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* {{youtube|1FJHYqE0RDg|Sergey Brin introduces the Android platform}}
* {{youtube|1FJHYqE0RDg|Sergey Brin introduces the Android platform}}
* [http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee380/Abstracts/071128.html Android: Building a Mobile Platform to Change the Industry] — lecture given by Google Mobile Platforms Manager, Richard Miner at [[Stanford University]] ([http://ee380.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/videologger.php?target=071128-ee380-300.asx video archive]).
* [http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee380/Abstracts/071128.html Android: Building a Mobile Platform to Change the Industry] — lecture given by Google Mobile Platforms Manager, Richard Miner at [[Stanford University]] ([http://ee380.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/videologger.php?target=071128-ee380-300.asx video archive]).
* [http://www.getepad.com/ Android OS Tablet PC ePad]
* {{dmoz|Computers/Systems/Handhelds/Android}}
* {{dmoz|Computers/Systems/Handhelds/Android}}


Revision as of 14:31, 9 December 2010

Android
Android 2.3
DeveloperGoogle Inc.,
Open Handset Alliance
Written inC (core),[1] C++ (some third party libraries), Java (UI)
Working stateCurrent
Source modelFree and open source software
Initial release21 October 2008 (2008-10-21)
Latest release2.3 (Gingerbread) Build: GRH55 (SDK) / 6 December 2010; 13 years ago (2010-12-06)[2]
Repository
PlatformsARM, MIPS, Power Architecture, x86[citation needed]
Kernel typeMonolithic (modified Linux kernel)
Default
user interface		Graphical
LicenseApache 2.0 and GNU General Public License v2[3]
Official websiteandroid.com

Android is a mobile operating system initially developed by Android Inc. Android was purchased by Google in 2005.[4] Android is based upon a modified version of the Linux kernel. Google and other members of the Open Handset Alliance collaborated to develop and release Android to the world.[5][6] The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is tasked with the maintenance and further development of Android.[7] Unit sales for Android OS smartphones ranked first among all smartphone OS handsets sold in the U.S. in the second and third quarters of 2010,[8][9][10] with a third quarter market share of 43.6%.[11]

Android has a large community of developers writing application programs ("apps") that extend the functionality of the devices. There are currently over 100,000 apps available for Android.[12][13] Android Market is the online app store run by Google, though apps can be downloaded from third party sites (except on AT&T, which disallows this). Developers write in the Java language, controlling the device via Google-developed Java libraries.[14]

The unveiling of the Android distribution on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 78 hardware, software, and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices.[15][16] Google released most of the Android code under the Apache License, a free software and open source license.[17]

The Android operating system software stack consists of Java applications running on a Java based object oriented application framework on top of Java core libraries running on a Dalvik virtual machine featuring JIT compilation. Libraries written in C include the surface manager, OpenCore[18] media framework, SQLite relational database management system, OpenGL ES 2.0 3D graphics API, WebKit layout engine, SGL graphics engine, SSL, and Bionic libc. The Android operating system consists of 12 million lines of code including 3 million lines of XML, 2.8 million lines of C, 2.1 million lines of Java, and 1.75 million lines of C++.[19]

History

Acquisition by Google

In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc., a small startup company based in Palo Alto, California, USA.[20] Android's co-founders who went to work at Google included Andy Rubin (co-founder of Danger),[21] Rich Miner (co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.),[22] Nick Sears (once VP at T-Mobile),[23] and Chris White (headed design and interface development at WebTV).[24] At the time, little was known about the functions of Android, Inc. other than that they made software for mobile phones.[20] This began rumors that Google was planning to enter the mobile phone market.

At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel which they marketed to handset makers and carriers on the premise of providing a flexible, upgradable system. It was reported that Google had already lined up a series of hardware component and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation on their part.[25][26][27] More speculation that Google's Android would be entering the mobile-phone market came in December 2006.[28] Reports from the BBC and The Wall Street Journal noted that Google wanted its search and applications on mobile phones and it was working hard to deliver that. Print and online media outlets soon reported rumors that Google was developing a Google-branded handset.[29] More speculation followed reporting that as Google was defining technical specifications, it was showing prototypes to cell phone manufacturers and network operators.

In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony.[30][31]

Open Handset Alliance

Main article: Open Handset Alliance

"Today's announcement is more ambitious than any single 'Google Phone' that the press has been speculating about over the past few weeks. Our vision is that the powerful platform we're unveiling will power thousands of different phone models."

Eric Schmidt, Google Chairman/CEO[5]

On the 5th of November 2007. the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of several companies which include Texas Instruments, Broadcom Corporation, Google, HTC, Intel, LG, Marvell Technology Group, Motorola, Nvidia, Qualcomm, Samsung Electronics, Sprint Nextel and T-Mobile was unveiled with the goal to develop open standards for mobile devices.[5] Along with the formation of the Open Handset Alliance, the OHA also unveiled their first product, Android, a mobile device platform built on the Linux kernel version 2.6.[5]

On 9 December 2008, it was announced that 14 new members would be joining the Android Project, including PacketVideo, ARM Holdings, Atheros Communications, Asustek Computer Inc, Garmin Ltd, Softbank, Sony Ericsson, Toshiba Corp, and Vodafone Group Plc.[32][33]

Licensing

With the exception of brief update periods, Android has been available under a free software / open source license since 21 October 2008. Google published the entire source code (including network and telephony stacks)[34] under an Apache License.[35]

Update history

Android has seen a number of updates since its original release. These updates to the base operating system typically fix bugs and add new features. Generally each update to the Android operating system is developed under a code name based on a dessert item.

1.1
Released 9 February 2009
1.5 (Cupcake)
Based on Linux Kernel 2.6.27 		On 30 April 2009, the official 1.5 (Cupcake) update for Android was released.[36][37] There were several new features and UI updates included in the 1.5 update:[38]
  • Ability to record and watch videos through camcorder mode
  • Uploading videos to YouTube and pictures to Picasa directly from the phone
  • A new soft-keyboard with text-prediction
  • Bluetooth A2DP and AVRCP support
  • Ability to automatically connect to a Bluetooth headset within a certain distance
  • New widgets and folders that can populate the Home screens
  • Animated screen transitions
1.6 (Donut)
Based on Linux Kernel 2.6.29[39] 		On 15 September 2009, the 1.6 (Donut) SDK was released.[40][41] Included in the update were:[39]
  • An improved Android Market experience
  • An integrated camera, camcorder, and gallery interface
  • Gallery now enables users to select multiple photos for deletion
  • Updated Voice Search, with faster response and deeper integration with native applications, including the ability to dial contacts
  • Updated search experience to allow searching bookmarks, history, contacts, and the web from the home screen
  • Updated technology support for CDMA/EVDO, 802.1x, VPNs, and a text-to-speech engine
  • Support for WVGA screen resolutions
  • Speed improvements in searching and camera applications
  • Gesture framework and GestureBuilder development tool
  • Google free turn-by-turn navigation
2.0 / 2.1 (Eclair)
Based on Linux Kernel 2.6.29[42] 		On 26 October 2009, the 2.0 (Eclair) SDK was released.[43] Among the changes were:[44]
  • Optimized hardware speed
  • Support for more screen sizes and resolutions
  • Revamped UI
  • New Browser UI and HTML5 support
  • New contact lists
  • Better contrast ratio for backgrounds
  • Improved Google Maps 3.1.2
  • Microsoft Exchange support
  • Built in flash support for Camera
  • Digital Zoom
  • MotionEvent class enhanced to track multi-touch events[45]
  • Improved virtual keyboard
  • Bluetooth 2.1
  • Live Wallpapers

The 2.0.1 SDK was released on 3 December 2009.[46]

The 2.1 SDK was released on 12 January 2010.[47]

2.2 (Froyo)[48]
Based on Linux Kernel 2.6.32[49] 		On 20 May 2010, the 2.2 (Froyo) SDK was released.[48] Changes included:[49]
  • General Android OS speed, memory, and performance optimizations[50]
  • Additional application speed improvements courtesy of JIT implementation[51]
  • Integration of Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine into the Browser application
  • Increased Microsoft Exchange support (security policies, auto-discovery, GAL look-up, calendar synchronization, remote wipe)
  • Improved application launcher with shortcuts to Phone and Browser applications
  • USB tethering and Wi-Fi hotspot functionality
  • Added an option to disable data access over mobile network
  • Updated Market application with batch and automatic update features[50]
  • Quick switching between multiple keyboard languages and their dictionaries
  • Voice dialing and contact sharing over Bluetooth
  • Support for numeric and alphanumeric passwords
  • Support for file upload fields in the Browser application[52]
  • Browser can now display animated GIFs (instead of just the first frame)
  • Support for installing applications to the expandable memory[53]
  • Adobe Flash 10.1 support[54]
  • Support for extra high DPI screens (320 dpi), such as 4" 720p[55]
2.3 (Gingerbread)[56]
Based on Linux Kernel 2.6.35[57] 		On 6 December 2010, the 2.3 (Gingerbread) SDK was released.[56] Changes included:[57]
  • Updated user interface design
  • Support for extra-large screen sizes and resolutions (WXGA and higher)[55]
  • Native support for SIP VoIP telephony
  • Support for WebM/VP8 video playback, and AAC audio encoding
  • New audio effects such as reverb, equalization, headphone virtualization, and bass boost.
  • Support for Near Field Communication
  • System-wide copy–paste functionalities
  • Redesigned multi-touch software keyboard
  • Audio, graphical, and input enhancements for game developers
  • New sensors support (for example gyroscope)
  • Download manager for long running HTTP downloads
  • Enhanced support for native code
  • Improved power management and application control
3.0 (Honeycomb)[58][59] Scheduled for an early-2011 launch.
Ice Cream[61] Supposed mid-2011 launch.[61]

Features

Current features and specifications:[62][63][64]

The Android Emulator default home screen (v1.5).
Architecture Diagram
Handset layouts The platform is adaptable to larger, VGA, 2D graphics library, 3D graphics library based on OpenGL ES 2.0 specifications, and traditional smartphone layouts.
Storage SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes
Connectivity Android supports connectivity technologies including GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, and WiMAX.
Messaging SMS and MMS are available forms of messaging, including threaded text messaging and now Android Cloud to Device Messaging Framework (C2DM) is also a part of Android Push Messaging service.
Web browser The web browser available in Android is based on the open-source WebKit layout engine, coupled with Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine. The browser scores a 93/100 on the Acid3 Test.
Java support While Android applications are written in Java, there's no Java Virtual Machine in the platform and Java byte code is not executed. Java classes get recompiled into Dalvik executable and run on Dalvik virtual machine. Dalvik is a specialized virtual machine designed specifically for Android and optimized for battery-powered mobile devices with limited memory and CPU. J2ME support can be provided via third-party-application such as the J2ME MIDP Runner.[65]
Media support Android supports the following audio/video/still media formats: H.263, H.264 (in 3GP or MP4 container), MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB (in 3GP container), AAC, HE-AAC (in MP4 or 3GP container), MP3, MIDI, Ogg Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP.[64]
Streaming media support RTP/RTSP streaming (3GPP PSS, ISMA), HTML progressive download (HTML5 <video> tag). Adobe Flash Streaming (RTMP) is supported through Adobe Flash Player plugin. Apple HTTP Live Streaming is supported through third party media player (Nextreaming NexPlayer). Microsoft Smooth Streaming is planned to be supported through the awaited port of Silverlight plugin to Android. Adobe Flash HTTP Dynamic Streaming is planned to be supported through an upgrade of the Flash plugin.
Additional hardware support Android can use video/still cameras, touchscreens, GPS, accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, proximity and pressure sensors, thermometers, accelerated 2D bit blits (with hardware orientation, scaling, pixel format conversion) and accelerated 3D graphics.
Development environment Includes a device emulator, tools for debugging, memory and performance profiling. The integrated development environment (IDE) is Eclipse (currently 3.4 or 3.5) using the Android Development Tools (ADT) Plugin.
Market Like many phone-based application stores, the Android Market is a catalog of applications that can be downloaded and installed to target hardware over-the-air, without the use of a PC. Originally only free applications were supported. Paid-for applications have been available on the Android Market in the United States since 19 February 2009.[66] The Android Market has been expanding rapidly. As of August 3, 2010, it had over 100,000 Android applications for download.[67] There are other markets, such as SlideME and Getjar.
Multi-touch Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made available in handsets such as the HTC Hero. The feature was originally disabled at the kernel level (possibly to avoid infringing Apple's patents on touch-screen technology).[68] Google has since released an update for the Nexus One and the Motorola Droid which enables multi-touch natively.[69]
Bluetooth Support for A2DP and AVRCP were added in version 1.5;[38] sending files (OPP) and accessing the phone book (PBAP) were added in version 2.0;[44] and voice dialing and sending contacts between phones were added in version 2.2.[49]
Videocalling The mainstream Android version doesn't support videocalling,[70] however some handsets could have a customized version of the operating system which supports it, either via UMTS network (like the Samsung i9000 Galaxy S) or over IP.
Multitasking Multitasking of applications is available.[71]
Voice based features Google search through Voice is available as Search Input since initial release.[72] Also launched Voice actions supported on Android 2.2 onwards.
Tethering Android supports tethering, which allows a phone to be used as a wireless/wired hotspot (All 2.2 Froyo phones, unofficial on phones running 1.6 or higher via applications available in the Android Market, e.g. PdaNet). To allow a laptop to share the 3G connection on an Android phone software may need to be installed on both the phone and the laptop[73]

Hardware running Android

Main article: List of Android devices

The Android OS can be used as an operating system for cellphones, netbooks and tablet PCs, including the Dell Streak, Samsung Galaxy Tab and other devices.[74][75]

The world's first TV running Android, called Scandinavia, has also been launched by the company People of Lava.[76]

The first commercially available phone to run the Android operating system was the HTC Dream, released on 22 October 2008.[77]

Software development

Early Android device.

The early feedback on developing applications for the Android platform was mixed.[78] Issues cited include bugs, lack of documentation, inadequate QA infrastructure, and no public issue-tracking system. (Google announced an issue tracker on 18 January 2008.)[79] In December 2007, MergeLab mobile startup founder Adam MacBeth stated, "Functionality is not there, is poorly documented or just doesn't work... It's clearly not ready for prime time."[80] Despite this, Android-targeted applications began to appear the week after the platform was announced. The first publicly available application was the Snake game.[81][82] The Android Dev Phone is a SIM-unlocked and hardware-unlocked device that is designed for advanced developers. While developers can use regular consumer devices purchased at retail to test and use their applications, some developers may choose not to use a retail device, preferring an unlocked or no-contract device.

Software development kit

The Android software development kit (SDK) includes a comprehensive set of development tools.[83] These include a debugger, libraries, a handset emulator (based on QEMU), documentation, sample code, and tutorials. Currently supported development platforms include computers running Linux (any modern desktop Linux distribution), Mac OS X 10.4.9 or later, Windows XP or later. The officially supported integrated development environment (IDE) is Eclipse (currently 3.4 or 3.5) using the Android Development Tools (ADT) Plugin, though developers may use any text editor to edit Java and XML files then use command line tools (Java Development Kit and Apache Ant are required) to create, build and debug Android applications as well as control attached Android devices (e.g., triggering a reboot, installing software package(s) remotely).[84]

A preview release of the Android SDK was released on 12 November 2007. On 15 July 2008, the Android Developer Challenge Team accidentally sent an email to all entrants in the Android Developer Challenge announcing that a new release of the SDK was available in a "private" download area. The email was intended for winners of the first round of the Android Developer Challenge. The revelation that Google was supplying new SDK releases to some developers and not others (and keeping this arrangement private) led to widely reported frustration within the Android developer community at the time.[85]

On 18 August 2008 the Android 0.9 SDK beta was released. This release provided an updated and extended API, improved development tools and an updated design for the home screen. Detailed instructions for upgrading are available to those already working with an earlier release.[86] On 23 September 2008 the Android 1.0 SDK (Release 1) was released.[87] According to the release notes, it included "mainly bug fixes, although some smaller features were added". It also included several API changes from the 0.9 version. Multiple versions have been released since.[88]

Enhancements to Android's SDK go hand in hand with the overall Android platform development. The SDK also supports older versions of the Android platform in case developers wish to target their applications at older devices. Development tools are downloadable components, so after one has downloaded the latest version and platform, older platforms and tools can also be downloaded for compatibility testing.[89]

Android applications are packaged in .apk format and stored under /data/app folder on the Android OS (the folder is accessible to root user only for security reasons). APK package contains .dex files[90] (compiled byte code files called Dalvik executable), resource files, etc.

Android Market

Main article: Android Market

On 28 August 2008 Google announced the Android Market which was available to users on 22 October 2008. Support for paid applications was available from 13 February 2009 for US and UK developers,[91] with additional support from 29 countries on 30 September 2010.[92] The Android Market is the official download location for applications and games for Android powered devices, in mobile phone the Market application is built in and integrated with each version of the OS to allow user's quick access to a range of applications and games that will be usable on their individual device.[93] There is a huge amount of games, applications and widgets available on the Android Market with the number of applications being cited in November 2010 at 160,000.[94]

App Inventor for Android

Main article: Google App Inventor

On 12 July 2010 Google announced the availability of App Inventor for Android, a Web-based visual development environment for novice programmers, based on MIT's Open Blocks Java library and providing access to Android devices' GPS, accelerometer and orientation data, phone functions, text messaging, speech-to-text conversion, contact data, persistent storage, and Web services, initially including Amazon and Twitter.[95] "We could only have done this because Android’s architecture is so open," said the project director, MIT's Hal Abelson.[96] Under development for over a year,[97] the block-editing tool has been taught to non-majors in computer science at Harvard, MIT, Wellsley, and the University of San Francisco, where Professor David Wolber developed an introductory computer science course and tutorial book for non-computer science students based on App Inventor for Android.[98][99]

Android Developer Challenge

Main article: Android Developer Challenge

The Android Developer Challenge was a competition for the most innovative application for Android. Google offered prizes totaling 10 million US dollars, distributed between ADC I and ADC II. ADC I accepted submissions from 2 January to 14 April 2008. The 50 most promising entries, announced on 12 May 2008, each received a $25,000 award to fund further development.[100][101] It ended in early September with the announcement of ten teams that received $275,000 each, and ten teams that received $100,000 each.[102] ADC II was announced on 27 May 2009.[103] The first round of the ADC II closed on 6 October 2009.[104] The first-round winners of ADC II comprising the top 200 applications were announced on 5 November 2009. Voting for the second round also opened on the same day and ended on November 25. Google announced the top winners of ADC II on November 30, with SweetDreams, What the Doodle!? and WaveSecure being nominated the overall winners of the challenge.[105][106]

Google applications

Google has also participated in the Android Market by offering several applications for its services. These applications include Google Voice for the Google Voice service, Sky Map for watching stars, Finance for their finance service, Maps Editor for their MyMaps service, Places Directory for their Local Search, Google Goggles that searches by image, Gesture Search for using finger written letters and numbers to search the contents of the phone, Google Translate, Google Shopper, Listen for podcasts and My Tracks, a jogging application.

In August 2010, Google launched "Voice Actions for Android",[107] which allows users to search, write messages, and initiate calls by voice.

Third party applications

With the growing number of Android handsets, there has also been an increased interest by third party developers to port their applications to the Android operating system. Notable applications that have been converted to the Android operating system include Shazam, Doodle Jump, and WeatherBug.

The Android operating system has grown significantly, and a lot of the most popular internet sites and services have created native applications. These include MySpace, Facebook, and Twitter.

As of 15 July 2010, the Android Marketplace had over 70,000 applications, with over 1 billion downloads.[108][109]

Native code

Libraries written in C and other languages can be compiled to ARM native code and installed using the Android Native Development Kit. Native classes can be called from Java code running under the Dalvik VM using the System.loadLibrary call, which is part of the standard Android Java classes.[110][111]

Complete applications can be compiled and installed using traditional development tools.[112] The ADB debugger gives a root shell under the Android Emulator which allows native ARM code to be uploaded and executed. ARM code can be compiled using GCC on a standard PC.[112] Running native code is complicated by the fact that Android uses a non-standard C library (libc, known as Bionic). The underlying graphics device is available as a framebuffer at /dev/graphics/fb0.[113] The graphics library that Android uses to arbitrate and control access to this device is called the Skia Graphics Library (SGL), and it has been released under an open source license.[114] Skia has backends for both win32 and Unix, allowing the development of cross-platform applications, and it is the graphics engine underlying the Google Chrome web browser.[115]

Community-based firmware

There is a community of open-source enthusiasts that build and share Android-based firmware with a number of customizations and additional features, such as FLAC lossless audio support and the ability to store downloaded applications on the microSD card.[116] This usually involves rooting the device. Rooting allows users root access to the operating system, giving more control over their environment variables. In order to use custom firmwares the devices bootloader must be unlocked. Rooting alone does not allow the flashing of custom firmware. Modified firmwares allow users of older phones to use applications available only on newer releases.[117]

Those firmware packages are updated frequently, incorporate elements of Android functionality that haven't yet been officially released within a carrier-sanctioned firmware, and tend to have fewer limitations. CyanogenMod and VillainROM are two examples of such firmware.

On 24 September 2009, Google issued a cease and desist letter[118] to the modder Cyanogen, citing issues with the re-distribution of Google's closed-source applications[119] within the custom firmware. Even though most of Android OS is open source, phones come packaged with closed-source Google applications for functionality such as the application store and GPS navigation. Google has asserted that these applications can only be provided through approved distribution channels by licensed distributors. Cyanogen has complied with Google's wishes and is continuing to distribute this mod without the proprietary software. He has provided a method to back up licensed Google applications during the mod's install process and restore them when it is complete.[120]

Marketing

File:Android-logo.jpg
Android robot logo.

Logos

The Android logo was designed with the Droid font family made by Ascender Corporation.[121]

Android Green is the color of the Android Robot that represents the Android operating system. The print color is PMS 376C and the RGB color value in hexadecimal is #A4C639, as specified by the Android Brand Guidelines.[122]

Typeface

Text logo.

The custom typeface of Android is called Norad, only used in the text logo.[123]

Market share

Research company Canalys estimates that by Q2 2009, Android had a 2.8% share of the worldwide smartphone market.[124] By the following quarter (Q3 2009), Android's market share had grown to 3.5%.[125]

In February 2010 ComScore ranked the Android platform as obtaining a 9.0% of the smartphone platform marketshare. This figure was up from an earlier estimate of 5.2% stated in November 2009.[126] In July 2010 ComScore revised Android's share for 3 months March/April/May 2010 to 13.0%, an increase of 4 percentage points, 0.2 percentage points behind Microsoft whose share had dropped 1.9%.[127]

Analytics firm Flurry estimates that 250,000 Motorola Droid phones were sold in the United States during the phone's first week in stores.[128]

In May 2010, Android's first quarter U.S. sales surpassed that of the rival iPhone platform. According to a report by the NPD group, Android achieved 28% smartphone sales in the US market, up 8% from the December quarter. In the second quarter, Apple's iOS was up by 1%, indicating that Android is taking market share mainly from RIM, and still has to compete with heavy consumer demand for new competitor offerings.[8] Furthermore, analysts point to advantages that Android has as multi-channel, multi-carrier OS, which has allowed it to duplicate the quick success of Microsoft's Windows Mobile.[129]

According to an interview with Eric Schmidt in The Guardian, Android is getting 160,000 new users per day (end June 2010) up from 100,000 per day in May 2010.[130]

As of 4 August 2010 Google is now activating 200,000 new phones to the Android platform per day according to Eric Schmidt.[131]

In early October 2010, Google added 20 countries to its list of approved submitters. By mid-October, purchasing apps will be available in a total of 32 countries.[132]

Market research firm Gartner reported that at the end of the Q3 2010, Android had a worldwide market share of 25.5%.[133]

ComScore reported at the end of the Q3 2010, U.S. owned Android smartphones during the three months ending in September, up 15 percent from the preceding three month period. Google continues to gain ground in the market, rising 6.5 percentage points to capture 21.4 percent of (US) smartphone subscribers.[134]

For a complete list of countries that are allowed to sell apps and those able to buy them see Android Market.

Android OS Usage Share

Data collected during two weeks ending on December 1, 2010
Other: 0.1% of devices running obsolete versions[135]

Data collected during two weeks ending on December 1, 2010

Platform API Level Distribution
Android 2.2 (Froyo) 8 43.4%
Android 2.1 (Eclair) 7 39.6%
Android 1.6 (Donut) 4 10.6%
Android 1.5 (Cupcake) 3 6.3%

Restrictions and issues

Google tracks issues and feature requests publicly at Google Code's site.[136]

Linux compatibility

  • Android's kernel was derived from Linux but has been tweaked by Google outside the main Linux kernel tree.[137] Android does not have a native X Window System nor does it support the full set of standard GNU libraries, and this makes it difficult to port existing GNU/Linux applications or libraries to Android.[138] However, support for the X Window System is possible.[139]
  • Google no longer maintains the code they previously contributed to the Linux kernel as part of their Android effort, effectively branching kernel code in their own tree, separating their code from Linux.[140][141] This was due to a disagreement about new features Google felt were necessary (some related to security of mobile applications).[142]The code which is no longer maintained was deleted in January 2010 from the Linux codebase.[143] However, Google announced in April 2010 that they will employ staff to work with the Linux kernel community.[144]

Networking issues

Issues concerning application development

  • Android does not use established Java standards, i.e. Java SE and ME. This prevents compatibility among Java applications written for those platforms and those for the Android platform. Android only reuses the Java language syntax, but does not provide the full-class libraries and APIs bundled with Java SE or ME.[149] However, there are multiple tools in the market that provide J2ME to Android Conversion Services, which enable the developer to convert Java into Android. Companies like Myriad Group and UpOnTek provide these services.[150][151][152]
  • Developers have reported that it is difficult to maintain applications on multiple versions of Android, owing to compatibility issues between versions 1.5 and 1.6,[153][154] especially the different resolution ratios in use among various Android phones.[155] Such problems were pointedly brought into focus as they were encountered during the ADC2 contest.[156]
  • The rapid growth in the number of Android-based phone models with differing hardware capabilities also makes it difficult to develop applications that work on all Android-based phones.[157][158][159][160] As of August 2010, 64% of Android phones run the 2.x versions, and 36% still run the 1.5 and 1.6 versions[161]

Other issues

  • Older versions of Android do not readily support Bluetooth file exchange,[162] although it may still be achieved with some hacking.[163] Bluetooth is supported by more recent phones.[164]
  • In version 2.2 the rSAP protocol is missing which many vehicles use for handsfree.[165]
  • Using the native Google Calendar functionality for Android phones, an Android device user runs into the same limitations that exist in the Calendar application. The most noticeable defect is the lack of proper time zone support: it is not possible to set the time zone for start/end times of events.[166][167][168] Because of this issue, some users experience difficulty while traveling with Android devices.[169]
  • As of the 2.2 release, Android does not have full Unicode support.[170] Developers are reporting rendering issues, support for conjunct consonants, etc.[171]
  • Android supports all the file systems supported by the linux kernel, with its own limitations. For read/write access to other popular filesystems, Tuxera launched Tuxera File System Suite, which combines NTFS, exFAT and HFS+ for Android.[172]
  • Android doesn't support the "Require Device Encryption" policy in Microsoft's Exchange ActiveSync (EAS) service.[173]

Claimed infringement of copyrights and patents

See also: Java applet § The 2010 Oracle - Google lawsuit

On the 12 August 2010, Oracle, owner of Java since it acquired Sun Microsystems in April 2009, sued Google over claimed infringement of copyrights and patents. The lawsuit claims that, "In developing Android, Google knowingly, directly and repeatedly infringed Oracle's Java-related intellectual property."[174] Oracle has named Boies, Schiller & Flexner as part of its legal team.[175]

Specifically the patent infringement claim references seven patents including United States Patent No. 5,966,702, entitled "Method And Apparatus For Preprocessing And Packaging Class Files", and United States Patent No. 6,910,205, entitled "Interpreting Functions Utilizing A Hybrid Of Virtual And Native Machine Instructions".[176] It also references United States Patent No. RE38,104, (“the '104 patent”) entitled “Method And Apparatus For Resolving Data References In Generated Code” authored by James Gosling best known as the father of the Java programming language.[177]

According to Gartner analyst Ken Dulaney, Android is based on a clean room reverse-engineered version of Java, called Dalvik. Oracle says Dalvik is a competitor to Java and infringes several of its patents, which are listed in the complaint, and its Java copyright.[174][178] While officially claiming that "Android is not Java", Google at the same time calls the suit an "attack on Java community",[179] making a distinction between "official Java" and "Java in general".

The Free Software Foundation has said that Google could have avoided this suit by building Android on top of IcedTea whose GPL license provides some protection against patents, instead of implementing it independently under the Apache License. It has also called the suit a "clear attack against someone's freedom to use, share, modify, and redistribute software".[180] However, the FSF also criticized Google, writing that "It's sad to see that Google apparently shunned those protections in order to make proprietary software development easier on Android.", and remarking that Google had not taken any clear position or action against software patents.

See also

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Bibliography

External links

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