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Several texts and hymns of the Vedic literature were composed in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=vedic>{{cite web|title=Vedic Age in state|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=28|publisher=''[[Government of India]]''|accessdate=27 July 2012}}</ref> The texts constitute the oldest layer of [[Sanskrit literature]] and the oldest [[Hindu texts|scriptures]] of Hinduism. [[Vyasa]] wrote the [[Mahabharata]], the epic narrative of the [[Kurukshetra War]] and the fates of the [[Kauravas]] and the [[Pandava]] princes, in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=epic>{{cite web|last=Subhash|first=Kak|title=The Mahabharata as an encyclopaedia|url=http://www.ece.lsu.edu/kak/MahabharataII.pdf|publisher=[[Louisiana State University]]|accessdate=5 August 2012}}</ref> The festival of ''[[Guru Purnima]]'', is dedicated to him, and also known as ''Vyasa Purnima'' as it is the day, which is believed to be his birthday and also the day he divided the Vedas.<ref name=ci>{{cite book|title=Awakening Indians to India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AIU4LzftaPAC&pg=PA167&dq=%22Guru+Purnima%22+-inpublisher:icon&cd=8#v=onepage&q=%22Guru%20Purnima%22%20-inpublisher%3Aicon&f=false|year=2008 |publisher=Chinmaya Mission|isbn=81-7597-434-6|page=167|accessdate=5 August 2012}}</ref> The Hindi language boasts a rich literary heritage in the state. There is a long tradition in folk literature. In the nineteenth and twentieth century, Hindi literature was modernised in the works of authors such as [[Jaishankar Prasad]], [[Maithili Sharan Gupt]], [[Munshi Premchand]], [[Suryakant Tripathi Nirala]], [[Babu Gulabrai]], [[Sachchidananda Vatsyayan|Sachchidananda Hirananda Vatsyayan 'Agyeya']], [[Rahul Sankrityayan]], [[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]], [[Dharamvir Bharati]], [[Subhadra Kumari Chauhan]], [[Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi]], [[Swami Sahajanand Saraswati]], [[Dushyant Kumar]], [[Hazari Prasad Dwivedi]], [[Acharya Kuber Nath Rai]], [[Bharatendu Harishchandra]], [[Kamleshwar Prasad Saxena]], [[Shivmangal Singh Suman]], [[Mahadevi Varma]], and [[Vibhuti Narain Rai]].<ref name=authors>{{cite web|title=The Indus Valley Civilization|url=http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/ancient/indus/indus_civ.html|publisher=''The Hindu universe''|accessdate=Jul 8, 2012}}</ref>
Several texts and hymns of the Vedic literature were composed in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=vedic>{{cite web|title=Vedic Age in state|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=28|publisher=''[[Government of India]]''|accessdate=27 July 2012}}</ref> The texts constitute the oldest layer of [[Sanskrit literature]] and the oldest [[Hindu texts|scriptures]] of Hinduism. [[Vyasa]] wrote the [[Mahabharata]], the epic narrative of the [[Kurukshetra War]] and the fates of the [[Kauravas]] and the [[Pandava]] princes, in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=epic>{{cite web|last=Subhash|first=Kak|title=The Mahabharata as an encyclopaedia|url=http://www.ece.lsu.edu/kak/MahabharataII.pdf|publisher=[[Louisiana State University]]|accessdate=5 August 2012}}</ref> The festival of ''[[Guru Purnima]]'', is dedicated to him, and also known as ''Vyasa Purnima'' as it is the day, which is believed to be his birthday and also the day he divided the Vedas.<ref name=ci>{{cite book|title=Awakening Indians to India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AIU4LzftaPAC&pg=PA167&dq=%22Guru+Purnima%22+-inpublisher:icon&cd=8#v=onepage&q=%22Guru%20Purnima%22%20-inpublisher%3Aicon&f=false|year=2008 |publisher=Chinmaya Mission|isbn=81-7597-434-6|page=167|accessdate=5 August 2012}}</ref> The Hindi language boasts a rich literary heritage in the state. There is a long tradition in folk literature. In the nineteenth and twentieth century, Hindi literature was modernised in the works of authors such as [[Jaishankar Prasad]], [[Maithili Sharan Gupt]], [[Munshi Premchand]], [[Suryakant Tripathi Nirala]], [[Babu Gulabrai]], [[Sachchidananda Vatsyayan|Sachchidananda Hirananda Vatsyayan 'Agyeya']], [[Rahul Sankrityayan]], [[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]], [[Dharamvir Bharati]], [[Subhadra Kumari Chauhan]], [[Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi]], [[Swami Sahajanand Saraswati]], [[Dushyant Kumar]], [[Hazari Prasad Dwivedi]], [[Acharya Kuber Nath Rai]], [[Bharatendu Harishchandra]], [[Kamleshwar Prasad Saxena]], [[Shivmangal Singh Suman]], [[Mahadevi Varma]], and [[Vibhuti Narain Rai]].<ref name=authors>{{cite web|title=The Indus Valley Civilization|url=http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/ancient/indus/indus_civ.html|publisher=''The Hindu universe''|accessdate=Jul 8, 2012}}</ref>


The state is often referred to as the 'Hindi heartland of India',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newkerala.com/topstory-fullnews-67268.html |title=Three indian children to attend J8 summit in Rome.:. newkerala.com Online News |publisher=New kerala|accessdate=21 September 2009}}</ref> and [[Hindi]] became the language of state administration with the Uttar Pradesh Official Language Act of 1951. A 1989 amendment to the act added [[Urdu]] as another native language of the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uplegassembly.nic.in/UPLL.HTML |title=Uttar Pradesh Legislature |publisher=U.P assembly |accessdate=21 September 2009}}</ref> Linguistically, the state spreads across the Central, East-Central, and Eastern zones of the [[Indo-Aryan languages]], the major native languages of the state being [[Awadhi]], [[Bundeli]], [[Braj Bhasha]], [[Kannauji]] and the vernacular form of [[Khariboli]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bfy |title=Ethnologue report for language code: bfy |publisher=Ethnologue|accessdate=21 September 2009}}</ref>
The state is often referred to as the 'Hindi heartland of India',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newkerala.com/topstory-fullnews-67268.html |title=Three indian children to attend J8 summit in Rome.:. newkerala.com Online News |publisher=New kerala|accessdate=21 September 2009}}</ref> and [[Hindi]] became the language of state administration with the Uttar Pradesh Official Language Act of 1951. A 1989 amendment to the act added [[Urdu]] as another native language of the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uplegassembly.nic.in/UPLL.HTML |title=Uttar Pradesh Legislature |publisher=U.P assembly |accessdate=21 September 2009}}</ref> Linguistically, the state spreads across the Central, East-Central, and Eastern zones of the [[Indo-Aryan languages]], the major native languages of the state being [[Awadhi]], [[Bhojpuri]], [[Bundeli]], [[Braj Bhasha]], [[Kannauji]] and the vernacular form of [[Khariboli]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bfy |title=Ethnologue report for language code: bfy |publisher=Ethnologue|accessdate=21 September 2009}}</ref>


===Music and dance===
===Music and dance===

Revision as of 18:31, 16 October 2012

Uttar Pradesh
U.P.
State
Ganga in Varanasi
Ganga in Varanasi
Coat of arms of Uttar Pradesh
Coat of arms
Location of Uttar Pradesh in India
Location of Uttar Pradesh in India
Map of Uttar Pradesh
Map of Uttar Pradesh
Country India
RegionAwadh, Baghelkhand, Braj, Bundelkhand, Purvanchal, RohilKhand, Indo-Gangetic Plain
EstablishedModern: 1805 (as Ceded and Conquered Provinces)
History
Summary
CapitalLucknow
Largest CityLucknow
Largest Metropolitan RegionLucknow
Districts75 total[1]
Government
 • BodyGovernment of India, Government of Uttar Pradesh
 • GovernorBanwari Lal Joshi
 • Chief MinisterAkhilesh Yadav (SP)
 • LegislatureBicameral (404 + 108 seats)
 • Parliamentary constituency80
 • High CourtAllahabad High Court
Area
 • Total243,286 km2 (93,933 sq mi)
 • Rank5th
Population
 (2011)[1]
 • Total199,581,477
 • Rank1st
 • Density820/km2 (2,100/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Uttarpradeshi, UPite, UPian, North Indian, Uttar Bharatiya
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
UN/LOCODEIN-UP
Vehicle registrationUP 01—XX
HDIIncrease 0.490 (low)
HDI rank32nd (2005)
Literacy69.72% (29th)
79.24% (male)
59.26% (female)
Official languageHindi, Urdu
Websiteupgov.nic.in

Uttar Pradesh (/[invalid input: 'icon']ˌʊtər prəˈdɛʃ/) (literally meaning "Northern Province") abbreviated U.P. is a state located in northern India. It was created on 1 April 1937 as the United Provinces with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and renamed Uttar Pradesh in 1950. Kanpur was the largest industrial town in the '70s but due to huge economic activities in the state, several other industrial towns like Bhadohi, Muradabad, Ghaziabad Meerut, Jagdishpur (near Lucknow) and Sandila have emerged as a big industrial towns now in Uttar Pradesh. On 9 November 2000, a new state, Uttarakhand, was carved from the mountainous Himalayan region of Uttar Pradesh.

The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the west, Haryana and Delhi to the northwest, Uttarakhand and the country of Nepal to the north, Bihar to the east, Jharkhand to the southeast, and Madhya Pradesh to the southwest. It covers 93,933 square miles (243,290 km2), equal to 6.88% of the total area of India, and is the fifth largest Indian state by area. With over 200 million inhabitants as of 2011, it is the most populous state in the country. Hindi is the official and most widely spoken language in its 75 districts. Uttar Pradesh is the second largest Indian state by economy, with a GDP of ₹708,000 crore (US$85 billion). Agriculture and service industries are the largest parts of the state's economy. The service sector comprises of travel and tourism, hotel industry, real estate, insurance and financial consultancies.

Uttar Pradesh was home to many powerful empires of ancient and medieval India, including the Magadha, Nanda, Mauryan, Sunga, Kushan, Gupta, Gurjara, Rashtrakuta, Pala and Mughal empires. The two major rivers of the state, the Ganga and Yamuna, join at Prayag and then flow as the Ganga further east. The state has several historical, natural, and religious tourist destinations, such as the Taj Mahal, Varanasi, Piprahwa, Kaushambi, Ballia, Shravasti, Kushinagar, Lucknow, Chitrakoot, Jhansi, Allahabad, Meerut and Mathura.

History

Main article: History of Uttar Pradesh

Archeological finds have indicated the presence of Stone Age Homo sapiens hunter-gatherers in Uttar Pradesh[2][3][4] between 85±11 and 72±8 thousand years old. Other pre-historical finds have included Middle and Upper Paleolithic artifacts dated to 21–31 thousand years old[5] and Mesolithic/Microlithic hunter-gatherer's settlement, near Pratapgarh, from around 10550–9550 BC. Villages with domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats and evidence of agriculture began as early as 6000 BC, and gradually developed between c. 4000 and 1500 BC  beginning with the Indus Valley Civilization and Harappa Culture to the Vedic period; extending into the Iron Age.[6][7][8]

Painting of goddess Rama alongside Sita and Laxman
Rama portrayed as exile in the forest, accompanied by his wife Sita and brother Lakshmana

The kingdom of Kosala, in the Mahajanapada era, was located within the regional boundaries of modern day Uttar Pradesh.[9] According to Hindu legend, the divine king Rama of the Ramayana epic reigned in Ayodhya, the capital of Kosala.[10] Krishna, another divine king of Hindu legend, who plays a key role in the Mahabharata epic and is revered as the eighth reincarnation (Avatar) of the Hindu god Vishnu, is said to have been born in the city of Mathura, in Uttar Pradesh.[9] The aftermath of the Mahabharata yuddh is believed to have taken place in the area between the Upper Doab and Delhi, (in what was Kuru Mahajanapada), during the reign of the Pandava king Yudhisthira. The kingdom of the Kurus corresponds to the Black and Red Ware and Painted Gray Ware culture and the beginning of the Iron Age in North-west India, around 1000 BC.[9]

Most of the invaders of North India passed through the Gangetic plains of what is today Uttar Pradesh. Control over this region was of vital importance to the power and stability of all of India's major empires, including the Maurya (320–200 BC), Kushan (100–250 CE), Gupta (350–600 CE), and Gurjara-Pratihara (650–1036 CE) empires.[11] Following the Huns invasions that broke the Gupta empire, the Ganges-Yamuna Doab saw the rise of Kannauj.[12] During the reign of Harshavardhana (590–647 CE), the Kannauj empire reached its zenith.[12] It spanned from Punjab in the north and Gujarat in the west to Bengal in the east and Orissa in the south.[9] It included parts of central India, north of the Narmada River and it encompassed the entire Indo-Gangetic plain.[13] Many communities in various parts of India claim descent from the migrants of Kannauj.[14] Soon after Harshavardhana's death, his empire disintegrated into many kingdoms, which were invaded and ruled by the Gurjara-Pratihara empire, which challenged Bengal's Pala Empire for control of the region.[13]

Later, in the Mughal era, Uttar Pradesh became the heartland of the vast empire of Hindustan, which is used to this day as an alternate name for India.[14] Mughal emperors Babur and Humanyun ruled from Delhi.[15][16] In 1540 an Afghan, Sher Shah Suri, took over the reins of Uttar Pradesh after defeating the Mughal king Humanyun.[17] Sher Shah and his son Islam Shah ruled Uttar Pradesh from their capital at Gwalior.[18] After the death of Islam Shah Suri, his prime minister Hemu became the de facto ruler of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and the western parts of Bengal. He was bestowed the title of Vikramaditya at his coronation or Rajyabhishake at Purana Quila in Delhi and was titled as Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya. Hemu died in the Second Battle of Panipat, and Uttar Pradesh came under Emperor Akbar's rule.[19] Akbar ruled from Agra and Fatehpur Sikri. At its zenith, the Mughal Empire, which covered almost the entire Indian subcontinent (including present day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh), was ruled from Delhi, Agra, and Allahabad during different periods.[20]

Modern-colonial

Starting from Bengal in the later half of the 18th century, a series of battles for north Indian lands finally gave the British East India Company accession over the state's territories.[21] Following the British victory in the Second Anglo-Maratha War, Daulat Rao Sindhia of the Maratha Empire signed the Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon which ceded to the British the Ganges-Jumna Doab, Delhi, and parts of Bundelkhand and Braj.[22] Ajmer and Jaipur kingdoms were also included in this northern territory, which was christened the "North-Western Provinces" (of Agra). Although UP later became the fifth largest state of India, NWPA was one of the smallest states of the British Indian empire.[23] Its capital shifted twice between Agra and Allahabad.[24]

Due to dissatisfaction with British rule, a serious rebellion erupted in various parts of North India; Meerut cantonment's sepoy, Mangal Pandey, is widely credited as its starting point.[25] It came to be known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857. After the revolt failed the British attempted to divide the most rebellious regions by reorganising the administrative boundaries of the region, splitting the Delhi region from ‘NWFP of Agra’ and merging it with Punjab, while the Ajmer- Marwar region was merged with Rajputana and Oudh was incorporated into the state. The new state was called the 'North Western Provinces of Agra and Oudh', which in 1902 was renamed as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh.[26] It was commonly referred to as the United Provinces or its acronym UP.[27][28]

In 1920, the capital of the province was shifted from Allahabad to Lucknow. The high court continued to be at Allahabad, but a bench was established at Lucknow. Allahabad continues to be an important administrative base of today's Uttar Pradesh and has several administrative headquarters.[29] Uttar Pradesh continued to be central to Indian politics and was especially important in modern Indian history as a hotbed of the Indian independence movement. Nationally known figures such as Chandra Shekhar Azad were among the leaders of the movement in Uttar Pradesh. The All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) was formed at the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress on 11 April 1936, with the legendary nationalist Swami Sahajanand Saraswati elected as its first President,[30] in order to address the longstanding grievances of the peasantry and mobilise them against the zamindari landlords attacks on their occupancy rights, thus sparking the Farmers movements in India.[31] During the Quit India Movement of 1942, Ballia district overthrew the colonial authority and installed an independent administration under Chittu Pandey. Ballia became known as "Baghi Ballia" (Rebel Ballia) for this significant role in India's freedom movement.[32]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Uttar Pradesh
"photograph"
A part of the Gangetic Plain

Uttar Pradesh, with a total area of 243,290 square kilometres (93,935 sq mi), is India's fifth largest state in terms of area. It is situated on the northern spout of India and shares an international boundary with Nepal. The Himalayas border the state on the north,[33] but the plains that cover most of the state are distinctly different from those high mountains.[34] The larger Gangetic Plain region is in the north; it includes the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, the Ghaghra plains, the Ganges plains and the Terai.[35] The smaller Vindhya Range and plateau region is in the south.[36] It is characterised by hard rock strata and a varied topography of hills, plains, valleys and plateaus. The Bhabhar tract gives place to the terai area which is covered with tall elephant grass and thick forests interspersed with marshes and swamps.[37] The sluggish rivers of the bhabhar deepen in this area, their course running through a tangled mass of thick under growth. The terai runs parallel to the bhabhar in a thin strip. The entire alluvial plain is divide into three sub-regions.[37] The first in the eastern tract consisting of 14 districts which are subject to periodical floods and droughts and have been classified as scarcity areas. These districts have the highest density of population which gives the lowest per capita land. The other two regions, the central and the western are comparatively better with a well-developed irrigation system.[37] They suffer from water logging and large-scale user tracts.[37] In addition, the area is fairly arid. The state has more than 32 large and small rivers; of them, the Ganges, Yamuna, Saraswati, Sarayu, Betwa, and Ghaghara are larger and of religious importance in Hinduism.[38]

Cultivation is done under intensive soil.[39] The valley areas have fertile and rich soil which results intensive cultivation on terraced hill slopes, but irrigation facilities are deficient.[40] The Siwalik Range which forms the southern foothills of the Himalayas, slopes down in to a boulder bed called 'bhadhar'.[41] The transitional belt running along the entire length of the state is called the terai and bhabhar area. It has rich forests, cutting across it are innumerable streams which swell into raging torrents during the monsoon.[42]

Climate

refer to adjacent text
Monsoon clouds over Lucknow
Main article: Climate of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh has a humid temperate climate and experiences four seasons. The winter in January and February is followed by summer between March and May and the monsoon season between June and September.[43] Summers are extreme with temperatures fluctuating anywhere between 0 °C and 50 °C in parts of the state.[44] The Gangetic plain varies from semiarid to sub-humid.[43] The mean annual rainfall ranges from 650 mm in the southwest corner of the state to 1000 mm in the eastern and southeastern parts of the state.[45] Primarily a summer phenomenon, the Bay of Bengal branch of the Indian Monsoon is the major bearer of rain in most parts of state. It is the South-West Monsoon which brings most of the rain here, although rain due to the western disturbances and North-East Monsoon also contribute small quantities towards the overall precipitation of the state.[46][47] The rain in U.P. can vary from an annual average of 170 cm in hilly areas to 84 cm in Western U.P.[46] Given the concentration of most of this rainfall in the 4 months of Monsoon period, excess rain can lead to floods and shortage to droughts. As such these two phenomenons of floods and droughts are a common recurrence in the state. The climate of the Vindhya Range and plateau is subtropical with a mean annual rainfall between 1000–1200 mm, most of which comes during the monsoon.[43] Typical summer months are from March to June, with maximum temperatures ranging from 30 to 38 °C (86 to 100 °F). There is low relative humidity of around 20% and dust-laden winds blow throughout the season. In summers, hot winds called loo blow all across Uttar Pradesh[46]

Climate data for Uttar Pradesh
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.9
(85.8) 		31.9
(89.4) 		35.4
(95.7) 		37.7
(99.9) 		36.9
(98.4) 		31.7
(89.1) 		28.4
(83.1) 		27.4
(81.3) 		29.4
(84.9) 		31.4
(88.5) 		30.1
(86.2) 		28.9
(84.0) 		31.6
(88.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 11.0
(51.8) 		12.1
(53.8) 		15.8
(60.4) 		19.9
(67.8) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.9
(73.2) 		22.2
(72.0) 		21.6
(70.9) 		20.8
(69.4) 		18.5
(65.3) 		14.4
(57.9) 		11.5
(52.7) 		17.8
(64.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 0
(0) 		3
(0.1) 		2
(0.1) 		11
(0.4) 		40
(1.6) 		138
(5.4) 		163
(6.4) 		129
(5.1) 		155
(6.1) 		68
(2.7) 		28
(1.1) 		4
(0.2) 		741
(29.2)
Average precipitation days 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.1 3.3 10.9 17.0 16.2 10.9 5.0 2.4 0.3 67.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 291.4 282.8 300.7 303.0 316.2 186.0 120.9 111.6 177.0 248.0 270.0 288.3 2,895.9
Source: [48]
Dudhwa Deep Forest
Anandabodhi tree in Jetavana Monastery, Sravasti
Tropaeolum majus
A hybrid origin Flower showing nectar spur found mainly in Hardoi district
Average High and Low temperatures for various Uttar Pradesh Cities
City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Lucknow[49] 73/44 79/49 90/58 101/69 105/76 102/81 92/79 90/78 92/76 91/66 79/53 75/45
Kanpur[50] 91/71 92/72 92/75 93/78 92/78 85/74 84/73 84/72 88/78 88/74 89/74 90/71
Ghaziabad[51] 70/45 73/50 84/59 97/70 102/79 100/82 93/81 91/79 93/75 91/66 82/55 73/46
Allahabad[52] 74/47 81/52 92/62 103/73 108/80 104/83 93/79 91/78 92/77 92/69 86/57 77/49
Agra[53] 72/45 75/51 90/60 101/72 107/80 105/84 95/79 91/78 93/76 93/67 85/55 75/47
Varanasi[54] 74/47 80/52 92/61 102/72 106/80 102/83 92/79 91/794 91/77 90/69 85/57 76/49
Gorakhpur[55] 74/49 80/53 91/72 103/77 99/79 92/78 91/78 91/76 91/70 85/59 76/51 76/49
Bareilly[56] 71/47 77/57 88/60 99/70 105/77 102/81 93/79 91/78 92/76 90/67 83/56 74/48

Flora and fauna

See also: Pilibhit Tiger Reserve and Dudhwa National Park
State symbols of Uttar Pradesh
State animal Swamp deer[57]
State bird Sarus crane
State tree Saal
State flower Palash
State Dance Kathak
State Sport Field hockey
refer to caption
view of the Terai region
refer to caption
Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) is found in the Ganges river

The state has an abundance of natural resources.[58] As of 2011, recorded forest area in the state is 16,583 km2 (6,403 sq mi) which is about 6.88% of the state's geographical area.[59] In spite of rapid deforestation and poaching of wildlife, a diverse flora and fauna continue to exist in the state. Several species of trees, large and small mammals, reptiles, and insects are found in the belt of temperate upper mountainous forests. Medicinal plants are found in the wild[60] and are also grown in plantations. The Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands support cattle. Moist deciduous trees grow in the upper Gangetic plain, especially along its riverbanks. This plain supports a wide variety of plants and animals. The Ganges and its tributaries are the habitat of large and small reptiles, amphibians, fresh-water fish, and crabs. Scrubland trees such as the babool and animals such as the chinkara are found in the arid Vindhyas.[61][62]

Tropical dry deciduous forests are found in all parts of the plains. Since much sunlight reaches the ground, shrubs and grasses are also abundant.[63] Large tracts of these forests have been cleared for cultivation. Tropical thorny forests, consisting of widely scattered thorny trees, mainly babool are mostly found in the southwestern parts of the state.[64] These forests are confined to areas which have low annual rainfall (50–70 cm), a mean annual temperature of 25-27°C and low humidity.

Uttar Pradesh is known for its extensive avifauna.[65] The most common birds which are found in the state are doves, peacocks, junglefowl, black partridge, house sparrows, songbirds, blue jays, parakeets, quails, bulbuls, comb ducks, kingfishers, woodpeckers, snipes, and parrots. Bird sanctuaries in the state include Bakhira Sanctuary, National Chambal Sanctuary, Chandra Prabha Sanctuary, Hastinapur Sanctuary, Kaimoor Sanctuary, and Okhla Sanctuary.[66]

Other animals in the state include reptiles such as lizards, cobras, kraits, and gharials. Among the wide variety of fishes, the most common ones are mahaseer and trout. Some animal species in Uttar Pradesh have gone extinct in recent years, while others, like the lion from the Gangetic Plain and the rhinoceros from the Terai region, have become endangered.[67] Many species are vulnerable to poaching despite regulation by the government.[68]

Regions and cities

Main articles: Divisions of Uttar Pradesh and Districts of Uttar Pradesh
See also: Western Uttar Pradesh, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, and Central Uttar Pradesh
"Administrative Divisions"
Divisions of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh is divided into 75 districts under these 18 divisions:[69]

  1. Saharanpur
  2. Moradabad
  3. Bareilly
  4. Lucknow
  5. Devipatan
  6. Basti
  7. Gorakhpur
  8. Meerut
  9. Aligarh
  10. Agra
  1. Kanpur
  2. Faizabad
  3. Azamgarh
  4. Jhansi
  5. Chitrakoot
  6. Allahabad
  7. Varanasi
  8. Mirzapur

The following is a list of top five districts from state of by rank in India.[70]

Rank District Population Growth rate Sex ratio Literacy Density per Kilometer
13 Allahabad 5,959,798 20.74 902 74.41 1087
26 Moradabad 4,773,138 25.25 903 58.67 1284
28 Ghaziabad 4,661,452 41.66 878 85.00 3967
30 Azamgarh 4,616,509 17.17 1017 72.69 1139
31 Lucknow 5,943,300 14.44 960 79.04 636
32 Kanpur Nagar 5,520,389 9.49 958 82.55 1753

Each district is governed by a district collector or District Magistrate, appointed either by the Indian Administrative Service or Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission.[71] Each district is divided into subdivisions, governed by a sub-divisional magistrate, and again into Blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities.[72] These blocks consists of urban units viz. census towns and rural units called gram panchayat.[71]

Uttar Pradesh has more metropolitan cities than any other state in India.[73][74] The absolute urban population of the state is 44.4 million, which constitutes 11.8% of the total urban population of India, the second highest of any state.[75] According to the 2011 census, there are 15 urban agglomerations with a population greater than 500,000.[76] There are 14 municipal corporations, while Noida is specially administered by a statuary authority.[77]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Uttar Pradesh

Template:IndiaCensusPop

Others include Jains, Buddhists, Christians & Other religions (0.23%)
Religion in Uttar Pradesh[78]
Religion Percent
Hindu
 
 80.5%
Islam
 
 18.4%
Others
 
 0.87%
Population timeline
Population Growth of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh has both a large population and a high population growth rate. During the decade from 1991 to 2001 its population increased by over 25.8%.[79] Uttar Pradesh is also the most populous state in India, with a population of 199,581,477 million people as of 1 March 2011.[80] The state contributes 16.16% of India's population. The population density is 828 people per square kilometre, making it one of the densest states in the country.[1] The sex ratio as of 2011, at 908 women to 1000 men, is lower than the national figure of 933.[1] The state's 2001–2011 decennial growth rate(including Uttrakhand) was 20.09%. higher than 1991–2001 growth rate of 17.8% and also higher than the national rate of 17.64%.[81][82] Uttar Pradesh figure among the list of states with large number of people living below poverty line.[83] The latest estimates released by the Planning Commission for the year 2004-05 reveals that Uttar Pradesh has the largest BPL population with 590.03 lakh people living below the poverty line.[83]

As of the 2001 Indian census, about 80% of Uttar Pradesh's population is Hindus, while Muslims make up around 18.4% of the population, being the second-largest community as also the largest minority group.[84] The remainder consist of Sikhs, Buddhists, Christians, and Jains.[85] Uttar Pradesh has the existing of the caste system among the Hindus who constitute vast variety of population. The social and political tensions have resulted in the growth of large settlements caste in compact regions in Uttar Pradesh, it includes Ahirs, Kurmis and Bhumihars.[37] The Scheduled castes and Harijans are also exits in state.[37] Uttar Pradesh dominates enormous number of Hindu Temples which include temples at Varanasi, Allahabad and Gorakhpur among others.[86]

The literacy rate of the state according to the 2011 Census is 70%, which is below the national average of 74%.[87][88] While the literacy rate for men is at 79%, it is 59% for women. In 2001, the literacy rate in Uttar Pradesh stood at 56.27% overall, and 67% and 43% for men and women, respectively.[89]

Hindi is the only official language of Uttar Pradesh. The Hindu people regard their language a very important part of their cultural identity.[37] Hindi is spoken as the first language by 89.43% of the population.[90] Most people in Uttar Pradesh speak a dialect of Hindustani, which in written form is referred to as Urdu and Hindi.[91][92] In addition to Hindustani, a large number of other dialects exit. Five distinct dialect regions have been identified. The western part of the state, Rohilkhand and the upper Doab, is home to the speakers of Khari Boli. The lower Doab, which is referred as Braj Bhumi, or the land of Braj, is home to the speakers of Braj Bhasha. Further south, the Bundelkhand region people speaks Bundelkhandi. In central Uttar Pradesh, people speak the Awadhi dialect and Bhojpuri is spoken in the eastern part of Uttar Pradesh.[93][94] Template:Largest Metropolitan Areas of Uttar Pradesh

Government and politics

Main article: Government of Uttar Pradesh
See also: Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly election, 2012
refer to adjacent text
Allahabad High Court is the fourth oldest high court of India.

Since Uttar Pradesh sends the largest number of legislators to the national Parliament, it is often considered to be one of the most important states with respect to Indian politics.[95] The state contributes 80 seats to the Lok Sabha and 34 seats to the Rajya Sabha of the Indian Parliament.[96][97] Uttar Pradesh has been called India's under-achiever, because it has provided India with eight prime ministers while remaining a poor state.[98]

The state's legislative body is divided into two significant parts: Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Parishad[99] and Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha.[100] The state is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. The Governor is the head of state and is appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. In the 2012 election, the largest number of seats went to the Samajwadi Party with 224 seats.[101] At the local level, the state has a large number of village councils (panchayats), which are similar to those found in other Indian states. The administration in each district is headed by a Deputy Commissioner who belongs to the Indian Administrative Service and is assisted by a number of officers belonging to state services.[102]

Judges and judicial officers are appointed non-politically and under strict rules regarding tenure to help maintain constitutional independence from the government.[37] This theoretically allows the judiciary to interpret the law based solely on the legislation enacted by Parliament without other influences on their decisions. The Deputy Commissioner of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service and assisted by the officers of the Uttar Pradesh Police Service, is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues in each district.[37] The Deputy Conservator of Forests, an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service, also serves the government.[37] Sectoral development in the districts is looked after by the district head of each development department such as the Department of Public Works, Health, Education, Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, etc.[102]

The judiciary in the state consists of the Allahabad High Court in Allahabad, district courts namely the District court of Etawah, the district court of Kanpur Dehat as Uttar Pradesh Judiciary, session courts in each district, lower courts and judges at the taluka level.[103] The President of India appoints the chief justice of the High Court of the Uttar Pradesh judiciary on the advice of the chief justice of the Supreme Court of India as well as the Governor of Uttar Pradesh.[37] Other judges are appointed by the chief justice of the high court of the judiciary of Uttar Pradesh on the advice of the Chief Justice.[103][104] Subordinate Judicial Service is another vital part of the judiciary of Uttar Pradesh. The subordinate judiciary or the district courts are categorized into two divisions viz. Uttar Pradesh civil judicial services and Uttar Pradesh higher judicial service.[37] While the Uttar Pradesh civil judicial services comprises of the munsifs and civil judges, the Uttar Pradesh higher judicial service comprises of civil and sessions judges. The Subordinate judicial service of the judiciary at Uttar Pradesh is controlled by the District Judge.[37] The district court of Etawah and district court of Kanpur Dehat of Uttar Pradesh serves as the subordinate judicial service of the state.[105]

Crime

According to the National Crime Records Bureau, Uttar Pradesh has the highest number of kidnapping and abduction cases, dowry deaths, and incidences of violent crime, and the highest SLL crime rate of any state in India.[106] In 2011 alone, 4,960 murder cases were reported in Uttar Pradesh along with 2,955 kidnapping and abduction cases. As per the National Crime Records Bureau, the state had a 12.5% share in all kinds of crimes across the country.[107] However, the value of human development index in Uttar Pradesh has steadily increased over time.[108][109] As of today, Uttar Pradesh has the second largest Civil police force with 107,840 members, accounting for 9.5% of the total civil police in the country.[110][111]

Terror attacks

Main articles: 2006 Varanasi bombings, 2007 Uttar Pradesh bombings, and 2010 Varanasi bombing
ghat on the edge of Gnaga river
Ghat on the Ganges, where the 2010 Varanasi bombing occurred

Since 2006, there have been a number of terrorist attacks, including explosions in a landmark holy place, a court and a temple. The 2006 Varanasi bombings were a series of bombings that occurred across the Hindu holy city of Varanasi on 7 March 2006. At least 28 people were killed and as many as 101 others were injured.[112] The blasts occurred simultaneously shortly after 18:00 IST. The first blast took place at 18:20 in the crowded Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple near the Banaras Hindu University.[113][113] Other blasts followed at the Varanasi Cantonment Railway Station near the waiting area next to the travel office. Initially, another blast was reported inside the stationary Shivganga Express bound for Delhi.[114]

In the afternoon of 23 November 2007, within a span of 25 minutes, six consecutive serial blasts occurred in the Lucknow, Varanasi, and Faizabad courts, in which 28 people were killed and several others injured.[115] The blasts came a week after the Uttar Pradesh police and central security agencies busted Jaish-e-Mohammed terrorists who had planned to abduct Rahul Gandhi. The Indian Mujahidin has claimed responsibility of these blasts in an email sent to TV stations five minutes before the blast.[116][117] The first blast occurred in the premises of the Varanasi civil court and collectorate between 13:05 and 13:07. Two successive blasts occurred in the Faizabad district court around 13:12 and 13:15, closely followed by one at Lucknow at 13:32. Bombs were explicitly targeted at the lawyers who were working in the courts.[118]

On 7 December 2010, another blast occurred at Sheetla Ghat, adjacent to the main Dashashwamedh Ghat, in which more than 38 people were killed and several others injured.[119] The blast came a day after the anniversary of the 1992 Babri Masjid demolition, in which a mosque was demolished at Ayodhya leading to nationwide religious riots that killed over 2,000 people.[120]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Uttar Pradesh
See also: List of conglomerates in Uttar Pradesh
refer to caption
Roadside vendors in a town. A large proportion of residents are employed in the informal sector.
Net State Domestic Product at Factor Cost at Current Prices (2004–05 Base)[121]

figures in crores of Indian Rupees

Year Net State Domestic Product
2004–2005 229,074
2005–2006 256,699
2006–2007 294,031
2007–2008 332,352
2008–2009 384,718
2009–2010 453,020

In terms of net state domestic product (NSDP), Uttar Pradesh holds the third largest economy (2011–2012) in India, with an NSDP of ₹708,000 crore (US$85 billion).[122][123]

Agriculture is the leading occupation in Uttar Pradesh.[124] Wheat is the state's principal food crop and sugarcane is the main commercial crop.[125] About 70% of India's sugar comes from Uttar Pradesh. State industries are localised in the Kanpur region, the fertile purvanchal lands and the Noida region. The Mughalsarai is home to a number of major locomotive plants. Major manufacturing products include engineering products, electronics, electrical equipment, cables, steel, leather, textiles, jewellery, frigates, automobiles, railway coaches, and wagons. More small-scale industrial units are situated in Uttar Pradesh than in any other state, with 12 percent of over 2.3 million units.[124]

The Uttar Pradesh Financial Corporation (UPFC) was established in the year 1954 under the SFCs Act of 1951 mainly to develop small and medium scale industries in the state.[126] UPFC provides financial assistance to new and existing units undergoing diversification, modernization, expansion, or acquisition of fixed assets such as land, buildings, and machinery.[127] The UPFC also provides working capital to existing units with a sound track record and to new units under a single window scheme.[128] As of July 2012, due to financial constraints and directions from the state government, lending activities have been suspended except for State Government Schemes.[129] Nevertheless, unemployment, corruption and an inconsistent electricity supply remain among the major problems of the state. The state also has "marked income inequality".[125]

In 2009–10, the tertiary sector of the economy (service industries) was the largest contributor to the gross domestic product of the state, contributing 44.8% of the state domestic product compared to 44% from the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, and tourism) and 11.2% from the secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing).[130][131] During the 11th five-year plan (2007–2012), the average gross state domestic product (GSDP) growth rate was 7.28%, lower than 15.5%, the average for all states of the country.[132][133] The state’s per capita GSDP was ₹29,417 (US$350), lower than the national per capita GSDP of ₹60,972 (US$730).[134] The state's total financial debt stood at ₹200,009 crore (US$24 billion) as of 2011.[135] Labour efficiency is higher at an index of 26 than the national average of 25. The economy also benefits from the state's tourism industry.[136]

The state is attracting foreign direct investment which has mostly come in the software and electronics fields; Noida is becoming a major hub for the information technology (IT) industry. Sonebhadra, a district in eastern Uttar Pradesh, has large-scale industries. Its southern region is known as the "Energy Capital Of India".[137]

Transportation

Main articles: List of state highways in Uttar Pradesh, List of airports in Uttar Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation
"photograph"
Lucknow Shatabdi near New Delhi

The state has a large, multimodal transportation system with the largest road network in the country.[138] The state is well connected to its nine neighboring states and almost all other parts of India through the national highways (NH). It boasts 42 national highways, with a total length of 4,942 km (9.6% of the total NH length in India). The Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation was established in 1972 to provide economical, reliable, and comfortable transportation in the state with connecting services to adjoining states.[139] All cities are connected to state highways, which carry traffic between major centres within the State. Other district roads and village roads provide villages accessibility to meet their social needs as also the means to transport agriculture produce from village to nearby markets. Major district roads provide a secondary function of linking between main roads and rural roads.[140] Uttar Pradesh has the seventh-highest road density in India, (1,027 km per 1000 km2 as of 2002) and the largest surfaced urban-road network in the country (50,721 km as of 2002).[139]

The National Golden Quadrilateral of India passes through Jhansi, Agra, Kanpur, Allahabad, and Varanasi.[141] There is an existing expressway between Lucknow and Kanpur; and new expressways are being built between Agra and Noida and between Noida and Ballia, known as the Yamuna Expressway and the Ganga Expressway, respectively.[142] The state has established the to develop seven new expressways.[143] These projects includes Upper Ganga Canal Expressway, Bijnore–Moradabad–Fategarh Expressway, Jhansi–Kanpur–Lucknow–Gorakhpur–Kushinagar Expressway, Lucknow–Barabanki–Nanpara link Expressway, Agra–Kanpur Expressway, Kanpur 1st Outer Ring Road, From Narora up to 10 km before the boundary of Uttarakhand state. [144][145]

The state has excellent civil aviation infrastructure with six domestic airports located at Agra, Allahabad, Gorakhpur, Kanpur, Lucknow, and Varanasi. Two of the airports, Chaudhary Charan Singh international airport in Lucknow and Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport in Varanasi, provide international service.[146] The state has also proposed creating the Taj international airport in the Delhi‐NCR region.[147] A stretch of the Ganges – from Allahabad to Haldia has been declared as a National Waterway (NW)-I; 600 km of which flows through Uttar Pradesh.[148]

The state has the largest railway network in the country and the sixth highest railway density. As 0f 2011, there were 8,546 km (5,310 mi) of rail in the state.[149] Allahabad is the headquarters of the North Central Railway[150] and Gorakhpur is the headquarters of the North Eastern Railway.[151][152] Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express, the second fastest shatabdi train, connects the Indian capital of New Delhi to Lucknow. This was the first train in India to get new German coaches.[153] The railway stations of Lucknow NR, Kanpur Central, Varanasi JN, Agra Cantt, and Mathura JN were included in the Indian Railways list of 50 world-class railway stations.[154]

Sports

See also: Indian Grand Prix and Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association
Painting of Dhyan Chand
Indian hockey legend Major Dhyan chand

Popular sports in Uttar Pradesh can be divided into two groups: traditional sports and modern sports of mainly European origin. Athletes from the state have included the legendary field hockey player Dhyan Chand, Olympic shooter Nawab Mian, volleyball player Sanjiv Balian, and the wrestler Anuj.[155]

Traditional sports, now played mostly as a pastime, include wrestling, swimming, kabaddi, and track- or water-sports played according to local traditional rules and without modern equipment. Some sports are designed to display martial skills such as using a sword or ‘Pata’ (stick).[156] Due to lack of organised patronage and requisite facilities, these sports survive mostly as individuals' hobbies or local competitive events. Among modern sports, field hockey is very popular and Uttar Pradesh has produced some of the finest players in India, including Dhyan Chand and, more recently, Nitin Kumar[157] and Lalit Kumar Upadhyay.[158]

Recently, cricket has become more popular than field hockey. Uttar Pradesh won its first Ranji Trophy tournament in February 2006, beating Bengal in the final.[159] It can also boast of routinely having 3 or 4 players on the national side. Green Park Stadium in Kanpur, the only internationally recognised cricket stadium in the state, has witnessed some of India's most famous victories. Faizabad Sports Complex is another sports venue in Uttar Pradesh which includes Faizabad International Sports Stadium.[160] Greater Noida Cricket Stadium is another newly built international cricket stadium.[161]

The Buddh International Circuit hosted India’s inaugural F1 Grand Prix race on 30 October 2011.[162] The 5.14 km long circuit was designed by German architect and racetrack designer Herman Tilke to compete with other world-class race circuits.[163]

Education

Main article: Education in Uttar Pradesh
See also: List of institutions of higher education in Uttar Pradesh
Educational institute
Front View of the Lecture Theater Complex, Indo-Russian Center for Biotechnology (IRCB)
World's first school for handicap
The main building of JRHU with the Indian national flag hoisted

Uttar Pradesh has a long tradition of education, although historically it was primarily confined to the elite class and religious schools.[164] Sanskrit-based learning formed the major part of education from the Vedic to the Gupta periods. As cultures traveled through the region they brought their bodies of knowledge with them, adding Pali, Persian, and Arabic scholarship to the community. These formed the core of Hindu-Buddhist-Muslim education until the rise of British colonialism.[165] The present schools-to-university system of education owes its inception and development in the state (as in the rest of the country) to foreign Christian missionaries and the British colonial administration.[166] Schools in the state are either managed by the government or by private trusts. Hindi is used as a medium of instruction in most of the schools except those affiliated to the CBSE or the Council for ICSE boards.[167] Under the 10+2+3 plan, after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for 2 years in a junior college, also known as pre-university, or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education or a central board. Students choose from one of three streams, namely liberal arts, commerce, or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enroll in general or professional degree programs.

BHU situated in varanasi city
IIT (BHU) Varanasi

Uttar Pradesh has more than 30 universities,[168] including 4 central universities, 20 state universities, 8 deemed universities, 2 IITs, 1 IIM in Lucknow, 1 NIT in Allahabad and several polytechnics, engineering colleges and industrial training institutes.[169] Prestigious institutes like the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur,[170] the Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, the Indian Institute of Management Lucknow, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, and the Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology are known worldwide for their quality education and research in their respective fields.[171] The presence of such institutions provides the students of the state with ample opportunities for higher education.[172][173] Other universities in the state include Banaras Hindu University, Sampurnanand Sanskrit University, Aligarh Muslim University, University of Allahabad, Indian Veterinary Research Institute Bareilly, IMT Ghaziabad, Gautam Buddha Technical University, M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, and King George's Medical University.[174]

The Integral University, a state level institution, was established by the Uttar Pradesh Government to provide education in different technical, applied science, and other disciplines.[175] The Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies was founded as an autonomous organization by the national ministry of culture. Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University is the only university established exclusively for the disabled in the world.[176] A large number of Indian scholars are educated at different universities in Uttar Pradesh. The state has produced likes of Harivansh Rai Bachchan, Motilal Nehru, Harish Chandra and Indira Gandhi.

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Uttar Pradesh
See also: Kumbh Mela, Taj Mahal, and Architecture of Uttar Pradesh
The Taj Mahal a UNESCO World Heritage Site attracts a large number of tourists from overseas.

Uttar Pradesh ranks first in domestic tourist arrivals with more than 71 million,[177][178] owing to its rich and varied topography, vibrant culture, festivals, monuments, ancient places of worship, and viharas. Thousands gather at Allahabad to take part in the Magh Mela festival on the banks of the Ganges.[179] This festival is organised on a larger scale every 12th year and is called the Kumbha Mela, where over 10 million Hindu pilgrims congregate in one of the largest gatherings of people in the world.[180]

The historically important towns of Sarnath and Kushinagar are located not far from Varanasi.[181] Gautama Buddha gave his first sermon after his enlightenment at Sarnath and died at Kushinagar; both are important pilgrimage sites for Buddhists. Also at Sarnath are the Pillars of Ashoka and the Lion Capital of Ashoka, both important archaeological artifacts with national significance. At a distance of 80 km from Varanasi, Ghazipur is famous not only for its Ganges Ghats but also for the tomb of the British potentate Lord Cornwallis, maintained by the Archeological Survey of India.[182]

Lucknow, the capital of the state, has several beautiful historical monuments such as Bara Imambara and Chhota Imambara.[183][184] It has also preserved the damaged complex of the Oudh-period British Resident's quarters, which are being restored. Uttar Pradesh gives access to three World Heritage Sites: the Taj Mahal, Agra Fort, and the nearby Fatehpur Sikri. Varanasi is an ancient city famous for its ghats.[185] To promote tourism, the Directorate of Tourism was established in the 1972 with a Director General who is an I.A.S. officer. In 1974 the Uttar Pradesh State Tourism Development Corporation was established to look after the commercial tourist activities.[186]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Uttar Pradesh

The diverse cultures that are native to Uttar Pradesh with their long histories in Uttar Pradesh have contributed immensely to the varied cultural heritage of the state. The traditional folk arts cover the entire gamut of music, dance, drama, and storytelling by itinerant troupes.[187]

Language and literature

Main article: Languages of Uttar Pradesh

Several texts and hymns of the Vedic literature were composed in Uttar Pradesh.[188] The texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism. Vyasa wrote the Mahabharata, the epic narrative of the Kurukshetra War and the fates of the Kauravas and the Pandava princes, in Uttar Pradesh.[189] The festival of Guru Purnima, is dedicated to him, and also known as Vyasa Purnima as it is the day, which is believed to be his birthday and also the day he divided the Vedas.[190] The Hindi language boasts a rich literary heritage in the state. There is a long tradition in folk literature. In the nineteenth and twentieth century, Hindi literature was modernised in the works of authors such as Jaishankar Prasad, Maithili Sharan Gupt, Munshi Premchand, Suryakant Tripathi Nirala, Babu Gulabrai, Sachchidananda Hirananda Vatsyayan 'Agyeya', Rahul Sankrityayan, Harivansh Rai Bachchan, Dharamvir Bharati, Subhadra Kumari Chauhan, Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi, Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, Dushyant Kumar, Hazari Prasad Dwivedi, Acharya Kuber Nath Rai, Bharatendu Harishchandra, Kamleshwar Prasad Saxena, Shivmangal Singh Suman, Mahadevi Varma, and Vibhuti Narain Rai.[191]

The state is often referred to as the 'Hindi heartland of India',[192] and Hindi became the language of state administration with the Uttar Pradesh Official Language Act of 1951. A 1989 amendment to the act added Urdu as another native language of the state.[193] Linguistically, the state spreads across the Central, East-Central, and Eastern zones of the Indo-Aryan languages, the major native languages of the state being Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Bundeli, Braj Bhasha, Kannauji and the vernacular form of Khariboli.[194]

Music and dance

Uttar Pradesh has produced a number of famed musicians, including Anup Jalota, Baba Sehgal, Girija Devi, Gopal Shankar Misra, Hari Prasad Chaurasia, Kishan Maharaj, Naushad Ali, Ravi Shankar, Shubha Mudgal, Siddheshwari Devi, Talat Mehmood, and Ustad Bismillah Khan. The legendary Ghazal singer Begum Akhtar was also a native of Uttar Pradesh. The region's folk heritage includes songs called rasiya (especially popular in Braj), which celebrate the divine love of Radha and Shri Krishna. Other forms of music are kajari, sohar, qawwali, rasiya, thumri, birha, chaiti, and sawani. Many traditional dance and musical styles are taught at the Bhatkhande Music Institute University in Lucknow, named after the famous musician Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande.[195]

Kathak, a classical dance form, owes its origin to the state of Uttar Pradesh.[196] The dance form is inextricably bound with classical Hindustani music where the rhythmic nimbleness of the feet is accompanied by the Tabla or Pakhawaj.[197] Two prominent schools of this dance form, Lucknow gharana and Benares gharana, are situated in Uttar Pradesh.[198][199]

Fairs and festivals

Hindu goddess Saraswati
Saraswati festival, in which people worship the goddess of knowledge, music, arts, and science
Evening salute to sun
Hindu priest saluting the sun in the Ganges, Varanasi

Diwali (celebrated between mid-October and mid-December) and Rama Navami are the two most popular festivals in Uttar Pradesh. Kumbh Mela, organized in the month of Maagha (Feb-March), is another important festival that is every three years in rotation at Allahabad, Haridwar, Ujjain, and Nasik.[200] Lath mar Holi is a local celebration of the Hindu festival of Holi. It takes place well before the actual Holi in the town of Barsana near Mathura. Taj Mahotsav, held annually at Agra, is a colorful display of the culture of the Braj area.[201] Buddha Purnima, which marks the birth of Gautama Buddha, is one of the most important Hindu and Buddhist festivals while Christmas is celebrated by the minority Christian population. Other notable festivals are Vijayadashami, Makar Sankranti, Vasant Panchami, Ayudha Puja, Ganga Mahotsava, Janmashtami, Sardhana Christian Fair, Maha Shivaratri, Mahavir Jayanti, Moharram, Bārah Wafāṭ, Eid, Bakreed, Chhath puja, Lucknow Mahotsav, Kabob and Hanuman Jayanti.[202]

Cuisine

Main article: Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh
photograph
Uttar Pradeshi thali with naan, sultani dal, raita, and shahi paneer

A typical day-to-day traditional vegetarian meal of Uttar Pradesh, like any other North Indian thali, consists of roti (flatbread), chawal, dal, sabji, raita and papad. Many people still drink the traditional drink chaach with meals. On festive occasions, usually 'tava' (flat pan for roti) is considered inauspicious, and instead fried foods are consumed. A typical festive thali consists of Puri, Kachauri, sabji, pulav, papad, raita, salad and deserts (such as sewai or kheer).

Many communities have their own particular style of cuisines, such as the Jains, Kayasths and Muslims. There are also certain sub-regional delicacies. Awadhi cuisine is world famous for dishes such as kebab, biryani, keema and nihari. Sweets occupy an important place in the Hindu diet and are eaten at social ceremonies. People make distinctive sweetmeats from milk products, including khurchan, peda, gulabjamun, petha, makkhan malai, and chamcham. The chaat in Lucknow and Banarasi Paan is known across India for its flavour and ingredients.[203]

Dress

The people of Uttar Pradesh dress in a variety of traditional and Western styles.[204] Traditional styles of dress include colourful draped garments – such as sari for women and dhoti or lungi for men – and tailored clothes such as salwar kameez for women and kurta-pyjama for men.[205] Men often sport head-gear like topi or pagri.[204] Sherwani is a more formal male dress and is frequently worn along with chooridar on festive occasions. European-style trousers and shirts are also common among the men.[204]

Media

A number of newspapers and periodicals are published in Hindi, English, and Urdu. The Pioneer was founded in Allahabad in 1865 by George Allen.[206] Amar Ujala, Dainik Bhaskar, and Dainik Jagran, have a wide circulation, with local editions published from several important cities. Major English language newspapers which are published and sold in large numbers are The Telegraph, The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, The Statesman, The Indian Express, and Asian Age. Some prominent financial dailies like The Economic Times, Financial Express, Business Line, and Business Standard are widely circulated. Vernacular newspapers such as those in Hindi, Nepali, Gujarati, Oriya, Urdu, and Punjabi are also read by a select readership.

Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster. Multi system operators provide a mix of Hindi, English, Bengali, Nepali and international channels via cable. Hindi 24-hour television news channels are NDTV India, DD News, Zee News Uttar Pradesh, Jan TV, IBN-7, and ABP News. All India Radio is a public radio station. There are 32 private FM stations available in major cities like Lucknow, Kanpur, Varanasi, Allahabad, Agra, and Noida.[207][208] Cell phone providers include Vodafone, Airtel, BSNL, Reliance Communications, Uninor, Aircel, MTS India, Tata Indicom, Idea Cellular, and Tata DoCoMo. Broadband internet is available in select towns and cities and is provided by the state-run BSNL and by private companies.[209] Dial-up access is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers.[210]

See also

References

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