Toll-like receptor 6: Difference between revisions
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'''Toll-like receptor 6''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''TLR6'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid10231569">{{cite journal | vauthors = Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Sanjo H, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Takeda K, Akira S | title = TLR6: A novel member of an expanding toll-like receptor family | journal = Gene | volume = 231 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 59–65 |date= |
'''Toll-like receptor 6''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''TLR6'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid10231569">{{cite journal | vauthors = Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Sanjo H, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Takeda K, Akira S | display-authors = 6 | title = TLR6: A novel member of an expanding toll-like receptor family | journal = Gene | volume = 231 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 59–65 | date = April 1999 | pmid = 10231569 | pmc = | doi = 10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00098-0 }}</ref> TLR6 has also been designated as '''CD286''' ([[cluster of differentiation]] 286). |
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The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the [[toll-like receptor]] (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agens, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This receptor functionally interacts with toll-like receptor 2 to mediate cellular response to bacterial lipoproteins.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: TLR6 toll-like receptor 6| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=10333| |
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the [[toll-like receptor]] (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agens, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This receptor functionally interacts with toll-like receptor 2 to mediate cellular response to bacterial lipoproteins.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: TLR6 toll-like receptor 6| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=10333| access-date = }}</ref> |
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==Interactions== |
== Interactions == |
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TLR6 has been shown to interact in a heterodimer form with [[TLR2]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: TLR6 toll-like receptor 6| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=10333| |
TLR6 has been shown to interact in a heterodimer form with [[TLR2]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: TLR6 toll-like receptor 6| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=10333| access-date = }}</ref> Synergistic interactions of TLR2/6 and [[TLR9]] leading to higher resistance against lung infection have also been reported.<ref name="pmid21482737">{{cite journal | vauthors = Duggan JM, You D, Cleaver JO, Larson DT, Garza RJ, Guzmán Pruneda FA, Tuvim MJ, Zhang J, Dickey BF, Evans SE | display-authors = 6 | title = Synergistic interactions of TLR2/6 and TLR9 induce a high level of resistance to lung infection in mice | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 186 | issue = 10 | pages = 5916–26 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 21482737 | pmc = 3654378 | doi = 10.4049/jimmunol.1002122 }}</ref> |
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==Agonists== |
==Agonists== |
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TLR2/6 heterodimer is known to be specific for diacylated lipopeptides such as [[lipoteichoic acid]], found on the cell wall of [[Gram-positive bacteria]] or macrophage-activating lipopeptide (MALP-2), found on the cell membrane of [[Mycoplasma]]. It is also known that TLR2/6 binds some viral products, among them hepatitis C core and NS3 protein from the [[Hepatitis C]] virus and Glycoprotein B from [[Cytomegalovirus]]. Several fungal ligands such as Glucuronoxylomannan, Phospholipomannan and [[Zymosan]] have been reported. Moreover TLR2/6 is known to bind one protozoan ligand – Lipopeptidophosphoglycan.<ref>Oliveira-Nascimento |
TLR2/6 heterodimer is known to be specific for diacylated lipopeptides such as [[lipoteichoic acid]], found on the cell wall of [[Gram-positive bacteria]] or macrophage-activating lipopeptide (MALP-2), found on the cell membrane of [[Mycoplasma]]. It is also known that TLR2/6 binds some viral products, among them hepatitis C core and NS3 protein from the [[Hepatitis C]] virus and Glycoprotein B from [[Cytomegalovirus]]. Several fungal ligands such as Glucuronoxylomannan, Phospholipomannan and [[Zymosan]] have been reported. Moreover TLR2/6 is known to bind one protozoan ligand – Lipopeptidophosphoglycan.<ref name="pmid22566960">{{cite journal | vauthors = Oliveira-Nascimento L, Massari P, Wetzler LM | title = The Role of TLR2 in Infection and Immunity | journal = Frontiers in Immunology | volume = 3 | issue = | pages = 79 | date = 2012 | pmid = 22566960 | pmc = 3342043 | doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00079 }}</ref> |
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==Expression== |
==Expression== |
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In human, TLR6 is highly expressed in [[appendix]], [[spleen]] and [[lymph node]].<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10333#gene-expression</ref> |
In human, TLR6 is highly expressed in [[appendix]], [[spleen]] and [[lymph node]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10333#gene-expression |title = TLR6 toll like receptor 6 [Homo sapiens (Human)] - Gene work = NCBI}}</ref> |
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From the immune cells, TLR6 has been detected in conventional [[dendritic cells]], [[monocytes]], [[neutrophils]], [[NK cells]] and [[B lymphocytes]].<ref> |
From the immune cells, TLR6 has been detected in conventional [[dendritic cells]], [[monocytes]], [[neutrophils]], [[NK cells]] and [[B lymphocytes]].<ref name="pmid28116318">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yeh DW, Huang LR, Chen YW, Huang CF, Chuang TH | title = Interplay between Inflammation and Stemness in Cancer Cells: The Role of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling | journal = Journal of Immunology Research | volume = 2016 | issue = | pages = 4368101 | date = 2016 | pmid = 28116318 | pmc = 5223024 | doi = 10.1155/2016/4368101 }}</ref> |
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==References== |
== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
== Further reading == |
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*{{cite journal |
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Lien E, Ingalls RR | title = Toll-like receptors | journal = Critical Care Medicine | volume = 30 | issue = 1 Suppl | pages = S1-11 | date = January 2002 | pmid = 11782555 | doi = 10.1097/00003246-200201001-00001 }} |
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==External links== |
== External links == |
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* {{MeshName|Toll-Like+Receptor+6}} |
* {{MeshName|Toll-Like+Receptor+6}} |
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* {{UCSC genome browser|TLR6}} |
* {{UCSC genome browser|TLR6}} |
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Revision as of 17:02, 12 January 2020
Toll-like receptor 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR6 gene.[5] TLR6 has also been designated as CD286 (cluster of differentiation 286).
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agens, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This receptor functionally interacts with toll-like receptor 2 to mediate cellular response to bacterial lipoproteins.[6]
Interactions
TLR6 has been shown to interact in a heterodimer form with TLR2.[7] Synergistic interactions of TLR2/6 and TLR9 leading to higher resistance against lung infection have also been reported.[8]
Agonists
TLR2/6 heterodimer is known to be specific for diacylated lipopeptides such as lipoteichoic acid, found on the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria or macrophage-activating lipopeptide (MALP-2), found on the cell membrane of Mycoplasma. It is also known that TLR2/6 binds some viral products, among them hepatitis C core and NS3 protein from the Hepatitis C virus and Glycoprotein B from Cytomegalovirus. Several fungal ligands such as Glucuronoxylomannan, Phospholipomannan and Zymosan have been reported. Moreover TLR2/6 is known to bind one protozoan ligand – Lipopeptidophosphoglycan.[9]
Expression
In human, TLR6 is highly expressed in appendix, spleen and lymph node.[10] From the immune cells, TLR6 has been detected in conventional dendritic cells, monocytes, neutrophils, NK cells and B lymphocytes.[11]
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000174130 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000051498 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Sanjo H, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, et al. (April 1999). "TLR6: A novel member of an expanding toll-like receptor family". Gene. 231 (1–2): 59–65. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00098-0. PMID 10231569.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: TLR6 toll-like receptor 6".
- ^ "Entrez Gene: TLR6 toll-like receptor 6".
- ^ Duggan JM, You D, Cleaver JO, Larson DT, Garza RJ, Guzmán Pruneda FA, et al. (May 2011). "Synergistic interactions of TLR2/6 and TLR9 induce a high level of resistance to lung infection in mice". Journal of Immunology. 186 (10): 5916–26. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1002122. PMC 3654378. PMID 21482737.
- ^ Oliveira-Nascimento L, Massari P, Wetzler LM (2012). "The Role of TLR2 in Infection and Immunity". Frontiers in Immunology. 3: 79. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00079. PMC 3342043. PMID 22566960.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "TLR6 toll like receptor 6 [Homo sapiens (Human)] - Gene work = NCBI".
{{cite web}}: Missing pipe in:|title=(help) - ^ Yeh DW, Huang LR, Chen YW, Huang CF, Chuang TH (2016). "Interplay between Inflammation and Stemness in Cancer Cells: The Role of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling". Journal of Immunology Research. 2016: 4368101. doi:10.1155/2016/4368101. PMC 5223024. PMID 28116318.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
Further reading
- Lien E, Ingalls RR (January 2002). "Toll-like receptors". Critical Care Medicine. 30 (1 Suppl): S1-11. doi:10.1097/00003246-200201001-00001. PMID 11782555.
External links
- Toll-Like+Receptor+6 at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- TLR6 human gene location in the UCSC Genome Browser.
- TLR6 human gene details in the UCSC Genome Browser.
- Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: Q9Y2C9 (Human Toll-like receptor 6) at the PDBe-KB.
- Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: Q9EPW9 (Mouse Toll-like receptor 6) at the PDBe-KB.
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