This list (which may have dates, numbers, etc.) may be better in a sortable table format. Please help improve this list or discuss it on the talk page.(December 2015)
This is a list of megaprojects, which may be defined as:
Projects that cost more than US$1 billion and attract a large amount of public attention because of substantial impacts on communities, the natural and built environment, and budgets.
Projects that are "initiatives that are physical, very expensive, and public".[1]
Some examples include bridges, tunnels, highways, railways, airports, seaports, power plants, dams, wastewater projects, Special Economic Zones (SEZ), oil and natural gas extraction projects, public buildings, information technology systems, aerospace projects, and weapons systems. This list identifies a wide variety of examples of major historic and contemporary projects that meet one or both megaproject criteria identified above.
Legend
Terms used in the Status Column
Status Color
Proposed
In Planning, Approved, Under/In Development, Under Construction, Re-Construction In Progress, Nearly Complete
Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, with six decades of service as a strategic nuclear bomber, it is one of the largest military aircraft ever built. Every other bomber produced in the US after the B-52 have been megaprojects; however, it has not been replaced nor will it be in the foreseeable future.
Boeing 2707 and LockheedL-2000supersonic aircraft projects, initiated in 1963 via a US government-funded competition to build the United States' first Supersonic Transport (SST), prototypes never built, ultimately canceled due to political, environmental and economic reasons in 1971.
Boeing 787, made in the United States with local and globally sourced parts, is the first major aircraft to be made largely out of composite materials.[4]
Concorde, a supersonic passenger airliner, a product of an Anglo-French government treaty that combined the manufacturing efforts of Aérospatiale and the British Aircraft Corporation, first flown in 1969, Concorde entered service in 1976 and continued commercial flights for twenty-seven years.
Convair B-58 Hustler, an all-weather, high altitude supersonic bomber with a fixed delta wing and 4 engines. The Hustler was operational from 1960 to 1970 in the US Air Force's Strategic Air Command for the deployment of up to 5 gravity nuclear weapons.
Lockheed C-5 Galaxy was the largest and heaviest aircraft of any kind for over a decade (1970 to 1982). This military cargo plane was the first development program with a billion dollar cost overrun.[5][6]
Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit, also known as the Stealth Bomber, a US heavy bomber with "low observable" stealth. Total program cost including development, engineering, and testing averaged $2.1 billion per aircraft in 1997.[7]
Rockwell B-1 Lancer, a supersonic bomber with a variable-sweep wing built in the 1980s as a strategic bomber. It has since acquired conventional and multi-role capabilities.
Tupolev Tu-144, the first supersonic transport aircraft, made by the Russian aircraft company Tupolev, first flown on 31 December 1968 and entered service on 26 December 1975.
Tupolev Tu-160, the world's largest and heaviest combat aircraft, the world's largest supersonic aircraft, and the largest variable-sweep aircraft ever built. (The North American XB-70 Valkyrie had a higher empty weight and maximum speed but never entered production.)
While most megaprojects are planned and undertaken with careful forethought, some are undertaken out of necessity after a natural disaster occurs. There have also been a few human-made disasters.
Many hurricanes and typhoons have caused extensive damage and required large cleanup efforts, the largest of which included projects that targeted the damaged infrastructure. The list of costliest Atlantic hurricanes covers the ones in the Atlantic region, including Hurricane Katrina from 2005.
The Panamanian Natural Gas electric power plant is a project with an investment of 1.15 billion US dollars located in Colon province. It is also meant as a port for supplying Natural Gas to other Central American countries.[21]
Australia-Asia Power Link, a proposed electricity infrastructure project that is planned to include the world's largest solar plant, the world's largest battery, and the world's longest submarine power cable. Estimates place construction costs at A$30 Billion.[citation needed]
Giant Magellan Telescope, a large ground-based optical and near infrared telescope (under construction)
Human Genome Project, investigation to determine human genetic sequence (1990–2003) – cost $14.5bn, but generated an output of $965bn, personal income exceeding $293bn and more than 4.3 million job-years of employment.[33]
Ocean Networks Canada cabled Observatories. Largest underwater observatories, providing 24/7 access to hundreds of instruments in the Pacific Ocean and the Salish Sea (2005–)
Cassini–Huygens, a joint NASA/ESA/ASI spacecraft mission studying the planet Saturn and its many natural satellites since 2004. The total cost of this project is about $3.26 billion.[39]
Chang'e 1 to Chang'e 6, a series of lunar exploration spacecraft sent by People's Republic of China for their lunar exploration program, equipped with landers, orbiters and rover. It will for the first time in history explore the 'dark-side' of the Moon.
Lunokhod ("Moonwalker"), was a series of Soviet robotic lunar rovers designed to land on the Moon between 1969 and 1977. Lunokhod 1 was the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on another world.
Mars program was a series of uncrewed spacecraft launched by the Soviet Union between 1960 and 1973. The spacecraft were intended to explore Mars, and included flyby probes, landers and orbiters.
Venera (Venus) series space probes were developed by the Soviet Union between 1961 and 1984 to gather data from Venus. Venera 7 became the first spacecraft to land on Venus and first to transmit data from there back to Earth.
Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, a $2 billion particle physics experiment module that is mounted on the International Space Station since 2011[49]
Apollo program (1960–1975), as a centerpiece of the US Space Program, culminated in crewed exploratory missions to the Moon, $203.4 billion in 2015 dollars[50]
Ariane, a family of European launch vehicles; the most recent development is Ariane 6
Baikonur Cosmodrome is the world's first and largest operational space launch facility. It was originally built by the Soviet Union in the late 1950s as the base of operations for the Soviet space program.
Buran program, canceled Soviet version of the Space Shuttle (1980–1993)
Constellation program, canceled planned moon landing spacecraft and space shuttle replacement, part lives on as future Crew Escape Vehicle for ISS (2005–2010)
Space Launch System, an American Space Shuttle-derived heavy expendable launch vehicle (2011– )
Space Shuttle program (1972–2011), low Earth orbiters designed as crewed cargo vessels that could be reused after each spaceflight and landed like a glider, $203.6 billion in 2015 dollars[51]
Vostochny Cosmodrome ("Eastern Spaceport") is a Russian spaceport on the 51st parallel north in the Amur Oblast, in the Russian Far East.
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Every Olympic Games and FIFA World Cup in the latter part of the twentieth century and entering into the 21st century has cost more than $1 billion in arenas, hotels etc., usually several billions.
Note: Some values are not shown on the other list due to research, which needs verification. The listed costs were converted to US Dollars at the time of the games.
Renovation and expansion of Seattle's main indoor arena for the Seattle Kraken, which started NHL play in the rebuilt venue in 2021. The originally planned cost of $700 million was increased due to changes to the arena plans and COVID-19 issues. A very small part of the total cost was to pay for another major arena tenant, the Seattle Storm of the WNBA, to move its home games to other area venues during the project. The arena will also be suitable for a potential NBA franchise in the city.[62]
Construction of this new arena started in 2019 and opening commenced in 2021. This new multi-use arena is designed to handle 18,000 seats to host New York Islanders home games.[63] This new arena also includes other multi-use functions.
Construction on this 100,000-seat football (soccer) stadium, the future home of Guangzhou F.C. of the Chinese Super League, began in April 2020 and is scheduled to be complete in 2022.[64]
Ground transportation systems like roads, tunnels, bridges, terminals, railways, and mass transit systems are often megaprojects. Numerous large airports and terminals used for airborne passenger and cargo transportation are built as megaprojects.
The fourth mainland bridge will join three other bridges connecting the Island of Lagos to the mainland. The 38 km bridge and expressway will become the longest bridge and expressway in the world when completed.[71]
The Lagos-Calabar Railway is a planned standard gauge railway that will run from Lagos through to Calabar. The first phase of the project (Calabar-Port Harcourt) is expected to be completed by 2018. The total length of the rail will be 1,402 kilometres.[72][needs update]
The Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway is a standard gauge railway across Nigeria, from the port of Lagos to Kano, near the Niger border. The railway will run parallel to the British-built Cape gauge line, which has a lower design capacity and is in a deteriorated condition. The Abuja-Kaduna route is completed and operational, whilst the Lagos-Ibadan route is underconstruction, and several other routes are underdevelopment. The total length of the rail will be 2,733 kilometres.[73]
The Lagos Rail Mass Transit is an urban rail system being developed and under construction in Lagos. The system is envisioned to consist eventually of seven lines.[74] The railway equipment, including electric power, signalling, rolling stock, and fare collection equipment, will be provided by the private sector under a Concession Contract, while LAMATA is responsible for policy direction, regulation, and infrastructure for the network. The first section of the network, Phase I of the Blue Line, was originally planned to be completed in 2011. After many delays caused by funding shortfalls, the opening date was revised to 2022.[75]
The Third Mainland Bridge is currently the longest of three bridges connecting the island of Lagos to the mainland. It was completed in 1990 and became the longest bridge in Africa. The bridge was built by Julius Berger Nigeria PLC and it measures about 11.8 km in length.
The project aims to connect Gwadar Port in southwestern Pakistan (Central Asia/South Asia) to China's northwestern (East Asia) autonomous region of Xinjiang, via a network of highways, railways and pipelines to transport oil and gas.[76] The economic corridor is considered central to China–Pakistan relations and will run about 3,000 km from Gwadar to Kashgar. Other than transport infrastructure, the economic corridor will provide Pakistan with telecommunications and energy infrastructure. The project also aims to improve intelligence sharing between the countries.
Construction of Phase 1 began in November 1992.[77] Phase 1 of the project opened 22 March 2001, after 8 years of construction and 6 additional months of testing of the systems as well as the runways.
Construction of Phase 3 began in September 2013 and has been split into 2 phases itself.[77] Phase 3 was completed in 2016 ahead of the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang.
Construction of Phase 4 begins 2019 with the expansion of Terminal 2 and construction of an additional runway, which is expected to be completed by 2025.
The Padma Multipurpose Bridge is a road-rail bridge under construction in Bangladesh. It spans the Padma River, the main distributary of the Ganges. Geographically, it connects Louhajong and Munshiganj to Shariatpur and Madaripur, linking the country's southwest to its northern and eastern regions. The two-level steel truss bridge carries a four-lane highway on the upper level and a single-track railway on the lower level. With a total length of 6.150 km (3.821 mi), it is the longest bridge in Bangladesh, the second-longest in the Indo-Gangetic Plain after Bhupen Hazarika Setu in Assam, and the longest over the Ganges in terms of both span and the total length. When commissioned, it is expected to boost the GDP of Bangladesh by as much as 1.2 percent.[citation needed]
The Dhaka Metro Rail Line-6 consists of 16 elevated stations each 180m long and 20.1 km of electricity-powered light rail tracks. Construction began on 26 June 2016 and is expected to end by December 2022
The expansion will include a passenger terminal with a floor area of roughly 226,000 m2 (2,430,000 sq ft); a 5,900 m2 (64,000 sq ft) square VIP complex; a 41,200 m2 (443,000 sq ft) cargo building; and multi-level car park building with a tunnel. Upon completion of the third terminal, passenger handling capacity of the airport will increase to 20 million from the current 8 million per annum. Cargo handling capacity will also increase to 500,000 from 200,000 tonnes annually.
Char Dham Expressway National Highway (Hindi: चार धाम महामार्ग), is an under construction two-lane (in each direction) express National Highway with a minimum width of 10 metres in the state of Uttarakhand. The proposed highway will complement the under development Char Dham Railway by connecting the four holy places in Uttarakhand, including Badrinath, Kedarnath, Champawat, Pithoragarh, Gangotri and Yamunotri. The project includes 900 km national highways, which will connect the whole of Uttarakhand.
One of the world's largest infrastructure projects, with an estimated investment of US$90 billion, is planned as a high-tech industrial zone spread across six states,[80] as well as Delhi, the national capital and itself a Union Territory.[81] The investments will be spread across the 1,500 km long Western Dedicated Freight Corridor, which will serve as the industrial corridor's transportation backbone.[82]
This project is being constructed to respond to the rising need for public transport and mitigate escalating vehicular traffic. It was partially opened in 2017,[83] and phase 1 has been operational since November 2019.[84][85]
Proposal to establish hyperloop infrastructure for the Pune-Mumbai corridor.[86]
In addition, the company Hyperloop Transportation Technologies is in a process to sign a Letter of Intent with the Indian Government for a proposed route between Chennai and Bangalore. If things go as planned, the distance of 345 km could be covered in 30 minutes.[87] HTT also signed an agreement with the government of Andhra Pradesh to build India's first Hyperloop project connecting Amaravati to Vijayawada in a 6-minute ride. Also, Indore-based Dinclix GroundWorks' DGW Hyperloop advocates a Hyperloop corridor between Mumbai and Delhi, via Indore, Kota, and Jaipur.[88]
Also known as the Jewar Airport, it is expected to decongest the load of the Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi. Moreover, with the Delhi Airport expected to reach its capacity in the next few years, this airport will serve as a second airport. The master plan is to expand the airport in a period of 30 years with three phases. After the completion of the final phase, the airport will serve 120 million passengers per year and will have a total of eight runways. It will then become Asia's and the world's largest airport, alongside O'Hare International Airport in Chicago. The first phase will handle 5 million passengers per year with two runways. It is expected to completed by August/September 2024.[91][92]
The Sagarmala Programme is an initiative by the government of India to enhance the performance of the country's logistics sector. The programme envisages unlocking the potential of waterways and the coastline to minimize infrastructural investments required to meet these targets.[93][94]
The Karachi–Lahore Motorway (KLM) is a 1,694-kilometre-long (1,053 mi) six-lane, high-speed, limited-access motorway that will connect Karachi and Peshawar through Islamabad, Lahore, Multan and Sukkur. The KLM is divided into seven sections: Karachi-Hyderabad (M-9, 136 km); Hyderabad-Sukkur (M-6, 296 km); Sukkur-Multan (M-5, 387 km); Multan-Abdul Hakeem (M-4, 103 km); Abdul Hakeem-Lahore (M-3, 230 km); Lahore-Islamabad (M2, 376 km); and Islamabad-Peshawar (M1, 166 km).
Revival of the Karachi Circular Railway, which became operational in 1969. It was discontinued in 1999 as a result of mismanagement. In 2012, the governments of Pakistan and Sindh agreed to revive the railway to meet the needs of Karachi citizens. The project includes 23 stations, 3 lines and a total of over 50 kilometers of track. The government of Pakistan will have a 60% share in the project, Sindh will have a 25% share and Karachi will have a 15% share. Once completed, it will once again be Pakistan's largest local train.
A new rapid transit system in Karachi. With a planned length of about 115 kilometers, it will become the largest metro bus system in Pakistan.[citation needed]
A 40.3 km three-lane Expressway with controlled access along the Malir River in Karachi. It starts at the Qayumanbad Bridge and ends at the Karachi-Hyderabad Motorway (M-9). The project would cost around Rs40 billion. Construction is ordered to start in mid-2019.
Karachi–Peshawar Railway Line (also referred to as Main Line 1 or ML-1) is one of four main railway lines in Pakistan, operated and maintained by Pakistan Railways. The total length of this railway line is 1,687 kilometers (1,048 mi). There are 184 railway stations from Kiamari to Peshawar Cantonment on this line. The line serves as the main passenger and freight line of the country. 75% of the country's cargo and passenger traffic uses the line. The line is currently undergoing a six-year ₨886.68 billion (US$7.4 billion) upgrade and renovation as part of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor, with average rail speeds expected to be doubled to 160 kilometers per hour upon completion.
Orange Line is an automated rapid transit system in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Opened in 2020, it is Pakistan's first metro since the Karachi Metro that was started in 1969. The orange line is the first of the three proposed rail lines for the Lahore Metro. The line spans 27.1 km (16.8 mi) with 25.4 km (15.8 mi) elevated and 1.72 km (1.1 mi) underground. The line is served by 26 stations and is expected to handle 250,000 passengers daily.
Currently consists of one line (North-South Line) and divided into two phases. Phase 1 was opened in March 2019, extensions of this line under Phase 2 shall open by 2024, and a second line (East-West) is expected by 2026.
One line operational as of 2020. It is expected to have a total of eight lines with a total length of 142 km (88 mi), and to open from 2021 onward.[97][98][99][100][101][102]
The project consists of four high-speed rail corridors. There will be one international corridor, which will come north from Laos as the first part, pass from Thailand via Bangkok, and will go south to Malaysia as the second part, which will be a part of the Kunming–Singapore Railway project, after completion. The entire project, including this corridor, is expected to be fully completed by 2037.
This first phase of the project has begun construction in 2019 and is being split into 3 sub-phases. Sub-Phase 1A will see the construction of one terminal and one runway ($5.6 Billion allocated to this sub-phase) to be completed by 2023. Sub-Phase 1B will be the construction of a 2nd runway starting in 2023 and be completed in 2025. Sub-Phase 1C will be the construction of the remaining facilities and land-clearance for future phase to begin and finish in 2025.
This phase will begin in 2025 after Phase 1 is completed and the airport opens that same year. Phase 2 will see the construction of a 3rd runway and expansion of the 1st Terminal or construction of a 2nd Terminal to increase passenger capacity to 50 million passengers. Phase 2 is expected to be completed by 2035.
This phase will begin in 2035 after Phase 2 is completed and the airport opens that same year. Phase 3 will see the construction of a 4th runway with the possibility of another terminal or additional concourses to increase passenger capacity up to 100 million passengers. Phase 3 is expected to be completed sometime after 2035.
1. Construction on the line between Tel Aviv HaHaganah and Ben Gurion Airport (western part of Railway 27) was completed in 2004 and is currently open.
2. Construction on the line between Ben Gurion Airport and Kfar Daniel (eastern part of Railway 27) completed in 2007 with service commencing in September 2007.
3. Construction on the line between Kfar Daniel and Latrun (Section A) was completed in 2011 and is currently open.
4. Construction on the line between Latrun and Sha'ar HaGai (Section B) was completed in 2015 and is currently open.
5. Construction on the line between Sha'ar HaGai and Mevaseret Zion (Section C) was completed between 2014 & 2016 and is currently open.
The project will consist of four new light rail lines and three new metro lines: the light rail lines will cost around a combined ILS 37.5 billion ILS & the Tel Aviv Metro is planned to cost around 45 billion ILS.
The Expressway Programme aims to deliver more than 800 kilometres of new or upgraded roads and more than 200 interchanges in Qatar. It is part of the Qatar National Vision 2030. One of the motivating factors is the planned 2022 FIFA World Cup.[109]
The Pelješac Bridge is a bridge currently under construction in Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Croatia. The purpose of the bridge is to provide a fixed link from the southeastern Croatian exclave to the rest of the country while bypassing Bosnia and Herzegovina's short coastal strip at Neum. The bridge spans the sea channel between Komarna on the northern mainland and the peninsula of Pelješac, thereby passing entirely through Croatian territory and avoiding any border crossings with Bosnia and Herzegovina at Neum.
Construction started on 30 July 2018, and the bridge was connected on 28 July 2021. The bridge and its access roads are opened for traffic in July 2022.
The Danube-Morava-Vardar-Aegean Canal has been in planning for a very long time, yet significant progress has been made in 2013 and 2014, with China having interests in building a canal. The project would cost around $17,000,000,000. Serbia is the most interested country in building this project, which would make Great Morava and South Morava accessible to boats from Thessaloniki. There would be many hydropower plants as well as 9 ports in Jagodina, Stalać, Kruševac, Kraljevo, Niš, Leskovac, Vranje, Kumanovo and Skopje. It would connect new rivers into three main rivers, and make Morava and Vardar navigable rivers, and clean them for passage of boats. The project was a major theme of the January 2020 Thessaloniki summit, when all three leaders met.[114]
The Budapest–Belgrade railway project aims to connect Budapest and Belgrade by high-speed rail. The project is the first stage of the planned Budapest–Belgrade–Skopje–Athens railway, which itself is part of China's Belt and Road Initiative and would connect the China-run Port of Piraeus in Greece with the "heart" of Europe.
Belgrade Metro has been in planning for over a century, but recently new progress has been made in planning, and construction is set to start by end of 2021. It would have 43 stations and 2 lines, and would cost around $5,000,000,000. Line 1's route would go from Železnik to Mirijevo, with a length of 21.3 km (13.2 mi), and 23 stations. Line 2's route would go from Zemun railway station to Mirijevo, with a length of 19.2 km (11.9 mi), and 20 stations. It would be built by French and other companies.
The Belgrade-Boljare Motorway is part of the Belgrade-Bar motorway, and will connect the Serbian capital of Belgrade with the Montenegrin port city of Bar. The Serbian section is set to cost $2,389,800,000 with the first Section between Belgrade and Pozega being 151.63 kilometres long and costing 889.8 million Euros, and because of favourable terrain it will be the cheapest section of the motorway, and has been completed. The second section under construction is the Pozega to Boljare section, and it would cost at least US$1.5 billion, for approximately 110 km. The second section is the most expensive section of the entire Belgrade-Boljare motorway, because of unfavourable terrain, requiring the construction of many tunnels and bridges.
Belgrade Waterfront is an urban renewal development project headed by the Government of Serbia aimed at improving Belgrade's cityscape and economy by revitalizing the Sava amphitheater, a neglected stretch of land on the right bank of the Sava river, between the Belgrade Fair and Branko's bridge. It was started in 2014 with the reconstruction of the Belgrade Cooperative building, which was finished in June of the same year.
This is a new, 27.1 km long railway between Divača and Koper, better connecting the inland regions with the seaside town and port of Koper, with a maximum speeds of 160 km/h and over 7 tunnels. Construction started in 2021.[117][118]
The longest city tunnel in Europe at 5.5 km. The three continuous tunnels improve traffic in the northern part of Prague as well as reducing the load on the main transit route through the city center.
Line 2 and Line 3 of Athens Metro were constructed between 1992 and 2000 (Line 1 began operation in 1869).[119] The construction of lines 2 and 3 (including their ongoing extensions) cost €4.30 billion.[120]Line 4 is set to begin construction in 2019 with a budget of €1.45 billion.[121]
Proposed in 2017 at a cost of €10 billion,[123] the Egnatia Railway will be Europe's largest railway megaproject.[124] The original stated start date was March 2019.[123]
The purpose of the project is to create a 35-station underground rapid transit system in Greece's second-largest city. Currently phases 1 and 2 (18 stations) are under construction and will be operational by late 2020 at a price tag of €2.26 billion.[126]
Construction began in 1997, and a total of 106 kilometres (66 mi) of high-speed railways running between the towns of Tithorea and Domokos were built as a bypass to the existing conventional mountainous railway line linking Thessaloniki in the north with Athens in the south, including 35.5 kilometres (22.1 mi) of tunnels and 6.8 kilometres (4.2 mi) of bridges.[128] The project had a budget of over €1.8 billion.[125] The bypass was opened in January 2019.[129]
Construction began on 11 May 2015. The length of the highway is 40.871 km, and the national road standards of Montenegro are adopted, with reference to the European specifications as well. These construction standards will be applied for the two-way four-lane highway, with a speed limit of 100 km/h according to the design, and a construction period of 4 years. The highway stretches from the south to the north across the mountains. It is very demanding, and the construction is very challenging. Bridges and tunnels make up about 60% of the entire route. It is the largest infrastructure project in Montenegro, and the implementation of the project is very challenging. First section between Podgorica and Matesovo opened in July 2022.
The purpose of the project is to replace all the ferry links along the route with fixed connections in order to reduce travel time from 21 hours to 11 hours. The first part, Rogfast has been under construction since 2018 at a cost of $1.9 bn, but the rest is controversial and undecided. Some of the fjords are too deep for pillars or undersea tunnels and too wide for suspension bridges, so floating bridges in untested sizes have been suggested. Initial cost estimates placed the project around 150 bn kroner, but an August 2020 updated estimate moved the cost to 382 bn. A study is underway with the goal of cutting costs, and it is likely the project may be scaled back. There is a decision to evaluate each project separately, making large parts unlikely to be built. Besides Rogfast, two fjord crossings have political go-ahead with construction start around 2029, costing 38 and 24 bn NOK.
Project to connect all major towns in the vicinity of Oslo by a double rail line. 270 km of new line will be added and existing infrastructure will be upgraded, improving passenger flow and experience, as well as allowing train speeds up to 250 km/h throughout the region. Expected to be completed by 2034. The cost for the 2023-2033 period is budgeted in the National Transport Plan to 50 billion NOK, but more was spent before 2023.
A new metro line in Oslo that will extend from Majorstuen in the western city center to a developing financial district at Fornebu is under construction as of December 2020, aiming to be completed in 2027.
An agreement has been reached and signed between the Oslo city government and the Norwegian state that would share the cost of 13 billion NOK equally between the city and the national government.
The project involves the construction of the largest airport in Poland and one of the largest in Europe, Solidarity Airport (initially able to handle 45 million passengers a year, with the possibility of extension up to 100 million), along with highway and high-speed rail infrastructure connecting major Polish cities and the airport. Phase 1 is scheduled to open in 2027.[130]
Construction began in February 1995; the bridge was opened to traffic on 29 March 1998, just in time for Expo 98, the World's Fair that celebrated the 500th anniversary of the discovery by Vasco da Gama of the sea route from Europe to India.
It is the longest bridge in Europe (including viaducts), with a total length of 12.3 kilometres (7.6 mi), including 0.8 kilometres (0.50 mi) for the main bridge and 11.5 kilometres (7.1 mi) in viaducts. The Bridge is served by 4.8 kilometres (3.0 mi) of dedicated access roads. It was built to alleviate the congestion on Lisbon's 25 de Abril Bridge, and eliminate the need for traffic between the country's northern and southern regions to pass through the capital city.
"...extend from Lott Creek Boulevard on Glenmore Trail/Highway 8 south to Macleod Trail (Highway 2A) and is approximately 21 kilometres long."[132] Set for Completion in Fall 2022.
Construction completed 2019 with the full opening of the Samuel-de-Champlain Bridge by July 2019. Shortly after the opening, the old Champlain Bridge will start to be demolished at a cost of about $400,000,000 and take 4 years to complete.
The widest bridge in the world (until the Bay Bridge's east span recently opened), the bridge east of Vancouver, B.C., which opened in 2012, remains the second-longest bridge in North America. The cable-stay bridge uses an impressive 288 cables to reach a total bridge length of 6,866 feet.
Construction in 2008 and was completed in 2012. Upon this projects completion, President Felipe Calderón received a Guinness record certifying that the Baluarte Bicentennial Bridge is the highest suspension bridge in western Mexico.
After taking office, President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, cancelled this mega-project at Texcoco in favor of a "metropolitan airport system", which keeps the Benito Juárez International Airport (with 2 Runways) from being decommissioned and adds the now under construction Felipe Ángeles Airport (with 3 Runways) as well as Toluca International Airport (with 2 Runways).
Being built at the Santa Lucía Air Force Base north of Mexico City and named after Mexican General Felipe Ángeles Ramírez
Boston's highway system before and after the Central Artery/Tunnel ProjectThe completed replacement and the old eastern span of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge (2013)The Evergreen Point Floating Bridge viewed from the east end in Medina shortly after opening in April 2016
Project Connect is a public transit expansion in Austin, adding the Blue and Orange light rail lines, the Green commuter rail line, and the Gold bus rapid transit line along with other network improvements.[135] The project started construction in 2021 and is expected to be completed by 2034.[136]
Construction began in 2001 with an initial cost of $6.6 billion.[138] However, additions to the Modernization Plan has increased to the cost by $2.2 billion following the Chicago City Council's decision to renew leases to American Airlines and United Airlines. The updated plans include a new terminal located where Terminal 2 now sits, as well as two more remote concourses. The completion of the O'Hare Modernization is expected to occur sometime in 2026.[139]
The project was first proposed in 2004. Construction started in 2018 and is expected to be completed in 2024. The Windsor-Detroit crossing is the busiest crossing between the US and Canada and is currently handled by the Ambassador Bridge, the Windsor-Detroit Tunnel and the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel. The Gordie Howe Bridge will add needed capacity to these crossings.
The freight rail company Norfolk Southern will utilize special intermodal trains on its freight rail network running from New York to Louisiana. This project covers 4023 km (2,500 miles) and thirteen states, and is expected to be fully developed by 2020."[140]
Construction to begin in 2023 due to delays which has set the completion date back. This link would connect with the California High-Speed Rail project that is still under construction and further help with climate change by reducing the number of cars on the road travelling between the cities.
A 1300 km (808 miles) high-speed rail system is expected to be completed in phases up to 2030. Currently some of the funding is being held up in Congress by lack of agreement between Democrats and Republicans.
The proposed full line would be 13.7 km (8.5 miles) long with 16 stations and a projected ridership of 560,000 people. Phase 1 of the project, which runs from 96th Street to 57th Street and 7th Avenue, opened 1 January 2017. Other phases of the project are either under development or are under construction.
A redevelopment plan to build a new Terminal A to replace the existing, which opened in 1973. The new terminal will be called Terminal One. It will include a new parking garage, 33 gates, and a walkway to connect the Airtrain station, parking garage, and terminal. It is expected to be completed by 2022.
Plan to rebuild passenger facilities and approaches to JFK Airport. Two new international terminals would be added. The redevelopment construction of JFK Airport began on 7 January 2020. Also, "on February 11, 2020, Cuomo and the Port Authority, along with Delta Air Lines, announced a $3.8 billion plan to add sixteen domestic gates to the 'A' side of Terminal 4," which will bring the total cost to almost $17 billion.
The Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge began in 2002 and was Completed in 2013. Currently the Old East Span is being deconstructed and removed for recycling while the foundations are being demolished with explosives or converted for other uses.
The airport began a multiphase renovation project in June 2016, which will see Terminal 1 be transformed into a world-class, environment-friendly passenger facility when Completed in 2024.
South-End Viaduct replacement started in 2008 and was completed in 2014. The SR 99 Tunnel started work in 2011, and is set for completion in 2021. Mitigation Projects started work in 2008, and are set for completion in 2019. Other miscellaneous projects started in 2007 and are set for completion in 2023.
This 2,350 m (7,710 ft) long floating bridge is the longest of its type in the world. The new SR 520 bridge replaced the previous record-holder, the original Evergreen Point Floating Bridge across Lake Washington, connecting Seattle to points east. The new structure, rising 6.1 m (20 ft) above the water, opened to traffic in spring 2016.
This project has been in planning phases since 1990, and includes the completion of SR 167 between Puyallup and Tacoma, as well as completion of SR 509 from I-5 to Burien. Construction began in 2015 and is expected to be completed in 2028.[142]
Phase 1 on the project was planned to link the Capital to Dulles International Airport and to four edge cities: Tysons, Reston, Herndon, and Ashburn. This phase completed and was opened to the general public on 26 July 2014. Phase 2 is set to help with urban development of Tysons and reduce overall reliance on highway traffic in the business district, Virginia's largest and 12th-largest in the country. This project is set to be completed by 2023. Phase 2 of the project was completed and opened for operation on 15 November 2022.
To be completed in 2024. The crossing will be a tunnel under the river, and the first rail-only Brisbane River crossing since the completion of the Merivale Bridge in 1978.[143]
To be completed late 2025. The railway line will run from South Kensington, underground via North Melbourne, Parkville, CBD, Domain and South Yarra. It will include a tunnel under the Yarra River.
To be completed in 2050. The railway line will run from Cheltenham to Werribee in an orbital loop circling the suburbs of Melbourne. Proposed to be completed in 4 stages[145]
Construction began in 2015 and is spread out into three phases with Phase 1 expected to be completed sometime in 2022. The full project is expected to be fully Completed by 2050, housing a population of 6,500,000 people.
Modderfontein infrastructure development of residential, industrial and commercial space by Chinese developer Shanghai Zendai. Start dated 2015 completion dated 15 to 20 years later.[151][152]
Western Africa
Abuja, FCT in Nigeria, which was built mainly in the 1980s, was the fastest growing city in the world between 2000 and 2010, with an increase of 139.7%, and still expanding rapidly.[153]
The planned capital city of Nigeria, which was built mainly in the 1980s. It officially became Nigeria's capital on 12 December 1991, replacing Lagos, and has since witnessed a huge influx of people into the city. As at 2006, the city of Abuja had a population of 776,298, making it one of the ten most populous cities in Nigeria, with an estimated metropolitan population of well over three million. Abuja is currently amongst the four largest urban areas in Nigeria.[154]
A peninsula development located in Asokoro district, in Abuja. The mixed-use development is approximately 60 hectares of land, located at the shores of Pendam Lake. Its residential development ranges from apartment buildings to villas. They are majorly luxury properties with private balconies, mezzanines, floor-to-ceiling windows, swimming pool and sun terrace etc. The commercial and work section presents hotels, offices, shopping malls, business and primary schools.[156]
Project by the Nigerian Government, Eagle Hills of Abu Dhabi and Julius Berger Nigeria PLC to build a smart city to mark the country's centennial anniversary. Project broke ground on 19 June 2014 and has an anticipated timeline of 10 to 15 years to completion. The city, which is located in the Federal Capital Territory, anticipates over 400,000 residents.[157]
A planned city of Lagos State, Nigeria, being constructed on land reclaimed from the Atlantic Ocean. The project broke ground in 2007 and is being spearheaded by South Energyx Nigeria Ltd. Upon completion the project anticipates at least 250,000 residents and an additional daily flow of 150,000 commuters.[158]
In 2014, The Ministry of Housing and Urban Development signed deal with the New Festac Property Development Company, to develop the second phase of Festac Town. Since the award, the company has been carrying out extensive preliminary project development activities including surveys, field studies, site investigation, environmental impact assessment, and town planning for the project.[159]
A peninsula city which is 755 square kilometres. Lekki Phase 1 has been completed and it currently houses several Estates and gated residential developments; other phases of the project include, areas allocated for a Free Trade Zone, with an airport, and a sea port under construction. The proposed land use master plan for the Lekki envisages the Peninsula as a "Blue-Green Environment City", expected to accommodate well over 3.4 million residential population and an additional non-residential population of at least 1.9 million.[160]
Conceived as a global manufacturing and trading hub, the project is expected to double employment potential, triple industrial output and quadruple exports from the region in five years. The total employment to be generated from the project is 3 million, the bulk of which will be in the manufacturing/processing sectors. The project initially aims to create seven smart cities distributed along the backbone of the dedicated freight corridor between Delhi and Mumbai. Completion of the Corridor is expected for 2037.
To be built on a 4,700 hectares piece of land located several kilometres northeast of Karachi.[166] Upon completion, the new city anticipates at least 250,000 residents and a daily flow of 50,000 commuters.[167]
A mixed-use oceanfront development in Karachi. Planned features include multiple high-rise buildings, shopping malls, 5-star hotels, and mosques. The project is managed by Emaar properties, who built the Burj Khalifa complex in Dubai.[citation needed]
A 593 meter tall skyscraper situated at Karachi Port Trust. The building will be located on a human-made island along the Mai Kolachi Bypass. Once completed, it will be the tallest building in South Asia.
Urban development of 70,000 acres along both sides of the river, encompassing residential, commercial, institutional, cultural and recreational zones.[168] 70 percent of the area is planned to be dedicated to trees.[169] Around 25,000 acres of riverfront would be sold to investors for business, cultural, and lifestyle activities.[170]
LDA City is the biggest housing society project ever undertaken by LDA,[171] and is the largest housing society in Punjab, Pakistan. The city is to be built on a 3,059 hectares (7560 acres) piece of virgin land located several kilometers south of Lahore.
Bundel Island is an island directly off the coast of Karachi. While the project has been long proposed, it has never materialized due to environmental concerns (especially the threat to mangroves) and the objections of the Sindh Government.[citation needed] Nonetheless, the city remains a possibility, depending in part on the future political climate.
In view of growing housing demand in the twin cities, Islamabad and Rawalpindi, FDHL intends to build a housing development on the M2 Motorway near New Islamabad International Airport (falling on the eastern route of CPEC). Capital Smart City aims to become another smart city in Pakistan and a model for sustainable development.
A planned offshore city in Colombo, Sri Lanka which is to be built on reclaimed land adjacent to the Galle Face Green. The city will use construction resources from the Colombo Harbour Expansion Project, currently under construction near the site of this proposed city.[172] Set for Completion in 2041.
Lippo Cikarang is an industrial park with an area of 332 hectares, which also has apartment, hotel, office, shopping center, retail, school and university, hospital, convention center and other supporting facilities.
Artificialarchipelago 25 km (16 mi) south of Baku, Azerbaijan consisting of 41 islands spreading 3,000 hectares (about 11.6 sq mi) over the Caspian Sea. Expected to be finished by 2020–2025, and house a population of 1 million.
Project is being developed on 384,000 square metres (0.148 sq mi) of land, intending to create a total built-up area of over 1,700,000 square metres (0.66 sq mi) consisting of hotels, apartments, offices, commercial outlets and entertainment.[175][176]
Will host both commercial and residential development including homes, hotels, and offices. The centerpiece of the development project will be the SAR4.45 Billion ($1.23 Billion) Jeddah Tower, a tower planned to become the tallest in the world.
The Saudi government is reportedly paying as high as 500,000 Saudi riyals (around $133,000) per square meter to the owners of the buildings close to the mosque in return for the expropriation. This brings the total figure to around $100 billion. Slated to Completed by 2020.
Saudi Arabia's most ambitious mega-city project ever, which is to build a new city in northwestern Saudi Arabia.[177] At the core of this new city will be Artificial Intelligence.[178]
It occupies a total land area of 2,500 ha (25 km2), of which 1,700 ha will be claimed for development. The island holds the Yas Marina Circuit, which hosts the Formula One United Arab Emirates Grand Prix since 2009.
Originally call the Burj Dubai, the Burj Khalifa is currently the tallest building in the World and has held that title since its Completion and Grand Opening on 4 January 2010.
Will be world's largest Retail and Entertainment World, twice the size of Walt Disney World Resort, it include 45 mega projects and 200 sub projects. Currently, there are 22 projects under development. Expected Completion Date about 2025.
Renewals are being conducted all over Turkey but mainly on İstanbul[181] as Law 6306 announced by Ministry of Environment and City Planning (Turkey).[182] Fikirtepe, a neighborhood of Kadıköy has been chosen as pilot area for project.[183] Construction started in 2012 and is expected to take 20 years to complete setting for 2032.
Russia (Europe West and Asia East of the Ural Mountains)
Construction on Plots 0, 2–3, 4 (Tower 1) & (Tower 2), 5, 6–8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17-18, and 19 is completed. Construction on Plots 1 (To Be Completed by 2024) and 15 (To Be Completed by 2022 may be pushed back due to COVID) is in progress.
The Central Business District of the Paris Metropolitan area, La Défense provides France with a modern set of skyscrapers while Paris itself retains most of its original architecture and character.
The Central Business District of the Paris Metropolitan area, La Défense provides France with a modern set of skyscrapers while Paris itself retains most of its original architecture and character. This current round of the project includes modernize, refurbish and green the area.
In the 1990s, the city began a de-industrialisation process, which radically changed its image. After closing several factories and decontaminating the city's river, several mega projects were built. A whole new airport, designed by Spanish world-famous architect Santiago Calatrava, a metro system designed by British Lord Norman Foster, a recovery of the city's old fashioned tram network changed the city's public transport system. The Iberdrola Tower, which is Bilbao's tallest building, the Alhondiga, the Zubizuri bridge and several other significant buildings changed the city center's polluted past. The whole renovation process started because of the construction of The Guggenheim Museum Of Bilbao, the city's landmark and main museum.
A complex of four skyscrapers, each about 240 metres high, located on one of Madrid's most expensive avenue, La Castellana. The towers were built on Real Madrid's former Ciudad Deportiva, and were completed in 2008. The tallest building is Torre Cepsa, designed by world-famous architect Norman Foster, and has a height of 249 meters, making it Spain's tallest structure.
A strategy that aims to expand the city in the southeast of the city with the creation of six neighborhoods (Los cerros, Ensanche de Vallecas, Valdecarros, el Cañaveral, los Berrocales, los Ahijones) At the moment one of the neighborhoods is already built, another one is under construction, two other neighborhoods already have the ground ready, while the two remaining neighborhoods have nothing built.
This strategy aims to create some 145,637 homes in the south of Madrid, of which 30,000 have been built so far. These developments would extend the surface of Madrid by 8.2% and could house more than 350,000 inhabitants.
The entire strategy is not expected to be completed until 2040/2050.
Project will turn Oakridge Centre into the second largest shopping mall in British Columbia. First phase expected to be complete by 2024. Second phase expected to be complete in 2028.[187]
The project's centerpiece, Barclays Center, opened in September 2012. The project name Atlantic Yards has been renamed Pacific Park, Brooklyn. The Project is expected to be Completed by 2025 at the earliest.
The "spaceship", as it is nicknamed, is Apple's new flagship headquarters (formally named Apple Campus 2). Taking the shape of a giant ring, it is expected to house over 14,000 employees. It was completed and opened in April 2017.
Large-scale battery plant scheduled to start production in 2025. Includes two plants operated by the Ford–SK joint venture that will produce batteries for Ford and Lincoln electric vehicles.[190]
A 4,200 acre privately owned and master-planned commercial development 20-minutes from Downtown Houston. The project broke ground in 2014 with TechnipFMC's 173-acre corporate campus.[191] Generation Park is owned and developed by McCord.
Construction began in 2014 on the South end of Roosevelt Island. The first of three phases is set to be completed in stages between 2017 and 2019 and Phase 2 to be Completed sometime later.
Recovery from the September 11 attacks. One, Three, Four, and Seven World Trade Center Towers completed 2006–2018. Two, Five, and Six World Trade Center Towers are either in development, currently on hold, or will never be rebuilt.
A large mixed-use development of over 25 acres of land on the north side of Downtown Miami. Eventually will include lots of shopping, apartment buildings, hotels, office buildings, and even a convention center. Though not much has been built as of yet, one notable building is Paramount Miami Worldcenter, which stands at 700 ft tall.
A massive mixed-use development along a local riverfront that was to establish a more than $1 billion destination entertainment district and theme park. The project was set to be completed by 2024.[citation needed] In early January, 2022 it was announced that city officials were no longer pursuing the project.[195]
Commencing in 2017, the cracker plant currently holds over 3,000 construction jobs, and will have 600 permanent jobs when the plant is completed. It will produce over 1.6 million tonnes of ethylene per year.
A non-contiguous expansion parcel of the San Diego State University campus occupying the former site of San Diego Stadium. While the complex will include housing, educational infrastructure, office and retail space, hotels, and parks, the centerpiece will be Snapdragon Stadium, scheduled to open in 2022 as the new home of SDSU football. The entire project is planned to be completed some time in the early 2030s.
Work began in 2016 with the demolition of structures and soil decontamination. Construction will begin as soon as the other works have completed. Construction is set to be completed by 2028.
The transformation of Tri-County Mall into a mix of apartments, restaurants and retail space, recreation and education facilities, civic space, and science and medical space
Large-scale Fordelectric vehicle complex in West Tennessee scheduled to begin production in 2025. The planned complex will include a vehicle assembly plant for electric Ford F-Series trucks, a battery plant operated by a joint venture between Ford and SK Group, supplier facilities, and battery recycling operations.[190]
Large-scale petrochemical complex in Southwestern Louisiana.
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Recovery from earthquakes in 2010–2011. Rebuild of central business district, demolition and remediation of several residential neighbourhoods now deemed unsuitable for building. Infrastructure upgrades and addition of commuter rail. Entire project to be completed by 2020.
At the close of the 20th century, Brasília was the largest city in the world which had not existed at the beginning of the century.[197] Construction cost for Brasília in 1957 was about $2.5 Billion.[198]
Ports, waterways, canals, and locks for Passenger Ships and Cargo Ships carrying passengers and cargo from country to country and islands nations are built as megaprojects
The Port at Lekki is a new seaport in Lekki, and construction commenced in 2015. The port is planned to be developed in phases to meet the growing demand; phase one opened in 2018.[201] The port is financed by private investors and a consortium of banks who have funded the project with $1.65 billion so far.[202]
Construction on the 4,800-megawatt plant began in June 2020, with an estimated completion cost of USD 14 billion.[205] It is expected to be completed by 2028.
An under construction multi-purpose concrete-faced rock-filled dam located on the Swat River. the dam will generate 740 MW of hydroelectricity, irrigate 15,100 acres of land and control floods downstream. It is expected to be completed by November 2024.
The 242 m (794 ft) tall dam will support a 4,320 MW hydropower station, to be built in two 2,160 MW stages. Expected to be completed by 2025.
India
Sagarmala Project- The Sagarmala Programme is an initiative by the government of India to enhance the performance of the country's logistics sector. The programme envisages unlocking the potential of waterways and the coastline to minimize infrastructural investments required to meet these targets.[1][2] It entails investing Rs. 8.5 trillion (2018) to set up new mega ports, modernizing India's existing ports, developing of 14 Coastal Economic Zones (CEZs) and Coastal Economic Units, enhancing port connectivity via road, rail, multi-modal logistics parks, pipelines & waterways and promoting coastal community development, with the aim of boosting merchandise exports by US$110 billion and generating around 10,000,000 direct and indirect jobs.
Six megaports are planned in Sagarmala project.[208]
Formally the Nicaraguan Canal and Development Project (also referred to as the Nicaragua Grand Canal, or the Grand Interoceanic Canal) is a planned shipping route through Nicaragua to connect the Caribbean Sea (and therefore the Atlantic Ocean) with the Pacific Ocean. Its viability has been questioned by shipping experts and engineers[210]
Originally constructed by the United States for about $360 million. Opened on 15 August 1914 with a series of locks, canals, and lakes which connect ships traveling between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
Two Energy Islands will become the world's first offshore energy hubs. At start, it is estimated to provide 5 GW of power. Visit Energy Islands website for more information.
Netherlands
Project
City/Country
Status
Cost (Antilles Guilder - ANG - ƒ [prior to 1995] / EUR € [after 1995])
The Stad Ship Tunnel (Norwegian: Stad skipstunnel) is a planned canal and tunnel to bypass the Stad peninsula in Stad Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The peninsula is one of the most exposed areas on the coast, without any outlying islands to protect it from the weather. The section has traditionally been one of the most dangerous along the coast of Norway. When built it will be the first full-size ship tunnel in the world.
^Sutter, Joe; Spenser, Jay (1 May 2007). 747: Creating the World's First Jumbo Jet and Other Adventures from a Life in Aviation. Collins. ISBN978-0-06-088242-6.
^Norris, G.; Thomas, G.; Wagner, M. & Forbes Smith, C. (2005). Boeing 787 Dreamliner – Flying Redefined. Aerospace Technical Publications International. ISBN0-9752341-2-9.
^Irving, Clive. Wide Body: The Triumph of the 747. New York: W. Morrow, 1993. ISBN0-688-09902-5, pp. 189–190.
^"Puget Sound Gateway Program". Washington State Department of Transportation. Retrieved 28 October 2022. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^"Cross River Rail". Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
^"OneSKY Project". Airservices. Archived from the original on 30 April 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.