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Pune was an important centre in the social and religious reform movements of the late 19th century. Many prominent social reformers and freedom fighters lived here, including [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] (also known as Lokmanya Tilak), [[Vitthal Ramji Shinde]], [[Dhondo Keshav Karve]] and [[Jyotirao Phule]].
Pune was an important centre in the social and religious reform movements of the late 19th century. Many prominent social reformers and freedom fighters lived here, including [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] (also known as Lokmanya Tilak), [[Vitthal Ramji Shinde]], [[Dhondo Keshav Karve]] and [[Jyotirao Phule]].


In late 1896, Pune was hit by [[bubonic plague]]; and by the end of February 1897, the epidemic was raging, with a mortality rate twice the norm, and half the city's population fled. A Special Plague Committee was formed under the chairmanship of W. C. Rand, an [[Indian Civil Services]] officer. He brought troops to deal with the emergency. Although these measures were unpopular, the epidemic was under control by May. On 22 June 1897, during the Diamond Jubilee celebration of the coronation of [[Queen Victoria]], Rand and his military escort Lt. Ayerst were shot while returning from the celebrations at Government House. Both died, Ayerst on the spot and Rand of his wounds on 3 July. The [[Chapekar Brothers]] and two accomplices were charged with this murder, and with the shooting of two informants and an attempt to shoot a police officer. All three brothers were found guilty and [[hanging|hanged]]. An accomplice was dealt with similarly. Another, a school boy, was sentenced to ten years hard labour.
In late 1896, Pune was hit by [[bubonic plague]]; and by the end of February 1897, the epidemic was raging, with a mortality rate twice the norm, and half the city's population fled. A Special Plague Committee was formed under the chairmanship of W. C. Rand, an [[Indian Civil Services]] officer. He brought troops to deal with the emergency. Although these measures were unpopular, the epidemic was under control by May. On 22 June 1897, during the Diamond Jubilee celebration of the coronation of [[Queen Victoria]], Rand and his military escort Lt. Ayerst were shot while returning from the celebrations at Government House. Both died, Ayerst on the spot and Rand of his wounds on 3 July. The [[Chapekar brothers]] and two accomplices were charged with this murder, and with the shooting of two informants and an attempt to shoot a police officer. All three brothers were found guilty and [[hanging|hanged]]. An accomplice was dealt with similarly. Another, a school boy, was sentenced to ten years hard labour.


=== Independence ===
=== Independence ===

Revision as of 14:41, 14 November 2010

"Poona" redirects here. For other uses, see Poona (disambiguation).

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Pune
Pune ( पुणे )
Metropolitan City
Nickname(s): 
Queen of the Deccan, Oxford of the East
Map
Government
 • MayorMohansingh Rajpal[1]
Population
 (2010)
 • Metropolitan City3,446,330
 • Rank8th
 • Metro
5,518,688
Websitepune.nic.in

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The circular Nandi mandapa at the Pataleshwar cave temple, built during the Rashtrakuta dynasty

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File:Shivaji Statue.jpg
Shivaji Maharaj was the founder of the Maratha Kingdom

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Pune (Marathi: पुणे, pronounced [puɳeː]), formerly called Poona, also known as Punya-Nagari, is the eighth largest metropolis in India, the second largest in the state of Maharashtra, after Mumbai and the largest city in the Western Ghats. Once the center of power of the Maratha Empire, situated 560 metres above sea level on the Deccan plateau at the confluence of the Mula (Marathi: मुळा) and Mutha rivers (Marathi: मुठा),[4] Pune is the administrative capital of Pune district.

Pune is known to have existed as a town since 937 AD.[5] Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, the founder of the Maratha Empire, lived in Pune as a young boy, and later oversaw significant growth and development of the town during his reign. In 1730, Pune became an important political centre as the seat of the Peshwa, the prime minister of the Chhatrapati of Satara. After the town was annexed to British India in 1817, it served as a cantonment town and as the "monsoon capital" of the Bombay Presidency until the independence of India.[6]

Today, Pune is known for its educational facilities and relative prosperity. Pune is a majority Hindu city and one can see temples all over the city. Pune is the cultural center of Maharashtra, and the notional seat of the Marathi language.[7] Pune has well-established manufacturing, glass, sugar, and forging industries since the 1950-60s. It has a growing industrial hinterland, with many information technology and automotive companies setting up factories in Pune district. The city is known for various cultural activities like classical music, spirituality, theater, sports, and literature. These activities and job opportunities attract migrants and students from all over India and abroad, which makes for a city of many communities and cultures.

Toponymy

The name Pune derives from Punya Nagari (Sanskrit, "City of Virtue"). The oldest reference to this name was found on a Rashtrakuta copper plate dated 937, that refers to the town as Punya-Vishaya or Poonak Vishaya.[8] By the 13th century, it had come to be known as Kasbe Pune or Punavadi. Although the city's name is sometimes transcribed as Poona in English, a practice particularly common during the British Raj, the spelling "Pune" (ˈpuːnə) has now become standard. The pioneer of the "Dakshina" system in 1720 was Sarsenapati Khanderao Dabhade of Talegaon Dabhade. It was after him and his son Sarsenapati Trimbakrao Dabhade, that the system of Dakshina was transferred to Pune by the Peshwa. After the fall of the Marathas in 1818 and establishment of educational institutions by the British, Pune came to be referred to as the The Oxford of the East due to its large student population, and a large number of quality, academic and research institutes. [9]

History

Main article: History of Pune

Early and Medieval

Copper plates dated 758 and 768 show that, by the 8th century, an agricultural settlement known as Punnaka existed where Pune is today. The plates indicate that this region was ruled by the Rashtrakuta Dynasty. The Pataleshwar rock-cut temple complex was built during this era.

Pune was part of Yadava Empire of Deogiri from the 9th century to 1327. In 1595, Maloji Raje Bhosale was appointed the jagirdar of Pune and Supe by the Mughals.[8] It was ruled by the Ahmadnagar Sultanate until being annexed by the Mughal Empire in the 17th century.

Maratha rule

In 1625, Shahaji Bhosale appointed Rango Bapuji Dhadphale as the administrator of Pune. He was one of the first major developers of the town, overseeing construction of the Kasba Peth, Somwar Peth, Raviwar Peth and Shaniwar Peth. After the destruction of the town in raids by the Adil Shahi dynasty in 1630, and again from 1636 to 1647, Dadoji Kondadev, a military and administrative officer of Shahaji Bhosale, oversaw redevelopment and construction of the area. He stabilzed the revenue system of Pune and the neighborhoods of Maval to the west of town. He developed effective methods to control disputes and enforce law and order. Construction began on the Lal Mahal palace, as Shahaji's son Shivaji Bhosale (later Chattrapati Shivaji) was to move there with his mother Jijabai. The Lal Mahal was completed in 1640.[8] Jijabai is said to have commissioned the building of the Kasba Ganapati temple herself. The Ganapati idol consecrated at this temple is regarded as the presiding deity (gramadevata) of the city.[10]

Shivaji was crowned Chhatrapati in 1674. He oversaw further development in Pune, including the construction of the Guruwar, Somwar, Ganesh and Ghorpade Peths.

In 1720, Baji Rao I was appointed Peshwa (Prime Minister) of the Maratha Empire, ruled by Chattrapati Shahuji.[11] He selected Pune as his base and started construction of Shaniwarwada on the banks of the Mutha River. The construction was completed in 1730, ushering the era of Peshwa control of the city. The patronage of the Peshwas resulted in the construction of many temples and bridges in the city, including the Lakdi Pul and the temples on Parvati Hill. Bajirao Peshwa also constructed an underground aqueduct to bring water from Katraj lake to Shaniwarwada. The aqueduct is still operational. As a city Pune developed in the period of Nanasaheb Peshwe. He developed Saras Baug, Heera Baug, Parvati Temple and new commercial, trading and residential localilties. The Sadashiv Peth, Narayan Peth, Rasta Peth and Nana Peth were developed in this era. The Peshwas fell into decline after their defeat in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761. In 1802, Pune was captured by Yashwantrao Holkar in the Battle of Poona, directly precipitating the Second Anglo-Maratha War of 1803-1805.

British Rule

The Third Anglo-Maratha War broke out between the Marathas and the British in 1817. The Peshwas were defeated at the Battle of Khadki (then transcribed Kirkee) on November 5 near Pune, and the city was seized by the British.[12] It was placed under the administration of the Bombay Presidency, and the British built a large military cantonment to the east of the city (now used by the Indian Army). The Pune Municipality was established in 1858. Navi Peth, Ganj Peth and Mahatma Phule Peth are believed to have developed during the British Raj.

Nana Sahib Peshwa, the adopted son of the last Peshwa Bajirao II, rose against the rule of British East India Company as a part of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, known in India as the First War Of Independence. He was helped by Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi and Tatya Tope. At the end of the war, the final remnants of the Maratha Empire were annexed to British India.

Pune was an important centre in the social and religious reform movements of the late 19th century. Many prominent social reformers and freedom fighters lived here, including Bal Gangadhar Tilak (also known as Lokmanya Tilak), Vitthal Ramji Shinde, Dhondo Keshav Karve and Jyotirao Phule.

In late 1896, Pune was hit by bubonic plague; and by the end of February 1897, the epidemic was raging, with a mortality rate twice the norm, and half the city's population fled. A Special Plague Committee was formed under the chairmanship of W. C. Rand, an Indian Civil Services officer. He brought troops to deal with the emergency. Although these measures were unpopular, the epidemic was under control by May. On 22 June 1897, during the Diamond Jubilee celebration of the coronation of Queen Victoria, Rand and his military escort Lt. Ayerst were shot while returning from the celebrations at Government House. Both died, Ayerst on the spot and Rand of his wounds on 3 July. The Chapekar brothers and two accomplices were charged with this murder, and with the shooting of two informants and an attempt to shoot a police officer. All three brothers were found guilty and hanged. An accomplice was dealt with similarly. Another, a school boy, was sentenced to ten years hard labour.

Independence

After Indian independence in 1947, Pune saw a lot of development, such as the establishment of the National Defense Academy at Khadakwasla and the National Chemical Laboratory at Pashan. Pune serves as the headquarters of the Southern Command of the Indian Army.[13] Industrial developments started in the 1950s and '60s in Hadapsar, Bhosari, Pimpri, and Parvati.[14] Telco (now Tata Motors) started operations in 1961, which gave a huge boost to the automobile sector.

In July 1961, the Panshet dam broke and its waters flooded the city, destroying most of the older sections of town. This unfortunate incident led constructive developments in the city, including giving an opportunity for modern town planning concepts to be put into use.[citation needed] The economy of the city witnessed a boom in the construction and manufacturing sectors. By 1966, the city had expanded in all directions.[14]

In 1990 Pune began to attract foreign capital, particularly in the information technology and engineering industries; new businesses like floriculture and food processing started to take root in and around the city. In 1998, work on the six-lane Mumbai-Pune expressway began; a huge accomplishment for the country, the expressway was completed in 2001.[15] IT Parks were established in Aundh, Hinjawadi and on Nagar Road. In 2008 the Commonwealth Youth Games took place in Pune, which encouraged additional development in the northwest region of the city.[16]

In July 2009, India's first death due to H1 N1 occurred in Pune. Later the city became an epicenter of swine flue due to the large number of H1 N1 cases.[17]

On 13 February 2010, a bomb exploded at the German Bakery in the upmarket Koregaon Park neighbourhood on the east side of Pune killing 11 and injuring 33.[18] The explosion is now suspected to be an improvised explosive device using an ammonium nitrate fuel oil mix.[19] The blast was a first in what was until then the relatively safe environment of Pune.[20]

Geography

Laxmi Road in Central Pune
Pashan Lake is a man made lake

Pune is located 560 m (1,840 ft) above sea level on the western margin of the Deccan plateau. It is situated on the leeward side of the Sahyadri mountain range, which form a barrier from the Arabian sea. It is a relatively hilly city, with its tallest hill, Vetal Hill, rising to 800 m (2,600 ft) above sea level. Just outside the city, the Sinhagad fort is located at an altitude of 1300 m.

Central Pune is located at the confluence of the Mula and Mutha rivers. The Pavana and Indrayani rivers, tributaries of the Bhima river, traverse the northwestern outskirts of metropolitan Pune. Pune lies very close to the seismically active zone around Koyna Dam, about 100 km (62 mi) south of the city, and has been rated in Zone 4 (on a scale of 2 to 5, with 5 being the most prone to earthquakes) by the India Meteorological Department. Pune has experienced some moderate-intensity and many low-intensity earthquakes in its history. Although no major earthquakes have originated in Pune itself, an earthquake of magnitude 3.2 took place in the Katraj region near Pune on May 17, 2004.[21] A low intensity earthquake observed on the night of 30 July 2008 was measured at 4.2 at around 12:41 am. The epicenter for the earthquake was in the Koyna Dam seismic field.[22]

Neighborhoods

Main article: Pune Neighborhoods
The northwestern suburb of Pashan

The city of Pune can be divided into the following zones:

Pune Neighborhoods
Zone Neighborhood Description
Central Pune The seventeen Peths (markets) of Pune These were established and developed during the Maratha and Peshwa rule, and are referred to as the old city.
New Developments (inner) Deccan Gymkhana, Erandwane and Shivajinagar in the west; Camp, Bund Garden and Koregaon Park in the east; Swargate, Parvati Hill, Sahakarnagar, Mukund Nagar, Maharshi Nagar, Gultekdi and Salisbury Park to the south. Bounded on the north by the Mula-Mutha river.
New developments (outer) Khadki, Aundh and Ganeshkhind in the northwest; Kothrud and Paud Road in the west; Dattawadi, Sahakarnagar and Dhankawadi in the southwest; Bibvewadi and Lullanagar in the southeast; Yerwada, Wadgaon Sheri (including Kalyani Nagar and Shastri Nagar) in the northeast; Vishrantwadi in the north; Ghorpadi, Fatimanagar, Wanowrie and Hadapsar South to the east. Several educational institutes are located in the Bibvewadi and Dhankawadi neighborhoods.
Suburbs Baner and Pashan in the northwest; Bavdhan and Warje in the west; Wadgaon Budrukh, Dhayari and Ambegaon in the southwest; Katraj, Kondhwa, Undri and Mohammedwadi in the southeast; Hadapsar, Mundhwa and Manjri in the east; Kharadi in the northeast; Dhanori and Kalas to the north. Kharadi and Hadapsar are home to large IT parks

The Pune Metropolitan Area also includes the following areas, located roughly to the northwest of Pune city. These are administered by the Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation.

Climate

Pune
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
0
 
 
30
11
 
 
0
 
 
32
12
 
 
5
 
 
36
16
 
 
16
 
 
38
20
 
 
40
 
 
37
22
 
 
116
 
 
32
22
 
 
187
 
 
28
22
 
 
122
 
 
27
21
 
 
120
 
 
29
20
 
 
77
 
 
31
18
 
 
30
 
 
30
14
 
 
4
 
 
29
12
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: IMD
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0
 
 
86
52
 
 
0
 
 
90
54
 
 
0.2
 
 
97
61
 
 
0.6
 
 
100
68
 
 
1.6
 
 
99
72
 
 
4.6
 
 
90
72
 
 
7.4
 
 
82
72
 
 
4.8
 
 
81
70
 
 
4.7
 
 
84
68
 
 
3
 
 
88
64
 
 
1.2
 
 
86
57
 
 
0.2
 
 
84
54
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Pune has a tropical wet and dry climate with average temperatures ranging between 20 to 28 °C (68 to 82 °F).

Pune experiences three distinct seasons: summer, monsoon and winter. Typical summer months are from March to May, with maximum temperatures ranging from 30 to 38 °C (86 to 100 °F). The warmest month in Pune is April; although summer doesn't end until May, the city often receives heavy thundershowers in May (and humidity remains high). Even during the hottest months, the nights are usually cool due to Pune's high altitude. The highest temperature ever recorded was 43.3 °C (109.9 °F) on April 30, 1897.[23]

The monsoon lasts from June to October, with moderate rainfall and temperatures ranging from 10 to 28 °C (50 to 82 °F). Most of the 722 mm (28.4 inches) of annual rainfall in the city fall between June and September, and July is the wettest month of the year.

Winter begins in November; November in particular is referred to as the Rosy Cold (literal translation) (Marathi: गुलाबी थंडी). The daytime temperature hovers around 28 °C (82 °F) while night temperature is below 10 °C (50 °F) for most of December and January, often dropping to 5 to 6 °C (41 to 43 °F). The lowest temperature ever recorded was 1.7 °C on January 17, 1935.[24]

Demographics

Template:IndiaCensusPop As per the 2010 Census of India estimate, the population of the Pune urban agglomeration is to peg around 5,518,688 [25] This includes the towns of Khadki, Pimpri-Chinchwad and Dehu. Growth in the software and education sectors has led to an influx of skilled labour from across India. The population of the urban agglomeration was estimated to be around 4,485,000 in 2005.[26] The migrating population rose from 43,900 in 2001 to 88,200 in 2005.[27] According to the Pune Municipal Corporation, 38.9% of the population lived in slums in 2001.[28] The sharp increase in censorial decade of 1991–2001 can be attributed to the absorption of 38 fringe villages into the city.[29] The literacy rate is about 81%.[30]

Marathi is the official and most widely spoken language, while Hindi and English are understood and spoken widely. Pune has a great Marathi influence as it was the bastion of the Maratha Empire. Pune being a metropolitan city, has large number of people from other states especially from Karnataka and North India. Pune has many white-collar professionals thanks to a large number of educational, research and training institutes spread throughout the city.

Religion

Chaturshringi Temple
Dagadusheth Halwai Ganapati temple

Hinduism is the most commonly practised religion in Pune, and many Churches, Masjids, Gurudwaras, Jain temples and other religious buildings are found throughout the city[31]. The most prominent communities include Marathas, Bramhins, Gujaratis, Jains, Marwadis and Sindhis alongwith the local communties. The most prominent Hindu temple in Pune is the Parvati Temple, located on Parvati hill and visible from most of the inner suburbs. The most visited temple is likely the Chaturshringi Temple, located on the slopes of a hill in the northwest of the city. During Navratri, there is a large procession to this temple and worshippers gather from around the country to pray here. The presiding god of Pune city is the Kasba Ganapati, whose temple is found in Kasba Peth in central Pune. Sarasbaug Ganpati is also a prominent landmark in Pune.

The Pataleshwar Temple, is believed to be one of the oldest temples in the city.[citation needed]

Since 1894, Pune has celebrated Ganesh Chaturthi as a ten-day long festival, in which most neighborhoods put up a pandal (tent) with an idol of Ganesha, often amidst a religious setting, complete with decorative lights and festive music. This festival culminates with a parade of Ganesh idols from across the city carried to the local rivers to be immersed (Ganesh visarjan). The Kasba Ganapati, as the presiding deity of the city, is the first in this parade. The idea of a public celebration was initiated by Lokmanya Tilak in Pune, and has since spread to many other cities, particularly Mumbai, which now has a parade every year.

Significant religious leaders Sant Dnyaneshwar and poet Sant Tukaram were born near Pune. Their link to the city is commemorated with an annual pilgrimage to Pandharpur, 300 kilometers away, consisting of a palkhi of both figures being carried to the main temple of the Hindu god Vithoba. The pilgrimage is timed to end on the auspicious day of Aashadhi Ekadashi

Islam is the second largest religion in Pune.[citation needed] Pune has a large number of mosques, the most prominent ones of which are Chand Tara Masjid (Tabliji Markaz), Madarchilla Masjid and Azam Campus Masjid. Chand Tara Masjid located in Nana Peth is one of the biggest and most important mosques in Pune as it is the city headquarter (Markaz) for Tabligi Jamaat. The Eid-gah Maidan located near Golibar Maidan on Shankar Sheth Road witnesses a large gathering of people for Eid Namaz on Eid-Ul-Fitr and Eid-Ul-Adha.

There is a significant number of Christians residing in Pune. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Pune (Latin: Poonen(sis)) is located here. It is a part of the Ecclesiastical province of Mumbai. It was established in 1854 as the Apostolic Vicariate of Poona from the Apostolic Vicariate of Bombay. On 1 September, 1886 it was Promoted to the Diocese of Poona. Christianity first arrived in the 18th century when the British took over the area from the Maratha empire. American missionaries were first to start evangelizing the local people. They built many churches and schools in Pune. Pune's Christians are also called Marathi Christians because of their use of the Marathi language. The Vineyard is a popular place of Christian worship in [[Dapoli], a village near Pune. Many people from different religion comes to attend prayer meetings in the Vineyard.

The Shrutisagar Ashram, located at Phulgaon off the Nagar road, houses the Vedanta Research Centre and a unique temple of Dakshinamurthy, located near the confluence of the Bhima, Bhama and Indrayani rivers. It was established in 1989 by Swami Swaroopanand Saraswati. Here one can find detailed explanations of śruti and smrti (including the Vedas, Bhagwat Gita, Upanishads and Puranas) in Marathi and English.

With 200,000 visitors annually, the Osho International Meditation Resort in Pune is one of the largest spiritual centres in the world

Pune has been associated with several significant spiritual teachers. Osho lived and taught in Pune for much of the 1970s and 1980s. The Osho International Meditation Resort, one of the world's largest spiritual centers, is located in the Koregaon Park area. It has visitors from over a hundred countries.[32] Pune is also the birthplace of spiritual guru Meher Baba, although pilgrims usually travel to Meherabad to visit Meher Baba's tomb. Hazrat Babajan, one of the five Perfect Masters, lived the final 25 years of her life in Pune. She established her final residence first under a neem tree near Bukhari Shah's mosque in Rasta Peth and later another neem tree in the then-dilapidated section of Pune called Char Bawdi where she remained the rest of her life. There is a shrine erected in her honour in Pune, around the tree under which she made her final home.[33]

The ISKCON movement also has a presence in the city, with the Sri Radha Kunjbihari Mandir.

B. K. S. Iyengar, an internationally known yoga master, established the Ramamani Iyengar Memorial Yoga Institute in Pune in 1975, in order to train students in the Iyengar Yoga System.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Pune

Pune is said to be the cultural capital of the state of Maharashtra. It epitomizes the Marathi culture, which lays emphasis on education, arts and crafts, music, and theatre. Pune has emerged as a centre of modern architecture in India, with prize winning buildings. Pune culture reflects a blend of traditions with modernity, as along with hosting classical shows, the city also boasts an active nightlife.[34]

Cuisine

Pune local cuisine has a taste of coconut and garlic, with large use of chillies. Jowar (sorghum) and bajra (millet) are the main ingredients of traditional Pune food. A typical Pune meal includes Puran Poli (a dessert bread), bhakri (millet pancakes) with pithla (a flour-based curry), Vada Pav, Bhelpuri, Pani Puri, Pav bhaji, misal, and kacchi dhabeli.[35] Mastani, a thick milkshake containing dried fruit, is a speciality of the city. It is named after Mastani, the second wife of the Peshwa Baji Rao I in the 17th century.[36]

Economy

As one of the largest cities in India, and as a result of its many colleges and universities, Pune is emerging as a prominent location for IT and manufacturing companies to expand. Pune has the sixth largest metropolitan economy and the second highest per capita income in the country (Chandigarh is first).

The automotive sector is prominent in Pune. It is home to the Automotive Research Association of India, which is responsible for the homologation of all vehicles available in India. All sectors of the automotive industry are represented, from two-wheelers and autorickshaws to cars, tractors, tempos, excavators and trucks. Automotive companies like Tata Motors, Mercedes Benz, Force Motors (Firodia-Group), Kinetic Motors have set ups in Pune. Automotive companies including General Motors, Volkswagen, and Fiat have set up greenfield facilities near Pune, leading The Independent to cite Pune as India's "Motor City".[37] Several automotive component manufacturers like Saint-Gobain Sekurit,TATA Autocomp Systems Limited , Robert Bosch GmbH, ZF Friedrichshafen AG, Visteon, and Continental Corporation are located here.

Infosys office building in Pune

India's largest engineering conglomerate, the Kirloskar Group, was the first to bring industry to Pune by setting up Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd. in 1945 at Kirkee in Pune. The Group was originally set up in Kirloskarwadi.[38] Kirloskar Brothers Limited (India’s largest manufacturer and exporter of pumps and the largest infrastructure pumping project contractor in Asia[39]), Kirloskar Oil Engines (India's largest diesel engine company[40]), Kirloskar Pneumatics Co. Ltd. and other Kirloskar companies are based in Pune.

The HSBC Global Technology Center at Kalyani Nagar develops software for the entire HSBC group.[41]

The Hinjawadi IT Park (officially called the Rajeev Gandhi IT Park) is a project being started by MIDC to house the IT sector in Pune. When completed, the Hinjawadi IT Park is expected to have an area of about 2,800 acres (11 km2). The estimated investment in the project is Rs. 600.0 million.[42] To facilitate economic growth, the government made liberal incentives in its IT and ITES Policy, 2003 and leased properties on MIDC land.[43] The IT sector employs more than 70,000 people. Major software companies in Pune include Infosys, Accenture, Persistent Systems, Capgemini, Wipro, Satyam, TCS, Fujitsu,Yash Technologies,Cognizant, Symantec, Tech Mahindra, Syntel, Zensar, Oracle Corp, Neilsoft, and IBM global. Software giant Microsoft intends to set up a Rs. 700 crore (Rs. 7 billion) project in Hinjewadi.[43]

Pune and around also houses foreign direct investments like Alpha Laval, Sandvik, Atlas Copco, Keihin FIE, Panasonic, Sharp, Enkei, Tata Tokyo, Tata Yazaki, Tata Yutaka, Lumax and many more.

Pune Food Cluster development project is an initiative funded by the World Bank. It is being implemented with the help of SIDBI, Cluster Craft to facilitate the development of the fruit and vegetable processing industries in and around Pune.[44][45]

Administration

Civic administration

The city of Pune is managed by the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC). The Corporation consists of 149 directly elected councilors,[46] who are led by the Mayor of Pune, a titular position mainly acting as an ambassador and representative of the city. Actual executive power is vested in the Municipal Commissioner, an officer of the Indian Administrative Service who is appointed by the Government of Maharashtra.

Statue of Aryabhata on the grounds of IUCAA, Pune. As there is no known information regarding his appearance, any image of Aryabhata is an artist's conception.

Apart from the PMC, four other administrative bodies are active within the Pune Metropolitan Area:

A plan to establish a single Pune Metropolitan Regional Development Authority (PMRDA), consisting of the combined municipal councils, corporations, and other local governments of Pune, Pimpri-Chinchwad, Lonavala, Talegaon, Bhor, Shirur, Saswad, the three cantonments and hundred villages near the city, has been considered since 1997, but has still not been put into place.[50] This body would be the executing authority which would acquire and develop reserve land to improve the infrastruction of the Pune metropolitan area.

The Pune Police is headed by the Police Commissioner of Pune, an officer of the Indian Police Service. The Pune Police report to the state ministry.

Military establishments

The National War Memorial Southern Command in Pune Cantonment

Pune was the largest military base for the British during the Raj and the architecture in the cantonment area is very evocative of the era. The majority of the old Cantonment land in the city is now occupied by the Indian Army for the housing of its garrisons and officers.[51] The Southern Command, a World War II Indian Army formation, has its headquarters in Pune cantonment. The Lohegaon Air Force Base was primarily developed as a base for the multi-role strike fighter squadrons of Sukhoi-30MKI.

The National Defence Academy (NDA) is an integrated military training center that provides education up to the graduation level and joint training for cadets of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force.[52] The NDA estate is spread over 8,028 acres (3,209 hectares) of land in Khadakwasla near Pune and contains apart from NDA facilities, a mini sanctuary and Peacock Bay, one of the lakes that provide water to Pune city.[53] Pune also host College Of military Engineering which is also commonly referred to as CME. It trains Students in Engineering subjects in realation to military .[[1]]

Architecture

In addition to its various temples, historical attractions in and around Pune include the rock-cut Pataleshwar cave temple, Aga Khan Palace, Shaniwarwada, Lal Mahal, Shinde Chhatri and Sinhagad fort.

The city is known for its British Raj and the Garden Cities Movement layout of the Cantonment in the early twentieth century. Notable architects who have worked in Pune include B.V.Doshi, Charles Correa , Achyut Kanvinde and Christopher Charles Benninger. Modern master pieces in Pune include the IUCA by Correa and a number of campuses by Benninger, including his studio complex called INDIA HOUSE. His award winning campuses include the Mahindra United World College of India, the YMCA Campsite at Nilshi, the Samundra Institute of Maritime Studies, and Suzlon One Earth.

Museums, parks and zoos

Pu. La. Deshpande Garden

Prominent museums in Pune include the Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum, Mahatma Phule Museum, Babasaheb Ambedkar Museum, Pune Tribal Museum and new Deccan Museum the National War Museum.

Pune has a number of public gardens, such as the Kamala Nehru Park, Sambhaji Park, Shahu Udyan, Peshwe Park, Saras Baug, Empress Garden, Taljai Hills and Bund Garden. The Pune-Okayama Friendship Garden, now renamed Pu La Deshpande Udyan, is a replica of the Korakuen Garden in Okayama, Japan.[54]

The Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park is located at Katraj, close to the city.[55] The zoo, earlier located at Peshwe Park, was merged with the reptile park at Katraj in 1999.

The College of Military Engineering has a small rail museum as part of their larger Corps Equipment Museum. A large railway museum is also coming up in Lonavala about 60 km (37 mi) away from the city on the Mumbai railway line.


The city's metropolitan area has grown rapidly but retains its old Marathi neighborhoods and the aura of an intellectual center.[56][57] As the agro-pharmaceutical business has dwindled in recent decades, immigration from erstwhile tribal peoples now accounts for seventy percent of population growth and education syllabi have not adjusted in accordance with other industrialised regions.[58][59] This has created what has become an exclusive environment in the government's expansion of education infrastructure, and Marathi literati have received a number of grants in areas that were previously ignored. Both experimental (प्रायोगिक रंगभूमी) and professional theatre receive extensive patronage from the Marathi community. The Tilak Smarak Mandir, Bala Gandharva Rangmandir, Bharat Natya Mandir, Yashwantrao Chavan Natyagriha and Sudarshan Rangmanch are prominent theatres in the city. Ganesh Kala Krida Rangamanch is the largest closed theatre in the city, with a seating capacity of 45,000.[60]

The Sawai Gandharva Sangeet Mahotsav, one of the most prominent and sought-after Indian classical music festivals in India is held in Pune every year in December. The festival is led and organized each year by Pt. Bhimsen Joshi and it commemorates the life and achievements of Pt. Sawai Gandharva.[61] The concept of Diwāḷī Pahāṭ originated in Pune as a music festival on the morning of the festival of Diwali.[62]

Education and research

Main article: Education in Pune

Pune has more than a hundred educational institutes and nine universities,[7] and has acquired a reputation as "The Oxford of the East", with students from all over the world studying at the colleges of the University of Pune. Pune has more schools, colleges and universities than any other city in the world.

Basic and special education

Main article: Schools in Pune

Public schools (known locally as "municipality schools") are run by the Pune Municipal Corporation, and are affiliated with the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education. Private schools are run by educational trusts or individuals. They are usually affiliated to either the state board or to national education boards, such as the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education, CBSE or NIOS boards.

The University of Pune

Pune is the largest centre for Japanese learning in India.[63] JLPT exams are held every December. Instruction in Japanese is provided by many educators, including the University of Pune. Other languages including German (taught at the Max Muller Bhavan) and French (at the Alliance Francaise de Poona) are popular in the city.

University education

Main article: List of colleges and universities in Pune

Most colleges in Pune are affiliated to the University of Pune, established in 1948. Seven other universities have also been established in the city.[64]

File:Coep.jpg
College of Engineering, Pune

The College of Engineering, Pune, founded in 1854, is the third oldest engineering college in Asia. The Deccan Education Society was founded by several local citizens in 1884, including social and political activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak,[65] and was responsible for founding Fergusson College in 1885. This society currently maintains and operates 32 institutes in Pune.

Reputed engineering colleges such as Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune Institute of Computer Technology, All India Shri Shivaji Memorial Society's C.O.E, Pune Vidyarthi Griha's C.O.E, Vishwakarma Institue of Technology are affiliated to The University of Pune. , the National Defence Academy, Film and Television Institute of India, Dnyaneshwar Vidyapeeth, National Film Archives, Armed Forces Medical College and National Chemical Laboratory were established in Pune after the independence of India. Symbiosis International University, which operates 33 different colleges and institutions in the city, is one of India's largest private universities.[66] The Symbiosis Institute of Business Management (SIBM) is ranked amongst the top management institutes in the country.[67]

National Chemical Laboratory

ILS Law College, established by the Indian Law Society, is one of the top ten law schools in India. Established medical schools such as the Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC) and Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College train students from all over Maharashtra and India and are amongst the top medical colleges in India. The AFMC consistently ranks among the top five medical colleges in India.[68]

The Lalit Kala Kendra is an undergraduate department of Music, Dance and Drama on the University of Pune campus that has been operational since 1987. This department features a combination of Gurukul and formal education systems.[69] The International Institute of Information Technology ,Pune (I2IT, pronounced ISquareIT),[2] is one of the Premier institutes of India located in the IT Park Phase 1 ,Hinjewadi ,Pune.The 10 year old Institute is a creation of Shri P. P. Chhabria, well-known industrialist and philanthropist and Padmashree Vijay P. Bhatkar, a distinguished scientist and an acclaimed IT leader of India who is credited with the creation of India's PARAM series of supercomputers and a recipient of Maharashtra's highest recognition ‘Maharashtra Bhushan’. IGNOU and Isquareit[3]has set up the Centre of Excellence which offers full time M. Tech, MS, MBA & Ph.D. Degrees Programs in Information Technology, Biotechnology, Nanotechnology, Management,Robotics ,Satellite Communications and other areas .

Research institutes

In addition to the University of Pune, Pune is home to several research institutions of national importance. Located adjacent to the university is the National Chemical Laboratory, one of the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) and the Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology, while the university campus houses the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC), Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics and the National Centre for Cell Science. CDAC developed the super computer of India in 1988 post the denial of import of super computer from The US.

The KEM Hospital Research Centre, Central Water and Power Research Station,[Directorate of onion and garlic research,rajgurunagar] National Institute Of Bank Management, [National Informatics Centre], the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, the Agharkar Research Institute, the Automotive Research Association of India, and the Unit for Research and Development of Information Products are all in or around Pune. The Administrative Training Institute of Maharashtra is situated next to the Raj Bhavan in Pune.

The Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute was established in 1917 and is a world-renowned institute for research and instruction in the Sanskrit and Prakrit languages and houses more than 20,000 ancient manuscripts. The National Institute of Virology, National AIDS Research Institute,National Institute of Construction Management and Research(NICMAR) at Balewadi was set up in 1985 and National Insurance Academy are located in Pune. Pune also houses the Tata Research Development and Design Centre, a research unit of Tata Consultancy Services, working in the areas of computer science and modeling/simulation for materials processing.

Several military and armament research organizations are located in Pune (see the Military establishments section in this article).

Transport

Air

Pune International Airport is an international airport at Lohegaon, operated by the Airports Authority of India. It shares its runways with the neighboring Indian Air Force base.[70] In addition to domestic flights to all major Indian cities, this airport serves international direct flights to Dubai (operated by Air India Express)[71] and to Frankfurt (operated by Lufthansa).[72]

The Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation is responsible for the design and construction of a new Pune International Airport. The area between Chakan and Rajgurunagar, around the villages of Chandus and Shiroli, is currently being considered as a construction site. If constructed here, it will be 40 km (25 mi) from central Pune and will be the largest one in Asia.[73]

Rail

Pune Railway Station

Local trains (EMUs) connect Pune to the industrial town of Pimpri-Chinchwad and the hill station of Lonavala, while daily express trains connect Pune to Mumbai, Howrah, Delhi, Jammutawi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Goa, Varanasi, and Jamshedpur. At Pune, there is diesel locomotive shed and electric trip shed.[74] A rapid transit system has been proposed in Pune and is scheduled to begin operations in 2010.[75] Pune Metro Rail is being planned in consultation with Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited, the corporation which built and operates the Delhi Metro. Initial routes being Katraj-Nigadi and Warje-Ramwadi.

The city has two railway stations, Pune Railway Station in the city and the other at Shivajinagar. Both stations are administrated by the Pune Railway Division of the Central Railways.[76] All the railway lines to Pune are broad gauge.

Road

Main article: Roads of Pune
Pune BRTS is the first Bus Rapid Transit System in India

Both public and private transport are popular in Pune. Public buses within the city and its suburbs are operated by the Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited (PMPML). The PMPML operates the Pune Bus Rapid Transit system, the first of its kind in India, in which dedicated bus lanes allow buses to travel quickly through the city.[77] Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation runs buses from its main stations in Shivajinagar, Pune station and Swargate to all major cities and towns in Maharashtra and neighbouring states. Private companies too run buses to major cities throughout India.[78]

Pune is well-connected to other cities by Indian highways and state highways. National Highway 4 (NH 4) connects it to Mumbai, Bangalore, Sangli and Kolhapur. NH 9 to Solapur and Hyderabad, and NH 50 to Nashik. State highways connect it to Ahmednagar, Aurangabad, and Alandi.

The Mumbai-Pune Expressway, India's first six-lane high-speed expressway, was built in 2002, and has reduced travel time between Pune and Mumbai to almost two hours. A ring road is being planned for the convenience of heavy traffic.[79]

The Mumbai-Pune Expressway as seen from Khandala

Pune is served by two intra-city highways: Old Pune-Mumbai Highway and Katraj-Dehu Road Bypass, a part of National Highway 4. The Nashik City-Pune Highway NH 50 will be part of the golden triangle(Nashik-Pune-Mumbai).

Media and communication

Marathi language newspapers such as Sakal, Loksatta, Lokmat, Kesari, Maharashtra Times, Saamna and Pudhari are popular. Major English dailies in the city are The Times of India, Indian Express, Pune Mirror, Mid Day, Daily News & Analysis (DNA) and Sakaal Times (formerly the Maharashtra Herald) have editions based in Pune, with additional local supplements.

Star Maajha, Star Pravaha, SAAM Marathi, Zee 24 Taas, Zee Talkies, Zee Marathi, Doordarshan Sahyadri, ETV Marathi, IBN Lokmat and Mi Marathi are popular television channels. Many English and Hindi entertainment and news channels are watched as well. Pune has had FM Radio services running for the last few years. Though Radio Mirchi (98.3 MHz) tops the popularity rating (it being the first of Private FM channels being introduced in the city), AIR FM (101.MHz), Radio City(91.10), Radio One (94.30), Red FM (93.5) and Vidyavaani (105.6 University of Pune's own FM Channel) have their audiences as well.

Sports and recreation

See also: Pune FC, Pune Race course, and Pune IPL team

Popular games and sports in Pune include athletics, cricket, basketball, badminton, field hockey, football, tennis, kabaddi, kho-kho, rowing and chess. The Pune International Marathon is an annual marathon conducted in Pune. The 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games were held in Pune.

Cricket is played between clubs affiliated with the Maharashtra Cricket Association, which maintains a domestic cricket team (the Maharashtra cricket team). This team, one of three based in the state of Maharashtra, competes in interstate matches and leagues, such as the Ranji Trophy.

Starting in 2011 a new Indian Premier League team will be based in Pune. The Pune IPL team is owned by Sahara Group. The team is named as Sahara Pune Warriors and was brought for Rs.1702 Crores or $370 million. It is the richest team in the Indian Premier League.

Pune FC

Pune also has its own football team named as Pune FC. The Pune Football Club, also known as Pune FC, is a recently founded football club that plays in the Indian Football League. It was established in August 2007.

Pune has basketball at the Deccan Gymkhana club and at Fergusson College.[80] American football coach J. D. Walsh held his first JDBasktball India camp in Pune.[81]

The National Education Foundation organises Enduro3, a cross country adventure race in Pune. It is normally a 2 or 3 day event with activities like cycling, trekking, river-crossing and rifle shooting.[82] The city has been host to the 2009 FIVB Men's Junior World Championship.

The Pune Race course, located in Pune Cantonment, was built in 1830 over 118.5 acres (0.480 km2) of land. The land is controlled by the Indian Army. The racing season is from July to October every year. The Royal Western India Turf Club manages the race course. The course has two training tracks and two racing surfaces. Major racing events include The Pune Derby, RWITC Invitational, Independence Cup and the Southern Command Cup.[83]

The beginnings of badminton can be traced to mid-19th century Pune (then known as Poona). During a party, a few guests fastened feathers onto champagne corks and used the bottles as bats. They called this game Poonai.[84] The first rules of the game were written in Pune in 1873, by the British.[85]

Sport institutions

Further information: Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex

Prominent sporting institutions in Pune include the Nehru Stadium, the Deccan Gymkhana, the PYC Hindu Gymkhana and the Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex at Balewadi. The Nehru Stadium is the home ground of the Maharashtra cricket team, and has hosted many prominent cricket events, including one of the matches in the 1996 Cricket World Cup. The Deccan Gymkhana has hosted Davis Cup matches on several occasions. The facility at Balewadi hosted the National Games in 1994 as well as the 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games. The Royal Connaught Boat Club is one of several boating clubs on the Mula-Mutha river. A new cricket stadium, Pune International Cricket Centre, is under construction in Gahunje on the Mumbai-Pune Expressway near Pune. This stadium will be the headquarters for the Maharashtra Cricket Association and home for the Maharashtra cricket team. This will be a state-of-the-art stadium, and will be one of the best stadiums in India.

Prominent sportspersons hailing from Pune include cricketer D. B. Deodhar, Chandu Borde, father-son cricketing duo Hemant and Hrishikesh Kanitkar, tennis players Radhika Tulpule, Gaurav Natekar and Nitin Kirtane, and table-tennis player Aniket Koparkar. Abhijit Kunte and Pravin Thipse are chess grandmasters and national champions. Dhanraj Pillay is ex-captain of the Indian national field hockey team. Local MP Suresh Kalmadi is the president of the Indian Olympic Association.

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in India

Sister cities

Sister City Country
San Jose United States United States
Fairbanks
Bremen[86][87][88] Germany Germany
Tromsø Norway Norway
Nagoya[89] Japan Japan
Cape Town South Africa South Africa

See also

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