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{{About|the capital of France}} |
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== paris sucks co-cks == |
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{{pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes}} |
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{{pp-move-indef}} |
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{{Infobox French commune |
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|name = Paris |
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|common name = Paris |
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|image = [[File:Panorama Paris December 2007.jpg|270px]] |
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|caption = The [[Eiffel Tower]] (foreground) and the skyscrapers of the<br />[[La Défense]] business district (background). |
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|image size = 300px |
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|image flag = Flag of Paris.svg |
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|image flag size = 85px |
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|image coat of arms = Grandes Armes de Paris.svg |
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|image coat of arms size = 120px |
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|flag legend = [[Flag of Paris|City flag]] |
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|coat of arms legend = [[Coat of arms of Paris|City coat of arms]] |
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|city motto = ''[[Fluctuat nec mergitur]]'' (Latin: She is tossed by the waves but is not sunk) |
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|latitude = 48.856667 |
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|longitude = 2.350833 |
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|time zone = CET <small>(UTC +1)</small> |
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|region = [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] |
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|department = Paris (75) |
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|mayor = [[Bertrand Delanoë]] |
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|party = [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]] |
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|term = 2008–2014 |
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|subdivisions entry = [[Administrative division|Subdivisions]] |
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|subdivisions. = [[Arrondissements of Paris|20 arrondissements]] |
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|area km2 = 105.4 |
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|area footnotes = <ref name="area">[http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches%5CRS%5CDEP%5C75%5CCOM%5CRS_COM75056.pdf INSEE local statistics], including [[Bois de Boulogne]] and [[Bois de Vincennes]].</ref> |
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|population date = January 1, 2009 estimate<ref name="pop">{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=5427&document_type_id=5&document_id=8717&portlet_id=11661 |
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|title=La population par arrondissement de 1990 à 2009 |
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|date=2009-01-01 |
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|publisher=Mairie de Paris |
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|language=French |
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|accessdate=2009-07-09}}</ref> |
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|INSEE=75056 |
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|postal code=75001-75020, 75116 |
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|population = 2203817 |
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|population ranking = [[List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants (1999 census)|1st in France]] |
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|urban area km2 = 2,723 |
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|urban area date = 1999 |
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|urban pop = 10,142,983<ref name="urban stats">{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.recensement.insee.fr/chiffresCles.action?codeMessage=5&zoneSearchField=PARIS&codeZone=00851-UU1999&idTheme=&rechercher=Rechercher |
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|title=Paris (00851 - Unité urbaine 1999) - Thème : Évolution et structure de la population |
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|publisher=Insee |
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|language=French |
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|accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref> |
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|urban pop date = 2006 |
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|metro area km2 = 14518.3 |
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|metro area date = 1999 |
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|metro area pop = 11,769,433<ref name="paris_AU99_pop">{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.recensement.insee.fr/chiffresCles.action?codeMessage=5&zoneSearchField=PARIS&codeZone=001-AU1999&idTheme=3&rechercher=Rechercher |
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|title=Paris (001 - Aire urbaine 1999) - Thème : Évolution et structure de la population |
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|publisher=Insee |
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|language=French |
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|accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref> |
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|metro area pop date = 2006 |
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|website = [http://www.paris.fr paris.fr] |
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}} |
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'''Paris''' ({{IPA-fr|paʁi||Paris1.ogg}} in [[French language|French]], {{pron-en|ˈpærɪs}} in [[English language|English]]) is the [[Capital (political)|capital]] and largest city of [[France]]. It is situated on the river [[Seine]], in northern France, at the heart of the [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] [[Regions of France|region]] (or Paris Region, {{Lang-fr|Région parisienne}}). The city of Paris, within its administrative limits largely unchanged since 1860, has an estimated population of 2,203,817 (January 2006),<ref name="paris_pop_2006">{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/ElpDep_5trages90-06.xls|title=" Estimation de population par département, sexe et grande classe d’âge – Années 1990 à 2006"|author=[[INSEE|Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques]]|accessdate=2008-02-16}}</ref> but the Paris ''[[aire urbaine]]'' (or [[metropolitan area]]) has a population of 11,769,433 (January 2006),<ref name="paris_AU99_pop">{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.recensement.insee.fr/RP99/rp99/wr_page.affiche?p_id_nivgeo=M&p_id_loca=001&p_id_princ=POP1&p_theme=ALL&p_typeprod=ALL&p_langue=FR|title="Aire Urbaine '99 – pop totale par sexe et âge"|author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques|accessdate=2006-04-10}}</ref> and is one of the [[Largest European cities and metropolitan areas|most populated metropolitan areas]] in [[Europe]].<ref name="metropolitan_areas">{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&va=&pt=a|title="World Metropolitan Areas"|author=Stefan Helders, World Gazetteer|accessdate=2007-01-18}}</ref> |
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An important settlement for more than two millennia, Paris is today one of the world's leading [[business]] and [[culture|cultural]] centres, and its influence in [[politics]], [[education]], [[entertainment]], [[mass media|media]], [[fashion]], [[science]], and the [[arts]] all contribute to its status as one of the world's major [[global city|global cities]].<ref name="GaWC">{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html|title="The World According to GaWC 2008"|author=Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network, [[Loughborough University]]|accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref> |
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Paris and the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris Region]], with €552.7 billion (US$813.4 billion) in 2008, produces more than a quarter of the [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) of France.<ref name=Paris_GDP>{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/donnees-detaillees/cnat-region/pib_reg.xls|title=Produits Intérieurs Bruts Régionaux (PIBR) en valeur en millions d'euros|author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques|format=XLS|accessdate=2010-02-10}}</ref> According to 2007 estimates, the Paris urban [[agglomeration]] is Europe's biggest city economy<ref name="UN">{{cite web|url=http://esa.un.org/unup/index.asp?panel=2|title=World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision Population Database|publisher=The United Nations|accessdate=21 November 2009}}</ref> and the [[List of cities by GDP|sixth largest]] in the world. The Paris Region hosts 38 of the [[Fortune Global 500]] companies<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2009/countries/France.html|title=Global Fortune 500 by countries: France|author=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|accessdate=2008-07-28}}</ref> in several business districts, notably [[La Défense]], the largest purpose-built business district in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.logistics-in-europe.com/pidf-gb/index.html|title="Paris Île-de-France, a head start in Europe"|author=Logistics-in-Europe.com, Vertical Mail|accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref> Paris also hosts many international organizations such as [[UNESCO]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD), the [[International Chamber of Commerce]] (ICC) and the informal [[Paris Club]]. According to the latest survey from [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] in [[2010]], Paris is the world's most expensive city to live in.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.economist.com/daily/chartgallery/displaystory.cfm?story_id=15659589|title="The cost of living in cities, Trop Cher?"|author=Economist Intelligence Unit|accessdate=2010-10-03}}</ref> |
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Paris is one of the most popular [[tourism|tourist]] destinations in the world. The Paris region receives 45 million tourists annually, 60% of whom are foreign visitors.<ref name=tourism>{{cite web|title=Tourism|url=http://www.iledefrance.fr/english/sports-loisirs-tourisme/tourism/tourism/|author=Île-de-France Regional Council|accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref> The city and region contain numerous iconic landmarks, world-famous institutions and popular parks. |
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==Etymology== |
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The name ''Paris'' derives from that of its inhabitants, the [[Gaul]]ish tribe known as the ''[[Parisii (France)|Parisii]]''. The city was called ''[[Lutetia]]'' (more fully, ''Lutetia Parisiorum'', "Lutetia of the Parisii"), during the first- to sixth-century [[Roman Gaul|Roman occupation]], but during the reign of [[Julian the Apostate]] (360–363) the city was renamed Paris.<ref>[http://en.parisinfo.com/museums-monuments-paris/special-reports-1/paris-through-the-ages/guide/paris-through-the-ages_the-city-of-antiquity The City of Antiquity], official history of Paris by The Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau</ref> |
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Others<!-- which others? if historians or grammarians, give names/FW --> consider that the name of the ''Parisii'' tribe comes from the Celtic Gallic word ''parisio'' meaning "the working people" or "the craftsmen."<ref name="paris_dottin">{{Fr icon}} {{cite book|title=La Langue Gauloise : Grammaire, Textes et Glossaire|author= Georges Dottin|location=Paris|publisher=C. Klincksieck|year=1920|id=isbn = 2051002088}}</ref> |
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Since the mid-19th century, Paris is known as ''Paname''<ref>http://www.linguistik-online.com/25_05/abecassis.html</ref> ({{IPA|[panam]}}) in the Parisian [[slang]] called [[argot]] ([[File:ltspkr.png]][[Media:Fr-moi-jsuis-dPaname.ogg|''Moi j'suis d'Paname'']], i.e. "I'm from Paname"). The singer [[Renaud Sechan|Renaud]] re-popularized the term amongst the young generation<ref>http://www.linguistik-online.com/25_05/abecassis.html</ref> with his 1976 album ''[[Amoureux de Paname]]'' (i.e. In love with Paname). |
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Paris has many nicknames, but its most famous is "La Ville-Lumière" ("The City of Light"),<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8125|title= English Version of "Presentation of the City"|accessdate=2009-04-30}}</ref> a name it owes first to its fame as a centre of education and ideas during the [[Age of Enlightenment]], and later to its early adoption of [[street light]]ing.<ref>It is unlikely that Paris' modern appellation of ''Ville Lumière'' was given to the capital of France because it was a centre of education, ideas and culture, as it had been such a centre since the Middle Ages. It is more likely, however, that, aside from the apparition of street lighting at night, Paris became known as ''Ville Lumière'' in the second half of the 19th century, when baron Haussmann, who had been put in charge by emperor Napoléon III of the drastic transformation of Paris into a modern city, tore down whole ''quartiers'' of houses & narrow streets dating back to the Middle Ages, and opened large avenues which let light (''lumière'') come into the former medieval city.</ref> |
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Paris' inhabitants are known in English as "Parisians" and in French as ''Parisiens'' ({{IPA-fr|paʁizjɛ̃||Parisien2.ogg}}). Parisians are often pejoratively called ''Parigots'' ({{IPA-fr|paʁiɡo||Parigot.ogg}}), a term first used in 1900<ref>Dictionnaire de la langue française, ''Larousse étymologique'', Librairie Larousse, Paris, 1971, p. 535</ref> by those living outside the Paris region<!-- word was more likely created by Parisians of the lower popular class who spoke * argot* , then * parigot* was used in a pejorative manner outside the Parisian region & throughout France to mean Parisians in general/FW-->, but now the term may be considered endearing by Parisians themselves. |
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:''See [[wikt:Paris#Translations|Wiktionary]] for the name of Paris in various languages other than English and French.'' |
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==History== |
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{{Main|History of Paris}} |
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===Beginnings=== |
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[[File:Romanbathparis.jpg|thumb|left|[[Roman bath]] beneath the [[Latin Quarter, Paris|Latin Quarter]]]] |
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The earliest archaeological signs of permanent habitation in the Paris area date from around [[4200 BC]].<ref name="roman_chronology">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.culture.fr/en/ow_chrono.htm|author=Mairie de Paris|title=Paris, Roman City - Chronology|accessdate=2006-07-16}}</ref> The ''[[Parisii (France)|Parisii]]'', a sub-tribe of the [[Celt]]ic [[Senones]], inhabited the area near the river [[Seine]] from around 250 BC<ref>http://www.celticgrounds.com/chapters/appendix/celtic_tribes.htm</ref>. The [[Roman Empire|Romans]] conquered the Paris basin in [[52 BC]],<ref name="roman_chronology" /> with a permanent settlement by the end of the same century on the [[Rive Gauche|Left Bank]] [[Montagne Sainte-Geneviève|Sainte Geneviève Hill]] and the [[Île de la Cité]]. The [[Gallo-Roman]] town was originally called [[Lutetia]], but later Gallicised to ''Lutèce''. It expanded greatly over the following centuries, becoming a prosperous city with a forum, palaces, baths, temples, theatres, and an amphitheatre.<ref name="roman_city">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.culture.fr/en/|author=Mairie de Paris|title=Paris, Roman City - The City|accessdate=2006-07-16}}</ref> The collapse of the Roman empire and the fifth-century [[Migration period|Germanic invasions]] sent the city into a period of decline. By [[400 AD]], ''Lutèce'', by then largely abandoned by its inhabitants, was little more than a garrison town entrenched into the hastily fortified central island.<ref name="roman_chronology" /> The city reclaimed its original appellation of "Paris" towards the end of the Roman occupation. The Frankish king [[Clovis I]] established Paris as his capital in 508. |
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===Middle Ages to 19th century=== |
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[[File:Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry octobre.jpg|left|150px|thumb|The [[Louvre]] fortress from the early 15th century illuminated manuscript ''Book of Hours'', [[Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry]], month of October.]] |
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Paris's population was around 200,000<ref>[http://www1.american.edu/TED/bubonic.htm The Role of Trade in Transmitting the Black Death]. TED Case Studies.</ref> when the [[Black Death]] arrived in 1348, killing as many as 800 people a day, and 40,000 died from the plague in 1466.<ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Plague Plague]. 1911 Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica.</ref> According to Biraben, [[Plague (disease)|plague]] was present in Paris for almost one year in three in the 16th and 17th centuries to 1670.<ref>Vanessa Harding (2002). "''[http://books.google.com/books?id=JCPXfSUlUV8C&pg=PA25&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false The dead and the living in Paris and London, 1500-1670.]''". p.25. ISBN 0521811260</ref> Paris lost its position as seat of the French realm during occupation of the English-allied [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundians]] during the [[Hundred Years' War]], but regained its title when [[Charles VII of France]] reclaimed the city from English rule in 1436. Paris from then became France's capital once again in title, but France's real centre of power would remain in the [[Loire Valley]]<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2008/TRAVEL/getaways/03/07/loire.valley/index.html Loire Valley: Land of a thousand chateaux], CNN.com</ref> until [[Francis I of France|King Francis I]] returned France's crown residences to Paris in 1528. |
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During the [[French Wars of Religion]], Paris was a stronghold of the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic party]]. In August 1572, under the reign of [[Charles IX of France|Charles IX]], while many noble Protestants were in Paris on the occasion of the marriage of Henry of Navarre, the future [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]], to [[Margaret of Valois]], sister of Charles IX, the [[St. Bartholomew's Day massacre]] occurred; begun on 24 August, it lasted several days and spread throughout the country.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day], Britannica Online Encyclopedia</ref><ref>[[François Bayrou|Bayrou, François]], ''Henri IV, le roi libre'', Flammarion, Paris, 1994, pp. 121–130, (French).</ref> During the [[Fronde]], Parisians rose in rebellion and the royal family fled the city (1648). King [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] then moved the royal court permanently to [[Versailles]] in 1682. A century later, Paris was the centre stage for the [[French Revolution]], with the [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July 1789 and the [[French Revolution|overthrow]] of the monarchy in September 1792.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/hist7.html|title=consulted 29 November 2008|publisher=Victorianweb.org|date=2007-08-10|accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref> |
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===Nineteenth century=== |
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[[File:Vue générale de l'Exposition universelle de 1889.jpg|thumb|[[Exposition Universelle (1889)|1889 Universal Exposition]].]] |
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Paris was occupied by Russian [[Cossack]] and [[Kalmyk]] cavalry units upon [[Napoleon I, Emperor of the French|Napoleon]]'s defeat on the [[Six Days Campaign|31st of March 1814]]; this was the first time in 400 years that the city had been conquered by a foreign power.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/Paris_1814.htm|title=Battle of Paris 1814|publisher=Napoleonistyka.atspace.com|date=|accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref> The ensuing [[Bourbon Restoration|Restoration]] period, or the return of the monarchy under [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]] (1814–1824) and [[Charles X of France|Charles X]], ended with the [[July Revolution]] Parisian uprising of 1830. The new 'constitutional monarchy' under [[Louis-Philippe I, King of the French|Louis-Philippe]] ended with the 1848 "[[French Revolution of 1848|February Revolution]]" that led to the creation of the [[French Second Republic|Second Republic]]. |
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Throughout these events, [[cholera]] epidemics in 1832 and 1849 ravaged the population of Paris; the 1832 epidemic alone claimed 20,000 of the population of 650,000.<ref name="cholera">{{cite web|url=http://www.amicale-genealogie.org/Histoires_temps-passe/Epidemies/chol01.htm|title="Le Cholera"|author=Amicale Généalogie, La Petite Gazette Généalogique|accessdate=2006-04-10|language=French}}</ref> |
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The greatest development in Paris's history began with the [[Industrial Revolution]] creation of a network of railways that brought an unprecedented flow of migrants to the capital from the 1840s. The city's largest transformation came with the 1852 [[French Second Empire|Second Empire]] under [[Napoleon III of France|Napoleon III]]; his ''[[préfet]]'' [[Baron Haussmann|Haussmann]] [[Haussmann's renovation of Paris|levelled entire districts]] of Paris' narrow, winding medieval streets to create the network of wide avenues and neo-classical façades that still make much of modern Paris; the reason for this transformation was twofold, as not only did the creation of wide boulevards beautify and sanitize the capital, it also facilitated the effectiveness of troops and artillery against any further uprisings and barricades that Paris was so famous for.<ref>Jones, Colin (2005) ''Paris: The Biography of a City'' (New York, NY: Penguin Viking), pp. 318–319.</ref> |
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The [[French Second Empire|Second Empire]] ended in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] (1870–1871), and a besieged Paris under heavy bombardment surrendered on the 28th of January 1871. The discontent of Paris' populace with the new armistice-signing government seated in [[Versailles]] resulted in the creation of a Parisian "[[Commune of Paris|Commune]]" government, supported by an army in large part created from members of the City's former [[National Guard (France)|National Guard]], that would both continue resistance against the Prussians and oppose the government "Versaillais" army. The result was a bloody ''Semaine Sanglante'' that resulted in the death, many by summary execution, of roughly 20,000 "communards" before the fighting ended on May 28, 1871.<ref name="Anderson">In {{Cite news|author=[[Benedict Anderson]]|title=In the World-Shadow of Bismarck and Nobel|publisher=[[New Left Review]]|date=July-August 2004|url=http://www.newleftreview.net/?view=2519}}: <blockquote> <small> "In March 1871 the Commune took power in the abandoned city and held it for two months. Then [[Versailles]] seized the moment to attack and, in one horrifying week, executed roughly 20,000 Communards or suspected sympathizers, a number higher than those killed in the recent war or during [[Robespierre]]’s ‘[[Reign of Terror|Terror]]’ of 1793–94. More than 7,500 were jailed or deported to places like New Caledonia. Thousands of others fled to Belgium, England, Italy, Spain and the United States. In 1872, stringent laws were passed that ruled out all possibilities of organizing on the left. Not till 1880 was there a general amnesty for exiled and imprisoned Communards. Meantime, the Third Republic found itself strong enough to renew and reinforce Louis Napoleon’s imperialist expansion—in Indochina, Africa, and Oceania. Many of France’s leading intellectuals and artists had participated in the Commune (Courbet was its quasi-minister of culture, [[Arthur Rimbaud|Rimbaud]] and [[Pissarro]] were active propagandists) or were sympathetic to it. The ferocious repression of 1871 and after was probably the key factor in alienating these milieux from the Third Republic and stirring their sympathy for its victims at home and abroad."</small> </blockquote></ref> The ease at which the ''Versaillais'' army overtook Paris owed much to [[Haussmann's renovation of Paris|Baron Haussmann's earlier renovations]]. |
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France's late 19th-century [[Exposition Universelle|Universal Expositions]] made Paris an increasingly important centre of technology, trade and tourism.<ref name=Jones334>Jones, Colin (2005) ''Paris: The Biography of a City'' (New York, NY: Penguin Viking), p. 334.</ref> Its most famous were the [[Exposition Universelle (1889)|1889 Universal Exposition]] to which Paris owes its "temporary" display of architectural engineering prowess, the [[Eiffel Tower]], a structure that remained the world's tallest building until 1930; the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|1900 Universal Exposition]] saw the opening of the first [[Paris Métro]] line. |
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===Twentieth century=== |
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[[File:Crowds of French patriots line the Champs Elysees-edit2.jpg|thumb|[[Liberation of Paris]] in August 1944.]] |
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During [[World War I]], Paris was at the forefront of the war effort, having been spared a German invasion by the French and British victory at the [[First Battle of the Marne]] in 1914. In 1918–1919, it was the scene of [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] victory parades and peace negotiations. In the [[Interwar period|inter-war period]] Paris was famed for its cultural and artistic communities and its nightlife. The city became a gathering place of artists from around the world, from exiled Russian composer [[Igor Stravinsky|Stravinsky]] and Spanish painters [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]] and [[Salvador Dalí|Dalí]] to American writer [[Ernest Hemingway|Hemingway]].<ref>Jones, Colin (2005) Paris: The Biography of a City (New York, NY: Penguin Viking), pp. 388–391</ref> On 14 June 1940, five weeks after the start of the [[Battle of France]], Paris fell to German occupation forces, who remained there until [[Liberation of Paris|the city was liberated]] in August 1944 after a resistance uprising, two and a half months after the Normandy invasion.<ref name="overy">{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Overy|title=Why the Allies Won|pages=215–216|publisher=Pimlico|year=2006|isbn=1845950658}}</ref> Central Paris endured [[World War II]] practically unscathed, as there were no strategic targets for Allied bombers (train stations in central Paris are [[terminal station]]s; major factories were located in the suburbs). Also, German [[General von Choltitz]] did not destroy all Parisian monuments before any German retreat, as ordered by [[Adolf Hitler]], who had visited the city in 1940.<ref name="historynet">{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/magazines/world_war_2/3031316.html|title=Dietrich von Choltitz: Saved of Paris From Destruction During World War II|accessdate=2007-11-17|first=Kelly|last=Bell|publisher=www.TheHistoryNet.com}}</ref> |
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In the post-war era, Paris experienced its largest development since the end of the ''[[Belle Époque]]'' in 1914. The suburbs began to expand considerably, with the construction of large social estates known as ''cités'' and the beginning of the business district [[La Défense]]. A comprehensive express subway network, the [[RER]], was built to complement the Métro and serve the distant suburbs, while a network of freeways was developed in the suburbs, centred on the ''[[Périphérique (Paris)|Périphérique]]'' expressway circling around the city.<ref>{{Fr_icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.cndp.fr/revueTDC/913-81441.htm|title=La région parisienne en chantier|accessdate=2008-08-03|author=Émilie Willaert, professor of History and Geography}}</ref><ref>{{Fr_icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.univ-mlv.fr/mastergu/Docs_IMO/Memimo_0304/Toulza.PDF|title=La conception du RER|accessdate=2008-08-03|author=Jérome Toulza, [[University of Marne la Vallée|Université de Marne-la-Vallée]]|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3884/is_200603/ai_n17181949/pg_1?tag=artBody;col1|title=City infrastructures and city dwellers: Accommodating the automobile in twentieth-century Paris|accessdate=2008-08-03|author=Mathieu Flonneau|publisher=The Journal of Transport History}}</ref> |
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Since the 1970s, many inner suburbs of Paris (especially the north and eastern ones) have experienced [[deindustrialization]], and the once-thriving ''cités'' have gradually become ghettos for immigrants and oases of unemployment.<ref>{{Fr_icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.univ-paris8.fr/sociologie/fichiers/sauvadet-journalparis8.pdf|title=Les jeunes de la cité - Processus de ghettoïsation et mode de socialisation|accessdate=2008-08-03|author=Thomas Sauvadet|publisher=[[Paris 8 University|Université Paris 8]]|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{Fr_icon}} {{cite web|url=http://fig-st-die.education.fr/actes/actes_2005/viellard-baron/article.htm|title=Les quartiers sensibles, entre disqualification visible et réseaux invisibles|accessdate=2008-08-03|author=Hervé Vieillard-Baron, professor at the [[Paris 8 University|Université Paris 8]]}}</ref> At the same time, the city of Paris (within its ''Périphérique'' expressway) and the western and southern suburbs have successfully shifted their economic base from traditional manufacturing to high-value-added services and high-tech manufacturing, generating great wealth for their residents whose per capita income is among the highest in Europe.<ref>{{Fr_icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.journaldunet.com/solutions/0601/060116_prestas-hauts-de-seine-delaage.shtml|title=Roland de Laage (Devoteam) : "L'Ouest parisien, ce sont des départements technologiques à haute valeur ajoutée"|publisher = Journal du net|date = 16 January 2006|accessdate=2008-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{Fr_icon}} {{cite web|url=http://strates.revues.org/document1155.html|title=Une région parisienne à deux vitesses - L'accroissement des disparités spatiales dans l'Île-de-France des années 1980|author=Pierre Beckouche|publisher = Strates - Matériaux pour la recherche en sciences sociales|accessdate=2008-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=1996,39140985&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&screen=detailref&language=en&product=REF_TB_regional&root=REF_TB_regional/t_reg/t_reg_eco/tgs00026|title=Disposable income per NUTS level 2 regions in Europe|accessdate=2008-08-03|publisher=[[Eurostat]]}}</ref> The resulting widening social gap between these two areas has led to periodic unrest since the mid-1980s, such as the [[2005 civil unrest in France|2005 riots]] which largely concentrated in the north-eastern suburbs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/4417096.stm|title=Special Report: Riots in France|date=2005-11-09|accessdate=2007-11-17|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> |
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===Twenty-first century=== |
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[[File:Esplanade-de-la-defense.jpg|thumb|[[La Défense]].]] |
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In order to alleviate social tensions in the inner suburbs and revitalise the metropolitan [[economy of Paris]], several plans are currently underway. The office of [[Secretary of State#France|Secretary of State]] for the Development of the Capital Region was created in March 2008 within the [[French government]]. Its office holder, [[Christian Blanc]], is in charge of overseeing President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]'s plans for the creation of an integrated ''[[Grand Paris]]'' ("Greater Paris") metropolitan authority (see Administration section below), as well as the extension of the subway network to cope with the renewed growth of population in Paris and its suburbs, and various economic development projects to boost the metropolitan economy such as the creation of a world-class technology and scientific cluster and university campus on the [[Saclay]] plateau in the southern suburbs. |
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In parallel, President Sarkozy also launched in 2008 an international urban and architectural competition for the future development of metropolitan Paris. Ten teams which bring together architects, urban planners, geographers, landscape architects will offer their vision for building a Paris metropolis of the 21st century in the [[Kyoto Protocol]] era and make a prospective diagnosis for Paris and its suburbs that will define future developments in Greater Paris for the next 40 years. The goal is not only to build an environmentally sustainable metropolis but also to integrate the inner suburbs with the central City of Paris through large-scale urban planning operations and iconic architectural projects. |
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Meanwhile, in an effort to boost the global economic image of metropolitan Paris, several skyscrapers ({{convert|300|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} and higher) have been approved since 2006 in the business district of [[La Défense]], to the west of the city proper, and are scheduled to be completed by the early 2010s. Paris authorities also made public they are planning to authorise the construction of skyscrapers within the city proper by relaxing the cap on building height for the first time since the construction of the [[Tour Montparnasse]] in the early 1970s. |
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==Geography== |
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[[File:Paris SPOT 1017.jpg|thumb|Paris seen from [[Spot Satellite]]]] |
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{{Main|Topography of Paris}} |
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Paris is located in the north-bending arc of the [[Seine|river Seine]] and includes two islands, the [[Île Saint-Louis]] and the larger [[Île de la Cité]], which form the oldest part of the city. Overall, the city is relatively flat, and the lowest elevation is {{convert|35|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]]. Paris has several prominent hills, of which the highest is [[Montmartre]] at {{convert|130|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris-walking-tours.com/montmartre.html|title=Montmartre|publisher=Paris-walking-tours.com|date=|accessdate=2009-01-06}}</ref> |
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Paris, excluding the outlying parks of [[Bois de Boulogne]] and [[Bois de Vincennes]], covers an oval measuring {{convert|86.928|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} in area.{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}} The city's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form but created the twenty clockwise-spiralling [[Arrondissements of Paris|arrondissements]] (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of {{convert|78|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}, the city limits were expanded marginally to {{convert|86.9|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} in the 1920s. In 1929, the [[Bois de Boulogne]] and [[Bois de Vincennes]] forest parks were officially annexed to the city, bringing its area to the present {{convert|105.39|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Mairie de Paris|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8125&document_type_id=5&document_id=29918&portlet_id=18748|title=Note: 100 ha.=1 km2|publisher=Paris.fr|date=2007-11-15|accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref>. |
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===Climate=== |
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Paris has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cfb'') and is affected by the [[North Atlantic Current]], so the city rarely sees extremely high or low temperatures, such as the [[2003 European heat wave|heat wave of 2003]] and the [[2006 European cold wave|cold wave of 2006]]. |
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Paris has warm and pleasant summers with average high temperatures of {{convert|25|°C|°F|0|abbr=on}} and low of {{convert|15|°C|°F|0|abbr=on}}. Winter is chilly, but temperature is around {{convert|3|C|F|0|Abbr=on}} to {{convert|8|°C|°F|0|abbr=on}}, and rarely falls below the freezing point. Spring and autumn have mild to occasionally warm days and cool evenings. Rain falls throughout the year, and although Paris is not a very rainy city, it is known for sudden showers. Average annual precipitation is {{convert|652|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} with light rainfall fairly distributed throughout the year. Snowfall is rare, but the city sometimes sees light snow or flurries without accumulation. The highest recorded temperature is {{convert|40.4|°C|°F|0|abbr=on}} on 28 July 1948, and the lowest is a {{convert|-23.9|°C|°F|0|abbr=on}} on 10 December 1879.<ref name="climate">{{Fr icon}} {{cite web| |
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url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=4946&document_type_id=5&document_id=3076&portlet_id=10579 |
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|title="Géographie de la capitale - Le climat" |
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|author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques |
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|accessdate=2006-05-24}}</ref> |
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{{Infobox Weather |
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|metric_first=Y |
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|single_line=Y |
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|location = Paris (1971-2000) |
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|Jan_Hi_°C = 6.9 |
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|Feb_Hi_°C = 8.2 |
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|Mar_Hi_°C = 11.8 |
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|Apr_Hi_°C = 14.7 |
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|May_Hi_°C = 19.0 |
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|Jun_Hi_°C = 21.8 |
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|Jul_Hi_°C = 24.4 |
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|Aug_Hi_°C = 24.6 |
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|Sep_Hi_°C = 20.8 |
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|Oct_Hi_°C = 15.8 |
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|Nov_Hi_°C = 10.4 |
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|Dec_Hi_°C = 7.8 |
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|Year_Hi_°C = 15.5 |
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|Jan_Lo_°C = 2.5 |
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|Feb_Lo_°C = 2.8 |
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|Mar_Lo_°C = 5.1 |
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|Apr_Lo_°C = 6.8 |
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|May_Lo_°C = 10.5 |
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|Jun_Lo_°C = 13.3 |
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|Jul_Lo_°C = 15.5 |
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|Aug_Lo_°C = 15.4 |
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|Sep_Lo_°C = 12.5 |
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|Oct_Lo_°C = 9.2 |
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|Nov_Lo_°C = 5.3 |
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|Dec_Lo_°C = 3.6 |
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|Year_Lo_°C = 8.5 |
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|Jan_Precip_mm = 54 |
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|Feb_Precip_mm = 44 |
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|Mar_Precip_mm = 49 |
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|Apr_Precip_mm = 53 |
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|May_Precip_mm = 65 |
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|Jun_Precip_mm = 55 |
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|Jul_Precip_mm = 63 |
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|Aug_Precip_mm = 43 |
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|Sep_Precip_mm = 55 |
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|Oct_Precip_mm = 60 |
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|Nov_Precip_mm = 52 |
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|Dec_Precip_mm = 59 |
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|Year_Precip_mm = 652 |
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|Jan_Sun=62 |
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|Feb_Sun=80 |
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|Mar_Sun=122 |
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|Apr_Sun=147 |
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|May_Sun=203 |
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|Jun_Sun=189 |
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|Jul_Sun=211 |
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|Aug_Sun=229 |
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|Sep_Sun=159 |
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|Oct_Sun=114 |
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|Nov_Sun=69 |
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|Dec_Sun=46 |
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|Year_Sun=1630 |
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|source =[http://france.meteofrance.com/france/climat_france?CLIMAT_PORTLET.path=climatstationn%2F75114001 Météo France] |
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|accessdate = 2009-05-27 }} |
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==Cityscape== |
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{{wide image|Paris Night.jpg|800px|<center>Panoramic view over the western side of Paris, at dusk, from the top of the [[Tour Montparnasse]].</center>}} |
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===Architecture=== |
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[[File:Typical Paris Apartment.jpg|thumb|Typical Parisian architecture in the [[7th arrondissement of Paris|7th arrondissement]].]] |
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Much of contemporary Paris is the result of the vast [[Haussmann's renovation of Paris|mid-nineteenth century urban remodelling]]. For centuries, the city had been a labyrinth of narrow streets and [[half-timber]] houses, but, beginning in 1852, the [[Baron Haussmann]]'s urbanisation program involved leveling entire quarters to make way for wide avenues lined with neo-classical stone buildings of ''bourgeoisie'' standing. Most of this 'new' Paris is the Paris we see today. The building code has seen few changes since, and the [[French Second Empire|Second Empire]] plans are in many cases still followed. The "''alignement''" law is still in place, which regulates building facades of new constructions according to a pre-defined street width. A building's height is limited according to the width of the streets it lines, and under the regulation, it is difficult to get an approval to build a taller building. |
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Many of Paris's important institutions are located outside the city limits. The financial ([[La Défense]]) business district, the main food wholesale market ([[Marché d'Intérêt National de Rungis|Rungis]]), schools (''[[École Polytechnique]]'', [[HEC School of Management|HEC]], [[École supérieure des sciences économiques et commerciales|ESSEC]], [[INSEAD]]), research laboratories (in [[Saclay]] or [[Évry, Essonne|Évry]]), the largest stadium (the ''[[Stade de France]]''), and government offices (Ministry of Transportation) are located in the city's suburbs. |
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===Districts and historical centres=== |
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[[File:Place-de-la-concorde.jpg|thumb|[[Place de la Concorde]].]] |
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[[File:Aftnn Le Basilique du Sacre Coeur 3.jpg|thumb|[[Basilique du Sacré-Cœur, Paris|The Sacré-Cœur Basilica]].]] |
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[[File:Galerie Lafayette Haussmann Dome.jpg|thumb|[[Galeries Lafayette]] department store in boulevard Haussmann]] |
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{{Main|Paris districts}} |
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====City of Paris==== |
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* [[Place de la Bastille]] (4th, 11th and 12th arrondissements, right bank) is a district of great historical significance, not only for Paris, but for France, too. Because of its symbolic value, the square has often been a site of political demonstrations. |
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* [[Champs-Élysées]] (8th arrondissement, right bank) is a seventeenth century garden-promenade-turned-avenue connecting the Concorde and ''[[Arc de Triomphe]]''. It is one of the many tourist attractions and a major shopping street of Paris. |
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* [[Place de la Concorde]] (8th arrondissement, right bank) is at the foot of the Champs-Élysées, built as the "Place Louis XV", site of the infamous [[guillotine]]. The [[Luxor Obelisk|Egyptian obelisk]] is Paris' "oldest monument". On this place, on either side of the ''Rue Royale'', there are two identical stone buildings: The eastern one houses the French Naval Ministry, the western the luxurious ''[[Hôtel de Crillon]]''. Nearby [[Place Vendôme]] is famous for its fashionable and deluxe hotels ([[Hôtel Ritz Paris|Hôtel Ritz]] and [[Hôtel de Vendôme]]) and its jewellers. Many famous fashion designers have had their salons in the square. |
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* [[Les Halles]] (1st arrondissement, right bank) was formerly Paris' central meat and produce market, and, since the late 1970s, a major shopping centre around an important [[Rapid transit|metro]] connection station (Châtelet-Les Halles, the biggest in Europe). The past Les Halles was destroyed in 1971 and replaced by the [[Forum des Halles]]. The central market of Paris, the biggest wholesale food market in the world, was transferred to [[Marché d'Intérêt National de Rungis|Rungis]], in the southern suburbs. |
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* [[Le Marais]] (3rd and 4th arrondissements) is a trendy Right Bank district. It is architecturally very well-preserved, and some of the oldest houses and buildings of Paris can be found there. It is a very culturally open place. It is also known for its Chinese, Jewish and gay communities. |
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* [[Avenue Montaigne]] (8th arrondissement), next to the Champs-Élysées, is home to luxury brand labels such as [[Chanel]], [[Louis Vuitton]] ([[LVMH]]), [[Christian Dior|Dior]] and [[Givenchy]]. |
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* [[Montmartre]] (18th arrondissement, right bank) is a historic area on the Butte, home to the [[Basilica of the Sacré Cœur|Basilique du Sacré-Cœur]]. Montmartre has always had a history with artists and has many studios and cafés of many great artists in that area. |
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* [[Montparnasse]] (14th arrondissement) is a historic Left Bank area famous for artists' studios, music halls, and café life. The large [[Montparnasse - Bienvenüe (Paris Métro)|Montparnasse - Bienvenüe]] ''[[Paris Métro|métro]]'' station and the lone [[Tour Montparnasse]] [[skyscraper]] are located there. |
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* [[Avenue de l'Opéra]] (9th arrondissement, right bank) is the area around the [[Opéra Garnier]] and the location of the capital's densest concentration of both department stores and offices. A few examples are the [[Printemps]] and [[Galeries Lafayette]] ''grands magasins'' (department stores), and the Paris headquarters of financial giants such as [[BNP Paribas]] and [[American Express]]. |
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* [[Latin Quarter|Quartier Latin]] (5th and 6th arrondissements, left bank) is a twelfth-century scholastic centre formerly stretching between the Left Bank's Place Maubert and the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] campus. It is known for its lively atmosphere and many [[bistro]]s. Various higher-education establishments, such as the [[École Normale Supérieure]], [[TELECOM ParisTech]], and the [[Jussieu Campus|Jussieu university campus]], make it a major educational centre in Paris. |
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* [[Rue du Faubourg Saint Honoré|Faubourg Saint-Honoré]] (8th arrondissement, right bank) is one of Paris' high-fashion districts, home to labels such as [[Hermès]] and [[Christian Lacroix]]. |
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[[File:Champs Elysees Paris Wikimedia Commons.jpg|thumb|center|500px|[[Champs-Élysées|Avenue des Champs-Élysées]] at Christmas 2008.]] |
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====In the Paris area==== |
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* [[La Défense]] (straddling the [[Communes of France|communes]] of [[Courbevoie]], [[Puteaux]], and [[Nanterre]], {{convert|2.5|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} west of the city proper) is a [[Paris districts#Key Suburbs|key suburb]] of Paris and is one of the largest business centres in the world. Built at the western end of a westward extension of Paris' historical axis from the [[Champs-Élysées]], La Défense consists mainly of business high-rises. Initiated by the French government in 1958, the district hosts {{convert|3500000|m2|sqft|0|abbr=on}} of offices, making it the largest district in Europe specifically developed for business. The [[Grande Arche]] (Great Arch) of la Défense, which houses a part of the French Transports Minister's headquarters, ends the central Esplanade, around which the district is organised.[[File:Val de Seine.jpg|thumb|[[Val de Seine]]]] |
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* [[:fr:La Plaine Saint-Denis|Plaine Saint-Denis]] (straddling the communes of [[Saint-Denis]], [[Aubervilliers]], and [[Saint-Ouen, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Ouen]], immediately north of the [[XVIIIe arrondissement|18th arrondissement]], across the ''[[Périphérique (Paris)|Périphérique]]'' ring road) is a former derelict manufacturing area that has undergone large-scale urban renewal in the last 10 years. It now hosts the [[Stade de France]], around which is being built the new business district of LandyFrance<!-- do not detach these two words; that's the correct spelling -->, with two [[RER]] stations (on RER line [[RER B|B]] and [[RER D|D]]) and possibly some skyscrapers. In the Plaine Saint-Denis are also located most of France's [[television studio]]s as well as some major movie studios. |
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* [[Val de Seine]] (straddling the [[15th arrondissement of Paris|15th arrondissement]] and the communes of [[Issy-les-Moulineaux]] and [[Boulogne-Billancourt]] to the south-west of central Paris) is the new media hub of Paris and France, hosting the headquarters of most of France's TV networks ([[TF1]] in Boulogne-Billancourt, [[France 2]] in the 15th arrondissement, [[Canal+]] and the international channels [[France 24]] and [[Eurosport]] in Issy-les-Moulineaux), as well as several telecommunication and [[Information technology|IT]] companies such as [[Neuf Cegetel]] in Boulogne-Billancourt or [[Microsoft]]'s Europe, Africa & Middle East regional headquarters in Issy-les-Moulineaux. |
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===Monuments and landmarks=== |
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{{Main|List of visitor attractions in Paris}} |
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[[File:Pont des Arts Wikimedia Commons.jpg|thumbnail|center|600px|Panorama of Paris which shows some of its landmarks]] |
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Three of the most famous Parisian landmarks are the twelfth-century cathedral [[Notre Dame de Paris]] on the [[Île de la Cité]], the [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleonic]] [[Arc de Triomphe]] and the nineteenth-century [[Eiffel Tower]]. The Eiffel Tower was a "temporary" construction by [[Gustave Eiffel]] for the 1889 [[Expo (exhibition)|Universal Exposition]], but the tower was never dismantled and is now an enduring symbol of Paris. The [[Axe historique|Historical axis]] is a line of monuments, buildings, and thoroughfares that run in a roughly straight line from the city-centre westwards: The line of monuments begins with the [[Louvre]] and continues through the [[Tuileries Palace|Tuileries Gardens]], the [[Champs-Élysées]], and the [[Arc de Triomphe]], centred in the [[Place de l'Étoile]] circus. From the 1960s, the line was prolonged even further west to the [[La Défense]] business district dominated by square-shaped triumphal [[Grande Arche]] of its own; this district hosts most of the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region|tallest skyscrapers]] in the Paris urban area. The [[Les Invalides|Invalides]] museum is the burial place for many great French soldiers, including [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]], and the [[Panthéon (Paris)|Panthéon]] church is where many of France's illustrious men and women are buried. The former [[Conciergerie]] prison held some prominent ''[[Ancien Régime]]'' members before their deaths during the [[French Revolution]]. Another symbol of the Revolution are the two [[Replicas of the Statue of Liberty|Statues of Liberty]] located on the [[Île des Cygnes]] on the Seine and in the [[Jardin du Luxembourg|Luxembourg Garden]]. A larger version of the statues was sent as a gift from France to [[United States|America]] in 1886 and now stands in [[New York City]]'s harbour. The [[Palais Garnier]], built in the later [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]] period, houses the Paris Opera and the [[Paris Opera Ballet]], while the former palace of the [[Louvre]] now houses one of the most renowned museums in the world. The [[Sorbonne]] is the most famous part of the [[University of Paris]] and is based in the centre of the [[Latin Quarter, Paris|Latin Quarter]]. Apart from Notre Dame de Paris, there are several other ecclesiastical masterpieces including the Gothic thirteenth-century [[Sainte-Chapelle]] palace chapel and the [[Église de la Madeleine]]. |
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===Parks and gardens=== |
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{{Main|List of parks and gardens in Paris}} |
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[[File:Palais Luxembourg Sunset Edit.JPG|thumb|[[Jardin du Luxembourg]].]] |
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Two of Paris' oldest and famous gardens are the [[Tuileries Garden]], created in the 16th century for a palace on the banks of the [[Seine]] near the [[Louvre]], and the [[Rive Gauche|Left bank]] [[Luxembourg Garden]], another former private garden belonging to a château built for the [[Marie de' Medici]] in 1612. The [[Jardin des Plantes]], created by [[Louis XIII]]'s doctor [[Guy de La Brosse]] for the cultivation of medicinal plants, was Paris' first public garden. |
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A few of Paris' other large gardens are [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]] creations: The former suburban parks of [[Montsouris]], [[Parc des Buttes Chaumont]], and [[Parc Monceau]] (formerly known as the "folie de Chartres") are creations of [[Napoleon III of France|Napoleon III]]'s engineer [[Jean-Charles Alphand]]. Another project executed under the orders of [[Baron Haussmann]] was the re-sculpting of Paris' western [[Bois de Boulogne]] forest-parklands; the [[Bois de Vincennes]], on the city's opposite eastern end, received a similar treatment in years following. |
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Newer additions to Paris' park landscape are the [[Parc de la Villette]], built by the architect [[Bernard Tschumi]] on the location of Paris' former [[slaughterhouse]]s, the [[Parc André Citroën]], and gardens being laid to the periphery along the traces of its former circular "[[Chemin de fer de Petite Ceinture|Petite Ceinture]]" railway line: [[Promenade Plantée]]. |
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===Water and sanitation=== |
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[[File:CanalSaint-martin.jpg|thumb|[[Canal Saint-Martin]].]] |
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Paris in its early history had only the [[Seine]] and [[Bièvre (river)|Bièvre]] rivers for water. Later forms of irrigation were a first-century Roman aqueduct from southerly Wissous (later left to ruin); sources from the Right bank hills from the late 11th century; from the fifteenth century, an [[aqueduct]] built roughly along the path of the abandoned Wissous aqueduct; and, from 1809, the [[canal de l'Ourcq]], providing Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the northeast of the [[Capital (political)|capital]]. Paris would have its first constant and plentiful source of drinkable water only from the late 19th century: From 1857, the civil engineer [[Eugène Belgrand]], under [[Napoleon III of France|Napoleon III]]'s [[Préfet]] [[Baron Haussmann|Haussmann]], oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought sources from locations all around the city to several reservoirs built atop the Capital's highest points of elevation. From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris' principal source of drinking water, and the remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then used for the cleaning of Paris' streets. This system is still a major part of Paris' modern water supply network. |
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Paris has over 2,400 km of underground passageways<ref name="sewers">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/Environnement/Portal.lut?page_id=1313&document_type_id=5&document_id=2158&portlet_id=3139|title="Les égouts parisiens"|author=Mairie de Paris|accessdate=2006-05-15|language=French}}</ref> dedicated to the evacuation of Paris' liquid wastes. Most of these date from the late 19th century, a result of the combined plans of the [[Préfet]] [[Baron Haussmann]] and the civil engineer [[Eugène Belgrand]] to improve the then-very unsanitary conditions in the Capital. Maintained by a [[24/7|round-the-clock]] service since their construction, only a small percentage of Paris' sewer ''réseau'' has needed complete renovation. The entire Paris network of sewers and collectors has been managed since the late 20th century by a computerised network system, known under the acronym "G.A.AS.PAR", that controls all of Paris' water distribution, even the flow of the river Seine through the capital. {{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} |
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===Cemeteries=== |
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[[File:Catacombes De Paris.jpg|thumb|left|[[Catacombs of Paris|The Catacombs]]]] |
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Paris' main cemetery was located to its outskirts on its [[Left Bank]] from the beginning of its history{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}, but this changed with the rise of [[Catholicism]] and the construction of churches towards the city-centre, many of them having adjoining burial grounds for use by their parishes. Generations of a growing city population soon filled these cemeteries to overflowing, creating sometimes very unsanitary conditions: Condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris' parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of Paris' then suburban stone mines outside the [[Left Bank]] "Porte d'Enfer" city gate (today [[14th arrondissement of Paris|14th arrondissement]]'s place [[Denfert Rochereau (Paris RER)|Denfert-Rochereau]]). After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]] provided a more definitive solution in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries to the outside of the city tax wall named ''[[Wall of the Farmers-General]]'' ; Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery|Père Lachaise]], [[Montmartre Cemetery|Montmartre]], [[Montparnasse Cemetery|Montparnasse]], and later [[Passy Cemetery|Passy]]. |
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When Paris annexed all communes to the inside of its much larger ring of suburban fortifications in 1860, its cemeteries were once again within its city walls. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: The largest of these are the ''Cimetière Parisien de [[Saint-Ouen]]'', the ''Cimetière Parisien de [[Bobigny]]-[[Pantin]]'', the ''Cimetière Parisien d'[[Ivry]]'', and the ''Cimetière Parisien de [[Bagneux]].'' |
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==Culture== |
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{{Main|Culture of Paris}} |
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===Entertainment and performing arts=== |
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{{See also|List of films set in Paris}} |
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[[File:Palais Garnier.jpg|thumb|The [[Opéra Garnier]].]] |
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Paris' largest [[opera houses]] are the nineteenth-century [[Opéra Garnier]] (historical [[Opéra National de Paris|Paris Opéra]]) and modern [[Opéra Bastille]]; the former tends towards the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern. In middle of 19th century, there were active two other competing opera houses: [[Opéra-Comique]] (which still exists to this day) and [[Théâtre Lyrique]] (which in modern times changed its profile and name to [[Théâtre de la Ville]]). |
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Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture. This still holds true today; and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. Some of Paris' major theatres include [[Bobino]], [[Théâtre Mogador]], and the [[Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse]]. Some Parisian theatres have also doubled as concert halls. Many of France's greatest musical legends, such as [[Édith Piaf]], [[Maurice Chevalier]], [[Georges Brassens]], and [[Charles Aznavour]], found their fame in Parisian concert halls: Legendary yet still-showing examples of these are [[Le Lido]], [[Bobino]], [[l'Olympia]], [[la Cigale]], and [[le Splendid]]. |
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The ''Élysées-Montmartre'', much reduced from its original size, is a concert hall today. The ''New Morning'' is one of few Parisian clubs still holding jazz concerts, but the same also specialises in 'indie' music. In more recent times, the ''[[Le Zénith]]'' hall in Paris' [[La Villette]] quarter and a "''parc-omnisports''" stadium in [[Bercy]] serve as large-scale rock concert halls. |
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Several yearly festivals take place in Paris, such as [[Rock en Seine]]. |
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Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, that is to say with a dominance of Hollywood-generated film entertainment. French cinema comes a close second, with major directors (''réalisateurs'') such as [[Claude Lelouch]], [[François Truffaut]], [[Jean-Luc Godard]], [[Claude Chabrol]], and [[Luc Besson]], and the more slapstick/popular genre with director [[Claude Zidi]] as an example. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated. A specialty of Paris is its very large network of small movie theatres: on a given week, the movie fan has the choice between around 300 old or new movies from all over the world. |
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Many of Paris' concert/dance halls were transformed into movie theatres when the media became popular from the 1930s. Later, most of the largest cinemas were divided into multiple, smaller rooms: Paris' largest cinema today is by far ''[[le Grand Rex]]'' theatre with 2,800 seats, whereas other cinemas all have fewer than 1,000 seats. There is now a trend toward modern multiplexes that contain more than 10 or 20 screens. |
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===Cuisine=== |
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[[File:Lesdeuxmagots.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Les Deux Magots]] cafe.]] |
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{{see also|French Cuisine}} |
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Paris' culinary reputation has its base in the diverse origins of its inhabitants. In its beginnings, it owed much to the 19th-century organisation of a railway system that had Paris as a centre, making the capital a focal point for immigration from France's many different regions and gastronomical cultures. This reputation continues through today in a cultural diversity that has since spread to a worldwide level thanks to Paris' continued reputation for culinary ''finesse'' and further immigration from increasingly distant climes. |
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Hotels were another result of widespread travel and [[tourism]], especially Paris' late-19th-century ''[[Expo (exhibition)|Expositions Universelles]]'' (World's Fairs). Of the most luxurious of these, the [[Hôtel Ritz Paris|Hôtel Ritz]], appeared in the [[Place Vendôme]] from 1898, and the [[Hôtel de Crillon]] opened its doors on the north side of the [[place de la Concorde]] from 1909. |
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===Tourism=== |
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{{Infobox World Heritage Site |
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|Name = Paris, Banks of the Seine |
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|infoboxwidth = 250px |
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|Image = [[File:DSC00733 Notre Dame Paris from east.jpg|250px]] |
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|imagecaption = [[Notre Dame de Paris]] on the Île de la Cité, on the River Seine. |
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|State_Party = {{FRA}} |
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|Type = Cultural |
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|Criteria = i, ii, iv |
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|ID = 600 |
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|Region = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe and North America]] |
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|Year = 1991 |
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}} |
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{{Main|List of museums in Paris}} |
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Paris from the eleventh century was a popular destination for traders, students and religious pilgrimages, but its 'tourist industry' began on a large scale only with the 19th-century appearance of rail travel, namely from the state's organisation of France's rail network, with Paris at its centre, from 1848. Among Paris' first mass attractions drawing international interest were the above-mentioned ''Expositions Universelles'' that were the origin of Paris' many monuments, namely the [[Eiffel Tower]] from 1889. These, in addition to the capital's [[French Second Empire|Second Empire]] embellishments, did much to make the city itself the attraction it is today. |
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Paris' museums and monuments are among its highest-esteemed attractions; tourism has motivated both the city and national governments to create new ones. The city's most prized museum, the [[Louvre]], welcomes over 8 million visitors a year, being by far the world's most-visited art museum. The city's cathedrals are another main attraction: Its [[Notre Dame de Paris]] and the [[Basilique du Sacré-Coeur]] receive 12 million and eight million visitors, respectively. The [[Eiffel Tower]], by far Paris' most famous monument, averages over six million visitors per year and more than 200 million since its construction. [[Disneyland Paris]] is a major tourist attraction not only for visitors to Paris but for visitors to the rest of Europe as well, with 14.5 million visitors in 2007. |
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The Louvre is one of the largest and most famous museums, housing many works of art, including the ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' (''La Joconde'') and the ''[[Venus de Milo]]'' statue. Works by [[Pablo Picasso]] and [[Auguste Rodin]] are found in ''[[Musée Picasso]]'' and ''[[Musée Rodin]]'', respectively, while the [[Montparnasse|artistic community of Montparnasse]] is chronicled at the ''[[Musée du Montparnasse]]''. Starkly apparent with its service-pipe exterior, the [[Centre Georges Pompidou]], also known as ''Beaubourg'', houses the ''[[Musée National d'Art Moderne]]''. Art and artifacts from the [[Middle Ages]] and [[Impressionism|Impressionist]] eras are kept in ''[[Musée Cluny]]'' and ''[[Musée d'Orsay]]'', respectively, the former with the prized tapestry cycle [[The Lady and the Unicorn]]. Paris' newest (and third-largest) museum, the ''Musée du quai Branly'', opened its doors in June 2006 and houses art from Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. |
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Many of Paris' once-popular local establishments have come to cater to the tastes and expectations of tourists, rather than local patrons. ''[[Le Lido]]'', the ''[[Moulin Rouge]]'' cabaret-dancehall, for example, is a staged dinner theatre spectacle, a dance display that was once but one aspect of the cabaret's former atmosphere. All of the establishment's former social or cultural elements, such as its ballrooms and gardens, are gone today. Much of Paris' hotel, restaurant and night entertainment trades have become heavily dependent on tourism. |
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===Sports=== |
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[[File:Stade de France 2005.jpg|thumb|left|[[Stade de France]].]] |
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Paris' most popular sport clubs are the [[association football|football]] club [[Paris Saint-Germain FC]], the [[basketball]] team [[Paris-Levallois Basket]], and the [[rugby union]] club [[Stade Français]]. The 80,000-seat [[Stade de France]], built for the [[1998 FIFA World Cup]], is located in [[Saint-Denis]]. It is used for football, rugby union and track and field athletics. It hosts annually [[France national rugby union team|French national rugby team]]'s home matches of the [[Six Nations Championship]], [[France national football team|French national football team]] for friendlies and major tournaments qualifiers, and several important matches of the Stade Français rugby team. |
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In addition to [[Paris Saint-Germain FC]], the city has a number of other amateur football clubs: [[Paris FC]], [[Red Star Saint-Ouen|Red Star]], [[RCF Paris]] and [[Stade Français Paris (football)|Stade Français Paris]]. The last is the football section of the omnisport club of the same name, most notable for its rugby team. |
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The city's major rugby side is [[Stade Français]]. [[Racing Métro 92 Paris]] (who also plays in [[Top 14]]) is another rugby team, which actually contested the first ever final against Stade Français in 1892. |
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Paris also hosted the [[1900 Summer Olympics|1900]] and [[1924 Summer Olympics|1924]] Olympic Games and was venue for the [[1938 FIFA World Cup|1938]] and [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998]] [[FIFA World Cup]]s and for the [[2007 Rugby World Cup]]. |
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Although the starting point and the route of the famous [[Tour de France]] varies each year, the final stage always finishes in Paris, and, since 1975, the race has finished on the Champs-Elysées. [[Tennis]] is another popular sport in Paris and throughout France. The [[French Open (tennis)|French Open]], held every year on the red clay of the ''[[Stade Roland Garros|Roland Garros]]'' National Tennis Centre near the ''[[Bois de Boulogne]]'', is one of the four ''[[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]]'' events of the world professional tennis tour. The [[2006 UEFA Champions League Final]] between [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] and [[FC Barcelona]] was played in the [[Stade de France]]. Paris hosted the [[2007 Rugby World Cup]] final at Stade de France on 20 October 2007. |
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==Economy== |
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{{Main|Economy of Paris}} |
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[[File:Grande Arche de La Défense et fontaine.jpg|thumb|[[Grande Arche]].]] |
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With a 2008 [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] of [[euro|€]]552.7 billion<ref name=Paris_GDP /> (US$813.4 billion), the Paris region has one of the highest GDPs in Europe, making it an engine of the global economy: Were it a country, it would rank as the seventeenth-largest economy in the world, almost as large as the Dutch economy.<ref name="gdp_world_rank">{{cite web|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf|format=PDF|title=Gross domestic product 2008|author=World Bank|accessdate=2010-02-10}}</ref> The Paris Region is France's premier centre of economic activity: While its population accounted for 18.8% of the total population of [[metropolitan France]] in 2008,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=CMRSOS02139|title=Population estimée des régions par tranche d'âge au 1er janvier|work=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques|accessdate=2010-02-10|language=French}}</ref> its GDP accounted for 28.9% of metropolitan France's GDP.<ref name=Paris_GDP /> Activity in the [[Paris urban area]], though diverse, does not have a leading specialised industry (such as Los Angeles with entertainment industries or London and New York with financial industries in addition to their other activities). Recently, the Paris economy has been shifting towards high-value-added service industries ([[Financial services|finance]], IT services, etc.) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc.). |
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The Paris region's most intense economic activity through the central [[Hauts-de-Seine]] [[Département in France|département]] and suburban [[La Défense]] business district places Paris' economic centre to the west of the city, in a triangle between the [[Palais Garnier|Opéra Garnier]], [[La Défense]], and the [[Val de Seine]]. Paris' administrative borders have little consequences on the limits of its economic activity: Although most workers commute from the suburbs to work in the city, many commute from the city to work in the suburbs. Although the Paris economy is largely dominated by [[Service Sector|services]], it remains an important manufacturing powerhouse of Europe, especially in industrial sectors such as automobiles, aeronautics, and electronics. Over recent decades, the local economy has moved towards high-value-added activities, in particular business services. |
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The 1999 census indicated that, of the 5,089,170 persons employed in the [[Paris urban area]], 16.5% worked in business services, 13.0% in commerce (retail and wholesale trade), 12.3% in manufacturing, 10.0% in [[public administration]]s and [[defense industry|defence]], 8.7% in [[public health|health]] services, 8.2% in transportation and communications, 6.6% in education, and the remaining 24.7% in many other economic sectors. In the manufacturing sector, the largest employers were the [[electronics|electronic]] and electrical industry (17.9% of the total manufacturing workforce in 1999) and the publishing and printing industry (14.0% of the total manufacturing workforce), with the remaining 68.1% of the manufacturing workforce distributed among many other industries. [[Tourism in Paris|Tourism]] and tourist related services employ 6.2% of Paris' workforce, and 3.6% of all workers within the [[Paris Region]].<ref name="workforce">{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/rfc/docs/alapage234.pdf|title="Les emplois dans les activités liées au tourisme: un sur quatre en Ile-de-France"|work=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques|accessdate=2006-04-10|format=PDF|language=French}}</ref> [[Unemployment]] in the Paris "immigrant [[Banlieue|ghettos]]" ranges from 20 to 40%, according to varying sources.<ref name=riot/> |
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==Demographics== |
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{{Demographics of Paris}} |
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{{Main|Demographics of Paris}} |
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The population of the city of Paris was 2,125,246 at the 1999 [[census]], lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921. The city's population loss mirrors the experience of most other core cities in the developed world that have not expanded their boundaries. The principal factors in the process are a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975. Factors in the migration include de-industrialisation, high rent, the [[gentrification]] of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices, and greater affluence among working families. The city's population loss was one of the most severe among international municipalities and the largest for any that had achieved more than 2,000,000 residents. These losses are generally seen as negative for the city; the city administration is trying to reverse them with some success, as the population estimate of July 2004 showed a population increase for the first time since 1954, reaching a total of 2,144,700 inhabitants. |
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===Density=== |
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Paris is one of the most densely populated cities in the [[world]]. Its density, excluding the outlying woodland parks of [[Bois de Boulogne|Boulogne]] and [[Bois de Vincennes|Vincennes]], was 24,448 inhabitants per square kilometre (63,320/sq mi) in the 1999 official census, which could be compared only with some [[Asia]]n [[megapolis]]. Even including the two woodland areas its population density was 20,164 inhabitants per square kilometre (52,224.5/sq mi), the fifth-most-densely populated commune in France following [[Le Pré-Saint-Gervais]], [[Vincennes]], [[Levallois-Perret]], and [[Saint-Mandé]], all of which border the city proper. The most sparsely populated quarters are the western and central office and administration-focussed ''[[Arrondissements of Paris|arrondissements]]''. The city's population is densest in the northern and eastern arrondissements; the [[11th arrondissement of Paris|11th arrondissement]] had a density of 40,672 inhabitants per square kilometre (105,340/sq mi) in 1999, and some of the same arrondissement's eastern quarters had densities close to 100,000/km² (260,000/sq mi) in the same year. |
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===Paris agglomeration=== |
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The city of Paris covers an area much smaller than the urban area of which it is the core. At present, Paris' real urbanisation, defined by the [[pôle urbain]] (urban area) statistical area, covers {{convert|2723|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}},<ref name="UU_superficie">{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/zoom/chif_cles/uu99/fuu9900851.htm|title="Chiffres-Clefs – Unité Urbaine – Paris"|work=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques|accessdate=2006-05-28|language=French}}</ref> or an area about 26 times larger than the city itself. The administration of Paris' urban growth is divided between itself and its surrounding départements: Paris' closest ring of three adjoining departments, or petite couronne ("small ring") are fully saturated with urban growth, and the ring of four departments outside of these, the grande couronne [[département in France|départements]], are only covered in their inner regions by Paris' urbanisation. These eight [[département in France|départements]] form the larger administrative [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] région; most of this region is filled, and overextended in places, by the Paris aire urbaine. |
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The Paris agglomeration has shown a steady rate of growth since the end of the late 16th century [[French Wars of Religion]], save brief setbacks during the [[French Revolution]] and [[World War II]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2007}}. Suburban development has accelerated in recent years: With an estimated total of 11.4 million inhabitants for 2005, the [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] [[région in France|région]] shows a rate of growth double that of the 1990s.<ref name="99_05">{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/IP061058.pdf|title="Enquêtes annuelles de recensement 2004 et 2005"|author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques|accessdate=2006-04-10|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="90_99">{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/IP1000.pdf|title="Enquêtes annuelles de recensement: premiers résultats de la collecte 2004"|work=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques|accessdate=2006-04-10|format=PDF|language=French}}</ref> |
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===Immigration=== |
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By law, French censuses do not ask questions regarding ethnicity or religion, but do gather information concerning one's country of birth. From this it is still possible to determine that the Paris and its aire urbaine (metropolitan area) is one of the most multi-cultural in Europe: At the 1999 census, 19.4% of its total population was born outside of [[metropolitan France]].<ref name="foreign born">{{cite web|url=http://www.recensement.insee.fr/RP99/rp99/wr_page.affiche?p_id_nivgeo=M&p_id_loca=001&p_id_princ=MIG3&p_theme=ALL&p_typeprod=ALL&p_langue=FR|title="Aire urbaine 99 : Paris - Migrations (caractère socio-économique selon le lieu de naissance)"|author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques|accessdate=2006-07-06|language=French}}</ref> At the same census, 4.2% of the Paris ''aire urbaine'''s population were recent immigrants (people who had immigrated to France between 1990 and 1999),<ref name="recent migrants">{{cite web|url=http://www.recensement.insee.fr/RP99/rp99/wr_page.affiche?p_id_nivgeo=M&p_id_loca=001&p_id_princ=MIG2&p_theme=ALL&p_typeprod=ALL&p_langue=FR|title="Aire urbaine 99 : Paris - Migrations (caractère démographique selon le lieu de résidence au 01/01/90)"|author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques|accessdate=2006-07-06|language=French}}</ref> in their majority from [[Asia]] and [[Africa]].<ref name="current immigration">{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/chifcle_fiche.asp?tab_id=498|title="Flux d'immigration permanente par motif en 2003"|author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques|accessdate=2006-06-25|language=French}}</ref> 37% of all immigrants in France live in the Paris region.<ref name=riot>[http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=1280843 Paris Riots in Perspective]. ABC News. November 4, 2005.</ref> |
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The first wave of international migration to Paris started as early as in 1820 with the arrivals of German peasants fleeing an agricultural crisis in their homeland. Several waves of immigration followed continuously until today: Italians and central European Jews during the 19th century; Russians after the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|revolution of 1917]] and Armenians fleeing [[Armenian Genocide|genocide]] in the Ottoman Empire;<ref>"''[http://books.google.com/books?id=uUsLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. III. French Government and the Refugees]''". American Philosophical Society, James E. Hassell (1991). p.22. ISBN 087169817X</ref> colonial citizens during [[World War I]] and later; Poles between the two world wars; Spaniards, Italians, Portuguese, and North Africans from the 1950s to the 1970s; North African Jews after the independence of those countries; Africans and Asians since then.<ref name="past immigration">{{cite web|url=http://www.histoire-immigration.fr/index.php?lg=fr&nav=14&flash=0|title="Histoire de l'immigration en France"|author=Cité Nationale de l'Histoire de l'Immigration|accessdate=2006-06-25|language=French}}</ref> The Paris metropolitan region or "aire urbaine" is home to some 1.7 million Muslims of all races making up between 10%-15% of the areas population. An estimated 310,000 Jews also live in Paris and the surrounding Île-de-France region, an area with a population of 11.7 million inhabitants. Paris has historically been a magnet for immigrants, hosting one of the largest concentrations of immigrants in Europe today.<ref>http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12724966 |
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http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/world-jewish-population.htm |
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http://islamineurope.blogspot.com/2007/11/muslim-population-in-european-cities.htmlInsert footnote text here</ref> |
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==Administration== |
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Paris, its administrative limits unchanged since 1860 (save for the addition of two large parks), is one of a few cities that has not evolved politically with its real demographic growth; this issue is at present being discussed in plans for a "Grand Paris" (Greater Paris) that will extend Paris' administrative limits to embrace much more of its urban tissue.<ref name="grand_paris">{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.20minutes.fr/article/169001/Paris-Sarkozy-relance-le-projet-d-un-Grand-Paris.php|title="Sarkozy relance le projet d'un Grand Paris"|author=20mins.fr|accessdate=2008-04-13}}</ref> |
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===Capital of France=== |
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As the capital, Paris is the seat of France's national government. For the executive, the two chief officers each have their own official residences, which also serve as their offices. The [[President of France]] resides at the [[Élysée Palace]] in the [[8th arrondissement of Paris|8th arrondissement]], while the [[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]]'s seat is at the [[Hôtel Matignon]] in the [[7th arrondissement of Paris|7th arrondissement]]. Government ministries are located in various parts of the city; many are located in the 7th arrondissement, near the Matignon. |
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[[File:Elysée Palace, Paris 2005.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Élysée Palace]].]] |
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The two houses of the French Parliament are also located on the [[Rive Gauche|Left Bank]]. The upper house, the [[Senate of France|Senate]], meets in the [[Palais du Luxembourg]] in the [[6th arrondissement of Paris|6th arrondissement]], while the more important lower house, the [[Assemblée Nationale]], meets in the [[Palais Bourbon]] in the [[7th arrondissement of Paris|7th]]. The [[List of Presidents of the French Senate|President of the Senate]], the second-highest public official in France after the President of the Republic, resides in the "Petit Luxembourg", a smaller palace annex to the [[Palais du Luxembourg]]. |
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France's highest courts are located in Paris. The [[Court of Cassation (France)|Court of Cassation]], the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the [[Palais de Justice, Paris|Palais de Justice]] on the ''[[Île de la Cité]]'', while the [[Council of State (France)|Conseil d'État]], which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the [[Palais Royal]] in the [[Ier arrondissement|1st arrondissement]]. |
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The [[Constitutional Council of France|Constitutional Council]], an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees, also meets in the [[Palais Royal]]. |
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===City government=== |
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{{Main|Paris mayors|Arrondissements of Paris}} |
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[[File:Par Arr.jpg|thumb|310px|Arrondissements of Paris.]] |
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Paris has been a ''[[Communes of France|commune]]'' (municipality) since 1834 (and also briefly between 1790 and 1795). At the 1790 division (during the [[French Revolution]]) of France into communes, and again in 1834, Paris was a city only half its modern size, but, in 1860, it annexed bordering communes, some entirely, to create the new administrative map of twenty ''[[Arrondissements of Paris|municipal arrondissements]]'' the city still has today. These municipal subdivisions describe a clockwise spiral outward from its most central, the [[1st arrondissement of Paris|1st arrondissement]]. |
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In 1790, Paris became the ''[[préfecture]]'' (seat) of the [[Seine (department)|Seine]] ''[[département in France|département]]'', which covered much of the Paris region. In 1968, it was split into four smaller ones: The city of Paris became a distinct ''département'' of its own, retaining the Seine's departmental number of 75 (originating from the Seine ''département'''s position in France's alphabetical list), while three new ''départements'' of [[Hauts-de-Seine]], [[Seine-Saint-Denis]] and [[Val-de-Marne]] were created and given the numbers 92, 93, and 94, respectively. The result of this division is that today Paris' limits as a ''département'' are exactly those of its limits as a ''commune'', a situation unique in France. |
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===Municipal offices=== |
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Each of Paris' 20 arrondissements has a directly elected council (''conseil d'arrondissement''), which, in turn, elects an arrondissement mayor. A selection of members from each arrondissement council form the [[Council of Paris]] (''conseil de Paris''), which, in turn, elects the [[mayor of Paris]]. |
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{|border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; margin:1em; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:95%;" |
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|+ '''Composition of the Council of Paris''' |
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|- style="background:#e9e9e9; border-bottom:2px solid gray;" |
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!colspan=2|Party||Seats |
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! style="background-color: {{Socialist Party (France)/meta/color}}"|<font style="color:white;" size="+2">•</font> |
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|[[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]]||align="right"|72 |
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|- |
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! style="background-color: {{Union for a Popular Movement/meta/color}}"| |
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|[[Union for a Popular Movement]]||align="right"|55 |
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! style="background-color: {{The Greens (France)/meta/color}}"|<font style="color:white;" size="+2">•</font> |
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|[[The Greens (France)|The Greens]]||align="right"|9 |
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|- |
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! style="background-color: {{French Communist Party/meta/color}}"|<font style="color:white;" size="+2">•</font> |
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|[[French Communist Party]]||align="right"|8 |
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|- |
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! style="background-color: {{New Centre/meta/color}}"| |
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|[[New Centre]]||align="right"|8 |
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|- |
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! style="background-color: {{Citizen and Republican Movement/meta/color}}"|<font style="color:white;" size="+2">•</font> |
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|[[Citizen and Republican Movement]]||align="right"|5 |
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|- |
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! style="background-color: {{Miscellaneous Left/meta/color}}"|<font style="color:white;" size="+2">•</font> |
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|Miscellaneous Left||align="right"|2 |
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|- |
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! style="background-color: {{Left Party (France)/meta/color}}"|<font style="color:white;" size="+2">•</font> |
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|[[Left Party (France)|Left Party]]||align="right"|2 |
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|- |
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! style="background-color: {{Democratic Movement (France)/meta/color}}"| |
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|[[Democratic Movement (France)|MoDem]]||align="right"|1 |
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|} |
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In [[medieval]] times, Paris was governed by a merchant-elected municipality whose head was the [[List of mayors of Paris|provost of the merchants]]. In addition to regulating city commerce, the provost of the merchants was responsible for some civic duties such as the guarding of city walls and the cleaning of city streets. The creation of the [[provost (civil)|provost of Paris]] from the thirteenth century diminished the merchant Provost's responsibilities and powers considerably. A direct representative of the king, in a role resembling somewhat the ''préfet'' of later years, the Provost (''prévôt'') of Paris oversaw the application and execution of law and order in the city and its surrounding ''prévôté'' (county) from his office in the [[Grand Châtelet]]. Many functions from both provost offices were transferred to the office of the crown-appointed [[Prefecture of Police#List of lieutenant generals and prefects of police|lieutenant general of police]] upon its creation in 1667. For centuries, the ''prévôt'' and magistrates of the Châtelet clashed with the administrators of the [[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|Hôtel de Ville]] over jurisdiction;<ref>Léon Bernard, ''The Emerging City: Paris in the Age of Louis XIV'' (Duke University Press, 1970), p. 34.</ref> the latter notably included the ''quartiniers'', each of whom was responsible for one of the sixteen ''[[Quarter (country subdivision)|quartiers]]'' (which were in turn divided into four ''cinquantaines'', each with its ''cinquantainier'', and those in turn were divided into ''dizaines'', administered by ''dizainiers''):<blockquote> |
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All of these men were in principle elected by the local bourgeois. At any one time, therefore, 336 men had shared administrative responsibility for street cleaning and maintenance, for public health, law, and order. The ''quartiniers'' maintained the official lists of ''bourgeois de Paris'', ran local elections, could impose fines for breaches of the bylaws, and had a role in tax assessment. They met at the Hôtel de Ville to confer on matters of citywide importance and each year selected eight of "the most notable inhabitants of the quarter," who together with other local officials would elect the city council.<ref>David Garrioch, ''The Making of Revolutionary Paris'' (University of California Press, 2002: ISBN 0520232534), p. 128–29.</ref></blockquote> |
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Even though in the course of the eighteenth century these elections became purely ceremonial, choosing candidates already selected by the royal government, the memory of genuine municipal independence remained strong: "The Hôtel de Ville continued to bulk large in the awareness of bourgeois Parisians, its importance extending far beyond its real role in city government."<ref>Garrioch, ''The Making of Revolutionary Paris'', p. 132.</ref> |
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[[File:Hotel de Ville Paris Wikimedia Commons.jpg|thumb|350px|left|[[Hôtel de Ville, Paris]].]] |
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Paris' last ''[[Provost (civil)|Prévôt des marchands]]'' was assassinated the afternoon of the 14th of July 1789 uprising that was the [[French Revolution]] [[Storming of the Bastille]]. Paris became an official "commune" from the creation of the administrative division on 14 December the same year, and its provisional "Paris commune" revolutionary municipality was replaced with the city's first municipal constitution and government from 9 October 1790.<ref name="1790_municipality">{{cite web|title=Improvising a Government in Paris in July 1789|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8762%28190501%2910%3A2%3C280%3AIAGIPI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V&size=LARGE|author=Henry E. Bourne|work=The American Historical Review|accessdate=2006-09-14}}</ref> Through the turmoil of the 1794 [[Thermidorian Reaction]], it became apparent that revolutionary Paris' political independence was a threat to any governing power: The office of mayor was abolished the same year, and its municipal council one year later. |
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Although the municipal council was recreated in 1834, for most of the 19th and 20th centuries Paris, along with the larger [[Seine (department)|Seine]] ''[[départements of France|département]]'' of which it was a centre, was under the direct control of the state-appointed ''[[préfet]]'' of the Seine, in charge of general affairs there; the state-appointed [[prefecture of Police|Prefect of Police]] was in charge of police in the same jurisdiction. Save for a few brief occasions, the city did not have a mayor until 1977, and the Paris Prefecture of Police is still under state control today. |
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Despite its dual existence as ''commune'' and ''département'', Paris has a single council to govern both; the Council of Paris, presided by the mayor of Paris, meets either as a municipal council (''conseil municipal'') or as a departmental council (''conseil général'') depending on the issue to be debated. |
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Paris' modern administrative organisation still retains some traces of the former Seine ''département'' jurisdiction. The ''[[Prefecture of Police]]'' (also directing Paris' fire brigades), for example, has still a jurisdiction extending to Paris' ''petite couronne'' of bordering three ''départements'' for some operations such as fire protection or rescue operations, and is still directed by France's national government. Paris has no municipal police force, although it does have its own brigade of traffic wardens. |
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===Capital of the Île-de-France ''région''=== |
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[[File:ile-de-France jms.png|thumb|right|210px|Departments of [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]]]] |
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As part of a 1961 nation-wide administrative effort to consolidate regional economies, Paris as a ''[[département in France|département]]'' became the capital of the new ''[[Regions of France|région]]'' of the District of Paris, renamed the [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] ''[[région in France|région]]'' in 1976. It encompasses the Paris ''département'' and its seven closest ''départements''. Its regional council members, since 1986, have been chosen by direct elections. The prefect of the Paris ''département'' (who served as the prefect of the Seine ''département'' before 1968) is also prefect of the Île-de-France ''région'', although the office lost much of its power following the creation of the office of mayor of Paris in 1977. |
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===Intercommunality=== |
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Few of the above changes have taken into account Paris' existence as an [[agglomeration]]. Unlike in most of France's major urban areas such as [[Lille]] and [[Lyon]], there is no [[commune in France#Intercommunality|intercommunal]] entity in the Paris urban area, no intercommunal council treating the problems of the region's dense urban core as a whole; Paris' alienation of its suburbs is indeed a problem today, and considered by many to be the main causes of civil unrest such as the suburban riots in 2005. A direct result of these unfortunate events is propositions for a more efficient metropolitan structure to cover the city of Paris and some of the suburbs, ranging from a socialist idea of a loose "metropolitan conference" (''conférence métropolitaine'') to the right-wing idea of a more integrated ''Grand Paris'' ("Greater Paris"). |
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==Education== |
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In the early ninth century, the emperor [[Charlemagne]] mandated all churches to give lessons in reading, writing and basic arithmetic to their parishes, and cathedrals to give a higher-education in the finer arts of language, [[physics]], [[music]], and [[theology]]; at that time, Paris was already one of France's major cathedral towns and beginning its rise to fame as a scholastic centre. By the early 13th century, the [[Île de la Cité]] [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame]] cathedral school had many famous teachers, and the controversial teachings of some of these led to the creation of a separate Left-Bank [[Sainte-Genevieve]] University that would become the centre of Paris' scholastic [[Latin Quarter, Paris|Latin Quarter]] best represented by the [[Sorbonne]] university. |
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Twelve centuries later, education in Paris and the Paris region ([[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] ''[[région in France|région]]'') employs approximately 330,000 persons, 170,000 of whom are teachers and professors teaching approximately 2.9 million children and students in around 9,000 primary, secondary, and higher education schools and institutions.<ref name="idf_education">{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.idf.pref.gouv.fr/donnees/enseignement.htm|author=La Préfecture de la Région d'Ile-de-France|title=L'enseignement|accessdate=2007-10-09}}</ref> |
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[[File:Rue St Jacques Louis Le Grand DSC09316.jpg|thumb|[[Lycée Louis-le-Grand]]]] |
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===Primary and secondary education=== |
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Paris is home to several of France's most prestigious high-schools such as [[Lycée Louis-le-Grand]], and [[Lycée Henri-IV]]. Other high-schools of international renown in the Paris area include the [[Lycée International de Saint Germain-en-Laye]] and the [[École Active Bilingue Jeannine Manuel]]. |
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===Higher-education=== |
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As of the academic year 2004-2005, the Paris Region's 17 public universities, with its 359,749 registered students,<ref name="StudentNumbers">{{cite web|author=Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Paris – Île-de-France|year=2006|url=http://www.paris-iledefrance.cci.fr/pdf/eco_regionale/chiffres_cles/2006/anglais/cc_2006_en_15-21.pdf|title=Paris Region : key figures 2006|format=PDF|accessdate=2006-07-04}}</ref> is the largest concentration of university students in Europe.<ref name="EuropeanStudents">{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|author=Céline Rozenblat, Patricia Cicille, Delegation for Spatial Planning and Regional Action (Datar)|year=2006|url=http://www.diact.gouv.fr/Datar_Site/DATAR_Metropoles.nsf/76f84e7666af90b6c125655a0046b83c/30207c6b28edd873c1256e59003d0619/$FILE/Villes%20europ%C3%A9ennes.pdf|title=Les villes européennes – Analyse comparative (page 42)|format=PDF|accessdate=2006-07-04}}</ref> The Paris Region's prestigious ''[[grandes écoles]]'' and scores of university-independent private and public schools have an additional 240,778 registered students, that, together with the university population, creates a grand total of 600,527 students in higher education that year.<ref name="StudentNumbers" /> |
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===Universities=== |
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[[File:La Sorbonne 3.jpg|thumb|left|The [[University of Paris]].]] |
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The cathedral of [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame]] was the first centre of higher-education before the creation of the [[University of Paris]]. The ''universitas'' was chartered by King [[Philip II of France|Philip Augustus]] in 1200, as a corporation granting teachers (and their students) the right to rule themselves independently from crown law and taxes. At the time, many classes were held in open air. Non-Parisian students and teachers would stay in hostels, or "colleges", created for the ''boursiers'' coming from afar. Already famous by the 13th century, the University of Paris had students from all of Europe. Paris' [[Rive Gauche]] [[Scholasticism|scholastic]] centre, dubbed "[[Latin Quarter]]" as classes were taught in Latin then, would eventually regroup around the college created by [[Robert de Sorbon]] from 1257, the [[Collège de Sorbonne]]. The University of Paris in the 19th century had six faculties: law, science, medicine, pharmaceutical studies, literature, and theology. Following the [[May 1968 in France|1968 student riots]], there was an extensive reform of the University of Paris, in an effort to disperse the centralised student body. The following year, the former unique University of Paris was split between thirteen autonomous universities ("Paris I" to "Paris XIII") located throughout the City of Paris and its suburbs. Each of these universities inherited only some of the departments of the old University of Paris, and are not generalist universities. Paris I, II, V, and X, inherited the Law School; Paris V inherited the School of Medicine as well; Paris VI and VII inherited the scientific departments; etc. |
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In 1991, four more universities were created in the suburbs of Paris, reaching a total of seventeen public universities for the Paris ([[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]]) ''[[région in France|région]]''. These new universities were given names (based on the name of the suburb in which they are located) and not numbers like the previous thirteen: [[University of Cergy-Pontoise]], [[University of Évry Val d'Essonne]], [[University of Marne la Vallée|University of Marne-la-Vallée]], and [[Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University|University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]]. Other institutions include the [[University of Westminster]]'s [[Diplomatic Academy of London|Centre for International Studies]], the [[American University of Paris]], the [[American Graduate School of International Relations and Diplomacy|Editing American Graduate School of International Relations and Diplomacy]], and the [[American Business School of Paris]]. There is also a [[University of London Institute in Paris]](ULIP) which offers undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in French Studies ratified by the University of London. |
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===''Grandes écoles''=== |
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The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of the prestigious ''[[grandes écoles]]'', which are specialised centres of higher-education outside the public university structure. The prestigious public universities are usually considered ''[[grands établissements]]''. Most of the ''grandes écoles'' were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded city of Paris, though the [[École Normale Supérieure]] has remained on rue d'Ulm in the [[5th arrondissement of Paris|5th arrondissement]]. The Paris area has a high number of engineering schools, led by the prestigious Paris Institute of Technology ([[ParisTech]]), which comprises several colleges such as ''[[École Polytechnique]]'', ''[[École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris|École des Mines]]'', ''[[École nationale supérieure des télécommunications|Télécom Paris]]'', ''[[École nationale supérieure d'arts et métiers|Arts et Métiers]]'', and ''[[École nationale des ponts et chaussées|École des Ponts et Chaussées]]''. There are also many business schools, including , [[HEC School of Management|HEC]], [[École supérieure des sciences économiques et commerciales|ESSEC]], [[INSEAD]], and [[ESCP-EAP European School of Management]]. Although the elite administrative school [[École nationale d'administration|ENA]] has been relocated to [[Strasbourg]], the political science school [[Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris|Sciences-Po]] is still located in Paris' [[Rive Gauche|Left bank]] [[7th arrondissement of Paris|7th arrondissement]]. |
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The ''grandes écoles'' system is supported by a number of preparatory schools that offer courses of two to three years' duration called [[Classes Préparatoires]], also known as ''classes prépas'' or simply ''prépas''. These courses provide entry to the grandes écoles. Many of the best prépas are located in Paris, including [[Lycée Louis-le-Grand]], [[Lycée Henri-IV]], [[Lycée Saint-Louis]], [[Lycée Janson de Sailly]], and [[Lycée Stanislas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.letudiant.fr/palmares/classement-prepa/maths-spe-mp.html?crit_region=&crit_ecole=Panier|title=L'étudiant League Table 2008|publisher=Letudiant.fr|date=|accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref> Two other top-ranking ''prépas'' ([[Lycée Hoche]] and [[Lycée privé Sainte-Geneviève]]) are located in [[Versailles]], near Paris. Student selection is based on school grades and teacher remarks. ''Prépas'' attract most of the best students in France and are known to be very demanding in terms of work load and psychological stress. |
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===Libraries=== |
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The [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] (BnF) operates libraries in Paris. Its Paris libraries include François-Mitterrand Library, Richelieu Library, Louvois, Opéra Library, and Arsenal Library.<ref>"[http://www.bnf.fr/pages/zNavigat/frame/version_anglaise.htm?ancre=english.htm How to find us]." ''[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]''. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.</ref> |
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The American Library in Paris opened in 1920. It is a part of a private, non-profit organization.<ref>"[http://www.youseemore.com/alip/about.asp?p=1 History of the Library]." ''American Library in Paris''. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.</ref> The modern library originated from cases of books sent by the American Library Association to U.S. soldiers in France.<ref>"[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20A12FE3C55147A93CBAB178DD85F448385F9 The American Library in Paris]." ''[[The New York Times]]''. 29 June 1930. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.</ref> A incarnation existed in the 1850s.<ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A02E0D61530EE34BC4B51DFB566838E649FDE American Library in Paris]." ''[[The New York Times]]''. 23 March 1855. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.</ref> |
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==Transportation== |
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{{Main|Transport in Paris}} |
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{{See also|List of railway stations in Paris}} |
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Paris has been building its transportation system throughout history and continuous improvements are on-going. The Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France<ref name="stif">oversees the transit network in the region.{{cite web|url=http://www.stif-idf.fr|title="Le web des voyageurs franciliens"|author=Syndicat des Transports d'Ile-de-France (STIF)|accessdate=2006-04-10|language=French}}</ref> (STIF), formerly ''Syndicat des transports parisiens'' (STP).[[File:MétropolitainAbbesses.jpg|thumb|[[Paris Metro]].]] The members of this syndicate are the [[Ile-de-France]] region and the eight departments of this region. The syndicate coordinates public transport and contracts it out to the [[RATP]] (operating 654 [[Bus (RATP)|bus]] lines, the [[Paris Métro|Métro]], three [[tramways in Paris|tramway]] lines, and sections of the [[RER]]), the [[SNCF]] (operating [[Transilien|suburban rails]], a tramway line and the other sections of the RER) and the [[Optile]] consortium of private operators managing 1,070 minor bus lines. |
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The [[Paris Métro|Métro]] is Paris' most important transportation system. The system, with 300 stations (384 stops) connected by {{convert|214|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} of rails, comprises 16 lines, identified by numbers from 1 to 14, with two minor lines, 3bis and 7bis, so numbered because they used to be branches of their respective original lines, and only later became independent. In October 1998, the new [[Paris Métro Line 14|line 14]] was inaugurated after a 70-year hiatus in inaugurating fully new métro lines. Because of the short distance between stations on the Métro network, lines were too slow to be extended further into the suburbs, as is the case in most other cities. As such, an additional express network, the [[RER]], has been created since the 1960s to connect more-distant parts of the urban area. The RER consists in the integration of modern city-centre subway and pre-existing suburban rail. Nowadays, the RER network comprises five lines, 257 stops and {{convert|587|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of rails. |
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[[File:Station Velib DSC 3497.JPG|thumb|left|[[Vélib']] at [[Place de la Bastille]].]] |
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In addition, Paris is served by a light rail network of four lines, the [[Tramways in Paris|tramway]]: Line T1 runs from [[Saint-Denis]] to [[Noisy-le-Sec]], line T2 runs from [[La Défense]] to Porte de Versailles, line T3 runs from Pont de Garigliano to Porte d'Ivry, line T4 runs from [[Bondy]] to [[Aulnay-sous-Bois]]. Six new light rail lines are currently in various stages of development. |
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Paris also offers a [[community bicycle program|bike sharing]] system called [[Vélib']] with more than 20,000 public bicycles distributed at 1,450 parking stations, which can be rented for short and medium distances including [[One-way traffic|one way]] trips. The new ferry service [[Voguéo]] has been inaugurated in June 2008, on the rivers Seine and Marne. |
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Paris is a central hub of the national rail network. The six major railway stations, [[Gare du Nord]], [[Gare Montparnasse]], [[Gare de l'Est]], [[Gare de Lyon]], [[Gare d'Austerlitz]], and [[Gare Saint-Lazare]], are connected to three networks: The [[TGV]] serving four [[High-speed rail]] lines, the normal speed [[Corail (train)|Corail]] trains, and the suburban rails ([[Transilien]]). |
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Paris is served by two major airports: [[Orly Airport (Paris)|Orly Airport]], which is south of Paris, and the [[Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport]], near [[Roissy-en-France]], which is one of the busiest in the world and is the hub for the unofficial [[Flag carrier]] [[Air France]]. A third and much smaller airport, [[Paris Beauvais Tillé Airport|Beauvais Tillé Airport]], located in the town of [[Beauvais]], {{convert|70|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} to the north of the city, is used by charter and low-cost airlines. The fourth airport, [[Le Bourget airport|Le Bourget]] nowadays only hosts business jets, air trade shows and the aerospace museum. |
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The city is also the most important hub of France's [[motorway]] network, and is surrounded by three orbital freeways: the [[Périphérique (Paris)|Périphérique]], which follows the approximate path of 19th-century fortifications around Paris, the [[A86 autoroute|A86]] motorway in the inner suburbs, and finally the [[Francilienne]] motorway in the outer suburbs. Paris has an extensive road network with over {{convert|2000|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of highways and motorways. By road, Brussels can be reached in three hours, Frankfurt in six hours and Barcelona in 12 hours. By train, London is now just two hours and 15 minutes away, Brussels can be reached in 1 hour and 22 minutes (up to 26 departures/day), Amsterdam in 3 hours and 18 minutes (up to 10 departures/day), Cologne in 3 hours and 14 minutes (6 departures/day), and Marseille, Bordeaux, and other cities in southern France in three hours. |
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==Health== |
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Health care and emergency medical service in the city of Paris and its suburbs are provided by the ''[[Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris]] (AP-HP)'', a public hospital system that employs more than 90,000 people (practitioners and administratives) in 44 hospitals. It is the largest hospital system in Europe<ref>http://www.paris-region.com/ard_uk/upload/document/D176.pdf</ref>. |
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==International relations== |
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{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in France}} |
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Paris has one [[Town twinning|sister city]] and numerous partner cities.<ref name="partners1">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974|work=Mairie de Paris|title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération|accessdate=2007-10-14}}</ref><ref name="partners2">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp|work=Mairie de Paris|title=International relations : special partners|accessdate=2007-10-14}}</ref> |
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===Sister city=== |
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* {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Rome]], [[Italy]], since 1956 (''Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris'' / ''Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; Solo Roma è degna di Parigi'' / "Only Paris is worthy of Rome; Only Rome is worthy of Paris").<ref name="partners2"/> |
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===Partner cities=== |
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{{MultiCol}} |
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* {{Flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algiers]], [[Algeria]], since 2003.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]], [[Jordan]], since 1987.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Greece}} [[Athens]], [[Greece]], since 2000.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], [[People's Republic of China|China]], since 1997.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]], since 1992.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Berlin]], [[Germany]], since 1987.<ref name="partners2"/><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/index.en.html|title=Berlin's international city relations|publisher=Berlin Mayor's Office|accessdate=2009-07-01}}</ref> |
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* {{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]], since 1999.<ref name="partners1"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Egypt}} [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]], since 1985.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Morocco}} [[Casablanca]], [[Morocco]], since 2004.<ref name="partners1"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Chicago]], [[United States]], since 1996.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]], since 2005.<ref name="partners1"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]], since 2002.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], since 1995.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Kyoto]], [[Japan]], since 1958.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]], since 1998.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|UK}} [[London]], [[United Kingdom]], since 2001.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Madrid]], [[Spain]], since 2000.<ref name="hermanadas">{{cite web|title = Mapa Mundi de las ciudades hermanadas|publisher = Ayuntamiento de Madrid|url = http://www.munimadrid.es/portal/site/munimadrid/menuitem.dbd5147a4ba1b0aa7d245f019fc08a0c/?vgnextoid=4e84399a03003110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=4e98823d3a37a010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=especial1&idContenido=1da69a4192b5b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD Madrid city council webpage}}</ref> |
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* {{Flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]], since 1999.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Montreal]], [[Canada]], since 2006.<ref name="partners1"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], [[Russia]], since 1992.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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{{ColBreak}} |
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* {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Porto Alegre]], [[Brazil]], since 2001.<ref name="partners1"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]], since 1997.<ref name="partners2"/><ref name="Prague Partner Cities">{{cite web|url=http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/72647_Partnerska-mesta|title=Prague Partner Cities|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2009 [http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/ Magistrát hl. m. Prahy]|language=Czech|accessdate=2009-07-02}}</ref> |
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* {{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Quebec City]], [[Canada]], since 2003.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Morocco}} [[Rabat]], [[Morocco]], since 2004.<ref name="partners1"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], since 1997.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]], since 1997.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Yemen}} [[San‘a’]], [[Yemen]], since 1987.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|United States}} [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]], [[United States]], since 1996.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Chile}} [[Santiago, Chile]], since 1997.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]], since 2004.<ref name="partners2"/><ref name="São Paulo">[http://www2.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/ingles/descentralized_cooperation/sister_cities/0001 Prefeitura.Sp - Descentralized Cooperation]</ref><ref name="São Paulo2">[http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/cidadesirmas/index.php?p=1066 International Relations - São Paulo City Hall - Official Sister Cities]</ref> |
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* {{Flagicon|South Korea}} [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]], since 1991.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]], since 1998.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Australia}} [[Sydney]], [[Australia]], since 1998.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Georgia}} [[Tbilisi]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], since 1997.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]], since 1982.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Tunis]], [[Tunisia]], since 2004.<ref name="partners1"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]], since 1999.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Washington, D.C.]], [[United States]], since 2000.<ref name="partners2"/><ref name="Washington DC">{{cite web|url=http://os.dc.gov/os/cwp/view,a,1206,q,522336.asp|title=Protocol and International Affairs|publisher=DC Office of the Secretary|accessdate=2008-07-12}}</ref> |
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* {{Flagicon|Armenia}} [[Yerevan]], [[Armenia]], since 1998.<ref name="partners2"/> |
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* {{Flagicon|Albania}} [[Tirana]], [[Albania]].<ref name="International relations">{{cite web|url=http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf|title=Twinning Cities: International Relations|accessdate=2009-06-23|work=Municipality of Tirana|publisher=www.tirana.gov.al|format=PDF}}</ref> |
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{{EndMultiCol}} |
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==See also== |
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{{portal|Paris|Arc Triomphe.jpg}} |
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* [[Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes|Paris Exposition]] |
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* [[Large Cities Climate Leadership Group]] |
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* [[Megacity]] |
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* [[Paris chronology]] |
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==References== |
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===Bibliography=== |
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* {{cite book|author=[[Vincent Cronin]]|title=Paris on the Eve, 1900-1914|publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|location=New York|year=1989|isbn=0-312-04876-9}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Vincent Cronin|title=Paris:City of Light, 1919-1939|publisher=Harper Collins|location=New York|year=1994|isbn=0-00-215191-X }} |
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* {{cite book|author=Jean Favier|title=Paris|publisher=[[Fayard]]|date=1997-04-23|isbn=2-213-59874-6|language=French}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Jacques Hillairet|title=Connaissance du Vieux Paris|publisher=Rivages|date=2005-04-22|isbn=2-86930-648-2|language=French}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Colin Jones|title=Paris: The Biography of a City|publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin Viking]]|location=New York|year=2004|isbn=0670033936}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Rosemary Wakeman|title=The Heroic City: Paris, 1945-1958|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2009|isbn=9780226870236}} |
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===Notes=== |
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{{reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Sisterlinks}} |
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* [http://www.paris.fr/en Official Paris website] |
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* {{Dmoz|Regional/Europe/France/Regions/Ile-de-France/Paris|Paris}} |
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* {{Wikitravel}} |
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Revision as of 14:20, 9 May 2010
Paris | |
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![]() | |
Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: She is tossed by the waves but is not sunk) | |
Country | France |
Region | Île-de-France |
Department | Paris |
Government | |
• Mayor (2008–2014) | Bertrand Delanoë (PS) |
Area 1[1] | 105.4 km2 (40.7 sq mi) |
• Urban (1999) | 2,723 km2 (1,051 sq mi) |
• Metro (1999) | 14,518.3 km2 (5,605.5 sq mi) |
Population (January 1, 2009 estimate[2]) | 2,203,817 |
• Rank | 1st in France |
• Density | 21,000/km2 (54,000/sq mi) |
• Urban (2006) | 10,142,983[3] |
• Metro (2006) | 11,769,433[4] |
Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
INSEE/Postal code | 75056 /75001-75020, 75116 |
Website | paris.fr |
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. |
Paris ([paʁi] in French, Template:Pron-en in English) is the capital and largest city of France. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region (or Paris Region, French: Région parisienne). The city of Paris, within its administrative limits largely unchanged since 1860, has an estimated population of 2,203,817 (January 2006),[5] but the Paris aire urbaine (or metropolitan area) has a population of 11,769,433 (January 2006),[4] and is one of the most populated metropolitan areas in Europe.[6]
An important settlement for more than two millennia, Paris is today one of the world's leading business and cultural centres, and its influence in politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities.[7]
Paris and the Paris Region, with €552.7 billion (US$813.4 billion) in 2008, produces more than a quarter of the gross domestic product (GDP) of France.[8] According to 2007 estimates, the Paris urban agglomeration is Europe's biggest city economy[9] and the sixth largest in the world. The Paris Region hosts 38 of the Fortune Global 500 companies[10] in several business districts, notably La Défense, the largest purpose-built business district in Europe.[11] Paris also hosts many international organizations such as UNESCO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and the informal Paris Club. According to the latest survey from Economist Intelligence Unit in 2010, Paris is the world's most expensive city to live in.[12]
Paris is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world. The Paris region receives 45 million tourists annually, 60% of whom are foreign visitors.[13] The city and region contain numerous iconic landmarks, world-famous institutions and popular parks.
Etymology
The name Paris derives from that of its inhabitants, the Gaulish tribe known as the Parisii. The city was called Lutetia (more fully, Lutetia Parisiorum, "Lutetia of the Parisii"), during the first- to sixth-century Roman occupation, but during the reign of Julian the Apostate (360–363) the city was renamed Paris.[14]
Others consider that the name of the Parisii tribe comes from the Celtic Gallic word parisio meaning "the working people" or "the craftsmen."[15]
Since the mid-19th century, Paris is known as Paname[16] ([panam]) in the Parisian slang called argot (Moi j'suis d'Paname, i.e. "I'm from Paname"). The singer Renaud re-popularized the term amongst the young generation[17] with his 1976 album Amoureux de Paname (i.e. In love with Paname).
Paris has many nicknames, but its most famous is "La Ville-Lumière" ("The City of Light"),[18] a name it owes first to its fame as a centre of education and ideas during the Age of Enlightenment, and later to its early adoption of street lighting.[19]
Paris' inhabitants are known in English as "Parisians" and in French as Parisiens ([paʁizjɛ̃] ). Parisians are often pejoratively called Parigots ([paʁiɡo] ), a term first used in 1900[20] by those living outside the Paris region, but now the term may be considered endearing by Parisians themselves.
- See Wiktionary for the name of Paris in various languages other than English and French.
History
Beginnings
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Romanbathparis.jpg/220px-Romanbathparis.jpg)
The earliest archaeological signs of permanent habitation in the Paris area date from around 4200 BC.[21] The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the area near the river Seine from around 250 BC[22]. The Romans conquered the Paris basin in 52 BC,[21] with a permanent settlement by the end of the same century on the Left Bank Sainte Geneviève Hill and the Île de la Cité. The Gallo-Roman town was originally called Lutetia, but later Gallicised to Lutèce. It expanded greatly over the following centuries, becoming a prosperous city with a forum, palaces, baths, temples, theatres, and an amphitheatre.[23] The collapse of the Roman empire and the fifth-century Germanic invasions sent the city into a period of decline. By 400 AD, Lutèce, by then largely abandoned by its inhabitants, was little more than a garrison town entrenched into the hastily fortified central island.[21] The city reclaimed its original appellation of "Paris" towards the end of the Roman occupation. The Frankish king Clovis I established Paris as his capital in 508.
Middle Ages to 19th century
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_octobre.jpg/150px-Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_octobre.jpg)
Paris's population was around 200,000[24] when the Black Death arrived in 1348, killing as many as 800 people a day, and 40,000 died from the plague in 1466.[25] According to Biraben, plague was present in Paris for almost one year in three in the 16th and 17th centuries to 1670.[26] Paris lost its position as seat of the French realm during occupation of the English-allied Burgundians during the Hundred Years' War, but regained its title when Charles VII of France reclaimed the city from English rule in 1436. Paris from then became France's capital once again in title, but France's real centre of power would remain in the Loire Valley[27] until King Francis I returned France's crown residences to Paris in 1528.
During the French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic party. In August 1572, under the reign of Charles IX, while many noble Protestants were in Paris on the occasion of the marriage of Henry of Navarre, the future Henry IV, to Margaret of Valois, sister of Charles IX, the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre occurred; begun on 24 August, it lasted several days and spread throughout the country.[28][29] During the Fronde, Parisians rose in rebellion and the royal family fled the city (1648). King Louis XIV then moved the royal court permanently to Versailles in 1682. A century later, Paris was the centre stage for the French Revolution, with the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789 and the overthrow of the monarchy in September 1792.[30]
Nineteenth century
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_l%27Exposition_universelle_de_1889.jpg/220px-Vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_l%27Exposition_universelle_de_1889.jpg)
Paris was occupied by Russian Cossack and Kalmyk cavalry units upon Napoleon's defeat on the 31st of March 1814; this was the first time in 400 years that the city had been conquered by a foreign power.[31] The ensuing Restoration period, or the return of the monarchy under Louis XVIII (1814–1824) and Charles X, ended with the July Revolution Parisian uprising of 1830. The new 'constitutional monarchy' under Louis-Philippe ended with the 1848 "February Revolution" that led to the creation of the Second Republic.
Throughout these events, cholera epidemics in 1832 and 1849 ravaged the population of Paris; the 1832 epidemic alone claimed 20,000 of the population of 650,000.[32]
The greatest development in Paris's history began with the Industrial Revolution creation of a network of railways that brought an unprecedented flow of migrants to the capital from the 1840s. The city's largest transformation came with the 1852 Second Empire under Napoleon III; his préfet Haussmann levelled entire districts of Paris' narrow, winding medieval streets to create the network of wide avenues and neo-classical façades that still make much of modern Paris; the reason for this transformation was twofold, as not only did the creation of wide boulevards beautify and sanitize the capital, it also facilitated the effectiveness of troops and artillery against any further uprisings and barricades that Paris was so famous for.[33]
The Second Empire ended in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), and a besieged Paris under heavy bombardment surrendered on the 28th of January 1871. The discontent of Paris' populace with the new armistice-signing government seated in Versailles resulted in the creation of a Parisian "Commune" government, supported by an army in large part created from members of the City's former National Guard, that would both continue resistance against the Prussians and oppose the government "Versaillais" army. The result was a bloody Semaine Sanglante that resulted in the death, many by summary execution, of roughly 20,000 "communards" before the fighting ended on May 28, 1871.[34] The ease at which the Versaillais army overtook Paris owed much to Baron Haussmann's earlier renovations.
France's late 19th-century Universal Expositions made Paris an increasingly important centre of technology, trade and tourism.[35] Its most famous were the 1889 Universal Exposition to which Paris owes its "temporary" display of architectural engineering prowess, the Eiffel Tower, a structure that remained the world's tallest building until 1930; the 1900 Universal Exposition saw the opening of the first Paris Métro line.
Twentieth century
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Crowds_of_French_patriots_line_the_Champs_Elysees-edit2.jpg/220px-Crowds_of_French_patriots_line_the_Champs_Elysees-edit2.jpg)
During World War I, Paris was at the forefront of the war effort, having been spared a German invasion by the French and British victory at the First Battle of the Marne in 1914. In 1918–1919, it was the scene of Allied victory parades and peace negotiations. In the inter-war period Paris was famed for its cultural and artistic communities and its nightlife. The city became a gathering place of artists from around the world, from exiled Russian composer Stravinsky and Spanish painters Picasso and Dalí to American writer Hemingway.[36] On 14 June 1940, five weeks after the start of the Battle of France, Paris fell to German occupation forces, who remained there until the city was liberated in August 1944 after a resistance uprising, two and a half months after the Normandy invasion.[37] Central Paris endured World War II practically unscathed, as there were no strategic targets for Allied bombers (train stations in central Paris are terminal stations; major factories were located in the suburbs). Also, German General von Choltitz did not destroy all Parisian monuments before any German retreat, as ordered by Adolf Hitler, who had visited the city in 1940.[38]
In the post-war era, Paris experienced its largest development since the end of the Belle Époque in 1914. The suburbs began to expand considerably, with the construction of large social estates known as cités and the beginning of the business district La Défense. A comprehensive express subway network, the RER, was built to complement the Métro and serve the distant suburbs, while a network of freeways was developed in the suburbs, centred on the Périphérique expressway circling around the city.[39][40][41]
Since the 1970s, many inner suburbs of Paris (especially the north and eastern ones) have experienced deindustrialization, and the once-thriving cités have gradually become ghettos for immigrants and oases of unemployment.[42][43] At the same time, the city of Paris (within its Périphérique expressway) and the western and southern suburbs have successfully shifted their economic base from traditional manufacturing to high-value-added services and high-tech manufacturing, generating great wealth for their residents whose per capita income is among the highest in Europe.[44][45][46] The resulting widening social gap between these two areas has led to periodic unrest since the mid-1980s, such as the 2005 riots which largely concentrated in the north-eastern suburbs.[47]
Twenty-first century
In order to alleviate social tensions in the inner suburbs and revitalise the metropolitan economy of Paris, several plans are currently underway. The office of Secretary of State for the Development of the Capital Region was created in March 2008 within the French government. Its office holder, Christian Blanc, is in charge of overseeing President Nicolas Sarkozy's plans for the creation of an integrated Grand Paris ("Greater Paris") metropolitan authority (see Administration section below), as well as the extension of the subway network to cope with the renewed growth of population in Paris and its suburbs, and various economic development projects to boost the metropolitan economy such as the creation of a world-class technology and scientific cluster and university campus on the Saclay plateau in the southern suburbs.
In parallel, President Sarkozy also launched in 2008 an international urban and architectural competition for the future development of metropolitan Paris. Ten teams which bring together architects, urban planners, geographers, landscape architects will offer their vision for building a Paris metropolis of the 21st century in the Kyoto Protocol era and make a prospective diagnosis for Paris and its suburbs that will define future developments in Greater Paris for the next 40 years. The goal is not only to build an environmentally sustainable metropolis but also to integrate the inner suburbs with the central City of Paris through large-scale urban planning operations and iconic architectural projects.
Meanwhile, in an effort to boost the global economic image of metropolitan Paris, several skyscrapers (300 m (984 ft) and higher) have been approved since 2006 in the business district of La Défense, to the west of the city proper, and are scheduled to be completed by the early 2010s. Paris authorities also made public they are planning to authorise the construction of skyscrapers within the city proper by relaxing the cap on building height for the first time since the construction of the Tour Montparnasse in the early 1970s.
Geography
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Paris_SPOT_1017.jpg/220px-Paris_SPOT_1017.jpg)
Paris is located in the north-bending arc of the river Seine and includes two islands, the Île Saint-Louis and the larger Île de la Cité, which form the oldest part of the city. Overall, the city is relatively flat, and the lowest elevation is 35 m (115 ft) above sea level. Paris has several prominent hills, of which the highest is Montmartre at 130 m (427 ft).[48]
Paris, excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, covers an oval measuring 86.928 km2 (34 sq mi) in area.[citation needed] The city's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form but created the twenty clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of 78 km2 (30 sq mi), the city limits were expanded marginally to 86.9 km2 (34 sq mi) in the 1920s. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were officially annexed to the city, bringing its area to the present 105.39 km2 (41 sq mi)[49].
Climate
Paris has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) and is affected by the North Atlantic Current, so the city rarely sees extremely high or low temperatures, such as the heat wave of 2003 and the cold wave of 2006.
Paris has warm and pleasant summers with average high temperatures of 25 °C (77 °F) and low of 15 °C (59 °F). Winter is chilly, but temperature is around 3 °C (37 °F)* to 8 °C (46 °F), and rarely falls below the freezing point. Spring and autumn have mild to occasionally warm days and cool evenings. Rain falls throughout the year, and although Paris is not a very rainy city, it is known for sudden showers. Average annual precipitation is 652 mm (25.7 in) with light rainfall fairly distributed throughout the year. Snowfall is rare, but the city sometimes sees light snow or flurries without accumulation. The highest recorded temperature is 40.4 °C (105 °F) on 28 July 1948, and the lowest is a −23.9 °C (−11 °F) on 10 December 1879.[50]
Climate data for Paris (1971-2000) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Source: Météo France |
Cityscape
Architecture
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Typical_Paris_Apartment.jpg/220px-Typical_Paris_Apartment.jpg)
Much of contemporary Paris is the result of the vast mid-nineteenth century urban remodelling. For centuries, the city had been a labyrinth of narrow streets and half-timber houses, but, beginning in 1852, the Baron Haussmann's urbanisation program involved leveling entire quarters to make way for wide avenues lined with neo-classical stone buildings of bourgeoisie standing. Most of this 'new' Paris is the Paris we see today. The building code has seen few changes since, and the Second Empire plans are in many cases still followed. The "alignement" law is still in place, which regulates building facades of new constructions according to a pre-defined street width. A building's height is limited according to the width of the streets it lines, and under the regulation, it is difficult to get an approval to build a taller building.
Many of Paris's important institutions are located outside the city limits. The financial (La Défense) business district, the main food wholesale market (Rungis), schools (École Polytechnique, HEC, ESSEC, INSEAD), research laboratories (in Saclay or Évry), the largest stadium (the Stade de France), and government offices (Ministry of Transportation) are located in the city's suburbs.
Districts and historical centres
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Place-de-la-concorde.jpg/220px-Place-de-la-concorde.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aftnn_Le_Basilique_du_Sacre_Coeur_3.jpg/220px-Aftnn_Le_Basilique_du_Sacre_Coeur_3.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Galerie_Lafayette_Haussmann_Dome.jpg/220px-Galerie_Lafayette_Haussmann_Dome.jpg)
City of Paris
- Place de la Bastille (4th, 11th and 12th arrondissements, right bank) is a district of great historical significance, not only for Paris, but for France, too. Because of its symbolic value, the square has often been a site of political demonstrations.
- Champs-Élysées (8th arrondissement, right bank) is a seventeenth century garden-promenade-turned-avenue connecting the Concorde and Arc de Triomphe. It is one of the many tourist attractions and a major shopping street of Paris.
- Place de la Concorde (8th arrondissement, right bank) is at the foot of the Champs-Élysées, built as the "Place Louis XV", site of the infamous guillotine. The Egyptian obelisk is Paris' "oldest monument". On this place, on either side of the Rue Royale, there are two identical stone buildings: The eastern one houses the French Naval Ministry, the western the luxurious Hôtel de Crillon. Nearby Place Vendôme is famous for its fashionable and deluxe hotels (Hôtel Ritz and Hôtel de Vendôme) and its jewellers. Many famous fashion designers have had their salons in the square.
- Les Halles (1st arrondissement, right bank) was formerly Paris' central meat and produce market, and, since the late 1970s, a major shopping centre around an important metro connection station (Châtelet-Les Halles, the biggest in Europe). The past Les Halles was destroyed in 1971 and replaced by the Forum des Halles. The central market of Paris, the biggest wholesale food market in the world, was transferred to Rungis, in the southern suburbs.
- Le Marais (3rd and 4th arrondissements) is a trendy Right Bank district. It is architecturally very well-preserved, and some of the oldest houses and buildings of Paris can be found there. It is a very culturally open place. It is also known for its Chinese, Jewish and gay communities.
- Avenue Montaigne (8th arrondissement), next to the Champs-Élysées, is home to luxury brand labels such as Chanel, Louis Vuitton (LVMH), Dior and Givenchy.
- Montmartre (18th arrondissement, right bank) is a historic area on the Butte, home to the Basilique du Sacré-Cœur. Montmartre has always had a history with artists and has many studios and cafés of many great artists in that area.
- Montparnasse (14th arrondissement) is a historic Left Bank area famous for artists' studios, music halls, and café life. The large Montparnasse - Bienvenüe métro station and the lone Tour Montparnasse skyscraper are located there.
- Avenue de l'Opéra (9th arrondissement, right bank) is the area around the Opéra Garnier and the location of the capital's densest concentration of both department stores and offices. A few examples are the Printemps and Galeries Lafayette grands magasins (department stores), and the Paris headquarters of financial giants such as BNP Paribas and American Express.
- Quartier Latin (5th and 6th arrondissements, left bank) is a twelfth-century scholastic centre formerly stretching between the Left Bank's Place Maubert and the Sorbonne campus. It is known for its lively atmosphere and many bistros. Various higher-education establishments, such as the École Normale Supérieure, TELECOM ParisTech, and the Jussieu university campus, make it a major educational centre in Paris.
- Faubourg Saint-Honoré (8th arrondissement, right bank) is one of Paris' high-fashion districts, home to labels such as Hermès and Christian Lacroix.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Champs_Elysees_Paris_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg/500px-Champs_Elysees_Paris_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg)
In the Paris area
- La Défense (straddling the communes of Courbevoie, Puteaux, and Nanterre, 2.5 km (2 mi) west of the city proper) is a key suburb of Paris and is one of the largest business centres in the world. Built at the western end of a westward extension of Paris' historical axis from the Champs-Élysées, La Défense consists mainly of business high-rises. Initiated by the French government in 1958, the district hosts 3,500,000 m2 (37,673,686 sq ft) of offices, making it the largest district in Europe specifically developed for business. The Grande Arche (Great Arch) of la Défense, which houses a part of the French Transports Minister's headquarters, ends the central Esplanade, around which the district is organised.
Val de Seine - Plaine Saint-Denis (straddling the communes of Saint-Denis, Aubervilliers, and Saint-Ouen, immediately north of the 18th arrondissement, across the Périphérique ring road) is a former derelict manufacturing area that has undergone large-scale urban renewal in the last 10 years. It now hosts the Stade de France, around which is being built the new business district of LandyFrance, with two RER stations (on RER line B and D) and possibly some skyscrapers. In the Plaine Saint-Denis are also located most of France's television studios as well as some major movie studios.
- Val de Seine (straddling the 15th arrondissement and the communes of Issy-les-Moulineaux and Boulogne-Billancourt to the south-west of central Paris) is the new media hub of Paris and France, hosting the headquarters of most of France's TV networks (TF1 in Boulogne-Billancourt, France 2 in the 15th arrondissement, Canal+ and the international channels France 24 and Eurosport in Issy-les-Moulineaux), as well as several telecommunication and IT companies such as Neuf Cegetel in Boulogne-Billancourt or Microsoft's Europe, Africa & Middle East regional headquarters in Issy-les-Moulineaux.
Monuments and landmarks
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pont_des_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg/600px-Pont_des_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg)
Three of the most famous Parisian landmarks are the twelfth-century cathedral Notre Dame de Paris on the Île de la Cité, the Napoleonic Arc de Triomphe and the nineteenth-century Eiffel Tower. The Eiffel Tower was a "temporary" construction by Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 Universal Exposition, but the tower was never dismantled and is now an enduring symbol of Paris. The Historical axis is a line of monuments, buildings, and thoroughfares that run in a roughly straight line from the city-centre westwards: The line of monuments begins with the Louvre and continues through the Tuileries Gardens, the Champs-Élysées, and the Arc de Triomphe, centred in the Place de l'Étoile circus. From the 1960s, the line was prolonged even further west to the La Défense business district dominated by square-shaped triumphal Grande Arche of its own; this district hosts most of the tallest skyscrapers in the Paris urban area. The Invalides museum is the burial place for many great French soldiers, including Napoleon, and the Panthéon church is where many of France's illustrious men and women are buried. The former Conciergerie prison held some prominent Ancien Régime members before their deaths during the French Revolution. Another symbol of the Revolution are the two Statues of Liberty located on the Île des Cygnes on the Seine and in the Luxembourg Garden. A larger version of the statues was sent as a gift from France to America in 1886 and now stands in New York City's harbour. The Palais Garnier, built in the later Second Empire period, houses the Paris Opera and the Paris Opera Ballet, while the former palace of the Louvre now houses one of the most renowned museums in the world. The Sorbonne is the most famous part of the University of Paris and is based in the centre of the Latin Quarter. Apart from Notre Dame de Paris, there are several other ecclesiastical masterpieces including the Gothic thirteenth-century Sainte-Chapelle palace chapel and the Église de la Madeleine.
Parks and gardens
Two of Paris' oldest and famous gardens are the Tuileries Garden, created in the 16th century for a palace on the banks of the Seine near the Louvre, and the Left bank Luxembourg Garden, another former private garden belonging to a château built for the Marie de' Medici in 1612. The Jardin des Plantes, created by Louis XIII's doctor Guy de La Brosse for the cultivation of medicinal plants, was Paris' first public garden.
A few of Paris' other large gardens are Second Empire creations: The former suburban parks of Montsouris, Parc des Buttes Chaumont, and Parc Monceau (formerly known as the "folie de Chartres") are creations of Napoleon III's engineer Jean-Charles Alphand. Another project executed under the orders of Baron Haussmann was the re-sculpting of Paris' western Bois de Boulogne forest-parklands; the Bois de Vincennes, on the city's opposite eastern end, received a similar treatment in years following.
Newer additions to Paris' park landscape are the Parc de la Villette, built by the architect Bernard Tschumi on the location of Paris' former slaughterhouses, the Parc André Citroën, and gardens being laid to the periphery along the traces of its former circular "Petite Ceinture" railway line: Promenade Plantée.
Water and sanitation
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/CanalSaint-martin.jpg/220px-CanalSaint-martin.jpg)
Paris in its early history had only the Seine and Bièvre rivers for water. Later forms of irrigation were a first-century Roman aqueduct from southerly Wissous (later left to ruin); sources from the Right bank hills from the late 11th century; from the fifteenth century, an aqueduct built roughly along the path of the abandoned Wissous aqueduct; and, from 1809, the canal de l'Ourcq, providing Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the northeast of the capital. Paris would have its first constant and plentiful source of drinkable water only from the late 19th century: From 1857, the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand, under Napoleon III's Préfet Haussmann, oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought sources from locations all around the city to several reservoirs built atop the Capital's highest points of elevation. From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris' principal source of drinking water, and the remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then used for the cleaning of Paris' streets. This system is still a major part of Paris' modern water supply network.
Paris has over 2,400 km of underground passageways[51] dedicated to the evacuation of Paris' liquid wastes. Most of these date from the late 19th century, a result of the combined plans of the Préfet Baron Haussmann and the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand to improve the then-very unsanitary conditions in the Capital. Maintained by a round-the-clock service since their construction, only a small percentage of Paris' sewer réseau has needed complete renovation. The entire Paris network of sewers and collectors has been managed since the late 20th century by a computerised network system, known under the acronym "G.A.AS.PAR", that controls all of Paris' water distribution, even the flow of the river Seine through the capital. [citation needed]
Cemeteries
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Catacombes_De_Paris.jpg/220px-Catacombes_De_Paris.jpg)
Paris' main cemetery was located to its outskirts on its Left Bank from the beginning of its history[citation needed], but this changed with the rise of Catholicism and the construction of churches towards the city-centre, many of them having adjoining burial grounds for use by their parishes. Generations of a growing city population soon filled these cemeteries to overflowing, creating sometimes very unsanitary conditions: Condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris' parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of Paris' then suburban stone mines outside the Left Bank "Porte d'Enfer" city gate (today 14th arrondissement's place Denfert-Rochereau). After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, Napoleon Bonaparte provided a more definitive solution in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries to the outside of the city tax wall named Wall of the Farmers-General ; Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of Père Lachaise, Montmartre, Montparnasse, and later Passy.
When Paris annexed all communes to the inside of its much larger ring of suburban fortifications in 1860, its cemeteries were once again within its city walls. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: The largest of these are the Cimetière Parisien de Saint-Ouen, the Cimetière Parisien de Bobigny-Pantin, the Cimetière Parisien d'Ivry, and the Cimetière Parisien de Bagneux.
Culture
Entertainment and performing arts
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Palais_Garnier.jpg/220px-Palais_Garnier.jpg)
Paris' largest opera houses are the nineteenth-century Opéra Garnier (historical Paris Opéra) and modern Opéra Bastille; the former tends towards the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern. In middle of 19th century, there were active two other competing opera houses: Opéra-Comique (which still exists to this day) and Théâtre Lyrique (which in modern times changed its profile and name to Théâtre de la Ville).
Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture. This still holds true today; and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. Some of Paris' major theatres include Bobino, Théâtre Mogador, and the Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse. Some Parisian theatres have also doubled as concert halls. Many of France's greatest musical legends, such as Édith Piaf, Maurice Chevalier, Georges Brassens, and Charles Aznavour, found their fame in Parisian concert halls: Legendary yet still-showing examples of these are Le Lido, Bobino, l'Olympia, la Cigale, and le Splendid.
The Élysées-Montmartre, much reduced from its original size, is a concert hall today. The New Morning is one of few Parisian clubs still holding jazz concerts, but the same also specialises in 'indie' music. In more recent times, the Le Zénith hall in Paris' La Villette quarter and a "parc-omnisports" stadium in Bercy serve as large-scale rock concert halls.
Several yearly festivals take place in Paris, such as Rock en Seine.
Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, that is to say with a dominance of Hollywood-generated film entertainment. French cinema comes a close second, with major directors (réalisateurs) such as Claude Lelouch, François Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, Claude Chabrol, and Luc Besson, and the more slapstick/popular genre with director Claude Zidi as an example. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated. A specialty of Paris is its very large network of small movie theatres: on a given week, the movie fan has the choice between around 300 old or new movies from all over the world.
Many of Paris' concert/dance halls were transformed into movie theatres when the media became popular from the 1930s. Later, most of the largest cinemas were divided into multiple, smaller rooms: Paris' largest cinema today is by far le Grand Rex theatre with 2,800 seats, whereas other cinemas all have fewer than 1,000 seats. There is now a trend toward modern multiplexes that contain more than 10 or 20 screens.
Cuisine
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lesdeuxmagots.jpg/220px-Lesdeuxmagots.jpg)
Paris' culinary reputation has its base in the diverse origins of its inhabitants. In its beginnings, it owed much to the 19th-century organisation of a railway system that had Paris as a centre, making the capital a focal point for immigration from France's many different regions and gastronomical cultures. This reputation continues through today in a cultural diversity that has since spread to a worldwide level thanks to Paris' continued reputation for culinary finesse and further immigration from increasingly distant climes.
Hotels were another result of widespread travel and tourism, especially Paris' late-19th-century Expositions Universelles (World's Fairs). Of the most luxurious of these, the Hôtel Ritz, appeared in the Place Vendôme from 1898, and the Hôtel de Crillon opened its doors on the north side of the place de la Concorde from 1909.
Tourism
UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
---|---|
![]() Notre Dame de Paris on the Île de la Cité, on the River Seine. | |
Criteria | Cultural: i, ii, iv |
Reference | 600 |
Inscription | 1991 (15th Session) |
Paris from the eleventh century was a popular destination for traders, students and religious pilgrimages, but its 'tourist industry' began on a large scale only with the 19th-century appearance of rail travel, namely from the state's organisation of France's rail network, with Paris at its centre, from 1848. Among Paris' first mass attractions drawing international interest were the above-mentioned Expositions Universelles that were the origin of Paris' many monuments, namely the Eiffel Tower from 1889. These, in addition to the capital's Second Empire embellishments, did much to make the city itself the attraction it is today.
Paris' museums and monuments are among its highest-esteemed attractions; tourism has motivated both the city and national governments to create new ones. The city's most prized museum, the Louvre, welcomes over 8 million visitors a year, being by far the world's most-visited art museum. The city's cathedrals are another main attraction: Its Notre Dame de Paris and the Basilique du Sacré-Coeur receive 12 million and eight million visitors, respectively. The Eiffel Tower, by far Paris' most famous monument, averages over six million visitors per year and more than 200 million since its construction. Disneyland Paris is a major tourist attraction not only for visitors to Paris but for visitors to the rest of Europe as well, with 14.5 million visitors in 2007.
The Louvre is one of the largest and most famous museums, housing many works of art, including the Mona Lisa (La Joconde) and the Venus de Milo statue. Works by Pablo Picasso and Auguste Rodin are found in Musée Picasso and Musée Rodin, respectively, while the artistic community of Montparnasse is chronicled at the Musée du Montparnasse. Starkly apparent with its service-pipe exterior, the Centre Georges Pompidou, also known as Beaubourg, houses the Musée National d'Art Moderne. Art and artifacts from the Middle Ages and Impressionist eras are kept in Musée Cluny and Musée d'Orsay, respectively, the former with the prized tapestry cycle The Lady and the Unicorn. Paris' newest (and third-largest) museum, the Musée du quai Branly, opened its doors in June 2006 and houses art from Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas.
Many of Paris' once-popular local establishments have come to cater to the tastes and expectations of tourists, rather than local patrons. Le Lido, the Moulin Rouge cabaret-dancehall, for example, is a staged dinner theatre spectacle, a dance display that was once but one aspect of the cabaret's former atmosphere. All of the establishment's former social or cultural elements, such as its ballrooms and gardens, are gone today. Much of Paris' hotel, restaurant and night entertainment trades have become heavily dependent on tourism.
Sports
Paris' most popular sport clubs are the football club Paris Saint-Germain FC, the basketball team Paris-Levallois Basket, and the rugby union club Stade Français. The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located in Saint-Denis. It is used for football, rugby union and track and field athletics. It hosts annually French national rugby team's home matches of the Six Nations Championship, French national football team for friendlies and major tournaments qualifiers, and several important matches of the Stade Français rugby team.
In addition to Paris Saint-Germain FC, the city has a number of other amateur football clubs: Paris FC, Red Star, RCF Paris and Stade Français Paris. The last is the football section of the omnisport club of the same name, most notable for its rugby team.
The city's major rugby side is Stade Français. Racing Métro 92 Paris (who also plays in Top 14) is another rugby team, which actually contested the first ever final against Stade Français in 1892.
Paris also hosted the 1900 and 1924 Olympic Games and was venue for the 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups and for the 2007 Rugby World Cup.
Although the starting point and the route of the famous Tour de France varies each year, the final stage always finishes in Paris, and, since 1975, the race has finished on the Champs-Elysées. Tennis is another popular sport in Paris and throughout France. The French Open, held every year on the red clay of the Roland Garros National Tennis Centre near the Bois de Boulogne, is one of the four Grand Slam events of the world professional tennis tour. The 2006 UEFA Champions League Final between Arsenal and FC Barcelona was played in the Stade de France. Paris hosted the 2007 Rugby World Cup final at Stade de France on 20 October 2007.
Economy
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/52/Grande_Arche_de_La_D%C3%A9fense_et_fontaine.jpg/220px-Grande_Arche_de_La_D%C3%A9fense_et_fontaine.jpg)
With a 2008 GDP of €552.7 billion[8] (US$813.4 billion), the Paris region has one of the highest GDPs in Europe, making it an engine of the global economy: Were it a country, it would rank as the seventeenth-largest economy in the world, almost as large as the Dutch economy.[52] The Paris Region is France's premier centre of economic activity: While its population accounted for 18.8% of the total population of metropolitan France in 2008,[53] its GDP accounted for 28.9% of metropolitan France's GDP.[8] Activity in the Paris urban area, though diverse, does not have a leading specialised industry (such as Los Angeles with entertainment industries or London and New York with financial industries in addition to their other activities). Recently, the Paris economy has been shifting towards high-value-added service industries (finance, IT services, etc.) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc.).
The Paris region's most intense economic activity through the central Hauts-de-Seine département and suburban La Défense business district places Paris' economic centre to the west of the city, in a triangle between the Opéra Garnier, La Défense, and the Val de Seine. Paris' administrative borders have little consequences on the limits of its economic activity: Although most workers commute from the suburbs to work in the city, many commute from the city to work in the suburbs. Although the Paris economy is largely dominated by services, it remains an important manufacturing powerhouse of Europe, especially in industrial sectors such as automobiles, aeronautics, and electronics. Over recent decades, the local economy has moved towards high-value-added activities, in particular business services.
The 1999 census indicated that, of the 5,089,170 persons employed in the Paris urban area, 16.5% worked in business services, 13.0% in commerce (retail and wholesale trade), 12.3% in manufacturing, 10.0% in public administrations and defence, 8.7% in health services, 8.2% in transportation and communications, 6.6% in education, and the remaining 24.7% in many other economic sectors. In the manufacturing sector, the largest employers were the electronic and electrical industry (17.9% of the total manufacturing workforce in 1999) and the publishing and printing industry (14.0% of the total manufacturing workforce), with the remaining 68.1% of the manufacturing workforce distributed among many other industries. Tourism and tourist related services employ 6.2% of Paris' workforce, and 3.6% of all workers within the Paris Region.[54] Unemployment in the Paris "immigrant ghettos" ranges from 20 to 40%, according to varying sources.[55]
Demographics
![]() Note that the map above is outdated. It shows the extent of the urban and metropolitan areas of Paris at the 1999 census.
| ||||
Île-de-France departments | ||||
Areas | Population 2008 census |
Area |
Density |
1999-2008 pop. growth |
City of Paris (department 75) |
2,211,297 | 105 km2 (41 sq mi) | 20,169/km2 (52,240/sq mi) | +0.45%/year |
Inner ring (Petite couronne) (Depts. 92, 93, 94) |
4,366,961 | 657 km2 (254 sq mi) | 6,647/km2 (17,220/sq mi) | +0.89%/year |
Outer ring (Grande couronne) (Depts. 77, 78, 91, 95) |
5,081,002 | 11,250 km2 (4,344 sq mi) | 452/km2 (1,170/sq mi) | +0.68%/year |
Île-de-France (entire region) |
11,659,260 | 12,012 km2 (4,638 sq mi) | 971/km2 (2,510/sq mi) | +0.71%/year |
Statistical Areas (INSEE 2008 census) | ||||
Areas | Population 2008 census |
Area | Density |
1999-2008 pop. growth |
Urban area (Paris agglomeration) |
10,354,675 | 2,844.8 km2 (1,098 sq mi) | 3,640/km2 (9,400/sq mi) | +0.70%/year |
Metropolitan area | 12,089,098 | 17,174.4 km2 (6,631 sq mi) | 704/km2 (1,820/sq mi) | +0.71%/year |
The population of the city of Paris was 2,125,246 at the 1999 census, lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921. The city's population loss mirrors the experience of most other core cities in the developed world that have not expanded their boundaries. The principal factors in the process are a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975. Factors in the migration include de-industrialisation, high rent, the gentrification of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices, and greater affluence among working families. The city's population loss was one of the most severe among international municipalities and the largest for any that had achieved more than 2,000,000 residents. These losses are generally seen as negative for the city; the city administration is trying to reverse them with some success, as the population estimate of July 2004 showed a population increase for the first time since 1954, reaching a total of 2,144,700 inhabitants.
Density
Paris is one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Its density, excluding the outlying woodland parks of Boulogne and Vincennes, was 24,448 inhabitants per square kilometre (63,320/sq mi) in the 1999 official census, which could be compared only with some Asian megapolis. Even including the two woodland areas its population density was 20,164 inhabitants per square kilometre (52,224.5/sq mi), the fifth-most-densely populated commune in France following Le Pré-Saint-Gervais, Vincennes, Levallois-Perret, and Saint-Mandé, all of which border the city proper. The most sparsely populated quarters are the western and central office and administration-focussed arrondissements. The city's population is densest in the northern and eastern arrondissements; the 11th arrondissement had a density of 40,672 inhabitants per square kilometre (105,340/sq mi) in 1999, and some of the same arrondissement's eastern quarters had densities close to 100,000/km² (260,000/sq mi) in the same year.
Paris agglomeration
The city of Paris covers an area much smaller than the urban area of which it is the core. At present, Paris' real urbanisation, defined by the pôle urbain (urban area) statistical area, covers 2,723 km2 (1,051 sq mi),[56] or an area about 26 times larger than the city itself. The administration of Paris' urban growth is divided between itself and its surrounding départements: Paris' closest ring of three adjoining departments, or petite couronne ("small ring") are fully saturated with urban growth, and the ring of four departments outside of these, the grande couronne départements, are only covered in their inner regions by Paris' urbanisation. These eight départements form the larger administrative Île-de-France région; most of this region is filled, and overextended in places, by the Paris aire urbaine.
The Paris agglomeration has shown a steady rate of growth since the end of the late 16th century French Wars of Religion, save brief setbacks during the French Revolution and World War II[citation needed]. Suburban development has accelerated in recent years: With an estimated total of 11.4 million inhabitants for 2005, the Île-de-France région shows a rate of growth double that of the 1990s.[57][58]
Immigration
By law, French censuses do not ask questions regarding ethnicity or religion, but do gather information concerning one's country of birth. From this it is still possible to determine that the Paris and its aire urbaine (metropolitan area) is one of the most multi-cultural in Europe: At the 1999 census, 19.4% of its total population was born outside of metropolitan France.[59] At the same census, 4.2% of the Paris aire urbaine's population were recent immigrants (people who had immigrated to France between 1990 and 1999),[60] in their majority from Asia and Africa.[61] 37% of all immigrants in France live in the Paris region.[55]
The first wave of international migration to Paris started as early as in 1820 with the arrivals of German peasants fleeing an agricultural crisis in their homeland. Several waves of immigration followed continuously until today: Italians and central European Jews during the 19th century; Russians after the revolution of 1917 and Armenians fleeing genocide in the Ottoman Empire;[62] colonial citizens during World War I and later; Poles between the two world wars; Spaniards, Italians, Portuguese, and North Africans from the 1950s to the 1970s; North African Jews after the independence of those countries; Africans and Asians since then.[63] The Paris metropolitan region or "aire urbaine" is home to some 1.7 million Muslims of all races making up between 10%-15% of the areas population. An estimated 310,000 Jews also live in Paris and the surrounding Île-de-France region, an area with a population of 11.7 million inhabitants. Paris has historically been a magnet for immigrants, hosting one of the largest concentrations of immigrants in Europe today.[64]
Administration
Paris, its administrative limits unchanged since 1860 (save for the addition of two large parks), is one of a few cities that has not evolved politically with its real demographic growth; this issue is at present being discussed in plans for a "Grand Paris" (Greater Paris) that will extend Paris' administrative limits to embrace much more of its urban tissue.[65]
Capital of France
As the capital, Paris is the seat of France's national government. For the executive, the two chief officers each have their own official residences, which also serve as their offices. The President of France resides at the Élysée Palace in the 8th arrondissement, while the Prime Minister's seat is at the Hôtel Matignon in the 7th arrondissement. Government ministries are located in various parts of the city; many are located in the 7th arrondissement, near the Matignon.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Elys%C3%A9e_Palace%2C_Paris_2005.jpg/220px-Elys%C3%A9e_Palace%2C_Paris_2005.jpg)
The two houses of the French Parliament are also located on the Left Bank. The upper house, the Senate, meets in the Palais du Luxembourg in the 6th arrondissement, while the more important lower house, the Assemblée Nationale, meets in the Palais Bourbon in the 7th. The President of the Senate, the second-highest public official in France after the President of the Republic, resides in the "Petit Luxembourg", a smaller palace annex to the Palais du Luxembourg.
France's highest courts are located in Paris. The Court of Cassation, the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the Palais de Justice on the Île de la Cité, while the Conseil d'État, which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the Palais Royal in the 1st arrondissement.
The Constitutional Council, an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees, also meets in the Palais Royal.
City government
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Par_Arr.jpg/310px-Par_Arr.jpg)
Paris has been a commune (municipality) since 1834 (and also briefly between 1790 and 1795). At the 1790 division (during the French Revolution) of France into communes, and again in 1834, Paris was a city only half its modern size, but, in 1860, it annexed bordering communes, some entirely, to create the new administrative map of twenty municipal arrondissements the city still has today. These municipal subdivisions describe a clockwise spiral outward from its most central, the 1st arrondissement.
In 1790, Paris became the préfecture (seat) of the Seine département, which covered much of the Paris region. In 1968, it was split into four smaller ones: The city of Paris became a distinct département of its own, retaining the Seine's departmental number of 75 (originating from the Seine département's position in France's alphabetical list), while three new départements of Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne were created and given the numbers 92, 93, and 94, respectively. The result of this division is that today Paris' limits as a département are exactly those of its limits as a commune, a situation unique in France.
Municipal offices
Each of Paris' 20 arrondissements has a directly elected council (conseil d'arrondissement), which, in turn, elects an arrondissement mayor. A selection of members from each arrondissement council form the Council of Paris (conseil de Paris), which, in turn, elects the mayor of Paris.
Party | Seats | |
---|---|---|
style="background-color: Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color"|• | Socialist Party | 72 |
style="background-color: Template:Union for a Popular Movement/meta/color"| | Union for a Popular Movement | 55 |
style="background-color: Template:The Greens (France)/meta/color"|• | The Greens | 9 |
style="background-color: Template:French Communist Party/meta/color"|• | French Communist Party | 8 |
style="background-color: Template:New Centre/meta/color"| | New Centre | 8 |
style="background-color: Template:Citizen and Republican Movement/meta/color"|• | Citizen and Republican Movement | 5 |
style="background-color: Template:Miscellaneous Left/meta/color"|• | Miscellaneous Left | 2 |
style="background-color: Template:Left Party (France)/meta/color"|• | Left Party | 2 |
style="background-color: Template:Democratic Movement (France)/meta/color"| | MoDem | 1 |
In medieval times, Paris was governed by a merchant-elected municipality whose head was the provost of the merchants. In addition to regulating city commerce, the provost of the merchants was responsible for some civic duties such as the guarding of city walls and the cleaning of city streets. The creation of the provost of Paris from the thirteenth century diminished the merchant Provost's responsibilities and powers considerably. A direct representative of the king, in a role resembling somewhat the préfet of later years, the Provost (prévôt) of Paris oversaw the application and execution of law and order in the city and its surrounding prévôté (county) from his office in the Grand Châtelet. Many functions from both provost offices were transferred to the office of the crown-appointed lieutenant general of police upon its creation in 1667. For centuries, the prévôt and magistrates of the Châtelet clashed with the administrators of the Hôtel de Ville over jurisdiction;[66] the latter notably included the quartiniers, each of whom was responsible for one of the sixteen quartiers (which were in turn divided into four cinquantaines, each with its cinquantainier, and those in turn were divided into dizaines, administered by dizainiers):
All of these men were in principle elected by the local bourgeois. At any one time, therefore, 336 men had shared administrative responsibility for street cleaning and maintenance, for public health, law, and order. The quartiniers maintained the official lists of bourgeois de Paris, ran local elections, could impose fines for breaches of the bylaws, and had a role in tax assessment. They met at the Hôtel de Ville to confer on matters of citywide importance and each year selected eight of "the most notable inhabitants of the quarter," who together with other local officials would elect the city council.[67]
Even though in the course of the eighteenth century these elections became purely ceremonial, choosing candidates already selected by the royal government, the memory of genuine municipal independence remained strong: "The Hôtel de Ville continued to bulk large in the awareness of bourgeois Parisians, its importance extending far beyond its real role in city government."[68]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hotel_de_Ville_Paris_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg/350px-Hotel_de_Ville_Paris_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg)
Paris' last Prévôt des marchands was assassinated the afternoon of the 14th of July 1789 uprising that was the French Revolution Storming of the Bastille. Paris became an official "commune" from the creation of the administrative division on 14 December the same year, and its provisional "Paris commune" revolutionary municipality was replaced with the city's first municipal constitution and government from 9 October 1790.[69] Through the turmoil of the 1794 Thermidorian Reaction, it became apparent that revolutionary Paris' political independence was a threat to any governing power: The office of mayor was abolished the same year, and its municipal council one year later.
Although the municipal council was recreated in 1834, for most of the 19th and 20th centuries Paris, along with the larger Seine département of which it was a centre, was under the direct control of the state-appointed préfet of the Seine, in charge of general affairs there; the state-appointed Prefect of Police was in charge of police in the same jurisdiction. Save for a few brief occasions, the city did not have a mayor until 1977, and the Paris Prefecture of Police is still under state control today.
Despite its dual existence as commune and département, Paris has a single council to govern both; the Council of Paris, presided by the mayor of Paris, meets either as a municipal council (conseil municipal) or as a departmental council (conseil général) depending on the issue to be debated.
Paris' modern administrative organisation still retains some traces of the former Seine département jurisdiction. The Prefecture of Police (also directing Paris' fire brigades), for example, has still a jurisdiction extending to Paris' petite couronne of bordering three départements for some operations such as fire protection or rescue operations, and is still directed by France's national government. Paris has no municipal police force, although it does have its own brigade of traffic wardens.
Capital of the Île-de-France région
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ile-de-France_jms.png/210px-Ile-de-France_jms.png)
As part of a 1961 nation-wide administrative effort to consolidate regional economies, Paris as a département became the capital of the new région of the District of Paris, renamed the Île-de-France région in 1976. It encompasses the Paris département and its seven closest départements. Its regional council members, since 1986, have been chosen by direct elections. The prefect of the Paris département (who served as the prefect of the Seine département before 1968) is also prefect of the Île-de-France région, although the office lost much of its power following the creation of the office of mayor of Paris in 1977.
Intercommunality
Few of the above changes have taken into account Paris' existence as an agglomeration. Unlike in most of France's major urban areas such as Lille and Lyon, there is no intercommunal entity in the Paris urban area, no intercommunal council treating the problems of the region's dense urban core as a whole; Paris' alienation of its suburbs is indeed a problem today, and considered by many to be the main causes of civil unrest such as the suburban riots in 2005. A direct result of these unfortunate events is propositions for a more efficient metropolitan structure to cover the city of Paris and some of the suburbs, ranging from a socialist idea of a loose "metropolitan conference" (conférence métropolitaine) to the right-wing idea of a more integrated Grand Paris ("Greater Paris").
Education
In the early ninth century, the emperor Charlemagne mandated all churches to give lessons in reading, writing and basic arithmetic to their parishes, and cathedrals to give a higher-education in the finer arts of language, physics, music, and theology; at that time, Paris was already one of France's major cathedral towns and beginning its rise to fame as a scholastic centre. By the early 13th century, the Île de la Cité Notre-Dame cathedral school had many famous teachers, and the controversial teachings of some of these led to the creation of a separate Left-Bank Sainte-Genevieve University that would become the centre of Paris' scholastic Latin Quarter best represented by the Sorbonne university.
Twelve centuries later, education in Paris and the Paris region (Île-de-France région) employs approximately 330,000 persons, 170,000 of whom are teachers and professors teaching approximately 2.9 million children and students in around 9,000 primary, secondary, and higher education schools and institutions.[70]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Rue_St_Jacques_Louis_Le_Grand_DSC09316.jpg/220px-Rue_St_Jacques_Louis_Le_Grand_DSC09316.jpg)
Primary and secondary education
Paris is home to several of France's most prestigious high-schools such as Lycée Louis-le-Grand, and Lycée Henri-IV. Other high-schools of international renown in the Paris area include the Lycée International de Saint Germain-en-Laye and the École Active Bilingue Jeannine Manuel.
Higher-education
As of the academic year 2004-2005, the Paris Region's 17 public universities, with its 359,749 registered students,[71] is the largest concentration of university students in Europe.[72] The Paris Region's prestigious grandes écoles and scores of university-independent private and public schools have an additional 240,778 registered students, that, together with the university population, creates a grand total of 600,527 students in higher education that year.[71]
Universities
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/La_Sorbonne_3.jpg/220px-La_Sorbonne_3.jpg)
The cathedral of Notre-Dame was the first centre of higher-education before the creation of the University of Paris. The universitas was chartered by King Philip Augustus in 1200, as a corporation granting teachers (and their students) the right to rule themselves independently from crown law and taxes. At the time, many classes were held in open air. Non-Parisian students and teachers would stay in hostels, or "colleges", created for the boursiers coming from afar. Already famous by the 13th century, the University of Paris had students from all of Europe. Paris' Rive Gauche scholastic centre, dubbed "Latin Quarter" as classes were taught in Latin then, would eventually regroup around the college created by Robert de Sorbon from 1257, the Collège de Sorbonne. The University of Paris in the 19th century had six faculties: law, science, medicine, pharmaceutical studies, literature, and theology. Following the 1968 student riots, there was an extensive reform of the University of Paris, in an effort to disperse the centralised student body. The following year, the former unique University of Paris was split between thirteen autonomous universities ("Paris I" to "Paris XIII") located throughout the City of Paris and its suburbs. Each of these universities inherited only some of the departments of the old University of Paris, and are not generalist universities. Paris I, II, V, and X, inherited the Law School; Paris V inherited the School of Medicine as well; Paris VI and VII inherited the scientific departments; etc.
In 1991, four more universities were created in the suburbs of Paris, reaching a total of seventeen public universities for the Paris (Île-de-France) région. These new universities were given names (based on the name of the suburb in which they are located) and not numbers like the previous thirteen: University of Cergy-Pontoise, University of Évry Val d'Essonne, University of Marne-la-Vallée, and University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. Other institutions include the University of Westminster's Centre for International Studies, the American University of Paris, the Editing American Graduate School of International Relations and Diplomacy, and the American Business School of Paris. There is also a University of London Institute in Paris(ULIP) which offers undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in French Studies ratified by the University of London.
Grandes écoles
The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of the prestigious grandes écoles, which are specialised centres of higher-education outside the public university structure. The prestigious public universities are usually considered grands établissements. Most of the grandes écoles were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded city of Paris, though the École Normale Supérieure has remained on rue d'Ulm in the 5th arrondissement. The Paris area has a high number of engineering schools, led by the prestigious Paris Institute of Technology (ParisTech), which comprises several colleges such as École Polytechnique, École des Mines, Télécom Paris, Arts et Métiers, and École des Ponts et Chaussées. There are also many business schools, including , HEC, ESSEC, INSEAD, and ESCP-EAP European School of Management. Although the elite administrative school ENA has been relocated to Strasbourg, the political science school Sciences-Po is still located in Paris' Left bank 7th arrondissement.
The grandes écoles system is supported by a number of preparatory schools that offer courses of two to three years' duration called Classes Préparatoires, also known as classes prépas or simply prépas. These courses provide entry to the grandes écoles. Many of the best prépas are located in Paris, including Lycée Louis-le-Grand, Lycée Henri-IV, Lycée Saint-Louis, Lycée Janson de Sailly, and Lycée Stanislas.[73] Two other top-ranking prépas (Lycée Hoche and Lycée privé Sainte-Geneviève) are located in Versailles, near Paris. Student selection is based on school grades and teacher remarks. Prépas attract most of the best students in France and are known to be very demanding in terms of work load and psychological stress.
Libraries
The Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) operates libraries in Paris. Its Paris libraries include François-Mitterrand Library, Richelieu Library, Louvois, Opéra Library, and Arsenal Library.[74]
The American Library in Paris opened in 1920. It is a part of a private, non-profit organization.[75] The modern library originated from cases of books sent by the American Library Association to U.S. soldiers in France.[76] A incarnation existed in the 1850s.[77]
Transportation
Paris has been building its transportation system throughout history and continuous improvements are on-going. The Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France[78] (STIF), formerly Syndicat des transports parisiens (STP).
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Abesses_entrance_1.jpg/220px-Abesses_entrance_1.jpg)
The members of this syndicate are the Ile-de-France region and the eight departments of this region. The syndicate coordinates public transport and contracts it out to the RATP (operating 654 bus lines, the Métro, three tramway lines, and sections of the RER), the SNCF (operating suburban rails, a tramway line and the other sections of the RER) and the Optile consortium of private operators managing 1,070 minor bus lines.
The Métro is Paris' most important transportation system. The system, with 300 stations (384 stops) connected by 214 km (133.0 mi) of rails, comprises 16 lines, identified by numbers from 1 to 14, with two minor lines, 3bis and 7bis, so numbered because they used to be branches of their respective original lines, and only later became independent. In October 1998, the new line 14 was inaugurated after a 70-year hiatus in inaugurating fully new métro lines. Because of the short distance between stations on the Métro network, lines were too slow to be extended further into the suburbs, as is the case in most other cities. As such, an additional express network, the RER, has been created since the 1960s to connect more-distant parts of the urban area. The RER consists in the integration of modern city-centre subway and pre-existing suburban rail. Nowadays, the RER network comprises five lines, 257 stops and 587 km (365 mi) of rails.
In addition, Paris is served by a light rail network of four lines, the tramway: Line T1 runs from Saint-Denis to Noisy-le-Sec, line T2 runs from La Défense to Porte de Versailles, line T3 runs from Pont de Garigliano to Porte d'Ivry, line T4 runs from Bondy to Aulnay-sous-Bois. Six new light rail lines are currently in various stages of development. Paris also offers a bike sharing system called Vélib' with more than 20,000 public bicycles distributed at 1,450 parking stations, which can be rented for short and medium distances including one way trips. The new ferry service Voguéo has been inaugurated in June 2008, on the rivers Seine and Marne. Paris is a central hub of the national rail network. The six major railway stations, Gare du Nord, Gare Montparnasse, Gare de l'Est, Gare de Lyon, Gare d'Austerlitz, and Gare Saint-Lazare, are connected to three networks: The TGV serving four High-speed rail lines, the normal speed Corail trains, and the suburban rails (Transilien). Paris is served by two major airports: Orly Airport, which is south of Paris, and the Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport, near Roissy-en-France, which is one of the busiest in the world and is the hub for the unofficial Flag carrier Air France. A third and much smaller airport, Beauvais Tillé Airport, located in the town of Beauvais, 70 km (43 mi) to the north of the city, is used by charter and low-cost airlines. The fourth airport, Le Bourget nowadays only hosts business jets, air trade shows and the aerospace museum.
The city is also the most important hub of France's motorway network, and is surrounded by three orbital freeways: the Périphérique, which follows the approximate path of 19th-century fortifications around Paris, the A86 motorway in the inner suburbs, and finally the Francilienne motorway in the outer suburbs. Paris has an extensive road network with over 2,000 km (1,243 mi) of highways and motorways. By road, Brussels can be reached in three hours, Frankfurt in six hours and Barcelona in 12 hours. By train, London is now just two hours and 15 minutes away, Brussels can be reached in 1 hour and 22 minutes (up to 26 departures/day), Amsterdam in 3 hours and 18 minutes (up to 10 departures/day), Cologne in 3 hours and 14 minutes (6 departures/day), and Marseille, Bordeaux, and other cities in southern France in three hours.
Health
Health care and emergency medical service in the city of Paris and its suburbs are provided by the Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), a public hospital system that employs more than 90,000 people (practitioners and administratives) in 44 hospitals. It is the largest hospital system in Europe[79].
International relations
Paris has one sister city and numerous partner cities.[80][81]
Sister city
Rome, Italy, since 1956 (Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris / Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; Solo Roma è degna di Parigi / "Only Paris is worthy of Rome; Only Rome is worthy of Paris").[81]
Partner cities
Algiers, Algeria, since 2003.[81]
Amman, Jordan, since 1987.[81]
Athens, Greece, since 2000.[81]
Beijing, China, since 1997.[81]
Beirut, Lebanon, since 1992.[81]
Berlin, Germany, since 1987.[81][82]
Buenos Aires, Argentina, since 1999.[80]
Cairo, Egypt, since 1985.[81]
Casablanca, Morocco, since 2004.[80]
Chicago, United States, since 1996.[81]
Copenhagen, Denmark, since 2005.[80]
Geneva, Switzerland, since 2002.[81]
Jakarta, Indonesia, since 1995.[81]
Kyoto, Japan, since 1958.[81]
Lisbon, Portugal, since 1998.[81]
London, United Kingdom, since 2001.[81]
Madrid, Spain, since 2000.[83]
Mexico City, Mexico, since 1999.[81]
Montreal, Canada, since 2006.[80]
Moscow, Russia, since 1992.[81]
| class="col-break " |
Porto Alegre, Brazil, since 2001.[80]
Prague, Czech Republic, since 1997.[81][84]
Quebec City, Canada, since 2003.[81]
Rabat, Morocco, since 2004.[80]
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, since 1997.[81]
Saint Petersburg, Russia, since 1997.[81]
San‘a’, Yemen, since 1987.[81]
San Francisco, United States, since 1996.[81]
Santiago, Chile, since 1997.[81]
São Paulo, Brazil, since 2004.[81][85][86]
Seoul, South Korea, since 1991.[81]
Sofia, Bulgaria, since 1998.[81]
Sydney, Australia, since 1998.[81]
Tbilisi, Georgia, since 1997.[81]
Tokyo, Japan, since 1982.[81]
Tunis, Tunisia, since 2004.[80]
Warsaw, Poland, since 1999.[81]
Washington, D.C., United States, since 2000.[81][87]
Yerevan, Armenia, since 1998.[81]
Tirana, Albania.[88]
See also
References
Bibliography
- Vincent Cronin (1989). Paris on the Eve, 1900-1914. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-312-04876-9.
- Vincent Cronin (1994). Paris:City of Light, 1919-1939. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-215191-X.
- Jean Favier (1997-04-23). Paris (in French). Fayard. ISBN 2-213-59874-6.
- Jacques Hillairet (2005-04-22). Connaissance du Vieux Paris (in French). Rivages. ISBN 2-86930-648-2.
- Colin Jones (2004). Paris: The Biography of a City. New York: Penguin Viking. ISBN 0670033936.
- Rosemary Wakeman (2009). The Heroic City: Paris, 1945-1958. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226870236.
Notes
- ^ INSEE local statistics, including Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes.
- ^ "La population par arrondissement de 1990 à 2009" (in French). Mairie de Paris. 2009-01-01. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
- ^ "Paris (00851 - Unité urbaine 1999) - Thème : Évolution et structure de la population" (in French). Insee. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- ^ a b "Paris (001 - Aire urbaine 1999) - Thème : Évolution et structure de la population" (in French). Insee. Retrieved 2009-09-06. Cite error: The named reference "paris_AU99_pop" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Template:Fr icon Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. "" Estimation de population par département, sexe et grande classe d'âge – Années 1990 à 2006"". Retrieved 2008-02-16.
- ^ Stefan Helders, World Gazetteer. ""World Metropolitan Areas"". Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network, Loughborough University. ""The World According to GaWC 2008"". Retrieved 2010-04-19.
- ^ a b c Template:Fr icon Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. "Produits Intérieurs Bruts Régionaux (PIBR) en valeur en millions d'euros" (XLS). Retrieved 2010-02-10.
- ^ "World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision Population Database". The United Nations. Retrieved 21 November 2009.
- ^ Fortune. "Global Fortune 500 by countries: France". Retrieved 2008-07-28.
- ^ Logistics-in-Europe.com, Vertical Mail. ""Paris Île-de-France, a head start in Europe"". Retrieved 2007-10-04.
- ^ Economist Intelligence Unit. ""The cost of living in cities, Trop Cher?"". Retrieved 2010-10-03.
- ^ Île-de-France Regional Council. "Tourism". Retrieved 2009-01-19.
- ^ The City of Antiquity, official history of Paris by The Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau
- ^ Template:Fr icon Georges Dottin (1920). La Langue Gauloise : Grammaire, Textes et Glossaire. Paris: C. Klincksieck. isbn = 2051002088.
{{cite book}}
: Missing pipe in:|id=
(help) - ^ http://www.linguistik-online.com/25_05/abecassis.html
- ^ http://www.linguistik-online.com/25_05/abecassis.html
- ^ "English Version of "Presentation of the City"". Retrieved 2009-04-30.
- ^ It is unlikely that Paris' modern appellation of Ville Lumière was given to the capital of France because it was a centre of education, ideas and culture, as it had been such a centre since the Middle Ages. It is more likely, however, that, aside from the apparition of street lighting at night, Paris became known as Ville Lumière in the second half of the 19th century, when baron Haussmann, who had been put in charge by emperor Napoléon III of the drastic transformation of Paris into a modern city, tore down whole quartiers of houses & narrow streets dating back to the Middle Ages, and opened large avenues which let light (lumière) come into the former medieval city.
- ^ Dictionnaire de la langue française, Larousse étymologique, Librairie Larousse, Paris, 1971, p. 535
- ^ a b c Mairie de Paris. "Paris, Roman City - Chronology". Retrieved 2006-07-16.
- ^ http://www.celticgrounds.com/chapters/appendix/celtic_tribes.htm
- ^ Mairie de Paris. "Paris, Roman City - The City". Retrieved 2006-07-16.
- ^ The Role of Trade in Transmitting the Black Death. TED Case Studies.
- ^ Plague. 1911 Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica.
- ^ Vanessa Harding (2002). "The dead and the living in Paris and London, 1500-1670.". p.25. ISBN 0521811260
- ^ Loire Valley: Land of a thousand chateaux, CNN.com
- ^ Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day, Britannica Online Encyclopedia
- ^ Bayrou, François, Henri IV, le roi libre, Flammarion, Paris, 1994, pp. 121–130, (French).
- ^ "consulted 29 November 2008". Victorianweb.org. 2007-08-10. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ "Battle of Paris 1814". Napoleonistyka.atspace.com. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ Amicale Généalogie, La Petite Gazette Généalogique. ""Le Cholera"" (in French). Retrieved 2006-04-10.
- ^ Jones, Colin (2005) Paris: The Biography of a City (New York, NY: Penguin Viking), pp. 318–319.
- ^ In Benedict Anderson (July–August 2004). "In the World-Shadow of Bismarck and Nobel". New Left Review.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: date format (link):"In March 1871 the Commune took power in the abandoned city and held it for two months. Then Versailles seized the moment to attack and, in one horrifying week, executed roughly 20,000 Communards or suspected sympathizers, a number higher than those killed in the recent war or during Robespierre’s ‘Terror’ of 1793–94. More than 7,500 were jailed or deported to places like New Caledonia. Thousands of others fled to Belgium, England, Italy, Spain and the United States. In 1872, stringent laws were passed that ruled out all possibilities of organizing on the left. Not till 1880 was there a general amnesty for exiled and imprisoned Communards. Meantime, the Third Republic found itself strong enough to renew and reinforce Louis Napoleon’s imperialist expansion—in Indochina, Africa, and Oceania. Many of France’s leading intellectuals and artists had participated in the Commune (Courbet was its quasi-minister of culture, Rimbaud and Pissarro were active propagandists) or were sympathetic to it. The ferocious repression of 1871 and after was probably the key factor in alienating these milieux from the Third Republic and stirring their sympathy for its victims at home and abroad."
- ^ Jones, Colin (2005) Paris: The Biography of a City (New York, NY: Penguin Viking), p. 334.
- ^ Jones, Colin (2005) Paris: The Biography of a City (New York, NY: Penguin Viking), pp. 388–391
- ^ Overy, Richard (2006). Why the Allies Won. Pimlico. pp. 215–216. ISBN 1845950658.
- ^ Bell, Kelly. "Dietrich von Choltitz: Saved of Paris From Destruction During World War II". www.TheHistoryNet.com. Retrieved 2007-11-17.
- ^ Template:Fr icon Émilie Willaert, professor of History and Geography. "La région parisienne en chantier". Retrieved 2008-08-03.
- ^ Template:Fr icon Jérome Toulza, Université de Marne-la-Vallée. "La conception du RER" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-08-03.
- ^ Mathieu Flonneau. "City infrastructures and city dwellers: Accommodating the automobile in twentieth-century Paris". The Journal of Transport History. Retrieved 2008-08-03.
- ^ Template:Fr icon Thomas Sauvadet. "Les jeunes de la cité - Processus de ghettoïsation et mode de socialisation" (PDF). Université Paris 8. Retrieved 2008-08-03.
- ^ Template:Fr icon Hervé Vieillard-Baron, professor at the Université Paris 8. "Les quartiers sensibles, entre disqualification visible et réseaux invisibles". Retrieved 2008-08-03.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Template:Fr icon "Roland de Laage (Devoteam) : "L'Ouest parisien, ce sont des départements technologiques à haute valeur ajoutée"". Journal du net. 16 January 2006. Retrieved 2008-08-03.
- ^ Template:Fr icon Pierre Beckouche. "Une région parisienne à deux vitesses - L'accroissement des disparités spatiales dans l'Île-de-France des années 1980". Strates - Matériaux pour la recherche en sciences sociales. Retrieved 2008-08-03.
- ^ "Disposable income per NUTS level 2 regions in Europe". Eurostat. Retrieved 2008-08-03.
- ^ "Special Report: Riots in France". BBC News. 2005-11-09. Retrieved 2007-11-17.
- ^ "Montmartre". Paris-walking-tours.com. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
- ^ Mairie de Paris (2007-11-15). "Note: 100 ha.=1 km2". Paris.fr. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ Template:Fr icon Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. ""Géographie de la capitale - Le climat"". Retrieved 2006-05-24.
- ^ Mairie de Paris. ""Les égouts parisiens"" (in French). Retrieved 2006-05-15.
- ^ World Bank. "Gross domestic product 2008" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-02-10.
- ^ "Population estimée des régions par tranche d'âge au 1er janvier". Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques (in French). Retrieved 2010-02-10.
- ^ ""Les emplois dans les activités liées au tourisme: un sur quatre en Ile-de-France"" (PDF). Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques (in French). Retrieved 2006-04-10.
- ^ a b Paris Riots in Perspective. ABC News. November 4, 2005.
- ^ ""Chiffres-Clefs – Unité Urbaine – Paris"". Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques (in French). Retrieved 2006-05-28.
- ^ Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. ""Enquêtes annuelles de recensement 2004 et 2005"" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-04-10.
- ^ ""Enquêtes annuelles de recensement: premiers résultats de la collecte 2004"" (PDF). Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques (in French). Retrieved 2006-04-10.
- ^ Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. ""Aire urbaine 99 : Paris - Migrations (caractère socio-économique selon le lieu de naissance)"" (in French). Retrieved 2006-07-06.
- ^ Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. ""Aire urbaine 99 : Paris - Migrations (caractère démographique selon le lieu de résidence au 01/01/90)"" (in French). Retrieved 2006-07-06.
- ^ Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. ""Flux d'immigration permanente par motif en 2003"" (in French). Retrieved 2006-06-25.
- ^ "Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. III. French Government and the Refugees". American Philosophical Society, James E. Hassell (1991). p.22. ISBN 087169817X
- ^ Cité Nationale de l'Histoire de l'Immigration. ""Histoire de l'immigration en France"" (in French). Retrieved 2006-06-25.
- ^ http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12724966 http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/world-jewish-population.htm http://islamineurope.blogspot.com/2007/11/muslim-population-in-european-cities.htmlInsert footnote text here
- ^ Template:Fr icon 20mins.fr. ""Sarkozy relance le projet d'un Grand Paris"". Retrieved 2008-04-13.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Léon Bernard, The Emerging City: Paris in the Age of Louis XIV (Duke University Press, 1970), p. 34.
- ^ David Garrioch, The Making of Revolutionary Paris (University of California Press, 2002: ISBN 0520232534), p. 128–29.
- ^ Garrioch, The Making of Revolutionary Paris, p. 132.
- ^ Henry E. Bourne. "Improvising a Government in Paris in July 1789". The American Historical Review. Retrieved 2006-09-14.
- ^ Template:Fr icon La Préfecture de la Région d'Ile-de-France. "L'enseignement". Retrieved 2007-10-09.
- ^ a b Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Paris – Île-de-France (2006). "Paris Region : key figures 2006" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-07-04.
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{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "L'étudiant League Table 2008". Letudiant.fr. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ "How to find us." Bibliothèque nationale de France. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.
- ^ "History of the Library." American Library in Paris. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.
- ^ "The American Library in Paris." The New York Times. 29 June 1930. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.
- ^ "American Library in Paris." The New York Times. 23 March 1855. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.
- ^ oversees the transit network in the region.Syndicat des Transports d'Ile-de-France (STIF). ""Le web des voyageurs franciliens"" (in French). Retrieved 2006-04-10.
- ^ http://www.paris-region.com/ard_uk/upload/document/D176.pdf
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération". Mairie de Paris. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag "International relations : special partners". Mairie de Paris. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
- ^ "Berlin's international city relations". Berlin Mayor's Office. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
- ^ Madrid city council webpage "Mapa Mundi de las ciudades hermanadas". Ayuntamiento de Madrid.
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value (help) - ^ "Prague Partner Cities" (in Czech). © 2009 Magistrát hl. m. Prahy. Retrieved 2009-07-02.
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: External link in
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- ^ Prefeitura.Sp - Descentralized Cooperation
- ^ International Relations - São Paulo City Hall - Official Sister Cities
- ^ "Protocol and International Affairs". DC Office of the Secretary. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
- ^ "Twinning Cities: International Relations" (PDF). Municipality of Tirana. www.tirana.gov.al. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
External links
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