Comfort food
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Comfort food is food that provides a nostalgic or sentimental value to someone,[1] and may be characterized by its high caloric nature, high carbohydrate level, or simple preparation.[2] The nostalgia may be specific to an individual, or it may apply to a specific culture.[3]
Definition
The term comfort food has been traced back at least to 1966, when the Palm Beach Post used it in a story: "Adults, when under severe emotional stress, turn to what could be called 'comfort food'—food associated with the security of childhood, like mother's poached egg or famous chicken soup."[4] They are believed to be a great coping mechanism for rapidly soothing negative feelings.[citation needed]
Psychological studies
Consuming energy-dense, high calorie, high fat, salt or sugar foods, such as ice cream, chocolate or french fries, may trigger the reward system in the human brain, which gives a distinctive pleasure or temporarily sense of emotional elevation and relaxation.[5][6] When psychological conditions are present, people often use comfort food to treat themselves. Those with negative emotions tend to eat unhealthy food in an effort to experience the instant gratification that comes with it, even if only short-lived.[7]
One study divided college-students' comfort-food identifications into four categories (nostalgic foods, indulgence foods, convenience foods, and physical comfort foods) with a special emphasis on the deliberate selection of particular foods to modify mood or effect, and indications that the medical-therapeutic use of particular foods may ultimately be a matter of mood-alteration.[8]
The identification of particular items as comfort food may be idiosyncratic, though patterns are detectable. In one study of American preferences, "males preferred warm, hearty, meal-related comfort foods (such as steak, casseroles, and soup) while females instead preferred comfort foods that were more snack related (such as chocolate and ice cream). In addition, younger people preferred more snack-related comfort foods compared to those over 55 years of age." The study also revealed strong connections between consumption of comfort foods and feelings of guilt.[9] An article, "The Myth of Comfort Food" asserted that men tend to choose these types of savory comfort foods because they remind them of being "pampered" or spoiled, while women choose snack-related foods because they are associated with low amounts of work and less "cleanup." It also suggested that women are more likely to reach for unhealthier foods in times of stress due to more weight-conscious mindsets.
Comfort food consumption is seen as a response to emotional stress and, consequently, as a key contributor to the epidemic of obesity in the United States.[10] The provocation of specific hormonal responses leading selectively to increases in abdominal fat is seen as a form of self-medication.[11]
Further studies suggest that consumption of comfort food is triggered in men by positive emotions, and by negative ones in women.[12] The stress effect is particularly pronounced among college-aged women, with only 33% reporting healthy eating choices during times of emotional stress.[13] For women specifically, these psychological patterns may be maladaptive.[14]
A therapeutic use of these findings includes offering comfort foods or "happy hour" beverages to anorectic geriatric patients whose health and quality of life otherwise decreases with reduced oral intake.[15]
By country
A partial list by country of comfort foods around the world.
Afghanistan
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2019) |
Comfort foods in Afghanistan are:
- Aushak – stuffed dumplings and sauce
- Bolani – filled flatbread[16]
- Borani Kadoo or Borani-e-Kado – sweet and savory braised pumpkin with yogurt sauce[17]
- Borani Banjan or Borani-e-Banjan – baked eggplant with yogurt sauce
- Chainaki – lamb stew
- Chalaw or Challow – steamed rice with spices
- Kebab – grilled skewered meat[16]
- Kabuli palaw or Qabuli Palu – steamed rice with raisins, carrots, and lamb[17]
- Karahai – meat cooked in a traditional karahi pot
- Korma Gosht or Qorma-e-Gosht – braised meat[18]
- Mantu – meat-stuffed dumpling[16][18]
- Naan – flatbread[17]
- Sabzi Palu – spinach (sabzi) with spices
- Sher Berinj – rice pudding[19]
Australia and New Zealand
Comfort foods in Australia and New Zealand may include:
- Bread and butter pudding[20][21]
- Braised lamb shanks[20][21]
- Butterscotch apple dumplings[21]
- Casserole (beef or chicken)[21]
- Chicken soup[21]
- Golden syrup pikelets[21]
- Honey and oat slices[21]
- Hot chips[20]
- Lamingtons[22]
- Mashed potatoes[20][21]
- Meat pie[20][21]
- Pea and ham soup[21]
- Pie floater[23]
- Porridge, topped with brown sugar or honey, yogurt, nuts, and fruit[21]
- Potato wedges[20]
- Pumpkin soup[21]
- Rice custard[21]
- Roast meat (beef, chicken, or pork with crackling)[20][21]
- Roast potatoes[21]
- Sausage and mash[21]
- Sausage roll[20]
- Shepherd's pie[21]
- Spaghetti[21]
- Steak and kidney pie[21]
- Sticky date pudding[20][21]
- Vegemite or Marmite on toast[24]
Britain
British comfort foods include the following foods:
- Bacon butty – bacon sandwich[26][27][28]
- Bangers and mash – sausages and mashed potatoes[25][27][28][29]
- Egg and soldiers – toast sliced into approximately six to eight pieces lengthwise, to dip into soft-boiled egg yolk[28][30]
- Cauliflower cheese[27][29][31][32]
- Chicken Tikka Masala[29][31][32]
- Cornish pasty[27][29]
- Cottage or Shepherd's pie[27][28][29][31]
- Custard[31]
- Curry – India-inspired stew over rice[28]
- Egg and chips[28][33]
- Fish and chips[27][28][34]
- Full English breakfast[27][28]
- Fruit Crumble – stewed fruit with crumbly topping[24][27][29][31]
- Lancashire hotpot[31]
- Potatoes
- Puddings
- Bread and butter pudding[31]
- Jam Roly-Poly – suet pudding rolled in a spiral with jam
- Rice pudding[29][31]
- Spotted dick – steamed pudding with dried fruit[27]
- Sticky toffee pudding[29]
- Treacle pudding[27][31]
- Roasted meat, such as roast beef[24][27][28][29] or chicken[27][29]
- Pies
- Scotch egg – hard-boiled egg baked in sausage[27][29]
- Soups and stews
- Stottie cake – heavy, round bread[36]
- Toast
- Baked beans on toast[28]
- Welsh Rarebit – hot cheese sauce on toast[29][31]
- Toastie – grilled sandwich[31]
- Toad in the hole – sausages baked in Yorkshire pudding[28][29][31]
- Yorkshire pudding[27][29][37]
Canada
- Butter tart / Tarte au sucre – small sweet tart-shaped pastries[38][39][40]
- Cake[41]
- Cheesecake[42]
- Chili and beans[43]
- Chocolate bars[40]
- Cookies[39]
- Fish and chips[44]
- Fried chicken[41]
- Fried rice[45]
- Ginger beef[46]
- Grilled cheese sandwich[39][44][45][47]
- Hamburger[47][39]
- Ice cream[40][41]
- Lasagna[41][48]
- Macaroni and cheese[39][40][41][44][45][47][49]
- Nanaimo bar[40][44]
- Pancakes with maple syrup[39][47]
- Pea soup[45]
- Pierogies[45]
- Pizza[45][39][47]
- Potatoes such as French fries, Hash browns, Mashed potatoes,[41] Potato chips,[40] and Potato salad
- Poutine[24][38][39][40][44][45][47]
- Rhubarb pie[48]
- Tourtière – meat pie with pork and lard[38]
- Scrambled eggs on toast[45]
France
- Crème caramel – custard dessert[50]
- French onion soup – onion soup with cheese and bread[50]
- Gratin dauphinois – potato slices baked with cream[24]
- Tomates Farcies – Tomatoes stuffed with ground meat
- Pâté – cold meat paste[50]
- Pot-au-feu – beef stew[51]
Indonesia
Some popular Indonesian foods are considered to be comfort food, usually served hot or warm, and soupy or with a soft texture. Most of them are high in carbs or fat, such as fried rice, congee, and noodles which are high in carbs; while meatballs and grilled skewered meats contains fair amount of fat and salt. Comfort foods often are the kind of food that provides nostalgic sentiments, as they often called masakan rumahan (home cooking) or masakan ibu (mother's dishes). In Indonesia, the warm and soft texture of bubur ayam is believed to help people to recover during convalescence.[52] Sayur sop or sup ayam is Indonesian chicken soup that often sought during flu. The warm soup contains chunk of chicken, bits of potato, carrot, and common green bean served in chicken stock.[53]
Some Indonesian comfort foods are traditional Indonesian food and some are derived from Chinese influences. For some Indonesians, especially those who are abroad, comfort food might also be a certain brand or type of Indonesian instant noodle, such as Indomie Mi goreng.[54] Indonesian comfort foods include:
- Bakmi or mie ayam – noodles (mi) with pork (bak) or chicken (ayam)[55]
- Bakso – meatball soup[52][56][57]
- Bubur ayam – chicken congee[52]
- Gado-gado – salad containing vegetables, tempeh and egg in peanut sauce[58]
- Indomie Mi goreng – fried noodle[52][54]
- Nasi goreng – fried rice[57]
- Nasi tim – steamed chicken rice[59][60]
- Sayur sop or sup ayam – Indonesian chicken and vegetables soup[53]
- Sate – skewered barbecue with peanut sauce[57]
- Soto ayam – spicy chicken soup[52][61]
Italy
- Gnocchi – small soft dough dumplings[62]
- Lasagne – flat noodles (pasta) layered with meat, cheese and tomato sauce[63][64]
- Pasta all'amatriciana – pasta with guanciale, tomato sauce and pecorino cheese
- Pasta alla carbonara – pasta with guanciale, egg and pecorino cheese
- Pizza – baked flatbread with toppings
- Nutella – sweet spread of cocoa and hazelnuts[65]
Japan
- Chazuke/ochazuke – rice with green tea[66][67][68]
- Miso soup – soybean-flavored clear soup[66]
- Mochi – rice cake[68]
- Onigiri – rice ball[66][68]
- Ramen – soup with thin noodles[68][69]
- Takoyaki – octopus balls[68]
- Tempura – battered, deep-fried pieces of meat or vegetables[66][68]
- Udon – soup with thick noodles[66][68]
Indian Subcontinent
- Aloo gosht – meat and potato soup[70]
Masala Dosa
Biryani
Philippines
- Adobo – marinated meat[71][72]
- Arroz Caldo / Lugaw – savory rice porridge[73][74]
- Batchoy – noodle soup[75]
- Ginataan – Coconut Cream based dessert with Bananas, Sticky rice balls, Sago, Taro and Langka
- Bulalo – beef bone marrow soup[74]
- Champorado – chocolate rice porridge, sometimes served savory (as with tuyô)[24][76][74]
- Dinuguan - pork offal stew[76]
- Halo-halo – dessert of mixed sweets[71][75]
- Kare-kare – Is a stew with the components of ox tripe, ox tails, Banana hearts. bockchoy and String beans with ground peanuts, peanut butter, stock and rice flour[72]
- Lumpia – spring rolls[72]
- Lomi – noodle soup[74]
- Pancit – noodles[72][77]
- Puto – steamed rice cake[76]
- Sinampalukan - sour chicken soup[78][79]
- Sinigang – sour soup[71][74][75]
- Sopas - macaroni soup (usually chicken)[74][80][81]
- Suman – glutinous rice cake[75]
- Tsokolate – hot chocolate drink[74]
Poland
Some Polish comfort food include:
Puerto Rico
Some Puerto Rican comfort foods include:
- Arroz con gandules – rice with pigeon peas[85][86]
- Arroz con pollo – rice with chicken[85]
- Bistec encebollado – steak and onions[87]
- Carne Guisada – stewed beef[86]
- Carne mechada – Puerto Rican style meatloaf
- Churrasco – grilled flank or skirt steak[87]
- Cuchifritos and Fritanga – assortments of fried appetizers (alcapurrias, bacalaitos, pastelitos/pastelillos, piononos, sorrullos/sorullitos)[87][85][86]
- Habichuelas guisadas con calabaza – beans stewed with pumpkin[87]
- Lechón asado – roast pork[87]
- Mixta – white rice, stewed beans with pumpkin and stewed meat with potatoes and carrots
- Mofongo and trifongo – fried mashed green plantains[87][88]
- Mofongo relleno de mariscos, carne o pollo – Fried mashed green plantains stuffed with seafood, meat or chicken[85]
- Pasteles – Puerto Rican tamales[86]
- Pastelón de plátano maduro – ripe banana casserole with ground beef and cheddar cheese[86]
- Pinchos – Puerto Rican skewers[88]
- Tostones – fried plantain slices[87][88]
Russia
Russian comfort foods may include but are not limited to:
Spain
| This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2019) |
- Castañas asadas – roasted chestnuts
- Chocolate con churros – hot chocolate drink with fried dough
- Cordero asado – grilled lamb
- Fried seafood, such as boquerones fritos (fried anchovies) and calamares fritos (fried squid)
- Gazpacho – cold vegetable soup
- Jamón serrano – Serrano ham
- Paella – rice with saffron, cooked in a shallow pan[89]
- Sausage, such as chorizo, morcilla, and salchichón
- Sobaos pasiegos – sweet bread
- Stew, such as cocido madrileño (Madrid stew)[90]
- Tarta de Santiago – almond cake or tart[89]
- Torreznos – bacon
- Tortilla española or tortilla de patata – potato-onion omelet[89][91]
Taiwan
- Beef noodle soup[92]
- Dan zai noodles – noodles and prawn with broth[93]
- Minced pork rice[93]
- Oyster omelette[94]
- Red bean soup[95]
- Small sausage in large sausage – grilled sausage in a rice casing[94]
- Tangyuan – filled rice dumplings in sweet syrup[95]
Turkey
In Turkish, comfort food is closest in meaning to Template:Lang-tr, "mother's dish", especially in terms of providing a nostalgic feeling, or Template:Lang-tr, "home dish". Some Turkish comfort foods are:
- Mantı – spicy meat dumpling[96][97]
- Kuru fasulye – bean and tomato stew[24]
United States
American comfort foods may include the following foods:
- Apple pie[99]
- Biscuits and gravy[100][101]
- Burrito[101]
- Cake and Cupcakes[100][102]
- Casseroles[102][103]
- Chicken fried steak[102]
- Chicken and dumplings[102]
- Chicken soup[100][101]
- Chili[98][100][102]
- Chili mac[104]
- Chocolate chip cookies[100][102]
- Chowders: Clam chowder, Shrimp chowder, Corn chowder, etc.[100][102]
- Corned beef and cabbage
- Cornbread[102]
- French fries[100][101]
- Fried chicken[24][100][101][102]
- Green bean casserole[102]
- Grilled cheese sandwich[100][101] and tomato soup[102]
- Grits[4][102]
- Ice cream[100][102]
- Lasagna[102]
- Macaroni and cheese[98][100][101][102]
- Mashed potatoes[24][100][101][102]
- Meatloaf[100][102]
- Peanut butter[105]
- Pizza[24][101]
- Pot roast[102][106][107]
- Red beans and rice[102][108]
- Tamale pie[109]
- Tuna casserole[110]
See also
References
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- ^ "Sinampalukang Manok Recipe". Panlasang Pinoy. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
- ^ "Sinampalukan: Filipino Chicken Soup". Serve With Rice. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
- ^ "Creamy Chicken Sopas (Filipino Chicken Macaroni Soup)". Manila Spoon. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
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- ^ Ardis, Susan (7 November 2012). "Pierogies: Comfort food, Polish style". The State.
- ^ Scatts (17 January 2011). "What Is Polish "Comfort Food"?". Polandian. Wordpress.
- ^ Izlar, Camille (14 February 2013). "Polish Comfort Food: Best Way to Stay Warm". Steve Dolinsky.
- ^ a b c d Russell, Michael (12 March 2015). "Boriken brings Puerto Rican comfort food to Beaverton (and beyond)". The Oregonian. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ a b c d e Edwards, Melanie (29 May 2012). "5 Traditional Puerto Rican Foods I Wish My Daughter Ate". Fox News Latino. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g Olmsted, Larry (18 October 2012). "Great American Bites: Classic Puerto Rican comfort food at El Jibarito". USA Today. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ a b c Speakerman, Meghan Ruth (17 September 2012). "Puerto Rican Inspiration". Austin Chronicle. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ a b c Acker, Kerry (24 January 2013). "Spanish Comfort Food Favorites". Epicurious. Condé Nast. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
- ^ "Traditional Spanish Comfort Food at Home: Cocido Madrileño Recipe". Devour Madrid. Devour Tours. 8 November 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
- ^ "Behind the Bite: Tortilla de Patatas". Devour Madrid. Devour Tours. 19 November 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
- ^ "10 Classic Taiwanese Dishes". LA Weekly. 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
- ^ a b "45 Taiwanese foods we can't live without". CNN. 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
- ^ a b "Tasty snacks go well with TaiwanFest fun". The Georgia Straight. 2008. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Taiwan's Top Winter Comfort Foods". The Wall Street Journal. 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
- ^ "The ultimate comfort food: manti, or turkish dumplings". LA Weekly. 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
- ^ "Manti: A Food Without Borders". The Atlantic. 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
- ^ a b c Joseph, Dana (10 May 2012). "American food: the 50 greatest dishes". CNN Travel.
- ^ Bretherton, C. (2013). Pies: Sweet and Savory. DK Publishing. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-4654-1243-0. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Stoley, Emma (20 January 2012). "America's Best Comfort Foods". Travel+Leisure (Time Inc.). Retrieved 21 July 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Brown, Alton. "America's Best: Top 10 Comfort Foods". Food Network. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "101 Best Comfort Food Classics". Southern Living. Time Inc. Lifestyle Group. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
- ^ Slotnik, Daniel E. (26 May 2012). "What's Your Comfort Food?". The New York Times.
- ^ Fiduccia, K.; Rowinski, K. (2013). The Ultimate Guide to Making Chili: Easy and Delicious Recipes to Spice Up Your Diet. Skyhorse Pub. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-62087-189-8.
- ^ Karina Martinez-Carter (14 February 2014). "As American as peanut butter". Pacific Standard. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
- ^ Joseph, Scott (3 September 1993). "Pot Roast, Comfort Food Great, Goes With Comfortable Wine". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) () - ^ "Comfort and Company". Food Network. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
- ^ "Chefs' Comfort Food Cook-Off". Southern Living. Time Inc. Lifestyle Group. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
- ^ Gardens, B.H. (2011). The Ultimate Casseroles Book: More than 400 Heartwarming Dishes from Dips to Desserts. Better Homes and Gardens Ultimate. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-544-18850-1. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
- ^ "Ultimate Comfort Food".
Further reading
- Hoffman, Jan. "The Myth of Comfort Food". Well. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
- "USATODAY.com - Women like sugar, men like meat". usatoday30.usatoday.com. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
External links
Media related to Comfort food at Wikimedia Commons
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