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Mephedrone

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"Meow Meow" redirects here. For other uses, see Meow (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Methedrine, methedrone, methadone, or methylone.
Mephedrone
Clinical data
Other names4-methyl-N-methylcathinone; 2-methylamino-1-p-tolylpropan-1-one[1]
Routes of
administration		Oral, Insufflation, IV[2]
ATC code
  • none
Legal status
Legal status
  • Illegal in Australia, Germany, United Kingdom, Israel, Norway, Estonia and Sweden[3]
Identifiers
  • (±)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-methylaminopropan-1-one
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.189.720 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC11H15NO
Molar mass177.242 g/mol g·mol−1

Mephedrone, also known as 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC), or 4-methylephedrone, is a synthetic stimulant and entactogen drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes. It is reported to be contained in some legal highs and is sometimes sold mixed with methylone.[4] It is a synthetic substance based on the cathinone compounds found in the khat plant of eastern Africa. Mephedrone can come in the form of capsules, tablets or white powder that users may swallow, snort or inject.[5] In 2009 it became the fourth most popular street drug in the United Kingdom, behind marijuana, cocaine, and ecstasy.[6] Slang names include meph, drone,[7] MCAT and bubbles.[8] In late 2009, UK newspapers began referring to the drug as meow or miaow (sometimes doubled as meow meow or miaow miaow), a name which was almost unknown on the street at the time.[7]

History

The Psychonaut Research Project, an EU organisation that searches the internet for information regarding new drugs, first identified mephedrone in 2008. Their research suggests that the drug first became available in 2007.[9] Mephedrone was first seized in France in May 2007 after police sent a tablet that they assumed to be ecstasy to be analysed.[10] The drug was used in early products, such as Neodoves pills, by the legal high company Neorganics,[11] but the range was discontinued in January 2008 after the government of Israel, where the company is based, made mephedrone illegal. It has been reported to be sold as a designer drug, but little is known about its pharmacology or toxicology at present.[12] Mephedrone has recently been reported as having been sold as "ecstasy" in the Australian city of Cairns, along with ethylcathinone,[13][14][15] and has also been reported in Europe and the United States.[16][17] It is reportedly currently manufactured in China.[18] The Daily Telegraph reported that manufacturers are making "huge amounts of money" from selling the drug.[19] In January 2010 Druglink magazine reported that dealers in Britain spend £2,500 to ship one kilogram from China but can sell it on for £10 a gram making a profit of £7,500.[20][21] A later report, in March 2010, stated that the wholesale price of mephedrone was £4000 per kilogram.[6]

Use in the United Kingdom

Between the summer of 2009 and March 2010 the use of mephedrone grew rapidly in the UK, becoming freely available at music festivals, head shops and on the internet. The drug is used by a diverse range of social groups including teenagers, polydrug using nightclubbers, psychonauts and over 40s with no previous experience of drug use. Whilst the evidence is anecdotal, researchers, charity workers, teachers and users have all reported widespread and increasing use of the drug. The drug's rapid growth in popularity is believed to be related to both its availability and legality. Criminologists also believe that the emergence of mephedrone is related to the decreasing purity of ecstasy and cocaine on sale in the UK,[22] with average cocaine purity falling to 22% in 2009 (from 60% in 1999) and about half of ecstasy pills seized in 2009 containing no MDMA.[23] Media organisations including the BBC and The Guardian incorrectly reported that mephedrone was commonly used as a plant fertiliser. In fact sellers of the drug describe it as "plant food" as it is illegal to sell the compound for human consumption.[23]

On 30 March 2010, Alan Johnson announced that mephedrone would be made illegal "within weeks" after the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) sent him a report on the use of cathinones.[24][25] Prior to the ban being announced, Dr Polly Taylor, a member of the ACMD resigned, saying she "did not have trust" in the way the government would use the advice given by the ACMD.[26] Eric Carlin, another member of the ACMD, also resigned after the announcement that mephedrone would be made illegal, saying that the decision by the Home Secretary was "unduly based on media and political pressure". He stated that there was "little or no discussion about how our recommendation to classify this drug would be likely to impact on young people's behaviour."[27]

Some ex-members of the ACMD, and various charity groups have expressed concern regarding the banning of the drug, arguing it will inevitably criminalise users, particularly young people.[28]. Others have expressed concern that the drug will now be left in the hands of irresponsible dealers, who will only compound the problem. The ACMD has very publicly run into problems with the UK Government recently regarding drug policy, many of these problems fuelled by the decision to prohibit Mephedrone and other related cathinones. Eric Carlin's resignation was specifically linked to the criminalisation of mephedrone, and he stated: "We need to review our entire approach to drugs, dumping the idea that legally-sanctioned punishments for drug users should constitute a main part of the armoury in helping to solve our country’s drug problems. We need to stop harming people who need help and support".[29] Consequently, the mephedrone debate has led to a general questioning of UK drugs policy.

Effects

Intended effects

According to the company Crew2000, intended effects of mephedrone include increased alertness, euphoria, excitement, feeling of stimulation, urge to talk and openness.[4] Psychologists at Liverpool John Moores University are conducting research into the effects of mephedrone on up to 50 students already using the drug.[30] Les Iversen, the chair of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs called the experiments "pretty unethical".[31]


Side effects

According to the Darlington Drug and Alcohol Action Team, mephedrone can cause nose bleeds, nose burns, hallucinations, nausea, vomiting, blood circulation problems, rashes, anxiety, paranoia, fits and delusions.[3] According to Crew2000, other side effects may include poor concentration, poor short-term memory, increased heart rate, abnormal heart beats, anxiety, depression, increased sweating, dilated pupils, the inability to normally open the mouth, and teeth grinding (gurning).[4] A survey conducted by the National Addiction Centre, UK found that 51% of mephedrone users said they suffered from headaches, 43% from heart palpitations, 27% from nausea and 15% from cold or blue fingers.[32]

Long-term effects

BBC News reported that one person who used the drug for 18 months, in the end using it twice a week, had to be admitted to a psychiatric unit after he started experiencing hallucinations, agitation, excitability and mania.[33] Almost nothing is known about the long-term effects of the drug due to the short history of its use.[32] Because of its similarity to cathinone, John Mann, professor of chemistry at Queen's University Belfast, has posited that mephedrone is likely to cause impotence with long-term use.[34]

Typical use and consumption

The Guardian reported that some users compulsively redose, consuming their whole supply when they are only meant to use a small dose.[35] A survey conducted in late 2009 by the National Addiction Centre (UK) found that one in three readers of Mixmag had used mephedrone in the last month, making it the fourth most popular drug amongst clubbers.[32]

Harm reduction

The charity Lifeline recommends that to reduce the potential harm caused by using mephedrone, users should only use mephedrone occasionally (less than weekly), use less than 0.5g per session, dose orally rather than snort the drug and avoid mixing it with alcohol and other drugs.[36]

Pharmacology

Writing in the British Medical Journal, psychiatrists stated that given its chemical structure, "mephedrone is likely to stimulate the release of, and then inhibit, the reuptake of monoamine neurotransmitters".[37]

Toxicity

At present, nothing is known about the potential neuro-toxicity of mephedrone.[37] In 2009, one case of sympathomimetic toxicity was reported in the UK after a person took 0.2 g of mephedrone orally and 3.8 g subcutaneously. They were treated with 1 mg of lorazepam and the sympathomimetic features decreased within 6 hours of treatment.[38] Reported side effects suggest it may cause pronounced peripheral vasoconstriction, which has been speculated to result from formation of the potent vasoconstrictor 4-methylephedrine as a metabolite,[1] a compound known to have significantly more cardiovascular toxicity than ephedrine itself.[39] The Swedish medical journal Läkartidningen reported that mephedrone could theoretically cause the cardiovascular problems associated with the use of cocaine and amphetamines and serotonin syndrome associated with the use of ecstasy and LSD.[2] Reports of addiction and problematic use have also emerged.[3] Professor David Nutt, former chair of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) in the UK has said "people are better off taking ecstasy or amphetamines than those [drugs] we know nothing about" and "Who knows what's in [mephedrone] when you buy it? We don't have a testing system. It could be very dangerous, we just don't know. These chemicals have never been put into animals, let alone humans."[40] Les King, a former member of the ACMD, has stated that it appears to be less potent than amphetamine and ecstasy but that any benefit associated with this could be negated by users taking larger amounts. He also told the BBC "all we can say is [mephedrone] is probably as harmful as ecstasy and amphetamines and wait until we have some better scientific evidence to support that."[41]

Deaths

Sweden

In 2008, an 18-year-old Swedish woman died in Stockholm after taking mephedrone allegedly in combination with cannabis. An ambulance was soon called to Bandhagen after the girl went into convulsions and turned blue in the face, Svenska Dagbladet reported.[42] Doctors reported that she was comatose and suffering from hyponatremia and severe hypokalemia; an autopsy after her death on the second hospital day revealed cerebral edema.[2] Mephedrone was scheduled to be classified as a "dangerous substance" in Sweden even before the girl's death at Karolinska University Hospital on Sunday, 14 December, but the death brought more media attention to the drug. The possession of mephedrone became classified as a criminal offence in Sweden on 15 December 2008.[43]

UK

There have been unconfirmed reports speculating about the role mephedrone has played in the deaths of several young people in the UK.[44] Cathinones have been implicated in the deaths of 18 people in England , 7 in Scotland, 1 in Wales and 1 in Northern Ireland,[34] but there is currently no conclusive scientific proof that mephedrone has been responsible for any deaths in the UK.[45] The death of a teenager in the UK in November 2009 was widely reported as being caused by mephedrone, but a report by the coroner concluded that she died from natural causes. According to Fiona Measham, a criminologist who is a member of the ACMD, the reporting of the death by newspapers followed "the usual cycle of ‘exaggeration, distortion, inaccuracy and sensationalism'" associated with the reporting of recreational drug use.[22]

Chemistry

Appearance

Mephedrone is a white substance. It is sold most commonly as crystals or a powder, but also in the form of capsules or pills.[10][41]

Synthesis

Mephedrone can be synthesised by adding 4-methylpropiophenone dissolved in glacial acetic acid to bromine to create an oil fraction of 4'-methyl-2-bromopropiophenone. This is then dissolved in CH2Cl2 and drops of the solution are added to another solution of CH2Cl2 containing methylamine hydrochloride and triethylamine. Hydrochloric acid is then added and the aqueous layer is removed and turned alkaline using sodium hydroxide before the amine is extracted using CH2Cl2. The CH2Cl2 is then evaporated using a vacuum, creating an oil which is then dissolved in a non-aqueous ether. HCl gas is then bubbled through the mixture to produce 4-methylmethcathinone hydrochloride.[11]

Mephedrone synthesis scheme

4-MMC confiscated in Oregon
  • Australia: Mephedrone is not specifically listed as prohibited in Australia. Federal Police have stated that it is an analogue to methcathinone and therefore illegal. In February 2010, 22 men were arrested in conjunction with importing mephedrone.[46] In March 2010 a youth was convicted of importing the drug and sentenced to six months alternate detention.[47]
  • Canada: According to The Globe and Mail, mephedrone is considered a controlled substance by Health Canada.[48]
  • Croatia: Mephedrone became illegal in Croatia on January 4, 2010.[49]
  • Denmark: Denmark's Minister for Health and Prevention, Jakob Axel Nielsen, banned mephedrone,[32] flephedrone and ethylcathinone on December 18, 2008. This is from the Ministry of Health and Disease Prevention press release.
  • Estonia: Classified as a "narcotic or psychotropic" substance and added to controlled substances list on November 27, 2009.[3][50]
  • Europe: The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction are reviewing the situation and will report their findings in July 2010.[51]
  • Finland: Through the Medicines Act, 4-methylmethcathinone is classified as a "medicinal product", making it illegal to manufacture, import, possess, sell, or transfer without a prescription. (from ot.fi, date unknown and City.fi, September 5, 2008)[3]
  • Germany: Mephedrone became illegal in Germany on January 22, 2010.[52]
  • Guernsey: It is illegal to import mephedrone into Guernsey.[53]
  • Hungary: As of February 2010, mephedrone is legal in Hungary but legislators are considering whether to make it illegal.[54]
  • Republic of Ireland: Mephedrone is currently legal[55] but possession and supply of the drug will become illegal in June 2010.[56]
  • Isle of Man:The Medicines Act 2003 was changed in February 2010 in the Isle of Man so that the import and sale of mephedrone is now illegal.[57]
  • Israel: In December 2007, 4-methylmethcathinone was added to Israel's list of controlled substances, making it illegal to buy, sell, or possess.[3]
  • Jersey: Classified as a Class C drug in 2009.[58]
  • Netherlands: In March, 2010, the Dutch Ministry of Health and the Medicines Authority IGZ informed the Ministry of Justice that they now consider Mephedrone an unregulated medicine and sales and distribution of it are now prohibited.[3][56]
  • New Zealand: Classified as a Class C drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975. [59]
  • Norway: The "Derivatbestemmelsen" is an Analog Act-type law in Norway that controls 4-methylmethcathinone, Bk-MBDB, Bromo-DragonFLY, 1,4-butanediol, GBL, and MBDB. See legemiddelverket.no. (last updated April 29, 2009)[3]
  • Poland: Mephedrone is still legal in Poland (27.02.2010), but it can be mistakenly regarded as amphetamine by police since it comes out as amphetamine in standard police tests.[60]
  • Romania On February 10, 2010 Romania revised its drug policy to include 4-mmc and all cathinone-related products in Table I, considering it a hig-risk narcotic. Possession, sale, manufacture or distribution are punishable by 10 to 20 years in prison.[61]
  • Singapore As of February 2010 mephedrone is legal in Singapore, 'CNN Go' reported that it is ordered over the internet and exported from the UK.[62]
  • Sweden: Classified as a "health hazard" or "hazardous substance" (hälsofarlig vara) pending further legislation, a ban on 4-methylmethcathinone went into effect on December 15, 2008, making its sale illegal. On June 15, 2009 it was classified as a narcotic.[3][63]
  • United Kingdom: On 7 April 2010 the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2010 was passed by parliament, making mephedrone and other substituted cathinones Class B drugs from 16 April 2010.[64][65] Prior to the ban taking effect, mephedrone was not covered by the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.[18] It was however an offence under the Medicines Act to sell it for human consumption, so it was often sold as "plant food" or "bath salts" although, as it has no use as such products, this too was possibly illegal under the Trade Descriptions Act 1968.[32][3][25] The importation of mephedrone was banned on 29 March 2010.[66]
  • United States: 4-Methylmethcathinone is unscheduled in the United States[67] but has been made illegal in North Dakota.[68] Those selling the drug for human consumption may however, be prosecuted under the Federal Analog Act due to its similarity to MDMA.[6][69]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Meyer MR, Peters FT, Maurer HH (2009). "Metabolism of the new designer drug mephedrone and toxicological detection of the beta keto designer drugs mephedrone, butylone and methylone in urine". Annales de Toxicologie Analytique. 21: S1.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b c Gustavsson, David (20 October 2009). "Mefedron – Internetdrog som tycks ha kommit för att stanna". Lakartidningen (in Swedish). {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Police warning over 'bubble' drug". BBC News. 20 November 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
  4. ^ a b c "Crew 2000 - Drugs - Information, Advice and Support - Home". Retrieved 2009-11-26. Direct link to PDF file: [1]
  5. ^ Legal drug 'meow meow' probed NHS Choices March 17 2010
  6. ^ a b c "Briefing: Should miaow-miaow be banned? - health - 18 March 2010 - New Scientist".
  7. ^ a b Private Eye, "Street of Shame", No. 1259, 2 April - 15 April 2010, p6:

    Way back in January 2009, not long after mephedrone first began to be sold online, members of the web forum attached to the now-defunct "headshop" Champagne Legals discussed what brand name they might attach to the new product, which has the chemical identity dimethylmethcathinone or MM-Cat.

    "What shall we call this drug? It's called MM-CAT, so why not Miaow?" suggested one. The name did not catch on ... But on 1 November 2009, someone did add the name "Meow" to the Wikipedia entry for Mephedrone at the head of a list of "street names."

    Three weeks later ... the Sun declared the arrival of a "new party favourite called 'meow meow'" and the world went cat-call crazy.

    Among a host of recent headlines the Sunday Times has reported on "the rise of Meow", the Times has heralded "Meow Meow arrests", the Sun shrieked about a "Harman snub for Meow Meow Ban" and the Daily Telegraph took a long hard look at the "Meow Meow Menace in Europe."

    "No one ever called it Meow seriously till the papers picked up on the Wikipedia entry," one drugs expert tells the Eye.
  8. ^ "Drugs crackdown hailed a success". BBC News. 2010-03-08. Retrieved 2010-03-31.
  9. ^ "Psychonaut WEB MAPPING Project Newsletter". June - September 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ a b Roussel O, Perrin M, Herard P, Chevance M, Arpino P (2009). "Is 4-methylephedrone, an "Ecstasy" of the twenty first century?" (PDF). Annales de Toxicologie Analytique (in French). doi:10.1051/ata/2009048.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ a b Camilleri A, Johnston MR, Brennan M, Davis S, Caldicott DG. Chemical analysis of four capsules containing the controlled substance analogues 4-methylmethcathinone, 2-fluoromethamphetamine, alpha-phthalimidopropiophenone and N-ethylcathinone. Forensic Science International. 2010 Jan 13. PMID 20074881
  12. ^ Davies, Susannah (November 2009). "Analytical profiles of Methcathinone Related Compounds" (PDF). LTG. Retrieved 22 March 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ "Killer pills hit Cairns". Cairns.com.au. 2008-06-18. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
  14. ^ "Police warn of potentially fatal 'fake ecstasy'". Abc.net.au. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
  15. ^ "Ecstasy users warned of drug switch". News.com.au. 2008-06-20. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
  16. ^ "EMCDDA 2008 Annual Report" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-11-26.
  17. ^ "DEA Microgram Bulletin July 2009" (PDF).
  18. ^ a b Psychiatrists call for 'legal high' drug 4-MMC to be banned, Telegraph, 30 Apr 2009
  19. ^ Legal online drugs providing real alternative to Class A substances, Telegraph, 12 Mar 2009
  20. ^ How mephedrone shook the drug world January/February 2010 issue of Druglink
  21. ^ Campbell, Denis (17 January 2010). "Fears grow over safety of 'legal high' mephedrone". The Observer. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  22. ^ a b Measham, Fiona (12 March 2010). "Tweaking, bombing, dabbing and stockpiling: the emergence of mephedrone and the perversity of prohibition". Drugs and Alcohol Today. 10 (1): 14–21. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Free pdf
  23. ^ a b Fleming, Nic (29 March 2010). "Miaow-miaow on trial: Truth or trumped-up charges?". New Scientist. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  24. ^ "Mephedrone to be made Class B drug 'within weeks'". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-03-31.
  25. ^ a b "Consideration of the cathinones" (PDF). Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. 31 March 2010. p. 25. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  26. ^ "Resignation 'threatens drug ban'". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-03-29.
  27. ^ "Government adviser Eric Carlin resigns over mephedrone". BBC News. 2 April 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  28. ^ "Transform Drug Policy Foundation". Transform. 18 March 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  29. ^ "Eric Carlin's letter of resignation from the ACMD". Eric Carlin. 2 April 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  30. ^ "Students test mephedrone drug". BBC News. 23 March 2010. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
  31. ^ "Mephedrone may be banned, chief drug adviser indicates". BBC News. 23 March 2010. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
  32. ^ a b c d e Clubbers are 'turning to new legal high mephedrone' BBC News Jim Reed 13 January 2010
  33. ^ Call for ban on 'legal high' drug, BBC News, 30 April 2009
  34. ^ a b "Mephedrone can cause impotence, warns expert", BBC
  35. ^ Online sales of legal alternatives to class A drugs raise safety fears, guardian.co.uk, 12 March 2009
  36. ^ Newcombe, Russell (December 2009). "The Use of Mephedrone (M-cat, Meow) in Middlesbrough" (PDF). Lifeline Publications and Research. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  37. ^ a b Winstock, Adam (23 March 2010). "What should be done about mephedrone?". British Medical Journal. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ Wood, DM. "153. Recreational Use of 4-Methylmethcathinone (4-MMC) Presenting with Sympathomimetic Toxicity and Confirmed by Toxicological Screening" (PDF). Clinical Toxicology vol. 47 no. 7 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  39. ^ Hartung WH, Munch JC, Deckart WA, Crossley F (1930). "Amino-alcohols. ii. homologs and analogs of phenylpropanolamine". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 52 (8): 3317–3322. doi:10.1021/ja01371a046. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  40. ^ Saner, Emine (5 Dec 2009). "Mephedrone and the problem with 'legal highs'". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 December 2009.
  41. ^ a b Reed, Jim (13 January 2010). "What is legal high mephedrone?". BBC Newsbeat. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
  42. ^ "Woman died of mephedrone".
  43. ^ "Teenager dies of 'net drug' overdose — The Local".
  44. ^ Sumnall, Harry. "Mephedrone Briefing". North West Public Health Observatory. Retrieved 18 March 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  45. ^ "Mephedrone 'ban' government decision due". BBC News. 29 March 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
  46. ^ "'Miaow' drug seized in mail busts". Sydney Morning Herald. February 12, 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
  47. ^ Statham, Larine (March 15 2010). "First youth convicted for new party drug". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 16 March 2010. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  48. ^ Chan, Kevin (18 March 2010). "Mephedrone: From plant food to Britain's party drug". Globe and Mail. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
  49. ^ Dopuna popisa opojnih droga, psihotropnih tvari i biljaka iz kojih se može dobiti opojna droga te tvari koje se mogu uporabiti za izradu opojnih droga, Narodne novine br.: 2, 04.01.2010.
  50. ^ Sotsiaalministri 18. mai 2005. a määruse nr 73 «Narkootiliste ja psühhotroopsete ainete meditsiinilisel ja teaduslikul eesmärgil käitlemise ning sellealase arvestuse ja aruandluse tingimused ja kord ning narkootiliste ja psühhotroopsete ainete nimekirjad» muutmine (in Estonian)
  51. ^ Nutt, David (17 March 2010). "Mephedrone: the class D solution". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
  52. ^ Vierundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften (24. BtMÄndV)
  53. ^ Shaw, Danny (4 March 2010). "Guernsey could outlaw 'legal high' mephedrone". BBC News. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  54. ^ "Hungary's state health service for banning new recreational drug". Hungary Around the Clock. 2010-02-11. Retrieved 22 March 2010. archived
  55. ^ Irish youth are fourth highest cocaine users in Europe The Irish Times, November 6 2009 archived
  56. ^ a b Kelly, Fiack (03 March 2010). "Head shop substances to be banned". Irish Independent. Retrieved 27 March 2010. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  57. ^ Now illegal to import drug 'plant food' to Isle of Man
  58. ^ Campbell, Adina (4 March 2010). "Call to ban legal high mephedrone test change". BBC Newsbeat. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  59. ^ Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 No 116 (as at 01 December 2009), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation
  60. ^ Ustawa z dnia 20 marca 2009 r. o zmianie ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii
  61. ^ Salvia divinorum, psilocybe mushrooms are among hallucinogenic herbs banned by gov’t Financiarul 11 February 2010 archived
  62. ^ Legal in Singapore -- the party drug that's banned everywhere else
  63. ^ Svensk författningssamling (in Swedish)
  64. ^ "BBC - Democracy Live - MPs move to ban mephedrone". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-04-08.
  65. ^ "The Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) (England, Wales and Scotland) Regulations 2010 No. 1144". Opsi.gov.uk. Retrieved 2010-04-08.
  66. ^ "Mephedrone to be classified a Class B drug". Police Professional. 1 April 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  67. ^ United States Drug Enforcement Agency Drug Scheduling. Accessed 23:50 GMT 11th January 2010
  68. ^ Substances producing ‘legal highs’ no longer legal
  69. ^ "Mephedrone (4-mmc)". Crew 2000. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
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