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Google+
Type of site
Available inMultilingual
Predecessor(s)
OwnerGoogle LLC
Created by
URLplus.google.com
CommercialYes
RegistrationRequired; no longer available
Users111 milliona (2015)
Current statusDiscontinued for consumers (April 2, 2019)
  • a Active users[1]

Google+, pronounced and sometimes written as Google Plus, sometimes written as G+, or G-Plus, was an Internet-based social network owned and operated by Google Inc.. The network was launched on June 28, 2011 which replaced Google Buzz in the attempt to challenge other social networks such as Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, Myspace, Pinterest, Tumblr, Twitter and Vimeo and it was designed to link Google's products like Blogger and YouTube. However, these competitive plans by Google via Google Wave (2009–2010), Google Buzz (2010–2011) and Google+ (Non-G-Suite version) (2011–2019) were never successful and were completely shut down as a result.

The service, Google's fourth foray into social networking, experienced strong growth in its initial years, although usage statistics have varied, depending on how the service was defined. Three Google executives oversaw the service, which underwent substantial changes that lead to a redesign in November 2015.

Due to low user engagement and disclosed software design flaws that potentially allowed outside developers access to personal information of its users,[4] the Google+ developer API was discontinued on March 7, 2019 and Google+ was shut down for business use and consumers on April 2, 2019.[5] It is still in use as Google+ for Enterprise for internal corporate social networks who are users of G-Suite.[6]

History

Creation

Google+ was the company's fourth foray into social networking, following Google Buzz (launched 2010, retired in 2011), Google Friend Connect (launched 2008, retired by March 2012), and Orkut (launched in 2004, as of 2013 operated entirely by subsidiary Google Brazil – retired in September 2014[7]).

Google+ launched in June 2011. Features included the ability to post photos and status updates to the stream or interest-based communities, group different types of relationships (rather than simply "friends") into Circles, a multi-person instant messaging, text and video chat called Hangouts, events, location tagging, and the ability to edit and upload photos to private cloud-based albums.[8][9]

According to a 2016 book by a former Facebook employee, some leaders at Facebook saw Google's foray into social networking as a serious threat to the company. Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg instituted a company-wide "lockdown", signaling that employees were supposed to dedicate time to bringing Facebook's features into line with Google+.[10]

Growth

Assessments of Google+ growth have varied widely because Google first defined the service as a social network,[8] then later as "a social layer across all of Google's services", allowing them to share a user's identity and interests.[11] According to Ars Technica, Google+ signups were "often just an incidental byproduct of signing up for other Google services."[12][13][14] Consequently, the reported number of active users on Google+ grew significantly, but the average time users spent on the site was a small fraction of that on comparable social media services.

In 2011 Google+ had 10 million users two weeks after the launch.[15] In a month, it had 25 million.[16] In October 2011, the service had 40 million users, according to Larry Page.[17] According to ComScore, the biggest market was the United States followed by India.[18] At the end of 2011, Google+ had 90 million users.[19] In October 2013, approximately 540 million monthly active users used the social layer by interacting with Google+'s enhanced properties, such as Gmail, the +1 button, and YouTube comments.[20] Some 300 million monthly active users participated in the social network by interacting with the Google+ social-networking stream.[21][22][23]

Google+'s user engagement was lower than that of its competitors; ComScore estimated that users averaged 3.3 minutes on the site in January 2012, and 7.5 hours on Facebook.[24][25] In March 2013, average time spent on the site remained low: about 7 minutes, according to Nielsen, not including traffic from apps.[26] In February 2014, The New York Times likened Google+ to a ghost town, citing Google's stated 540 million "monthly active users" and noting that almost half did not visit the site. The company replied that the significance of Google+ was less as a Facebook competitor than as a means of gathering and connecting user information from Google's various services.[27]

Changes in management and product direction

In April 2014, Vic Gundotra, the executive in charge of Google+, departed the company[28] with management responsibility going to David Besbris. By March 2015, Google executive Bradley Horowitz, who had co-founded Google+ with Gundotra, had replaced Besbris, becoming vice president of streams, photos, and sharing.[29]

In an interview with Steven Levy published on May 28, 2015, Horowitz said that Google+ was about to undergo a "huge shift" that would better reflect how the service is actually used. By that time, two core Google+ functions, communications and photos, had become standalone services.[30][31][32] Google Photos, Google's photo and video library, was announced at the May 2015 Google I/O conference.[33] Google Hangouts, Google's communications platform, was announced two years earlier, also at Google I/O. Google subsequently refocused Google+ on shared interests, removing features not supporting "an interest-based social experience". The company also eliminated the Google+ social layer; users no longer needed a Google+ profile to share content and communicate with contacts. The transition began with YouTube, where a Google+ profile was no longer required to create, upload, or comment on a channel, but a Google+ page was instead required. YouTube comments no longer appeared on Google+ or vice versa.[34][35][36][37]

Redesign

On November 18, 2015, Google+ underwent a redesign with the stated intent of making the site simpler and faster, making the new features of Communities and Collections more prominent, and removing features such as Hangouts integration, Events and Custom URLs, though Events and Custom URLs were eventually added back.[38][39][40] Until January 24, 2017, users accessing the site using desktop computers could access some of the discontinued features by selecting option "Back to classic G+".

Shutdown of consumer version

On October 8, 2018, Google announced it would be ending the consumer version of Google+ in August 2019, later changing that date to April 2, 2019.[41][42] The company cited low user engagement and difficulties in "creating and maintaining a successful Google+ that meets consumers’ expectations", noting that 90% of user sessions on the service lasted less than five seconds. It also acknowledged a design flaw in an API that could expose private user data. Google said it found no evidence that "any developer was aware of this bug, or abusing the API" or that "any Profile data was misused."[43]

According to The Wall Street Journal, the data exposure was discovered in the spring of 2018, and was not reported by the company because of fears of increased regulatory scrutiny. The newspaper said that "the move effectively puts the final nail in the coffin of a product that was launched in 2011 to challenge Facebook, and is widely seen as one of Google's biggest failures."[44]

On December 10, 2018, Google reported that a subsequent Google+ API update exposed customer data for six days before being discovered, again saying there was no evidence of any breach. The bug allowed outside developers access to personal information of users. Over 52.5 million users were affected.[45] The company moved the service's shutdown date to April 2019 and said it would "sunset all Google+ APIs in the next 90 days."[46]

User demographics

Google+'s user base was roughly 60% male and 25% female on November 2013, and 15% "other" or unknown.[47] Early adopters of Google in mid-2011 were mostly male (71.24%), and the dominant age bracket (35%) was between 25 and 34.[48] An August 2011 survey estimated that 13% of U.S. adults had joined Google+.[49]

Features and functions

User profile

A Google+ User profile was a publicly visible account of a user that was attached to many Google properties. It included basic social networking services like a profile photo, an about section, a cover photo, previous work and school history, interests, places lived and an area to post status updates.[50] It also included several identity service sections, such as a contributor and other profiles area that allowed users to link their "properties across the web". These sections optionally linked to other social media accounts one had, any blogs one owns or have written or sites one is a contributor to. This area was used for Google Authorship.[51][52] Customized or Vanity URLs were made available to the public starting on October 29, 2013 to any account that was 30+ days old and had a profile photo and at least 10 followers.[53] Google removed author photos from search results on June 2014,[54] and on August 2014 Google stopped showing authorship in search results, both photo and author name.[55][56]

Circles

Circles is a core feature of the Google+ Social Platform. It enables users to organize people into groups or lists for sharing[57] across various Google products and services. Organization of circles was done through a drag-and-drop interface until a site redesign in 2015 reduced it to a simple checkbox interface.[58] Once a circle is created, a Google+ user can share specific private content to only that circle. For example, work themed content can be shared with only colleagues, and one's friends and family could see more personal content and photos. The option to share Public or with Everyone is always available.[59] Users were originally able to create Shared Circles, a one-time share to promote a circle of individuals, but the feature has been removed.

Another function of Circles is to control the content of one's Stream. A user may click on a Circle in the Circle Streams list and the Stream portion of the page (the center) will contain only posts shared by users in that Circle. For the unsegmented Stream (includes content from all of a user's Circles), each Circle has a drop-down configuration item with four options: none, fewer, standard, and more. The none position requires the user to select (click on) the Circle name explicitly to see content from users in that Circle. The remaining positions control the quantity of posts which appear in one's main Stream, but the algorithm controlling what shows has not been disclosed.

Stream

In the "Stream", which occupies the main portion of the page, users see updates from those in their Circles and posts in Communities they have joined. There is a compose button which allows users to create a post. Along with the text entry field there are icons to upload and share photos and videos, and create a poll. The Stream can be filtered to show only posts from specific Circles.

Identity services

Starting in November 2011, Google+ profiles are used as the background account for many Google services including YouTube, Gmail, Google Maps, Android, Google Play, Google Music, Google Voice, Google Wallet, Google Local and more.[12][13] As of January 10, Google Search is customized with a feature called Search Plus Your World, which inserts content shared on Google+ profiles and brand pages under Web Search results, if one is logged into their Google+ account while using it.[60] The feature, which is opt-in, was received with controversy over the emphasis of Google+ profiles over other social networking services. The feature builds upon the earlier "Social Search" feature which indexes content shared or published by authors; "Social Search", however, relied partly upon returns from non-Google services, such as Twitter and Flickr. Google and Twitter had a contract that expired in July 2011 which is the reason Tweets are no longer shown.[61]

Privacy

The privacy setting allows users to disclose certain information to the circles of their choice. Users can also see their profile visitors.[62]

+1 button

Google+ featured a "+1 button" which allowed people to recommend sites and posts, similar in use to Facebook's Like button.[63]

Google+ Pages

Google+ Pages was released on November 7, 2011 to all users, which allows businesses to connect with fans.[64][65][66] It allows entities which are not individuals (such as organizations, companies, and publications) to set up profiles, or "pages", for the posting and syndication of posts. It is similar to Facebook Pages.

Google+ Badges was quietly introduced to select enterprises beginning November 9, 2011 and officially released to the public on November 16.[67] Badges are sidebar widgets which embed "Add to Circles" buttons and drop-down lists into off-site websites and blogs, similar to Facebook's Like Box widgets. This was officially treated by Google as a replacement for the older Google Friend Connect and its widgets, and GFC was announced by Senior Vice President of Operations Urs Hölzle on November 23, 2011, as scheduled to be retired by March 12, 2012 on all non-Blogger sites in favor of Google+ Page Badges.[68]

Google+ Views was introduced on April 1, 2014. It features a "view counter", which is displayed on every user's profile page. The view counter shows the number of times the user's content has been seen by others, including photos, posts, and profile page.[69] This feature was later removed in favor of an insights feature.[70]

Communities

Google+ Communities was released on December 6, 2012. This allowed users to create ongoing conversations about particular topics.[71] Google+ Communities were also able be created and managed under Google+ Page accounts.

Events

Events allowed users to invite other people to share photos and media in real time. This was removed from Google+ as part of the November 2015 redesign, but later added back in a different location. Events were later included on the user's profile.[40]

Discover

The Discover page showed trending posts and articles on Google+ and around the web.[72] It is similar to the What's Hot page that was removed as part of the November 2015 redesign.

Google Local

On June 11, 2014, Google combined Google Places and Google+ Local Business Pages with the Google My Business product. The product uses the interface of Google+ but has many more features including insights and analytics.[73] On May 30, 2012, Google Places was replaced by Google+ Local, which now integrates directly with the Google+ service to allow users to post photos and reviews of locations directly to its page on the service. Additionally, Google+ Local and Maps also now feature detailed reviews and ratings from Zagat, which was acquired by Google in September 2011.[74]

Photography

Original (left) and with Auto Enhance applied (right)
An animated gif created by Auto Awesome.
  • Google+ Creative Kit was an online photo editor integrated to Google+ on October 27, 2011,[75] similar to Picnik, integrated earlier to Picasa Web Albums. This feature was removed from Google+ in 2015.[76]
  • Auto Awesome: Released at Google I/O in 2013, the feature applied special effects, manually (with Android) or automatically, often using multiple sequential shots. Effects included composite motion in a single image, short animation, photo booth style, and high-dynamic range rendering (HDR).[77] This feature was moved to Google Photos in 2015.[76]
  • Auto Enhance: With Auto Enhance, Google+ made subtle adjustments to hypothetically improve photos.[78] This feature was moved to Google Photos in 2015.[76]
  • Google+ Auto-Backup: A desktop utility that imported a large collection of photos and videos.[79] This feature was moved to Google Photos in 2015.[76]

Additional features

  • Google Takeout provides the ability to download one's content from Google+.[80]
  • Hashtags, where "#" is written before a word or CamelCase, are hyperlinked to the most recent or highest-trending search results within Google+ containing the term. This, a feature which gained notoriety as a microblogging practice on Twitter, was implemented as a Google+ feature on October 12, 2011. Autocompletion came on January 17, 2012.[81]
  • "New Features for Google+ Mobile" Since the launch of Google+, Google has been adding and making changes to many features. On September 30, 2011, the company released a list of changes and additions to Google+ mobile which include:[82]
    • They have made it easier to +mention someone from a mobile device. Now, to +mention another user, one simply writes +[their name] inside a post or comment. In order to +1 comments more easily, users are now able to +1 them directly from their iOS devices. They also introduced this feature to the Android app in December 2011.
  • Selected public figures have verified names. Google determines whether a particular profile warrants verification. The purpose is to indicate to site visitors whether a particular profile belongs to who one would generally expect the name to be, and not someone who coincidentally has the same name as a public figure. Verified identity profiles have a checkmark logo after their name. Examples of profiles bearing the verified name badge include Linus Torvalds, William Shatner, Leo Laporte, Mark Zuckerberg, Larry Page, and Sergey Brin.[83]

Collections

In May 2015, Google+ launched “Collections” feature which was inspired by Pinterest. It allows users to "build content collections based on topics and interests".[84]

Deprecated features

  • "Search in Google+" allowed users to search for content within Google+ and around the web. Users type what they're looking for into the Google+ search box, and Google will return relevant people and posts, as well as popular content from around the web.[85] A search feature has been re-implemented to Google+ but it only turns up content within Google+ instead of including popular content from around the web.
  • "Messenger" (formerly: Huddle) is a feature available to Android, iPhone, and SMS devices for communicating through instant messaging within Circles. Additionally, users can share photos in Messenger between their Circles.[57] This feature was removed in August 2013 since it is superseded by Hangouts.[86]
  • "Sparks" is a front-end to Google Search, enabling users to identify topics they might be interested in sharing with others. "Featured interests" sparks are also available, based on topics others globally are finding interesting.[57] Sparks is accessed as a pull-down from search results and helps to keep users informed of the latest updates on the topics of their interest. Sparks was removed sometime in November 2012.[87]
  • "Games" had 16 games when G+ launched on August 11, 2011,[88] which expanded to 44 a few months later, but by April 2013 there were 38 since some games were removed by the owner.[89] Unlike Facebook games, Google+ games are located under a games tab, which gives games less visibility,[90] and had separate notifications from the rest of a user's notifications.[90] All games were removed from Google+ in June 2013.[91]
  • Ripples, introduced on October 27, 2011, was a visualization tool, showing how re-sharing activity happens regarding a public post. One could replay the public share's activity, zoom in on certain events, identify top contributors, view statistics about average chain length, the most influential people in the chain, the language of the sharers, etc.[75] The feature was removed in May 2015.[92]
  • Google Hangouts, the feature that enabled users to chat, voice, and video conference between users, was removed from Google+ as part of the November 2015 redesign and made accessible through its own Hangouts homepage and mobile applications.[40]
  • Hangouts on Air, introduced in Sept 2011, the live streaming service was moved to YouTube Live starting September 12, 2016.[93]
  • Location, Locations was mostly the service that was Latitude. It allowed the account holder to share their location with a person, circle or circles. The location could be as accurate as the GPS on the mobile device or set to only show city. "Location sharing has moved to Google Maps" appeared in Plus on March 27, 2017.
  • What's Hot, "What's hot" Stream, introduced on October 27, 2011, is a stream showing what Google+ users have commented, shared and interacted with the most. It is similar to "Trending Topics" On Twitter.[75] The page was removed in late 2015, but a new "discover" stream introduced in 2017 provides similar functionality.[72]
  • Google+ Photos, a suite of features which provided photo backup and editing, removed in 2015 and replaced with a separate product called Google Photos.[76]
  • Mentions, a separate stream that showed posts and images you were +mentioned in. This page was removed in the November 2015 redesign.[40]

Google+ Create

In early 2016, the program "G+ Create" which highlights artists, was launched by Google. The intention was to bring content curators around the world in a community that brings them several benefits, such as access to resources under test and obtaining a verified badge in the profile. There is currently a form to attend, and the Google team is looking for maximum creativity and quality.[94]

Technologies

According to Joseph Smarr, one of the Google+ team's technical leads, Google+ is a typical Google web application: it uses Java servlets for the server code and JavaScript for the browser-side of the UI, largely built with Google's Closure framework, including the JavaScript compiler and the template system. They use the HTML5 History API to maintain good-looking URLs in modern browsers despite the AJAX app. To achieve fast response times Google often renders the Closure templates on the server side before any JavaScript is loaded; then the JavaScript finds the right DOM nodes, hooks up event handlers, etc. The back ends are built mostly on top of Bigtable and Colossus/GFS, and other common Google technologies such as MapReduce.[2]

Controversies and criticism

Censorship by governments

Within a day of the website's launch, various news agencies reported that Google+ was blocked by the People's Republic of China.[95] This is part of a wider policy of censorship in mainland China.[96] The Iranian government has also blocked access to Google+ from July 11, 2011,[97] as part of Internet censorship in Iran.[98] Google+ still remains unavailable in mainland China. While it is not technically "blocked", it was made impossible to use by slowing it down to a crawl.[99]

"Occupy Obama's G+"

On February 20, 2012, Internet users from the People's Republic of China realized that state restrictions on Google+ had been relaxed for unknown reasons, allowing them to post on Google+ pages.[100] In particular, Chinese users began to inundate the official election campaign pages of U.S. president Barack Obama on Google+ with often off-topic comments in simplified Chinese characters.[101]

Nymwars

Main article: Nymwars

In July 2011, Google+ required users to identify themselves using their real names and some accounts were suspended when this requirement was not met.[102][103] Google VP Bradley Horowitz stated that a violation of the terms of service will only affect offenders' access to Google+ and not any of the other services that Google provides.[104] However, there were early reports of account holders being temporarily locked out of all of Google services.[105]

On October 19, 2011, at the Web 2.0 Summit, Google executive Vic Gundotra revealed that Google+ would begin supporting pseudonyms and other types of identity "within a few months".[106] Starting on January 23, 2012, Google+ began allowing the use of established pseudonyms.[107] In July 2014, Google+ policy was changed to allow any name to be used.[108]

Commenting on YouTube

An image of the ASCII-art comment featuring "Bob" used in the then-new Google+/YouTube comment section to protest the forced adoption of Google+ for commenting.

On November 6, 2013, YouTube, Google's popular video hosting site, began requiring that commenting on its videos be done via a Google+ account, making it impossible to reply to pre-Google+ integrated comments. YouTube said that their new commenting system featured improved tools for moderation, and comments would no longer be shown chronologically, but would be featured according to "relevance" and popularity, determined by the commenters' community engagement, reputation, and up-votes for a particular comment.[109]

The decision led hundreds of thousands of users[110] to criticize the change.[111] Some YouTube commenters and content creators complained that the Google+ requirement that users use their real name created online privacy and security concerns.[112] YouTube co-founder Jawed Karim voiced his disapproval in one of a few comments subsequent to the change[113][114] including the temporary addition of the following text, "I can't comment here anymore, since I don't want a google+ account" to the description of the first ever video on the site.[115] Thousands of commenters on YouTube pasted text art tanks and stick figures called "Bob" to protest the new commenting system and Google+.[116] Supporters of the changes said it was a positive step at cleaning up the "virtual cesspool" of homophobic, racist, sexist and offensive comments found on YouTube.[117] However, this actually increased the spam, and in fixing the issue, Google took the opportunity to strike back against those posting "Bob" ASCII art in protest at the company's actions.[118]

On July 27, 2015, it was announced that the integration with Google+ would be discontinued and that YouTube would require only a Google+ page to use all the features, such as uploading videos and posting comments. YouTube had these changes rolled out over the course of several months, with the comments feature already having an update directly after the announcement: comments only appeared on YouTube and were no longer shared to the social network platform.[119]

In October 2016, YouTube made it possible to reply to pre-Google+ integrated comments once more with or without a Google+ account.[citation needed]

See also

References

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