 'Tunday Kababi' original shop serves only its special 'Galavati Kababs' and 'Parathas'.

Other famous restaurants are 'Dastarkhwan', 'Naushijaan', and 'Nawabs'.

The Chaat in Lucknow is one of the best in the country. There are quite a few places serving outstanding chaat, like Shukla Chaat and Moti Mahal in Hazratganj, Radhey Lal in Aliganj and gomti nagar, Chhappan Bhog in Sadar and Neel Kanth in Gomti Nagar, and famous Jagdish Chaat House in old lucknow Chowk. And among sweets lucknow's rewadi is famous all over India.

After a delicious dinner, one can have Paan at any of the innumerable Paan vendors.

  • Biryani
    Biryani
  • Uttar Pradeshi thali with naan, sultani dal, raita, and shahi paneer.
    Uttar Pradeshi thali with naan, sultani dal, raita, and shahi paneer.
  • Kebabs are an important part of Uttar Pradesh's cuisine. Lucknow is known for its galawat ke kawab
    Kebabs are an important part of Uttar Pradesh's cuisine. Lucknow is known for its galawat ke kawab
  • Naan is one of the staple breads of Uttar Pradesh.
    Naan is one of the staple breads of Uttar Pradesh.
  • The koftah is a popular main dish of Uttar Pradesh.
    The koftah is a popular main dish of Uttar Pradesh.
  • Raita has its roots in Uttar Pradesh as well.
    Raita has its roots in Uttar Pradesh as well.
  • The samosa is a popular snack from Uttar Pradesh.
    The samosa is a popular snack from Uttar Pradesh.
  • Paan Shop
    Paan Shop

Dress

The people of Uttar Pradesh wear a variety of native- and Western-style dress. Traditional styles of dress include colourful draped garments – such as sari for women and dhoti or lungi for men – and tailored clothes such as salwar kameez for women and kurta-pyjama for men. Men also often sport a head-gear like topi or pagri. Sherwani is a more formal male dress and is frequently worn along with chooridar on festive occasions. European-style trousers and shirts are also common among the men.

Festivals

File:Lath mar.jpg
Lath mar Holi being played in Barsana, Uttar Pradesh

Religious practices are as much an integral part of everyday life, and a very public affair, as they are in the rest of India. Therefore, not surprisingly, many festivals are religious in origin, although several of them are celebrated irrespective of caste and creed.

Among the most important Hindu festivals are Diwali, Holi and Dashehra, which are also observed with equal fervour by Jains. Ten days of Ramlila takes place during the period of navratri and on the 10th day, epithet of Raavan is burnt with great fervour. Durga puja is also observed in many parts of the state during navratri. Bārah Wafāṭ, Eid, Bakreed and Birthdate of Imam Ali ibn Abitalib are recognised official Muslim religious festivals. Moharram, though the day of Ashura is official holiday but Shiites consider it as a day of mourning and not a festival as some people believe. Mahavir Jayanti is celebrated by Jains, Buddha Jayanti by Buddhists, Guru Nanak Jayanti by Sikhs and Christmas by the Christians.[53] Other festivals include Ram navami, Chhath puja, Krishna-janmashtami, Mahashivratri, etc.

Media

Uttar Pradesh is well integrated into the national media network:

Radio broadcasts: Broadcasting was started in India in 1936 by All India Radio (abbreviated as AIR), now officially known as Akashvani.[54] Today, it is the sister service of Doordarshan, the national television broadcaster; both are a division of Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India), an autonomous corporation of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. Broadcasts in several languages are being aired in the State from a number of transmission stations by Akashwani.

Television: Telecasting had begun in India in 1959, with test educational telecasting in New Delhi. Doordarshan started black-and-white small-screen programming in the mid 1970s and 1982 saw colour version of TV.[55] Several private TV Channels, functioning now at national level, have become a vibrant and very effective part of the media. Satellite-telecasting has revolutionised their reach. Telecasts of important cricket matches draw enormous viewers; even street-side TV-sets attract crowds of cricket fans.

Newspapers and magazines etc. A number of periodicals are published in Hindi, English and Urdu. Growth of journalism had its roots as much in the initiative of resident Britons as in the Indian freedom movement and the need for dissemination of other news and messages of socio-religious reforms. The Pioneer was founded in Allahabad in 1865 by George Allen, an Englishman.[56] It was brought out three times a week from 1865 to 1869 and daily thereafter. In 1866, a supplement, the Pioneer Mail, consisting mostly of advertisements, was added to the publication. Also from Allahabad, a nationalist newspaper The National Herald had started publication, under the patronage of the Nehrus and M.C. Rau as its editor, during the British period. In 1909, Madan Mohan Malviya, started The Leader, from Allahabad, with C. Y. Chintamani, as its editor from 1909 to 1934.[57] Sidque, a famous Urdu weekly, was started in that period by the highly respected intellectual Moulana Abdul Maajid Daryabadi for reforming the Indo-Islamic society. Presently, all major national level dailies are publishing their ‘City Editions’ from several major cities of the state. The State's own ‘native’ publications – dailies/ weeklies/ monthlies – are numerous, and mostly in Hindi and Urdu languages. Some Hindi language dailies, e.g. Amar Ujala and Dainik Jagran, have a wide circulation, with their local editions being published from several important cities. National Herald now publishes an Urdu version also. At still lower level, locally published newspapers and literary weeklies and monthlies are extremely large in number.

Audio-visual production: In spite of its large size, Bollywood level Production of films for the silver screen, or of informative short documentary films of high standard, has not grown in Uttar Pradesh. However, writers and artists from the State have continued to contribute – as song and story writers, music composers and lyricists, actors, directors and producers and earn name and fame in centres of the Indian film industry.

Regions of Uttar Pradesh

Metropolitan cities

This Indian state has more number of metropolitan cities than any other state in India.

List of airports In Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh is the leading state with maximum number of airports in India.

International airports
Domestic airports

See also

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