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==External links==
==External links==

*{{cite web | url = http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID=2212 | title = Chemokine Receptors: CXCR3 | accessdate = | author = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | format = | work = IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels | publisher = International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology | pages = | language = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = }}
* {{MeshName|CD183+Antigen}}
* {{MeshName|CD183+Antigen}}


Revision as of 14:42, 3 December 2008

Template:PBB Chemokine receptor CXCR3 is a Gαi protein-coupled receptor in the CXC chemokine receptor family. Other names for CXCR3 are G protein-coupled receptor 9 (GPR9) and CD183. There are two variants of CXCR3: CXCR3-A binds to the CXC chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11[1] whereas CXCR3-B can also bind to CXCL4 in addition to CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11.[2]

Expression

CXCR3 is expressed primarily on activated T lymphocytes and NK cells,[3] and some epithelial cells and some endothelial cells. CXCR3 and CCR5 are preferentially expressed on Th1 cells, whereas Th2 cells favor the expression of CCR3 and CCR4. CXCR3 ligands that attract Th1 cells can concomitantly block the migration of Th2 cells in response to CCR3 ligands, thus enhancing the polarization of effector T cell recruitment.

Signal transduction

Binding of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 to CXCR3 is able to elicit increases in intracellular Ca2++ levels and activate phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK).[4] Detailed signaling pathway has not yet been established, but may include the same enzymes that were identified in the signaling cascade induced by other chemokine receptors.

Function

CXCR3 is able to regulate leukocyte trafficking. Binding of chemokines to CXCR3 induces various cellular responses, most notably integrin activation, cytoskeletal changes and chemotactic migration. CXCR3-ligand interaction attracts Th1 cells and promotes Th1 cell maturation.

As a consequence of chemokine-induced cellular desensitization (phosphorylation-dependent receptor internalization), cellular responses are typically rapid and short in duration. Cellular responsiveness is restored after dephosphorylation of intracellular receptors and subsequent recycling to the cell surface. A hallmark of CXCR3 is its prominent expression in in vitro cultured effector/memory T cells, and in T cells present in many types of inflamed tissues. In addition, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 are commonly produced by local cells in inflammatory lesion, suggesting that CXCR3 and its chemokines participate in the recruitment of inflammatory cells.[5] Additionally, CXCR3 has been implicated in wound healing.[6]

Disease

CXCR3 has been implicated in the following diseases, atherosclerosis,[7] multiple sclerosis,[8] pulmonary fibrosis,[9] type 1 diabetes,[10] autoimmune myasthenia gravis, nephrotoxic nephritis[11], acute cardiac allograft rejection[12] and possibly Celiac Disease[13]. Development of agents to block CXCR3-ligand interactions may provide new ways to treat these diseases.

Pharmacology

Recent reports indicate that there is a significant interest for the identification of small-molecule antagonists of CXCR3 [14]. Several small molecules [15] were found to constitute a promising series of functional antagonists of CXCR3 that could be developed into new therapeutic agents for the treatment of inflammatory disorders such us rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease,multiple sclerosis and diabetes. More recently the first QSAR study concerning antagonists of CXCR3 has been published in the literature. The in silico model provides a time- and cost-effective tool for the screening of existing and virtual libraries of small molecules as well as for designing of novel molecules of desired activity [16].

See also

References

  1. ^ Clark-Lewis I, Mattioli I, Gong JH, Loetscher P (2003). "Structure-function relationship between the human chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (1): 289–95. doi:10.1074/jbc.M209470200. PMID 12417585.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  2. ^ Lasagni L, Francalanci M, Annunziato F, Lazzeri E, Giannini S, Cosmi L, Sagrinati C, Mazzinghi B, Orlando C, Maggi E, Marra F, Romagnani S, Serio M, Romagnani P (2003). "An alternatively spliced variant of CXCR3 mediates the inhibition of endothelial cell growth induced by IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC, and acts as functional receptor for platelet factor 4". J. Exp. Med. 197 (11): 1537–49. doi:10.1084/jem.20021897. PMID 12782716.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Qin S, Rottman JB, Myers P, Kassam N, Weinblatt M, Loetscher M, Koch AE, Moser B, Mackay CR (1998). "The chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR5 mark subsets of T cells associated with certain inflammatory reactions". J. Clin. Invest. 101 (4): 746–54. PMID 9466968.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Smit MJ, Verdijk P, van der Raaij-Helmer EM, Navis M, Hensbergen PJ, Leurs R, Tensen CP (2003). "CXCR3-mediated chemotaxis of human T cells is regulated by a Gi- and phospholipase C-dependent pathway and not via activation of MEK/p44/p42 MAPK nor Akt/PI-3 kinase". Blood. 102 (6): 1959–65. doi:10.1182/blood-2002-12-3945. PMID 12750173.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ "Entrez Gene: CXCR3 chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3".
  6. ^ Yates CC, Whaley D, Kulasekeran P, Hancock WW, Lu B, Bodnar R, Newsome J, Hebda PA, Wells A (2007). "Delayed and deficient dermal maturation in mice lacking the CXCR3 ELR-negative CXC chemokine receptor". Am. J. Pathol. 171 (2): 484–95. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2007.061092. PMID 17600132.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Mach F, Sauty A, Iarossi AS, Sukhova GK, Neote K, Libby P, Luster AD (1999). "Differential expression of three T lymphocyte-activating CXC chemokines by human atheroma-associated cells". J. Clin. Invest. 104 (8): 1041–50. PMID 10525042.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Sørensen TL, Tani M, Jensen J, Pierce V, Lucchinetti C, Folcik VA, Qin S, Rottman J, Sellebjerg F, Strieter RM, Frederiksen JL, Ransohoff RM (1999). "Expression of specific chemokines and chemokine receptors in the central nervous system of multiple sclerosis patients". J. Clin. Invest. 103 (6): 807–15. PMID 10079101.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Jiang D, Liang J, Hodge J, Lu B, Zhu Z, Yu S, Fan J, Gao Y, Yin Z, Homer R, Gerard C, Noble PW (2004). "Regulation of pulmonary fibrosis by chemokine receptor CXCR3". J. Clin. Invest. 114 (2): 291–9. doi:10.1172/JCI200416861. PMID 15254596.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Frigerio S, Junt T, Lu B, Gerard C, Zumsteg U, Holländer GA, Piali L (2002). "Beta cells are responsible for CXCR3-mediated T-cell infiltration in insulitis". Nat. Med. 8 (12): 1414–20. doi:10.1038/nm792. PMID 12415259.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Panzer U, Steinmetz OM, Paust HJ, Meyer-Schwesinger C, Peters A, Turner JE, Zahner G, Heymann F, Kurts C, Hopfer H, Helmchen U, Haag F, Schneider A, Stahl RA (2007). "Chemokine receptor CXCR3 mediates T cell recruitment and tissue injury in nephrotoxic nephritis in mice". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 18 (7): 2071–84. doi:10.1681/ASN.2006111237. PMID 17538187.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Hancock WW, Lu B, Gao W, Csizmadia V, Faia K, King JA, Smiley ST, Ling M, Gerard NP, Gerard C (2000). "Requirement of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 for acute allograft rejection". J. Exp. Med. 192 (10): 1515–20. doi:10.1084/jem.192.10.1515. PMID 11085753.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Lammers KM, Lu R, Brownley J, Lu B, Gerard C, Thomas K, Rallabhandi P, Shea-Donohue T, Tamiz A, Alkan S, Netzel-Arnett S, Antalis T, Vogel SN, Fasano A. (2008). "Gliadin Induces an Increase in Intestinal Permeability and Zonulin Release by Binding to the Chemokine Receptor CXCR3". Gastroenterology. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.023. PMID 18485912.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Watson RJ, Allen DR, Birch HL; et al. (2008). "Development of CXCR3 antagonists. Part 3: Tropenyl and homotropenyl-piperidine urea derivatives". Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 18 (1): 147–51. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.10.109. PMID 18032038. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Watson RJ, Allen DR, Birch HL; et al. (2007). "Development of CXCR3 antagonists. Part 2: Identification of 2-amino(4-piperidinyl)azoles as potent CXCR3 antagonists". Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 17 (24): 6806–10. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.10.029. PMID 17964154. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Afantitis A, Melagraki G, Sarimveis H, Igglessi-Markopoulou O, Kollias G (2008). "A novel QSAR model for predicting the inhibition of CXCR3 receptor by 4-N-aryl-[1,4] diazepane ureas". Eur J Med Chem. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.05.028. PMID 18619714. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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