Timeline of geopolitical changes (before 1500)

See also: Timeline of geopolitical changes (1900−present)

This is a timeline of country and capital changes around the world up to 1899. It includes dates of declarations of independence, changes in country name, changes of capital city or name, and changes in territory such as the annexation, cession, concession, occupation, or secession of land. Territorial conquests as a result of war are included on the timeline at the conclusion of military campaigns, but changes in the course of specific battles and day-to-day operations are generally not included.

1800–1899

1890s

Year	Date	Event
1899	2 December	Following the Tripartite Convention: The Kingdom of Samoa is partitioned between German Samoa and American Samoa. The islands east and southeast of Bougainville belonging to German New Guinea are ceded to the British Solomon Islands. The neutral zone in West Africa is split between British Gold Coast and German Togoland.
	14 July	The first Republic of Acre declares independence from Bolivia. The capital is Antimary.
	17 January	The United States of America claims Wake Island.
		The German Empire takes over the administration of German New Guinea from the German New Guinea Company.
		The Sheikdom of Kuwait becomes a protectorate of the United Kingdom.
		The United States of America claims Fox Island disputing Canada's claim.
1898	10 December	The Monarchy of Spain cedes the Captaincy General of Cuba and the Captaincy General of Puerto Rico to the United States of America with the Treaty of Paris at the conclusion of the Spanish–American War. Havana and San Juan are the respective capitals.
		The Monarchy of Spain cedes the Island of Guam to the United States of America with the Treaty of Paris at the conclusion of the Spanish–American War.
		The Monarchy of Spain cedes the Captaincy General of the Philippines to the United States of America with the Treaty of Paris at the conclusion of the Spanish–American War. Manila is the Spanish capital. The Philippine Republic maintains its sovereignty with Malolos as its capital.
	2 November	The Puna de Atacama dispute is defined by arbitration, of the 75,000 km2 in dispute 64,000 (85%) were awarded to the Argentine Republic and 11,000 (15%) to the Republic of Chile.
	12 August	The United States of America annexes the Republic of Hawaii as the Territory of Hawaii.
	25 July	The United States of America seizes control of Puerto Rico from the Spanish Empire during the Spanish–American War.
	24 July	The Empire of Japan annexes Minami-Tori-shima. This disputes the prior claim by the United States of America.
	12 June	The Philippine Republic declares independence from Kingdom of Spain. Malolos is the capital.
	9 June	Through the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, the Qing China lends Hong Kong to the United Kingdom for 99 years.
	29 May	After occupying the territory on April 22, France forces Qing China to lease it Guangzhouwan for 99 years.
		The Republic of Bolivia moves its administrative capital from Sucre to La Paz. Sucre remains the constitutional and judicial capital.
1897		The Kingdom of Madagascar becomes a protectorate of France.
		The Zulu Kingdom became part of the British Colony of Natal after it had already become a protectorate of the United Kingdom in 1887.
		The Joseon Dynasty becomes the Korean Empire.
		The Kingdom of Benin is annexed by the United Kingdom.
1895	16 November	The United Kingdom annexes the Crown Colony of British Bechuanaland to the Cape Colony. Vryburg yields to Cape Town as the capital.
	27 October	France creates French West Africa. Saint-Louis is the capital.
	23 October	The Empire of Japan conquers the Republic of Formosa. Taiwan becomes a Japanese colony under the name "Takasago Koku". Taihoku is the capital.
	15 June	The United Kingdom establishes the East Africa Protectorate. Mombasa is the capital.
	June	The Republic of Formosa moves its capital from Taipei to Tainan.
	23 May	The Republic of Formosa declares independence upon its annexation by the Empire of Japan. Taipei is the capital.
	17 April	The Qing dynasty of China cedes Taiwan to the Empire of Japan by the Treaty of Shimonoseki.
	5 February	The border between the Republic of the United States of Brazil and the Argentine Republic is defined by Grover Cleveland.
		The United Kingdom establishes the Federated Malay States as a protectorate from a number of British dominated Sultanates on the Malay Peninsula. Kuala Lumpur is the capital.
1894	17 November	The United States of America rescinds its claims to Alacrans Islands, Arenas Key, and Western Triangle Island, which were disputed with Mexico.
	4 July	The Republic of Hawaii supersedes the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi.
		Uganda becomes a protectorate of the United Kingdom. Entebbe is the capital.
1893	6 July	Nyasaland becomes a protectorate of the United Kingdom. Zomba is the capital.
		France conquers the Kingdom of Luang Phrabang from Siam and makes it part of French Indochina.
1892	28 May	The United Kingdom claims Gardner Island, disputing the United States of America claim.
	8 March	The United Kingdom annexes the Gilbert Islands as a protectorate. This takes the islands of Butaritari and Marakei from the existing United States of America claim.
		The Sultanate Muscat and Oman becomes a protectorate of the United Kingdom.
1891		Pratap Singh defeats the ruler of Chitral and forces Hunza and Nagar to accept the suzerainty of Kashmir and Jammu state.
1890	29 November	The end of the personal union between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
	1 July	Heligoland is ceded by the United Kingdom to the German Empire.
		Zanzibar becomes a protectorate of the United Kingdom.

1880s

Year	Date	Event
1889	15 November	The Republic of the United States of Brazil supersedes the Empire of Brazil.
	10 July	The United Kingdom claims Birnie Island, disputing the United States of America' claim.
	29 June	The United Kingdom claims Phoenix Island, disputing the United States of America' claim.
	26 June	The United Kingdom claims Sydney Island, disputing the United States of America' claim.
	19 June	Anglo-Egyptian Sudan established as a colony of the United Kingdom.
	3 June	The United Kingdom claims Jarvis Island, disputing the United States of America' claim.
	29 May	The United Kingdom annexes Washington Island which was previously claimed by the United States of America.
	9 March	Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia moves his capital to Addis Ababa.
		The Kingdom of Luba is annexed to Congo Free State.
		The United Kingdom establishes the Crown Colony of Trinidad and Tobago from the colonies of Trinidad and Tobago.
1888	26 October	The United Kingdom makes the Cook Islands a protectorate. This also creates a dispute with the United States of America on the atolls of Pukapuka, Manihiki, Penrhyn, and Rakahanga.
	17 March	The United Kingdom claims Christmas Island, disputing the United States of America' claim.
	15 March	The United Kingdom annexes Fanning Island, who was previously claimed by the United States of America.
		The Sultanate of Maguindanao falls after Mindanao is conquered by the Kingdom of Spain.
		The Bruneian Empire becomes a protectorate of the United Kingdom.
		The Kingdom of Sarawak becomes a protectorate of the United Kingdom.
		The United States of America claims Minami-Tori-shima using the Guano Island Act.
1887	16 December	The Sultanate of Maldives becomes a British Protectorate.
	17 October	The French colony of French Indochina is established. Saigon is the capital.
		The Kingdom of Lunda is disestablished.
		Macau officially becomes a colony of Portugal.
1886	1 May	King Leopold II of Belgium selects Boma as the capital of his Congo Free State.
		The United States of Colombia becomes the Republic of Colombia
1885	29 November	Fall of the Konbaung dynasty in Burma after the Third Anglo-Burmese War. Burma becomes part of British India on 1 January 1986.
	6 September	The Principality of Bulgaria annexes Eastern Rumelia.
	1 September	The United Kingdom establishes the Crown Colony of British Bechuanaland. Vryburg is the capital.
	2 May	King Leopold II of Belgium establishes his Congo Free State, a private government run by the International African Association.
1884	15 November	The Congo Conference in Berlin formed the basis for the division of Africa into colonies in the following Scramble for Africa.
	18 October	Argentina ends the conquest campaign of Eastern Patagonia, subduing the remaining Amerindian resistance (modern Provinces of Chubut and Santa Cruz)
	3 August	The British suzerainty in the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) ends.
	21 June	The United States of America claims Alacrans Islands, already claimed by Mexico, under the Guano Islands Act.
	4 April	Chile gains Antofagasta as part of the truce ending the (War of the Pacific) (made permanent in 1904)
		The Greenwich prime meridian becomes the international standard reference for cartographers
		German South-West Africa created
		German East Africa created
		Togoland created
		Kamerun created
		German New Guinea created and administered by the German New Guinea Company.
		The United Kingdom establishes the Crown Colony of the Territory of Basutoland. Maseru is the capital.
		The United Kingdom establishes the British Somaliland Protectorate. Hargeisa is the capital.
		Annam and Tonkin become protectorates of France.
1883	20 October	Chile gains Tarapacá, Arica, and Tacna (Treaty of Ancón)
		Argentina incorpores the Patagonian lands of modern Neuquén Province, until the Limay River
		The Kingdom of Loango is annexed to French Congo.
		Cabinda becomes a protectorate of the Kingdom of Portugal.
1882	1 June	The United Kingdom annexes Morant Cays and Pedro Cays as part of Jamaica.
	6 March	The Kingdom of Serbia supersedes the Principality of Serbia.
1881	3 August	The South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) regains independence under British suzerainty.
	23 July	The border between the Republic of Chile and the Argentine Republic is defined.
	14 March	The Kingdom of Romania is proclaimed. Bucharest is the capital.
		Tunisia becomes a French protectorate
		The United Kingdom claims Flint Island disputing the United States' claim.
1880	6 December	Federalization of Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires is declared the official capital of the Argentine Republic.
	30 October	The Republic of Honduras moves its capital from Comayagua to Tegucigalpa, ending a century of indecision as to the country's capital.
		The French Republic establishes the protectorate of French Congo. Brazzaville is the capital.

1870s

Year	Date	Event
1879	26 July	The United States of America claims Western Triangle Island, already claimed by Mexico, under the Guano Islands Act.
	27 March	The Ryukyu Kingdom is annexed by the Japanese Empire.
		Portugal establishes the colony Portuguese Guinea from the union of the territories Bissau and Cacheu.
1878	12 November	The territories between the Pilcomayo River and Verde River, claimed by Argentina and Paraguay, are awarded to Paraguay in an arbitration by Rutherford B. Hayes.
	8 September	The United States of America claims Arenas Key, claimed by Mexico; the Morant Cays; and Serranilla Bank, claimed by Colombia under the Guano Islands Act.
	13 July	The Principality of Bulgaria moves its capital from Plovdiv to Sofia. (Treaty of Berlin)
		The Principality of Bulgaria is shrunk significantly (Treaty of Berlin)
		Eastern Rumelia is created as an autonomous province of the Ottoman Empire (Treaty of Berlin)
		Austro-Hungarian occupation of the Vilayet of Bosnia (Bosnia and Herzegovina) is recognized; De facto under Austro-Hungarian rule. (Treaty of Berlin)
		The Ottoman Empire cedes Thessaly and small parts of Epirus to Greece (Treaty of Berlin)
		Alashkerd and Bayazid are returned to the Ottoman Empire (Treaty of Berlin)
	12 July	The Ottoman Empire leases Cyprus as a protectorate to the United Kingdom.
	21 May	The Principality of Romania gains independence from the Ottoman Empire. Bucharest is the capital.
	3 March	The Principality of Bulgaria is established by the Treaty of San Stefano. Plovdiv is the capital.
		The Ottoman Empire recognizes Montenegro and cedes it territory including Nikšić, Podgorica and Antivari (Treaty of San Stefano)
		Serbia gains independence and annexes Niš and Leskovac (Treaty of San Stefano)
		The Ottoman Empire recognizes Romanian independence (Treaty of San Stefano)
		Russia cedes Northern Dobruja to Romania (ceded to Russia by the Ottoman Empire) (Treaty of San Stefano)
		Romania cedes Southern Bessarabia to Russia (Treaty of San Stefano)
		The Ottoman Empire cedes Armenian and Georgian territories in the Caucasus to Russia, including Ardahan, Artvin, Batum, Kars, Olti, Beyazit, and Alashkert. (Treaty of San Stefano)
		The Vilayet of Bosnia becomes an autonomous province (Treaty of San Stefano)
		Crete, Epirus and Thessaly receive limited self-government (Treaty of San Stefano)
		The Argentine campaign to take control of Patagonic territories start. By the end of 1879 Argentina's control would go as far as the Negro River (modern Provinces of Río Negro and La Pampa, as well as southern Mendoza, San Luis, Córdoba and Buenos Aires Provinces).
1877|	13 August	The United Kingdom creates the British Western Pacific Territories. This creates two new disputed islands with the United States of America, Atafu and Nukunono.
	12 April	The United Kingdom annexes the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) as the Transvaal Colony.
1876	3 February	Limits between Paraguay and Argentina are established, following the Paraguayan War. Argentina is awarded the Central Chaco (current Formosa Province) and some territories in Misiones. The territories between the Pilcomayo River and Verde River are pending arbitration.
		The Russian Empire annexes the Khanate of Kokand.
1875	7 May	Japan cedes southern Sakhalin Island to Russia in exchange for the Kuril Islands north of Iturup (Treaty of Saint Petersburg)
		The Empire of Japan reclaims the Bonin Islands.
1874	29 December	The restored Monarchy of Spain supersedes the first First Spanish Republic.
	1 January	The British East India Company is dissolved.
1873	17 November	With the unification of Buda, Óbuda and Pest, Budapest becomes the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom.
	1 July	Prince Edward Island joins Canada.
	12 August	The Emirate of Bukhara becomes a protectorate of the Russian Empire.
	12 August	The Khanate of Khiva becomes a protectorate of the Russian Empire.
	11 February	The First Spanish Republic supersedes the Monarchy of Spain.
1872	21 October	Canada rescinds its disputed claim with the United States of America over the San Juan Islands.
	9 January	Limits between Paraguay and the Brazilian Empire are established, following the Paraguayan War. Brazil enlarges its Mato Grosso region.
1871	20 July	British Columbia joins Canada.
	10 May	Germany annexes Moselle and most of Alsace from France following the Franco-Prussian War, which becomes the Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine.
	1 January	The German Empire supersedes the North German Confederation after the accession of Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden and Hesse. Berlin remains the capital. (Unification of Germany)
		Rome replaces Florence as the capital city of Italy.
1870	20 September	Italy annexes the area around Rome, ending the Papal States, succeeded by the States of the Church.
	4 September	The third French Republic supersedes the second French Empire.
	20 July	The Crown Colony of British Columbia joins the Dominion of Canada.
	15 July	Hudson's Bay Company transfers North-Western Territory to Canada.

1860s

Year	Date	Event
1869	22 November	The United States of America claims Bajo Nuevo Bank, Pedro Cays, Quita Sueño Bank, and Roncador Bank under the Guano Islands Act.
1868	11 December	The United States of America claims Serrana Bank under the Guano Islands Act.
	1 October	The Bolivian Republic changes its name to the Republic of Bolivia.
	9 July	The United Kingdom claims Caroline Island disputing the United States' claim.
	3 January	Japan becomes the Empire of Greater Japan. The capital is moved from Kyoto to Edo, which is renamed Tokyo.
1867	11 November	After its defeat in the Bhutan War, Bhutan cedes parts of its territory to British India.
	18 October	The Russian Empire sells Alaska to the United States of America.
	28 August	The United States of America claims Midway Atoll under the Guano Islands Act.
	11 July	The Russian Empire establishes Russian Turkestan for the territories it has conquered in Central Asia.
	8 July	The partially autonomous Khedivate of Egypt under Ismail Pasha replaced the Ottoman Egypt Eyalet.
	1 July	The United Kingdom unites its colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada as Canada. Ottawa is the capital.
		The North German Confederation supersedes the German Confederation. Berlin remains the capital.
	19 June	The United Mexican States supersedes the Mexican Empire.
	8 June	Austria-Hungary was established by the compromise of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary.
	March	Congress Poland is incorporated into the Russian Empire as Vistula Land.
	1 April	The Straits Settlements becomes a Crown Colony of the United Kingdom.
		The Grand Duchy of Transylvania becomes part of the Kingdom of Hungary by the Austro-Hungarian Compromise.
1866	26 December	The United Kingdom claims Starbuck Island disputing the United States' claim.
	22 October	The Kingdom of Italy annexes the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia. Venice yields to Florence as the capital.
	20 September	The Kingdom of Prussia annexes the Kingdom of Hanover.
	6 August	The United Kingdom unites the colonies of British Columbia and the Island of Vancouver and its Dependencies as the Crown Colony of British Columbia. New Westminster yields to Victoria as the capital.
		The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from the city of Québec to Ottawa.
		The Kingdom of Prussia annexes the Duchy of Holstein.
1865	14 August	Prussia gets the sole administration of Schleswig, Austria the sole administration of Holstein after the German-Danish War. Prussia acquires the Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg from Austria.
	11 April	The Confederate States of America capitulates and is reabsorbed by the United States of America. The USA will readmit the 11 CSA states to full statehood between 24 July 1866, and 15 July 1870.
	3 April	The Confederate States of America moves its capital to Danville, Virginia.
	3 March	The Dominican Republic regains its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Santo Domingo is the capital.
		The Kingdom of Italy moves its capital from Turin to Florence.
1864	15 October	The United Kingdom claims Malden Island disputing the United States' claim.
	July	The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is conquered by the Qing dynasty in China.
	21 May	Britain transfers the Ionian Islands to Greece
	10 April	The Mexican Empire supersedes the United Mexican States.
1863	Summer	The Tokugawa shogunate of Japan rescinds its claim of the Bonin Islands ending a dispute with the United Kingdom.
	20 June	The Union-occupied northwestern counties of the Commonwealth of Virginia (which considered itself a part of the Confederate States of America) secede from the state and are admitted to the United States of America as the State of West Virginia.
	6 July	The Northern Territory is annexed by the British colony of South Australia from the colony of New South Wales
	8 May	The Granadine Confederation becomes the United States of Colombia
		Cambodia becomes a protectorate of France.
1862	30 December	The United States of America claims Swan Islands under the Guano Islands Act.
	12 October	The State of Buenos Aires reunites with the Argentine Republic.
	8 October	Buenos Aires is declared provisional capital of the Argentine Republic.
	15 April	The Kingdom of Hawaii claims Palmyra Atoll disputing the United States of America claim.
	12 April	The British colony of Queensland's western border is shifted from 141°E to 138°E
	January	The Tokugawa shogunate of Japan claims the Bonin Islands causing a dispute with the claim from the United Kingdom.
		The United Kingdom creates the Crown Colony of British Honduras at the Settlement of Belize in the Bay of Honduras. The capital is Belize City.
		Cochinchina becomes a colony of France.
1861	12 December	The Argentine Republic supersedes the Argentine Confederation.
	10 December	The splinter government of Kentucky is admitted to the Confederate States of America
	2 December	Paraná is no longer the capital of the Argentine Confederation.
	28 November	The splinter government of Missouri is admitted to the Confederate States of America
	20 November	A splinter government of Kentucky declares the state's secession from the United States of America
	31 October	A splinter government of Missouri declares the state's secession from the United States of America
	17 September	After the Battle of Pavón the Capital city of Argentina is moved to Buenos Aires
	10 December	Arizona Territory is annexed by the Confederate States of America
	31 May	The Kingdom of Bahrain becomes a protectorate of the United Kingdom.
	29 May	The Confederate States of America moves its capital from Montgomery, Alabama, to Richmond, Virginia.
	20 May	The State of North Carolina secedes from the United States of America and joins the Confederate States of America.
	7 May	The State of Tennessee secedes from the United States of America and joins the Confederate States of America.
	6 May	The State of Arkansas secedes from the United States of America and joins the Confederate States of America.
	17 April	The Commonwealth of Virginia secedes from the United States of America and joins the Confederate States of America.
	28 March	Arizona Territory secedes from the United States of America
	17 March	The Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed in place of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
	13 February	Gaeta surrenders to Sardinia-Piedmont
	4 February	The Confederate States of America, formed from the seven seceding states, declare their independence from the United States of America. Montgomery, Alabama, is the capital for three months. Four more slave states will join by 20 May.
	1 February	The State of Texas secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Republic of Texas.
	26 January	The State of Louisiana secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Republic of Louisiana.
	19 January	The State of Georgia secedes from the United States of America, as the independent State of Georgia.
	11 January	The State of Alabama secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Alabama Republic.
	10 January	The State of Florida secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Republic of Florida.
	9 January	The State of Mississippi secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Republic of Mississippi.
		The Dominican Republic returns to Spanish rule.
		The Principality of Monaco declares independence from the Second French Empire. Monaco itself is the capital.
1860	20 December	The State of South Carolina secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Republic of South Carolina.
	4 November	Sardinia-Piedmont annexes the Papal States of Umbria and The Marches
	21 October	The Kingdom of Two Sicilies is annexed to Sardinia-Piedmont, except for the Fortress of Gaeta
	8 October	The Argentine Nation becomes the Argentine Republic.
	14 June	France annexes Savoy from Sardinia-Piedmont (Treaty of Turin)
	12 June	France annexes the County of Nice from Sardinia-Piedmont (Treaty of Turin)
	22 March	The United Provinces of Central Italy are annexed by Sardinia-Piedmont
	8 February	The United States of America claims Atafu, Birnie Island, Butaritari, Caroline Island, Fanning Island, Flint Island, Gardner Island, Canton Island, Kingman Reef, Manihiki, Marakei, Nukunono, Palmyra Atoll, Penrhyn, Pukapuka, Rakahanga, Swains Island, Sydney Island, Vostok Island, and Washington Island under the Guano Islands Act.
		The British colony of South Australia's western border is changed from 132°E to 129°E
		Kashmir and Jammu annexes Gilgit
		The United States of America claims Alto Velo Island.

1850s

Year	Date	Event
1859	29 December	The United States of America claims Christmas Island and Malden Island under the Guano Islands Act.
	27 December	The United States of America claims Enderbury Island, McKean Island, Phoenix Island, and Starbuck Island.
	8 December	The Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Modena and Reggio, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, and the Papal Legations combine to form the Sardinian client state of the United Provinces of Central Italy.
	11 November	After the Battle of Cepeda, the State of Buenos Aires rejoins the Argentine Confederation
	10 November	Austria cedes Lombardy from Lombardy-Venetia to France (Treaty of Zürich)
		France immediately cedes Lombardy to Sardinia-Piedmont (Treaty of Zürich)
	6 September	The United States of America claims Johnston Atoll under the Guano Islands Act. This disputes the claim by the Kingdom of Hawaii.
	6 June	Queen Victoria signs the Proclamation separating the colony of Queensland from British New South Wales
	24 January	Moldavia unites with Wallachia to form the Romanian United Principalities (later Romania)
		The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from the city of Québec back to Toronto.
1858	3 December	The United States of America claims Howland Island under the Guano Islands Act.
	13 August	The United States of America claims Navassa Island under the Guano Islands Act.
	2 August	The continental portion of Canada's part of Oregon Country organized as the Colony of British Columbia
	2 August	The United Kingdom establishes British India after the Indian uprising of 1857 by converting the former possessions of the British East India Company into a Crown Colony. Calcutta is the capital. The Mughal Empire is dissolved.
	28 May	The Qing dynasty of China cedes Outer Manchuria to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Aigun.
	22 May	The Republic of New Granada becomes the Granadine Confederation
		The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from Toronto back to the city of Québec.
1857		The Kingdom of Kongo becomes a vassal of the Kingdom of Portugal.
		The Republic of Maryland is annexed by Liberia.
1856	28 October	The United States of America claims Baker Island and Jarvis Island under the Guano Islands Act.
	30 March	Part of the territory (Southern Bessarabia) annexed by the Russian Empire in 1812 returns to Moldavia by the Treaty of Paris (1856)
	1 January	The British colony Van Diemen's Land changes its name to Tasmania
		The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from the city of Québec back to Toronto.
		The Sultanate of Zanzibar is established.
1855	7 February	Russians in north of Sakhalin Island, Japanese in south, with no defined border between (Treaty of Shimoda)
		Russia recognizes Japanese sovereignty of the Kuril Islands from Iturup on southwards (Treaty of Shimoda)
1854	24 March	The Argentine Confederation moves its capital to Paraná.
	23 February	The Orange Free State is established. Bloemfontein is the capital.
1853	24 June	The United States of America makes the Gadsden Purchase, buying a portion of southern Arizona and New Mexico from Mexico.
	1 May	The Argentine Confederation becomes a Federal Republic, renamed the Argentine Nation
	March	The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom establishes its capital at Tianjing.
1852	2 December	The second French Empire supersedes the second French Republic.
	11 September	The Province of Buenos Aires secedes from the Argentine Confederation as the State of Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires remains the capital, the Confederation is without capital until 1854.
	3 February	The Battle of Caseros ends the Argentine Civil War. Entre Ríos and Corrientes rejoin the Argentine Confederation. The Capital city is moved to Paraná
	17 January	The South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) is established. Pretoria is the capital.
		The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from Toronto to the city of Québec.
1851	1 July	The colony of Victoria is split off from the British colony of New South Wales
	1 May	The Argentine Provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes secede from the Argentine Confederation
	11 January	Hong Xiuquan establishes the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in China.
		The Sultanate of Sulu becomes a protectorate of the Kingdom of Spain.
1850	9 December	The United Kingdom cedes less than one acre of underwater rock known as Horseshoe Reef in Lake Erie to the United States of America.

1840s

Year	Date	Event
1849	13 August	The Hungarian State capitulates to the Austrian Empire and the former status quo is restored.
	2 July	The Papal States are restored as Rome falls
	14 April	The Hungarian State declares its independence from the Habsburg Monarchy. Debrecen is the temporary capital.
	29 March	The Sikh Empire falls after the Sikh defeat in Anglo-Sikh wars and is merged in British India
	9 February	Rebels under Giuseppe Garibaldi take over the area of the Papal States and create the Roman Republic
		The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from Montréal to Toronto.
1848	24 February	The second French Republic supersedes the Kingdom of France.
	2 February	The United Mexican States surrenders its northern territory to the United States of America with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo at the conclusion of the Mexican–American War.
		French Algeria is made an integral part of France.
		The Kazakh Khanate loses its sovereignty to the Russian Empire.
1847	26 July	The African American colony of Liberia declares its independence as the Republic of Liberia. Monrovia is the capital.
1846	28 November	The British colony of North Australia is reincorporated back into the colony of New South Wales
	16 November	After the Krakow Uprising, the Free City of Cracow is annexed by the Austrian Empire.
	22 August	The United Mexican States supersedes the Mexican Republic.
	18 June	The Oregon Treaty establishes the 49th parallel north west of the Lake of the Woods as the continental border between the Province of Canada and the United States.
	17 February	The colony of North Australia is separated from the British colony of New South Wales
		The princely state of Kashmir and Jammu, ruled by the Dogra Dynasty, is created after the first Anglo-Sikh war, as per the Treaty of Amritsar.
1845	29 December	The Republic of Texas joins the United States of America as the State of Texas. Austin yields to Washington as federal capital while remaining capital of the state.
		The Netherlands splits its colonial possessions in the Americas into two parts: Suriname and Curaçao and Dependencies. Paramaribo remains the capital of Suriname, while Willemstad on Curaçao becomes the capital of the six Caribbean islands.
		The Kingdom of Hawaiʻi moves its capital from Lāhainā to Honolulu.
		The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Falkland Islands from Port Louis to Stanley.
	1 March	The Riograndense Republic is reabsorbed by the Brazilian Empire as the province of Rio Grande do Sul again.
1844		The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from Kingston to Montréal.
	27 February	The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti. Santo Domingo is the capital.
1842	10 November	The Webster–Ashburton Treaty comes into effect ending several border disputes between the United States of America and United Kingdom.
1841	24 September	James Brooke establishes the Kingdom of Sarawak. Kuching is the capital.
	20 October	The Republic of Yucatán declares itself independent from Mexico. Mérida is the capital.
	10 February	The United Kingdom unites Upper Canada and Lower Canada as the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada. Kingston is the capital.
	2 February	The sole remnant of the Federal Republic of Central America changes its name back to the Republic of El Salvador.
	26 January	The United Kingdom conquers Hong Kong from the Qing dynasty.
1840	16 November	The colony of New Zealand is separated from the British colony of New South Wales

1830s

Year	Date	Event
1839	17 November	The Republic of Guatemala secedes from the Federal Republic of Central America. Guatemala City becomes the capital.
	17 October	The Republic of Texas establishes its permanent capital at Austin.
	25 August	The Peruvian Republic and the Bolivian Republic are formed from the dissolution of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. Lima and Sucre (previously Chuquisaca) are the respective capitals.
	24 July	The Juliana Republic declares independence from Brazil. Laguna is the capital. The Republic capitulates and is reabsorbed later in the year.
	19 April	The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg becomes independent, but remains in the personal Union with the Netherlands as a result of the Treaty of London.
		The Principality of Serbia moves its capital from Kragujevac to Belgrade.
1838	30 November	The United Kingdom annexes Pitcairn Island.
	5 November	The Republic of Costa Rica, the Republic of Nicaragua, and the Republic of Honduras secede from the Federal Republic of Central America. San José, Managua, and Comayagua are the respective capitals.
1836	28 December	The colony of South Australia is separated from the British colony of New South Wales.
	28 October	The Republic of North Peru, the Republic of South Peru, and the Bolivian Republic unite to form the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. Tacna is the capital.
	6 September	The Riograndense Republic declares independence from Brazil. Piratini is the first of five provisional capitals.
	11 August	The Republic of North Peru supersedes the Peruvian Republic.
	17 March	The Republic of South Peru secedes from Peruvian Republic. Cusco is the capital.
	2 March	The Republic of Texas declares its independence from México. Washington is the first of six cities that will serve as temporary capital until 1839.
1835	23 October	The Mexican Republic supersedes the United Mexican States.
	5 August	The Republic of Indian Stream is annexed by the United States of America. other sources note a resolution passed by the citizens of Indian Stream on April 2, 1836.
1834		The Republic of Maryland is established. Harper is the capital.
		The Federal Republic of Central America moves its capital from Guatemala City to San Salvador.
		The Kingdom of Greece moves its capital from Nafplio to Athens.
1833	3 January	The United Kingdom removes a garrison installed by the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata in October 1832 reasserting its sovereignty claim over the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas). Port Louis becomes the capital.
		The Falkland Islands become a colony of the United Kingdom. Port Louis is the capital.
1832	3 September	The province of Catamarca joins the Federal Pact. End of the Unitarian League.
	9 July	The Republic of Indian Stream declares independence from both the United States of America and the United Kingdom as it was disputed territory.
	8 July	The province of Tucumán joins the Federal Pact.
	8 July	The province of Tucumán joins the Federal Pact.
	4 July	The province of Salta joins the Federal Pact.
	May	The Kingdom of Greece supersedes the First Hellenic Republic.
		The province of San Juan joins the Federal Pact.
	13 April	The province of San Luis joins the Federal Pact.
		The colony of Western Australia supersedes the British Swan River Colony in Australia.
1831	20 October	The Republic of New Granada supersedes Gran Colombia.
	12 October	The province of La Rioja joins the Federal Pact.
	20 August	The province of Córdoba and the province of Santiago del Estero join the Federal Pact.
	19 August	The province of Corrientes joins the Federal Pact.
	9 August	The province of Mendoza joins the Federal Pact.
	21 July	Belgium becomes the Kingdom of Belgium.
	4 January	The United Kingdom combines Essequibo-Demerara and Berbice as the Crown Colony of British Guiana. Georgetown is the capital.
		Signing of the Federal Pact by the province of Buenos Aires, the province of Entre Ríos, and the province of Santa Fe. Beginning of the Argentine Confederation.
1830	4 October	Belgium declares its independence from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Brussels is the capital.
	28 June	The Oriental State of Uruguay is created from the Government and Provisional General Captaincy of the Oriental State of Uruguay.
	13 May	The Republic of Ecuador, and the Republic of Venezuela declare independence from Gran Colombia. Quito, and Caracas are the respective capitals.
	3 February	The Ottoman Empire recognizes the independence of Greece. Nafplio is the capital.
	5 July	The Unitarian League is created among the Argentine provinces of San Luis, La Rioja, Catamarca, Mendoza, San Juan, Tucumán, Córdoba, Salta and Santiago del Estero.
		France conquers the Regency of Algiers from the Ottoman Empire.

1820s

Year	Date	Event
1829		The British Swan River Colony is established in the west of Australia
1828	27 August	The Banda Oriental gains independence from the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata as Government and Provisional General Captaincy of the Oriental State of Uruguay. Montevideo is the capital.
		Misiones Orientales are awarded to Brazil
		The Kingdom of Vientiane is annexed by Siam.
1827	18 August	The centralist and unitary state of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata is dissolved. The Argentine Provinces resume their sovereignty delegating the foreign affairs on the Province of Buenos Aires.
	14 June	The United Kingdom claims the Bonin Islands.
1826	9 July	The Republic of Chile supersedes the State of Chile.
	8 February	The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata is proclaimed as a centralist and unitary state.
		The Straits Settlements is established and managed by the British East India Company. It consists of Penang, Dinding, Malacca and Singapore.
		British Malaya is established and managed by the British East India Company.
		After the First Anglo-Burmese War, Burma must cede Assam, Manipur, Arakan and Tenasserim to the British East India Company.
		The Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha is created from the merger of the Duchies of Saxe-Coburg and Saxe-Gotha. Coburg and Gotha are the capitals.
1825	3 December	Van Diemen's Land is declared a separate British colony to New South Wales
	15 November	The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves changes its name back to the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves.
	29 August	The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves recognizes the independence of the Empire of Brazil.
	25 August	Cisplatina declares its independence from the Empire of Brazil and reunites with the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata.
	6 August	The Bolivian Republic gains independence from the Monarchy of Spain at the conclusion of the Bolivian War of Independence. Chuquisaca (later Sucre) is the capital.
	16 July	The border of the British colony of New South Wales is extended from 133°E to 129°E
		The Netherlands administratively combines its three colonies of Suriname, Curaçao and Dependencies (the ABC islands), and Sint Eustatius and Dependencies (the SSS islands). The capital is Paramaribo.
1824	9 December	The Battle of Ayacucho end the Spanish American wars of independence in South America
	6 August	Bolivia declares independence from Spain, and refuses to join either Peru or the United Provinces of South America
	2 July	The Confederation of the Equator declares independence from Brazil. Recife is the capital, but the Confederation capitulates and is reabsorbed at the same year.
1823	4 October	The United Mexican States supersedes the Mexican Empire upon the execution of Emperor Maximilian I.
	July	The Republic of Guatemala, the Republic of El Salvador, the Republic of Nicaragua, the Republic of Honduras, and the Republic of Costa Rica unite to form the Federal Republic of Central America. Guatemala City is the capital.
	16 May	The Republic of Costa Rica moves its capital from Cartago to San José.
		The Emirate of Afghanistan follows the Durrani Empire. Kabul is the capital.
1822	19 December	The Peruvian Republic supersedes the State of Peru.
	12 October	The Empire of Brazil supersedes the Independent Kingdom of Brazil.
	7 September	The Independent Kingdom of Brazil declares its independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Rio de Janeiro is the capital.
	9 February	Haiti annexes the Republic of Spanish Haiti. Santo Domingo yields to Port-au-Prince as the capital.
1821	1 December	The Republic of Spanish Haiti gains independence from Monarchy of Spain. Santo Domingo is the capital.
	December	Panama unites with Gran Colombia.
	28 November	Independence of Panama from Spain
	21 September	The Republic of Costa Rica gains independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Cartago is the capital.
	15 September	The Republic of Guatemala, the Republic of Honduras, the Republic of Nicaragua and the Republic of El Salvador become independent from the Monarchy of Spain. Guatemala City, Comayagua, Managua, and San Salvador are the respective capitals.
	24 August	The Monarchy of Spain recognizes the independence of the Mexican Empire.
	3 August	Peru becomes the State of Peru.
	28 July	Peru declares its independence from the Kingdom of Spain. Lima is the capital.
	18 July	Cisplatina formally declares itself as part of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
	17 July	West Florida is formally ceded by Spain to the United States of America under the Adams–Onís Treaty.
	10 July	East Florida is formally ceded by Spain to the United States of America under the Adams–Onís Treaty.
	3 July	The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves returns the capital from exile in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to Lisbon.
	25 March	Greece declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire. Nafplion is the capital.
	19 February	The United States of America and Spain define a border in the Adams–Onís Treaty leading to some land being swapped.
		Alaska Boundary Dispute with Russia and Great Britain begins
		The Gold Coast is established as a British colony.
1820	8 October	The Kingdom of Haiti collapses upon the suicide of King Henri I. Haiti is unified under the Republic of Haiti with its capital at Port-au-Prince.
	1 February	Federal League defeats the central government of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in the Battle of Cepeda. The Federal League is dissolved and the Argentine Provinces resume their sovereignty, delegating the foreign affairs on the Province of Buenos Aires.
		The Kingdom of Hawaiʻi establishes its capital at Lāhainā.
		The Trucial States emerge as a British protectorate.
		The Sultanate of Muscat and Oman is established from the merger of the Imamate of Oman with the Sultanate of Muscat.

1810s

Year	Date	Event
1819	17 December	Gran Colombia is established from the previous Second Republic of Venezuela, United Provinces of New Granada, and the Presidency of Quito
	7 August	The United Provinces of New Granada gains independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Bogotá is the capital.
	30 January	The Treaty of 1818 between the United States of America and United Kingdom sets 49° north as the border west of the Lake of the Woods and also establishes the Oregon Country as a shared region.
1817	5 April	The Battle of Maipú secures Chilean independence from Spain
	12 February	The State of Chile again declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Santiago is the capital.
	20 January	The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves occupies the Banda Oriental (Uruguay) as Cisplatina.
		The capital of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies is moved from Palermo to Naples.
1816	9 July	The United Provinces in South America (Argentina, Bolivia, and Uruguay) declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Buenos Aires remains the capital.
	6 May	Spanish reconquest of New Granada ends the early Colombian independent governments
		Shaka establishes the Zulu Kingdom.
		The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies is established from the merger of the Kingdom of Sicily with the Kingdom of Naples. Palermo is the capital.
1815	16 December	The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves supersedes the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves. Rio de Janeiro remains the capital-in-exile.
	21 November	Miloš Obrenović establishes the Principality of Serbia. Kragujevac is the capital.
	29 June	The Federal League, an alliance of several Argentine Provinces and modern-day Uruguay, is established.
	8 July	The restored Kingdom of France supersedes the first French Empire.
	9 June	The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia is formed from the Milanese and Venetian portions of the Kingdom of Italy and becomes a crown land of the Austrian Empire (Congress of Vienna)
		Austria gains the territory of the former Republic of Ragusa (Congress of Vienna)
		Grand Duchy of Tuscany is re-established and is given Piombino (Congress of Vienna)
		The Duchy of Lucca is created in place of the former Republic of Lucca (Congress of Vienna)
		The Duchy of Warsaw is partitioned into the Grand Duchy of Posen (Prussia), Congress Poland (Russia) and the Free City of Kraków (jointly controlled by Prussia, Russia, and Austria) (Congress of Vienna)
		Prussia is awarded Danzig, much of the Kingdom of Saxony, Westphalia and the Rhineland. (Congress of Vienna)
		The United Kingdom of the Netherlands is created from the former Dutch Republic and Austrian Netherlands, with Luxembourg in a personal union. (Congress of Vienna)
		Swedish Pomerania is ceded to Prussia. (Congress of Vienna)
		The Duchy of Lauenburg is ceded by Hanover to Denmark (Congress of Vienna)
		Hanover becomes a Kingdom annexes the former territories of the Bishop of Münster and East Frisia (Congress of Vienna)
		Bavaria gains the Palatinate and parts of the Duchy of Würzburg and Grand Duchy of Frankfurt (Congress of Vienna)
		Hesse-Darmstadt gains Rhenish Hesse (Congress of Vienna)
		British control of various colonies, including the Cape Colony, Tobago, and Ceylon, is recognized (Congress of Vienna)
		The United States of the Ionian Islands is formed as a British protectorate (Congress of Vienna)
		German Confederation established. Frankfurt is the capital. (Congress of Vienna)
	20 March	The first French Empire supersedes the Kingdom of France.
	16 March	The United Kingdom of the Netherlands supersedes the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands. Amsterdam and Brussels are the joint capitals.
		Sir Robert Brownrigg establishes the Crown Colony of Ceylon. Colombo becomes the capital.
		The capital of Bermuda is moved from St George to Hamilton
1814	4 November	The Kingdom of Norway joins a personal union with the Kingdom of Sweden. Stockholm and Christiania are the capitals.
	2 October	The Monarchy of Spain reconquers Chile.
	17 May	Norway declares full independence, electing its own king and adopting its own constitution.
	11 April	Napoleon abdicates from the Italian throne, effectively dissolving the Kingdom.
	6 April	The restored Kingdom of France supersedes the First French Empire.
	29 March	The Netherlands are reestablished from France as the Sovereign Princedom of the Netherlands.
	17 May	Denmark cedes Norway to Sweden through the peace of Kiel.
		Various Italian states are reinstated, including the Duchy of Modena and Reggio and the Papal States.
	17 May	The Kingdom of Sardinia reclaims its mainland territory and annexes the land of the former Republic of Genoa. (Ratified by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.)
	14 January	The Kingdom of Norway secedes Denmark–Norway. Christiania is the capital.
		The Principality of Andorra declares independence from the First French Empire. Andorra la Vella is the capital.
		Java is returned from the United Kingdom to the Dutch.
1813	11 December	The Treaty of Valençay ends formally the Peninsular War, with the restoration of Ferdinand VII of Spain and releasing the country from being a client state of the Napoleonic French Empire.
	2 December	The Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands is created from the ruins of the first French Empire. Amsterdam is the capital.
	26 October	The Kingdom of Westphalia is dissolved.
	19 October	The Confederation of the Rhine dissolves.
	12 October	Paraguay becomes the Republic of Paraguay.
	7 August	The Second Republic of Venezuela is declared
	23 July	The British Malta Colony supersedes the Malta Protectorate.
1812	28 July	The First Republic of Venezuela is crushed by the Spanish Empire
	28 May	The eastern portion of the Principality of Moldavia (Bessarabia) is ceded to the Russian Empire by the Ottoman Empire in the Treaty of Bucharest
	14 May	France annexes Catalonia from Spain, creating the départements of Bouches-de-l'Èbre, Montserrat, Sègre and Ter. Andorra is also annexed and incorporated into the département of Sègre.
1811	27 November	The United Provinces of New Granada (modern Colombia) are established
	5 July	Venezuela declares independence from Spain
	14 May	Paraguay gains independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Asunción is the capital.
	28 March	The Kingdom of Haiti supersedes the State of Haiti. Cap-Haïtien is the capital.
		The United Kingdom annexes the island of Java.
1810	13 December	France annexes northern Germany (Hamburg, Bremen, Lübeck, Salm, Arenberg, Oldenburg, parts of Westphalia and Berg)
	10 December	The United States of America takes control of the Republic of West Florida.
	26 September	The Republic of West Florida declares itself independent from Spain.
	18 September	Chile declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Santiago is the capital.
	16 September	México declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain.
	20 July	Colombia declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain.
	13 July	The Kingdom of Holland (Netherlands) is annexed by the first French Empire.
	25 May	May Revolution. The Spanish viceroy in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay) is replaced by the Primera Junta. Creation of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. Buenos Aires remains the capital.
	22 May	By the terms of the Treaty of Paris, the Principality of Regensburg is formally incorporated into the Kingdom of Bavaria
	19 April	The First Republic of Venezuela is established, starting the Venezuelan War of Independence from Spain
	April	Kamehameha I unifies the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi.
	20 February	The Russian Empire annexes the Kingdom of Imereti.
		The Principality of Bayreuth is sold to the Kingdom of Bavaria by France.
		The Rhodanic Republic is annexed by France and becomes the département of Simplon

1800s

Year	Date	Event
1809	14 October	Salzburg is ceded to Bavaria (Treaty of Schönbrunn)
		West Galicia is ceded to the Duchy of Warsaw (Treaty of Schönbrunn)
		Tarnopol is ceded to the Russian Empire (Treaty of Schönbrunn)
		Trieste and Croatia south of the Sava are ceded to France; these become the Illyrian provinces (Treaty of Schönbrunn)
	17 September	Sweden officially cedes Finland to Russia through the peace of Hamina
	29 March	The Russian Tsar is declared Grand-duke of Finland, effectively separating Finland from Sweden and turning it into a Russian autonomous duchy
		Napoleon dissolves the Teutonic Knights; their lands are redistributed between neighboring states of the Holy Roman Empire, mostly to Württemberg.
		The United Kingdom occupies the Ionian Islands.
1808	7 March	The Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves removes the capital from Lisbon to exile in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
	31 January	The Kingdom of Italy annexes the Republic of Ragusa.
	1 January	Sierra Leone is established as a colony of the United Kingdom. Freetown is the capital.
		Spain becomes a client state of the First French Empire after the country was partially occupied by French forces and Joseph I set as king by Napoleon.
1807	10 December	France annexes the Kingdom of Etruria.
	7 December	The Kingdom of Westphalia is established as a client state of France.
	9 September	The Free City of Danzig is established as a client state of France.
	July	Napoleon creates the Duchy of Warsaw from land ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia by the Treaties of Tilsit
1806	20 December	The Electorate of Saxony is raised to the Kingdom of Saxony.Dresden is the capital.
	24 October	The Grand Duchy of Baden follows the Electorate of Baden. Karlsruhe is the capital.
	17 October	The Empire of Haiti collapses upon the assassination of Emperor Jacques I. Haiti splits in two with the State of Haiti in the north with its capital at Milot, and the Republic of Haiti in the south with its capital at Port-au-Prince.
	30 August	The Duchy of Nassau is established. Weilburg and Wiesbaden are the capitals.
	13 August	The Grand Duchy of Hesse follows the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt. Darmstadt is the capital.
	6 August	Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, dissolves the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.
	25 July	Napoleon I of France establishes the Confederation of the Rhine. Frankfurt is the capital.
	5 June	The Kingdom of Holland (Netherlands) supersedes the Batavian Republic.
	8 January	The United Kingdom establishes the Cape Colony. Cape Town is the capital.
1805	26 December	The Electorate of Bavaria is raised to the Kingdom of Bavaria. Munich is the capital.
	4 July	France annexes the Ligurian Republic.
	July	France annexes the Principality of Piombino and the Republic of Lucca and reconstitutes them as the Principality of Lucca and Piombino
1804	22 September	Jean-Jacques Dessalines establishes the Empire of Haiti.
	11 August	Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, establishes the Austrian Empire. Vienna is the capital.
	18 May	The first French Empire supersedes the first French Republic.
	4 March	The French Republic sells Louisiane to the United States of America. New Orleans (Nouvelle-Orléans) is the capital of the unorganized territory.
	1 January	The French colony of Saint-Domingue on Hispaniola declares its independence from the French Republic as Haiti. Port-au-Prince remains the capital.
		The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria becomes part of the Austrian Empire.
		The Sokoto Caliphate is established.
1803	27 April	As a result of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, all but three (Archbishopric of Regensburg, and the lands of the Teutonic Knights and Knights of Saint John) ecclesiastical states of the Holy Roman Empire are either secularized or annexed by other states. The Duchy of Salzburg (formerly the Archbishopric of Salzburg) is also raised to an electorate.
	27 April	The Electorate of Baden emerges from the Margraviate of Baden. Karlsruhe is the capital.
	27 April	The Electorate of Baden receives the Electorate of Palatinate
	27 April	The Electorate of Hesse emerges from the Landgravate of Hesse-Kassel. Kassel is the capital.
	27 April	The Principality of Regensburg is established. Regensburg is the capital.
	19 February	The Act of Mediation converts the Helvetic Republic into the Swiss Confederation
		The United Kingdom establishes the Crown Colony British Ceylon.
		The Ottoman Empire reconquers Iraq from the Mamluk dynasty.
1802	26 January	The Cisalpine Republic is renamed the Italian Republic.
		Napoleon separates the Canton of Valais from the Helvetic Republic to form the Rhodanic Republic
		Gia Long establishes the Nguyễn dynasty in Vietnam. Huế is the capital.
		Trinidad becomes a colony of the British.
1801	12 September	The Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti is annexed by the Russian Empire.
	20 August	The Gozitan Nation is annexed by the British protectorate of Malta.
	6 June	The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal signs the Treaty of Badajoz. Spain cedes the South American Misiones Orientales to Portugal.
		The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal signs the Treaty of Badajoz. Portugal cedes Olivenza to Spain.
	1 January	The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland unite to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Dublin yields to London as the capital.
		Egypt again falls under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
1800	17 November	The United States of America moves its capital from Philadelphia to its permanent location at Washington in the District of Columbia.
	5 September	French forces in Malta surrender to the British. The island becomes the British protectorate of Malta with Valletta as capital.
	1 October	After a secretly negotiated treaty between France and Spain, Spain returns the colony of Louisiana to France
	17 February	The French département of Mont-Terrible is merged into the département of Haut-Rhin5
	1 Februar	The Dutch East Indies are established by the Batavian Republic after the dissolution of the Dutch East India Company. Batavia is the capital.

1700–1799

1790s

Year	Date	Event
1799	7 July	Establishment of the Sikh Empire after capture of Lahore by Maharaja Ranjit Singh and unification of the Sikh Confederacy under him.
		The Principality of Lippe follows the County of Lippe.
		The Dutch East India Company is dissolved.
1798	28 October	The Gozitan Nation gains de facto independence from Malta with Rabat as its capital.
	21 July	France conquers Egypt from the Ottoman Empire.
	11 June	The Order of Saint John capitulates to French forces and Malta is under French occupation with Valletta remaining the capital.
	12 April	The Napoleonic Helvetic Republic is declared. Aarau is the capital.
	4 January	France annexes Mulhouse
1797	17 April	The Habsburg Monarchy annexes the Republic of Venice.
	18 October	The Austrian Netherlands and various Mediterranean islands, including Corfu, are ceded to France. (Treaty of Campo Formio)
		The Republic of Venice is dissolved. Venetia (the eastern portion of Domini di Terraferma, roughly modern Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia), Istria and Dalmatia are annexed by Austria (Treaty of Campo Formio)
		Austria recognizes the Cisalpine Republic and Ligurian Republic (Treaty of Campo Formio)
		The Kingdom of Italy is recognized as defunct and all subordinate territories are formally released from the Holy Roman Empire (Treaty of Campo Formio)
	14 July	The Republic of Genoa becomes the Napoleonic Ligurian Republic. Genoa is the capital.
		The Cispadane Republic becomes the Cisalpine Republic. Milan is the capital.
1796	10 May	The Napoleonic Cispadane Republic is created in northern Italy from the Duchy of Modena and Reggio, the Duchy of Massa and Carrara and the Papal States. Modena is the capital.
	25 April	Spain cedes the northern half of West Florida to the United States of America.
1795	19 January	The Batavian Republic supersedes the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. Amsterdam is the capital.
	24 October	The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is partitioned. Its vassal state Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and the former Bishopric of Courland, until then in personal union with Poland-Lithuania, are annexed to the Russian Empire together as its Courland Governorate.
		France annexes Southern Netherlands and the Duchy of Bouillon.
		The Dutch lose Malacca and Ceylon to the British.
1794		Aga Mohammed Khan establishes the Qajar dynasty in Persia after the collapse of the Zand dynasty. Tehran is the capital.
		The Republic of Sanarica is annexed by the Kingdom of Naples.
1793	25 June	Avignon is transferred from the Papal States to France
	23 March	The Rauracian Republic is annexed by France to form the département of Mont-Terrible
	2 March	France annexes the Principality of Salm-Salm
	23 January	Second partition of Poland
1792	17 December	Most of the Prince-Bishopric of Basel becomes the Rauracian Republic, retaining only Schliengen
	21 September	The first French Republic supersedes the Kingdom of France.
	28 January	The Principality of Ansbach and the Principality of Bayreuth become part of the Kingdom of Prussia.
		The Dutch West India Company is dissolved.
1791	4 March	The Vermont Republic joins the United States of America as the State of Vermont. Windsor yields to Philadelphia as the federal capital.
1790	7 December	The United States of Belgium capitulates to the House of Habsburg.
	6 December	The United States of America moves its temporary capital from New York City to Philadelphia pending the construction of the new capital permitted by the new United States Constitution.
	11 January	The United States of Belgium declares its independence from the House of Habsburg. Brussels is the capital.

1780s

Year	Date	Event
1789		The Later Lê dynasty of Vietnam collapses.
		The Principality of Lippe is formed from the County of Lippe.
1788	26 January	British colony of New South Wales is established
1787		Andrianampoinimerina establishes the Kingdom of Madagascar. Antananarivo is the capital.
1785	11 January	The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Trenton to New York City.
		The Emirate of Bukhara follows the Khanate of Bukhara.
1784	1 November	The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Annapolis to Trenton.
	1 July	King Gustav III of Sweden acquires the island of Saint Barthélemy in the Caribbean from France. It becomes a Swedish colony for nearly a century, until it is sold back to France in 1878.
		King Joseph II moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom back to Buda.
		Russian seafarer and merchant Grigory Ivanovich Shelikhov arrives in Three Saints Bay in Alaska
		The Khanate of Kalat hands over Gwadar to Oman.
1783	26 November	The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Princeton to Annapolis.
	3 September	The Kingdom of Great Britain signs the Treaty of Paris, recognizing the independence of the United States of America.
	3 September	The rule over Senegambia is redistributed between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of France. The French get most of Senegambia (today Senegal) and the British get the Gambia Valley (today Gambia).
	26 November	The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Philadelphia to Princeton.
	20 January	Great Britain surrenders East Florida and West Florida to Spain
	19 April	The Crimean Khanate is annexed by the Russian Empire and incorporated as the Taurida Governorate
	18 April	The Kingdom of Great Britain recapture The Bahamas from the Spanish Empire.
		Province of Trinidad moves its capital from San José de Oruña to Puerto de España, its present location.
1782	6 May	The Spanish Empire captures The Bahamas from the Kingdom of Great Britain.
	21 April	Siam moves its capital from Thonburi to Bangkok, its present location.
	22 February	The Vermont Republic abandons its claims of the East Union from New Hampshire and the West Union from New York.
1781	16 June	The Vermont Republic claims what was called the "West Union," consisting of some towns in New York. The specific date this occurred is unclear; sources suggest June 16, June 26, and July 18.
	4 April	The Vermont Republic once again claims the "East Union," consisting of some towns in New Hampshire that wished to join with Vermont, though the exact extent of the borders is unknown. Vermont never gained full control over the area.

1770s

Year	Date	Event
1778	21 October	The Vermont Republic rescinds its claim to the "East Union," consisting of some towns in New Hampshire, United States of America.
	27 July	The United States of America moves its temporary capital from York back to Philadelphia.
	11 June	The Vermont Republic claims what was called the "East Union," consisting of some towns in New Hampshire, United States of America that petitioned on March 12, 1778, to join with Vermont. Vermont never gained full control over the area.
		Thái Đức establishes the Tây Sơn dynasty in Vietnam.
		The Kingdom of Portugal cedes Annobón and Bioko to the Kingdom of Spain.
		The Kingdom of Champasak becomes a vassal state of Siam.
1777	1 October	The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal sign the First Treaty of San Ildefonso, confirming almost all the borders defined by the Treaty of Madrid, with the exception that Spain would rule both Colonia del Sacramento and the Misiones Orientales.
	30 September	The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Lancaster to York.
	27 September	The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Philadelphia to Lancaster for one day, following the capture of Philadelphia by British forces.
	8 July	The Republic of New Connecticut changes its name to the Vermont Republic.
	4 June	The Republic of New Connecticut moves its capital from Westminster to Windsor.
	4 March	The United States of America moves its temporary capital back from Baltimore to Philadelphia.
	15 January	The Republic of New Connecticut declares its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Westminster is the temporary capital.
1776	20 December	The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Philadelphia to Baltimore.
	4 July	The United States of America (including the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations) declares its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Philadelphia is the first of eight cities that will serve as a temporary capital until 1800.
	4 May	Rhode Island and Providence Plantations declares its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Providence is the capital.
	17 March	The United States of America abandons Nassau returning control to the British during the American War of Independence.
	4 March	The United States of America occupies Nassau from the British during the American War of Independence.
		The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata is separated from the Viceroyalty of Peru. Buenos Aires is the capital.
		The Durrani Empire moves its capital from Kandahar to Kabul. The winter capital is Peshawar.
1775		The Kingdom of Portugal reunites its South American colonies of the State of Brazil, the State of Great-Pará, and the State of Maranhão into the Colony of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro is the capital.
		The Habsburg Monarchy annexes the northwestern part of Moldavia (which became known as Bukovina).
1774		The County of Oldenburg is made the Duchy of Oldenburg.
1772		The Kingdom of Portugal divides its colony of the State of Great-Pará and Maranhão into the State of Great-Pará (capital, Belém) and the State of Maranhão (capital, São Luis).
		Ayutthaya having been destroyed in 1767, the new capital of Siam is created in Thonburi.
	5 August	First partition of Poland
	5 August	The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria is founded as the crown land of the Habsburg Monarchy. Lemberg is the capital.
1770	28 April	James Cook reaches Australia and takes possession of the land for the Kingdom of Great Britain.
		The capital of the French colony of Saint-Domingue is moved from Cap-François to Port-au-Prince.

1760s

Year	Date	Event
1768	21 December	Prithvi Narayan Shah unifies the Kingdom of Nepal. Kathmandu is the capital.
	15 May	Genoa sells to France its rights to Corsica
1767		The Thonburi Kingdom follows the Ayutthaya Kingdom in Siam.
		The Ayutthaya Kingdom with its capital Ayutthaya is destroyed by the Burmese.
1766		France annexes the Duchy of Lorraine.
1765		The Grand Duchy of Transylvania follows the Principality of Transylvania.
1763	12 February	The Kingdom of Portugal moves the capital of its colony of the State of Brazil from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro.
	10 February	The Treaty of Paris creates a number of territory transfers between Great Britain, France, and Spain. New France (Canada) now belongs to the British.
		End of the second personal union between the Electorate of Saxony and Poland-Lithuania.
1762		The Louisiana Territory is transferred from France to Spain in the Treaty of Fontainebleau
		The Kingdom of Kartli and the Kingdom of Kakheti unite to form the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti. Tbilisi is the capital.
1761	12 February	The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal sign the Treaty of El Pardo, nullifying the Treaty of Madrid.

1750s

Year	Date	Event
1758		The Dzungar Khanate is annexed by the Qing dynasty of China.
		The Kingdom of Great Britain conquers Senegambia from the Kingdom of France.
		The Sultanate of Sulu becomes independent from the Bruneian Empire.
1757		The British East India Company gains control of Bengal from the Mughal Empire. Start of the British Raj in India.
1753		During the Seven Years' War France occupies the island of Menorca.
1752		Establishment of the Konbaung dynasty in Burma. Shwebo is the capital.
		The Sheikdom of Kuwait is established. Kuwait City is the capital.
1751		The Kingdom of Portugal changes the name of its colonial State of Maranhão to State of Great-Pará and Maranhão.
	21 September	Through the Treaty of Strömstad, the border between Sweden and Norway is finally settled, from the beginning of the land border in Iddefjord until Norway's border on Russia at Varanger (since Finland was part of Sweden at this time, the border between the two countries continued beyond the present end point of the border between Norway and Sweden).
1751		Karim Khan establishes the Zand dynasty in Persia. Shiraz is the capital.
1750	13 January	The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal signs the Treaty of Madrid. Based on the uti possidetis concept, Portugal gains lands on the actual south, central and north regions of Brazil. The treaty also stipulated that Spain would receive the Colonia del Sacramento and Portugal the Misiones Orientales.

1740s

Year	Date	Event
1747		Safavid Empire collapses
	October	The Durrani Empire is founded near Kandahar on a Loya jirga, when Ahmad Shah Abdali is chosen as the king of the newly independent empire. He is later regarded as the founder of modern Afghanistan.
1745		Unification of the kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia into the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia within the Habsburg Monarchy. Zagreb is the capital.
		The Kingdom of Swaziland is established.
1744		The Kingdom of Matamba is annexed to Portuguese Angola.
1742		Prussia annexes Silesia from the Habsburg Monarchy.
1740		The Oyo Empire is established.

1730s

Year	Date	Event
1739	18 September	The Habsburg Monarchy cedes the Kingdom of Serbia, the southern part of the Banat of Temeswar and northern Bosnia to the Ottoman Empire (Treaty of Belgrade)
		The Habsburg Monarchy returns Lesser Walachia (Oltenia) to Wallachia (Treaty of Belgrade)
	1 January	Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier discovers Bouvet Island in the South Atlantic Ocean
		The Viceroyalty of New Granada is again separated from the Viceroyalty of Peru.
1738		Disestablishment of the Hotak dynasty.
1737		The Kingdom of Portugal moves the capital of its colonial State of Maranhão from São Luís to Belém.
1736		The Afsharid dynasty is established in Persia and follows the Safavid dynasty. Mashhad is the capital.
1732		Georgia Colony is founded. Savannah is the capital.

1720s

Year	Date	Event
1728		On Greenland (then part of Denmark-Norway), Hans Egede founds the colony of Godthåb
1723		The Viceroyalty of New Granada becomes again part of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
1721	22 October	Peter the Great proclaims the Russian Empire from the Tsardom of Russia.
	30 August	Swedish Estonia, Ingria, Livonia, and most of Karelia is ceded by Sweden to the Tsardom of Russia according to the terms of the Treaty of Nystad.
1720	21 January	Sweden cedes the portion of Swedish Pomerania south of the Peene and east of the Peenestrom to Prussia
		The Duchy of Savoy receives the Kingdom of Sardinia in return for Sicily from the Habsburg Monarchy.
		The Electorate of the Palatinate moves its capital from Düsseldorf to Mannheim.

1710s

Year	Date	Event
1719	9 November	Sweden cedes Bremen-Verden to the Electorate of Hanover
1718	21 July	The Ottoman Empire cedes to the Habsburg Monarchy the Banat, southeastern Syrmia, central Serbia, and part of northern Bosnia, while part of Wallachia (an Ottoman vassal) known as the Lesser Wallachia (Oltenia) is also ceded to the Habsburg Monarchy (Treaty of Passarowitz)
		The Kingdom of Serbia is established as a Habsburg crown land (Treaty of Passarowitz)
		The Banat of Temeswar is established as a Habsburg crown land (Treaty of Passarowitz)
		Venice return Morea (gained by the Treaty of Karlowitz) and its Cretan holdings to the Ottomans.
		The Ottoman Empire cede parts of Dalmatia (Imotski, Sinj, and Vrgorac).
1717	27 May	The Viceroyalty of New Granada is established from parts of the Viceroyality of Peru as a colony of the Kingdom of Spain.
		The former Bishopric of Courland, until then in personal union with the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, it in turn a vassal state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, comes into personal union directly with Poland-Lithuania.
1715	28 November	Spain integrates the Kingdom of Majorca, the last part of the Crown of Aragon, through invasion
		The Kingdom of Spain returns Colonia del Sacramento to the Kingdom of Portugal.
		The Kingdom of France annexes Mauritius after the Dutch have left it.
		The Nueva Planta decrees abolished the Crown of Castile and made it part of the centralised Kingdom of Spain.
1714	11 September	Fall of the Crown of Aragon invaded by Crown of Castile marked by the invasion of the City of Barcelona (Siege of Barcelona) and the annexation of the Principality of Catalonia. Creation of a unified Kingdom of Spain through the Nueva Planta decrees.
	7 March	The Austrian Netherlands follow the Spanish Netherlands. Brussels is the capital.
	7 March	The Duchy of Milan, the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Kingdom of Naples and the Spanish Netherlands are ceded by the Kingdom of Spain to the Habsburg Monarchy.
	7 March	The Habsburg Monarchy receives from France Freiburg im Breisgau and several other small territories on its eastern borders, but France keeps Landau.
		The Electorate of Hanover enters into a personal union with the Kingdom of Great Britain.
1713	July	The Kingdom of France conquers Kaiserslautern, Landau and Breisgau.
	March and April	The Treaty of Utrecht is signed. The Kingdom of Great Britain takes sovereignty over Gibraltar and Menorca from the Kingdom of Spain. Spain also ceded: Sicily and parts of the Duchy of Milan to Savoy; Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, Sardinia, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan to Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor; lands in South America between Amazon River and Oiapoque River to the Kingdom of Portugal.
1712		Carolina Colony is split into North Carolina Colony and South Carolina Colony.
		The Tsardom of Russia moves its capital from Moscow to Saint Petersburg.
1711	21 July	The Tsardom of Russia returns Azov to the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of the Pruth.
		The Principality of Transylvania is integrated de jure into the Habsburg Monarchy as a crown land (Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867))
		Cap-François becomes the capital of the French colony Saint-Domingue.
		The Duchy of Mirandola becomes part of the Duchy of Modena and Reggio
1710		The Kong Empire is established.

1700s

Year	Date	Event
1709	21 April	Mirwais Hotak establishes the Hotak dynasty. Isfahan and Kandahar are the capitals.
		Second personal union between the Electorate of Saxony and Poland-Lithuania.
		The Khanate of Kokand is established in Central Asia as a spin-off of the Khanate of Bukhara. Kokand is the capital.
1707	1 May	The Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland unite to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. Edinburgh yields to London as the capital for all but judicial functions.
	29 June	The Nueva Planta decrees abolish the Crown of Castile and make it part of the centralised Kingdom of Spain.
	25 April	Crown of Castile integrates the Kingdom of Valencia part of the Crown of Aragon through invasion (Battle of Almansa)
		Lan Xang in Laos disintegrates into three parts. The Kingdom Luang Phrabang in the north, the Kingdom of Vientiane in the middle and the Kingdom of Champasak in the south.
1706		End of the personal union between the Electorate of Saxony and Poland-Lithuania.
1705		The Electorate of Hanover receives the Principality of Lüneburg and the Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg.
1704	October	The Kingdom of France and Spanish Empire take control of Nassau from the English. Soon after they abandoned the city, returning control to the Englis.
		The Mamluk dynasty in Iraq is established. Baghdad is the capital.
1701	18 Januar	Brandenburg-Prussia becomes the Kingdom of Prussia. Berlin is the capital.
		The Duchy of Mecklenburg is divided into Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
		The Ashanti Empire is established. Kumasi is the capital.
1700	1 November	With the beginning of Philip V's reign over the Kingdom of Spain, Spain and its territories ceased to be part of the Habsburg Monarchy.
		The Ottoman Empire cedes Azov to the Tsardom of Russia by the Treaty of Constantinople

1600–1699

Year	Date	Event
1699	26 January	The Ottoman Empire cede the Eğri Eyalet, the Varat Eyalet, northern parts of the Temeşvar Eyalet, most of the Budin Eyalet and parts of the Bosnia Eyalet to the Habsburg Monarchy. This territory plus the Principality of Transylvania corresponds to most of the territory of mediaeval Hungary previously lost to the Ottomans (Ottoman Hungary). (Treaty of Karlowitz)
		The Principality of Transylvania, while nominally independent, becomes de facto under Habsburg rule. (Treaty of Karlowitz)
		The Ottoman Empire returns Podolia to Poland-Lithuania. (Treaty of Karlowitz)
		The Ottoman Empire cedes Morea and most of Dalmatia to the Republic of Venice. (Treaty of Karlowitz)
1697		The western half of the colony of Santo Domingo (Kingdom of Spain) on the island of Hispaniola is recognised as the colony of Saint-Domingue of the Kingdom of France (Peace of Ryswijk).
		The Kingdom of France hands over territories to the Holy Roman Empire (Peace of Ryswijk).
		The Kingdom of France recognises the Kingdom of England (Peace of Ryswijk).
		Personal union between the Electorate of Saxony and Poland-Lithuania.
1695		The capital of Maryland Colony is moved from St. Mary's City to Annapolis.
1692		Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony are reorganized as Province of Massachusetts Bay.
		The Electorate of Hanover is established. Hanover is the capital.
1689		Ludlow ceases to be the administrative capital of Wales following the end of Council of Wales and the Marches. Wales ceases to have an official or administrative capital.
1685		The Kingdom of England colonizes Barbuda.
1684		The English Crown Colony of Bermuda supersedes the Somers Isles Company. Hamilton is the capital.
		The Kingdom of England hands Tangier over to the Alaouite dynasty.
1683	12 September	The Second Siege of Vienna by the Ottoman Empire fails.
		The Tungning Kingdom is conquered by the Qing Dynasty. The island of Taiwan falls back under the control of the Qing.
1682		Robert de La Salle sails down the Mississippi River and took possession of all the lands along the river for France under the name Louisiana.
1681		The Pennsylvania Colony is founded. Philadelphia is the capital.
1680		The Kingdom of Burundi is established.
1677		The Mạc dynasty of Vietnam collapses.
1674		Shivaji establishes the Maratha Empire in Maharashtra.
1673		The Kingdom of France acquires Puducherry.
1667		The Kingdom of France returns Anguilla to the Kingdom of England because of the Treaty of Breda.
1666		The Khanate of Kalat is established.
		The Kingdom of France conquers Anguilla from the Kingdom of England.
1665		The Kingdom of Lunda is established.
		The Kingdom of England establishes the Colony of Jamaica with the capital Spanish Town.
1664		The Dutch Republic signs the Treaty of Breda, which cedes New Netherland to the Kingdom of England.
		Delaware Colony is founded. New Castle is the capital.
		New Jersey Colony is founded.
		New York Colony is founded. New York City is the capital.
		New Haven Colony is merged into Connecticut Colony.
		The French East India Company is founded.
		Establishment of the rule of the Alaouite dynasty in Morocco.
1663		The Duchy of Massa and Carrara is established. Massa is the capital.
1662		The Southern Ming dynasty ends with the conquest by the Qing Dynasty.
		Dutch Formosa is conquered by the Southern Ming dynasty.
1661	14 June	The Kingdom of Tungning is proclaimed in Taiwan.
	25 February	The former Bishopric of Courland, a vassal state of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, it in turn a vassal state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, comes into personal union with Courland and Semigallia.
		Aurangzeb of the Mughal Empire gives the port of Bombay to the British
		The Kingdom of Portugal hands Tangier over to the Kingdom of England as a dowry.
1660	27 May	The Kingdom of Sweden cedes Trøndelag and Bornholm to Denmark-Norway as part of the Treaty of Copenhagen.
	3 May	The Treaty of Oliva cedes Runö Island in Estonia from the Polish-Lithuanian vassal state Duchy of Courland and Semigallia to Sweden.
	4 April	The restored Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland, and Kingdom of Ireland supersede the republican Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. London, Edinburgh, and Dublin are the respective capitals.
1659		The Kingdom of France establishes the colony of Saint-Louis as the first French settlement in Africa.
		The British East India Company takes possession of Saint Helena.
		Fall of the Saadi dynasty in Morocco.
1658	16 December	The Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland supersedes the Commonwealth of England, the Kingdom of Scotland, and the Kingdom of Ireland. Edinburgh and Dublin yield to London as the capital.
	26 February	Denmark-Norway cedes Skåne, Blekinge, Halland, Bornholm, Båhus and Trøndelag to the Kingdom of Sweden as part of the Treaty of Roskilde.
		During the Dutch-Portuguese War, the Dutch gain control of Ceylon from the Kingdom of Portugal.
1657		The Treaty of Bromberg gives the Duchy of Prussia its sovereignty
1656		The former Bishopric of Courland, until then in personal union with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, is sold to the Polish-Lithuanian vassal state Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and becomes its vassal state instead.
1655		The colony of New Sweden falls to the Dutch.
1654		During the Dutch-Portuguese War, the Kingdom of Portugal conquers the colony of Dutch Brazil from the Dutch.
1653	4 May	The precise borders between Swedish Pomerania and Farther Pomerania (Brandenburg-Prussia) are determined in the Treaty of Stettin
1652		The Dutch East India Company establishes the Dutch Cape Colony.
1650		The English colonizes Anguilla with settlers from Saint Kitts.
1649	19 May	The republican Commonwealth of England supersedes the Kingdom of England.
		Grenada is acquired by the Kingdom of France.
1648		The Kingdom of England colonizes the Bahamas.
		The Thirty Years' War ends (Peace of Westphalia).
		The Netherlands, Switzerland, and many Italian city-states are made independent of the Holy Roman Empire (Peace of Westphalia).
		The Duchy of Pomerania is divided between Sweden (Swedish Pomerania) and Brandenburg-Prussia (Farther Pomerania), although the precise borders would not be determined until 1653 (Peace of Westphalia).
		France receives the cities of the Décapole in Alsace (except Strasbourg, the Diocese of Strasbourg and Mulhouse) and the city of Pignerol from the Spanish Duchy of Milan (Peace of Westphalia).
		The Mughal Empire moves its capital from Agra to Delhi.
		The Kingdom of Portugal gets Angola back from the Republic of the Seven United Provinces.
1646		The Vijayanagara Empire is dissolved.
1645	13 August	The Kingdom of Denmark and Norway, the Wends and the Goths cedes Jämtland, Härjedalen, Idre & Särna, Gotland, Ösel and Halland, the latter for a period of 30 years, to the Kingdom of Sweden as part of the Treaty of Brömsebro.
1644	30 October	The Qing dynasty supersedes the Ming dynasty as the legitimate dynasty of China. Beijing is the capital.
		Hongguang establishes the Southern Ming dynasty in China.
		Saybrook Colony sold to Connecticut Colony.
1641		The Kingdom of Portugal loses Malacca, Annobón and Angola to the Republic of the Seven United Provinces.
1640	1 December	Portugal separates from personal union with Spain.
		The Emirate of Trarza is established.
1638		The colony New Sweden is established in North America.
		New Haven Colony is founded. New Haven is the capital.
		The Dutch East India Company takes possession of Mauritius.
1637		Joseon becomes a vassal state after the invasion of the Qing dynasty in Korea.
1636	3 March	Connecticut Colony is founded. Hartford is the capital.
		Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations is founded.
		Taizong establishes the Qing dynasty in China.
1635		Fasilides makes Gondar the first permanent capital of Ethiopia since the fall of the Zagwe Dynasty
		Saybrook Colony is founded. Old Saybrook is the capital.
		Colonization of Guadeloupe, Martinique and some islands of the Lesser Antilles by the Kingdom of France.
1632		Maryland Colony is founded. St. Mary's City is the capital.
		The Kingdom of England colonizes Antigua.
1631		The Kingdom of Matamba is established.
1630		The Dutch establish the colony Dutch Brazil. The capital is Mauritsstad (today Recife).
		Sweden occupies the Duchy of Pomerania.
1629	26 September	The Truce of Altmark cedes most of the Duchy of Livonia in real union with Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to Sweden as Swedish Livonia. The eastern part of the duchy is retained by Poland-Lithuania and is annexed as the Inflanty Voivodeship.
		Massachusetts Bay Colony is founded.
		New Hampshire Colony is founded.
		Carolina Colony is founded.
1627	17 February	The Kingdom of England colonizes Barbados with its capital at Saint James Town.
1626		Dutch purchase Manhattan and found New Amsterdam, later New York.
1624		The colony New Netherland is established in North America.
		The colony Dutch Formosa is established on Taiwan.
1623		The Electorate of Bavaria emerged from the Duchy of Bavaria. Munich remains the capital.
1621	29 September	Nova Scotia is founded as a colony of the Kingdom of Scotland.
		The Kingdom of Portugal divides the Colony of Brazil into the State of Brazil (capital, Salvador) and the State of Maranhão (capital, São Luis).
		The Dutch West India Company is founded.
1620		Plymouth Colony is founded.
		The Kasanje Kingdom is founded.
		The Danish East India Company establishes the colony Danish India.
1618	27 August	The personal union of the Electorate of Brandenburg with the Duchy of Prussia creates Brandenburg-Prussia. Berlin and Königsberg are the capitals.
		The Second Defenestration of Prague marks the beginning of the Thirty Years' War between the Catholic League and the Protestant Union in the Holy Roman Empire, which soon grips the whole of Europe.
1617	9 May	The Polish-Lithuanian vassal state Bishopric of Courland comes into personal union with Poland-Lithuania.
1617	27 February	In the treaty of Stolbovo Sweden gained the Russian province and fortress of Kexholm (Käkisalmi, now Priozersk) and the province of Ingria including the fortress of Nöteborg (now Shlisselburg, Russia)
1616	30 October	Taizu establishes the Later Jin dynasty in China.
1614		The Kingdom of Portugal establishes the colony of Cacheu in what is now Guinea-Bissau.
1612		The Kingdom of Portugal reunites North Brazil and South Brazil into the Colony of Brazil. The capital is Salvador.
1610		Henry Hudson discovers Hudson Bay
		England establishes the Newfoundland Colony.
1609		Foundation of the Catholic League in the Holy Roman Empire.
		The Ryukyu Kingdom becomes a vassal state of the Tokugawa shogunate.
1608		The Kingdom of Portugal divides the Colony of Brazil into North Brazil (capital, Salvador) and South Brazil (capital, Rio de Janeiro) for the second time.
		Foundation of the Protestant Union in the Holy Roman Empire.
		Foundation of Quebec as the capital of New France.
1607		Virginia Colony is founded.
1603		Tokugawa Ieyasu establishes the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan which follows the Azuchi-Momoyama period. Edo is the capital.
1602	20 March	The Dutch East India Company is established.
1601	17 January	France gains Bresse, Bugey, and Gex from Savoy, and cedes Saluzzo to Savoy in exchange
1600	31 December	The British East India Company is established.
c. 1600		The Kingdom of Dahomey is established.

1500–1599

Year	Date	Event
1598		Kuchum, Khan of Sibir is killed in battle with Russian forces, thus completing the Russian conquest of Siberia.
		Japan withdraws from the Korean Peninsula after being pushed back by Chinese and Korean troops.
		The Safavids move their capital from Qazvin to Isfahan.
1597		The Duchy of Ferrara becomes part of the Papal States.
1596		Willem Barentsz makes the first indisputable discovery of the Svalbard archipelago
1594		Vimaladharmasuriya I of Kandy moves the capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka to Kandy
1592		Japan invades the Korean Peninsula under Toyotomi Hideyosh with the aim of attacking the Ming dynasty.
1591		Fall of the Songhai Empire.
1590		Through the victory in the Ottoman-Safavid War, the Ottoman Empire expands eastwards.
1586		The Mughal Empire moves its capital from Fatehpur Sikri to Lahore. In the same year the capital is moved again to Agra.
		Portugal establishes the colony Portuguese Timor.
1585		The Treaty of Kronborg cedes the nominally Danish, but Polish-Lithuanian-controlled former Bishopric of Courland formally to Poland-Lithuania.
		The Kingdom of Luba is established.
1584	20 March	Areas under Swedish control in Northern Estonia are annexed as the Duchy of Estonia.
1583	10 August	The Treaty of Plussa cedes all the remaining Russian-controlled areas in former Livonia to Sweden.
1582	15 January	The Truce of Yam-Zapolsky cedes the Russian-controlled areas in former Central and Southern Livonia to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1581	26 July	The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain.
1581	14 January	The Treaty of Drohiczyn cedes the free imperial city of Riga into the Polish-Lithuanian Duchy of Livonia.
1580	July	Yermak Timofeyevich invades the territory of the Voguls, beginning the Russian conquest of Siberia.
	July	Personal union of Spain and Portugal to the Iberian Union.
1579		The Duchy of the Archipelago is annexed by the Ottoman Empire.
1578		The Kingdom of Portugal reunites North Brazil and South Brazil into the Colony of Brazil. The capital is Salvador.
		The Danish-controlled Bishopric of Courland becomes a vassal state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1577		The Russian vassal state Kingdom of Livonia is disestablished.
		The Adal Sultanate is disestablished.
1576		The Bengal Sultanate is annexed by the Mughal Empire.
1575		The Kingdom of Portugal establishes colonies on the coast of Angola.
		The capital of Chile is moved from Concepción to Santiago
1573		The Kingdom of Portugal divides the Colony of Brazil into North Brazil (capital, Salvador) and South Brazil (capital, Rio de Janeiro).
		The Gujarat Sultanate is annexed by the Mughal Empire.
		In Japan the Azuchi-Momoyama period follows the Sengoku period.
		The Ottoman Empire conquers the island of Cyprus from the Republic of Venice.
1572	9 May	The Danish-controlled former Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek is annexed as Danish Ösel.
1571	18 March	The Order of Saint John moves the capital of Malta from Birgu to Valletta.
		The Mughal Empire moves its capital from Agra to Fatehpur Sikri.
		The Kingdom of Spain conquers the Luzon Empire.
1570	13 December	Denmark cedes its nominal rights over Dagö and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth its nominal rights over Harrien-Wierland (including Reval), Jerwen and Wiek to Sweden.
	10 June	The Kingdom of Livonia is established as a vassal state of Russia in some of its conquered lands in Livonia.
1569	27 August	The Grand Duchy of Tuscany is established from the Duchy of Florence. Florence remains the capital.
	1 July	The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania unite to form the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Vilnius yields to Kraków as the capital.
1566	25 December	The Union of Grodno turns the personal union between the Principality of Livonia and Grand Duchy of Lithuania into a real union and the former is reorganized as the Duchy of Livonia. The Lithuanian vassal state Archbishopric of Riga is annexed to the Duchy of Livonia.
1565		The Kingdom of Spain establishes a colony in the Philippines with administrative centre in Cebu.
1564		The Bailiff of Soneburg of the former Livonian Order, now the Principality of Livonia (later Duchy of Livonia), sells its bailiwick in the West Estonian archipelago to the Danish-controlled former Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek. In return, Denmark cedes its nominal rights over Swedish-controlled Wiek to the Lithuanian Principality of Livonia.
1563		Sweden conquers from Denmark the former Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek areas in Wiek and Dagö, leaving Denmark only with its possessions in Ösel.
1562		Turin replaced Chambéry as capital of the Duchy of Savoy.
1561	28 November	The Treaty of Vilnius dissolves the Livonian Order, which is in part organized as the Principality of Livonia in personal union with Lithuania, and in part organized as the Lithuanian vassal state Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, taking effect on 5 March 1562. The Archbishopric of Riga also becomes a vassal state of Lithuania and the former condominium town of Riga becomes a free imperial city.
	6 June	The northern Livonian Order town Reval pledges allegiance to Sweden.
	4 June	The northern Livonian Order regions of Harrien-Wierland (without Reval) and Jerwen pledge allegiance to Sweden.
1560	20 May	The Bishopric of Courland in Western Latvia is sold to Denmark.
		Lan Xang in Laos moves its capital from Luang Prabang to Vientiane.
1559	November	The Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek in Western Estonia is sold to Denmark.
		The Mali Empire moves its capital from Niani to Kangaba.
		The Kingdom of Gorkha is founded. Gorkha is the capital.
1558	18 July	Russia conquers the Bishopric of Dorpat in Estonia.
		France reconquers Calais from England.
		The Nguyễn lords establishes de facto control over Central and Southern Vietnam.
1557		Portugal establishes a settlement in Macau.
1556		The Sur Empire is annexed by the restored Mughal Empire.
1555		The Republic of Siena is conquered by the Kingdom of Spain and most of it is granted to the Duchy of Florence. The Stato dei Presidi remain with Spain.
		The Safavids in Persia move their capital from Tabriz to Qazvin.
1554		Fall of the Wattasid dynasty in Morocco.
1552		The Ottoman Empire conquers Muscat from Portugal.
		The Tsardom of Russia annexes the Khanate of Kazan.
1550		The Kingdom of Loango is established.
1549		The Kingdom of Portugal establishes a central government for its Colony of Brazil, with Salvador as the capital.
		Establishment of the Saadi dynasty in Morocco. Taroudant is the capital.
1547		Ivan the Terrible proclaims the Tsardom of Russia, which follows the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Moscow is the capital.
1545		The Trịnh lords establishes de facto control over Northern Vietnam.
		The Duchy of Parma is established from parts of the Duchy of Milan.
1542		The Kingdom of Ireland supersedes the feudal Lordship of Ireland.
		The Kingdom of England annexes the Principality of Wales.
		The Viceroyalty of Peru is established as a colony of Spain.
1540		Sher Shah Suri establishes the Sur Empire which dominates northern India and follows the Mughal Empire. Sasaram is the capital.
1537		Denmark-Norway emerges as a dual monarchy after the withdrawal of the Kingdom of Sweden from the Kalmar Union.
1536		King Ferdinand I moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Pozsony.
1534		The Kingdom of Portugal divides its Colony of Brazil into 15 independent captaincies.
		Establishment of the colony New France in North America.
		The Ottoman Empire conquers Baghdad from the Safavids.
1533		The Later Lê dynasty in Vietnam is restored under Trang Tông.
1532		The Kingdom of France annexes the Duchy of Brittany.
		Francisco Pizzaro conquers the Inca.
		The Duchy of Florence replaces the Republic of Florence. Florence remains the capital.
1530	26 October	The Order of Saint John annexes Malta and moves the capital from Mdina to Birgu.
		The Duchy of Mantua is established. Mantua is the capital.
1529	14 October	The First Siege of Vienna by the Ottoman Empire fails.
	22 April	Representatives of the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of Spain sign the Treaty of Zaragoza, settling the countries' boundary of conquest in Asia and Oceania at a meridian c. 144°40' west of Greenwich.
1528		The County of Lippe is founded. Detmold is the capital.
1527		Thái Tổ establishes the Mạc dynasty in Vietnam.
		The Kingdom of Croatia is established as part of the Habsburg Monarchy. Zagreb is the capital.
		The Bahmani Sultanate is dissolved.
1526		Babur defeats the sultan of Delhi. Establishment of the Mughal Empire. Agra is the capital.
		Archduke Ferdinand of Austria is elected the next King of Bohemia and Hungary following the death of Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia, ruling the lands which would come to be known as the Habsburg Monarchy.
		After the Battle of Mohács, large parts of Hungary and Croatia fall to the Ottoman Empire.
1525	10 April	The Duchy of Prussia emerges from the State of the Teutonic Order. Königsberg is the capital.
	14 January	The Teutonic Order relinquishes its rights over its autonomous Livonian Order.
1523		The Kalmar Union is dissolved.
1522		Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigates the Earth
1521	13 August	The combined forces of Hernán Cortés conquer Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire. The Kingdom of Spain subsequently renames the region New Spain. The destroyed capital is rebuilt and renamed México.
		King Mayadunne I moves the capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka to Sitawaka.
		The Kingdom of Portugal conquers Bahrain.
1520		The Sultanate of Maguindanao is established.
1517		The Ottoman Empire conquers Egypt from the Mamluks.
		Fall of the Majapahit Empire in Southeast Asia.
		Portugal conquers Colombo and takes possession of Ceylon.
1515		Algeria becomes a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire as the Regency of Algiers.
1514		The Principality of Moldova becomes a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire.
1513		Juan Ponce de León claims Florida for Spain.
1511		The Khanate of Khiva is established in Central Asia. Old Urgench is the capital.
		The Kingdom of Portugal conquers Malacca.
1510		The Kingdom of Portugal conquers Goa.
		The Grand Duchy of Moscow annexes the Pskov Republic.
1507		The Kingdom of Portugal conquers Muscat.
1506		The Khanate of Bukhara is created from areas of the Timurid Empire. Samarkand is the capital.
		Fall of the Timurid Empire.
		The Delhi Sultanate moves its capital from Delhi to Agra.
1505		The colony Portuguese India is established. The capital is Kochi.
1504		The Kingdom of Naples is ceded to the Crown of Aragon.
1503		The Aceh Sultanate is established. Kutaraja is the capital.
1502		After the death of Shaykh Ahmad the Golden Horde is disestablished.
1501		João da Nova discovers Ascension Island.
		The Wadai Sultanate is established.
		The Uzbek Khanate is disestablished.
1500	22 April	Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral arrives at the coast of Brazil and claims all land in South America east of the Tordesillas Meridian for the Kingdom of Portugal, thus establishing the Portuguese Colony of Brazil.
		The Kingdom of Portugal conquers Mombasa.

1400–1499

Year	Date	Event
1499–1501		Safavids conquer Persia. Tabriz is the capital.
1498		Vasco da Gama reaches Mozambique and takes possession of it for Portugal.
1495	21 July	The Duchy of Württemberg is established out of the County of Württemberg. Stuttgart remains the capital.
1494	7 June	Representatives of the Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas, settling the countries' boundary of conquest in the Americas (and Africa and Asia) at a meridian 46°0' west of Greenwich.
1493	4 May	Spanish Pope Alexander VI issues the papal bull Inter caetera granting to the Crowns of Castile and Aragon (Spain) all newly discovered lands west of the meridian 100 leagues west of any of the islands of the Azores (approximately 38°11' west of Greenwich.)
1492	12 October	While seeking a route to the East Indies, Genoese navigator Cristoforo Colombo (Christopher Columbus) lands on the island of Guanahani in the Lucayan Archipelago, which he mistakes for the Japanese Archipelago. Columbus claims the archipelago for his patrons the Crowns of Castile and Aragon (Spain), and subsequently explores and claims Cuba and Hispaniola.
	3 May	Christopher Columbus arrives at Xamayca.
1490	20 May	Vasco da Gama discovers the sea route to India
	2 January	The combined forces of Castile and Aragon captured the Emirate of Granada, completing the Spain's Reconquista.
		King Vladislaus II moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom back to Buda.
		The Kingdom of Georgia is divided into different parts.
1489		The Kingdom of Cyprus falls to the Republic of Venice.
1488		Bartolomeu Dias rounds the Cape of Good Hope
1485		King Matthias I moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Bécs.
		The Astrakhan Khanate splits from the Golden Horde.
1482		The Burgundian Netherlands are disestablished and become the Austrian Netherlands as part of the Habsburg Monarchy.
		France gains the Duchy of Burgundy.
1481		France gains the County of Provence
1480	28 November	After the Great Stand on the Ugra River, the Grand Duchy of Moscow ceases to be a vassal state of the Golden Horde.
		According to temple records, a cyclone destroys the landbridge connecting the Kingdom of Kandy and Mainland India (Adam's Bridge).
1479		The Albanian League of Lezhë is annexed by the Ottoman Empire.
		The Republic of Venice loses parts of the Adriatic coast to the Ottoman Empire.
1478		Commenced the completion of the conquest of the Canary Islands by Catholic Monarchs' Spain.
		The Grand Duchy of Moscow annexes the Novgorod Republic.
		The Kingdom of Kartli is established. Tbilisi is the capital.
1477		The Sengoku period begins in Japan. The Ashikaga shogunat ends and Japan falls apart into small principalities.
1474		The Duchy of Holstein is created from the County of Holstein-Rendsburg.
1473		Mechelen becomes the capital of the Burgundian Netherlands.
1472		Ludlow becomes the administrative capital of Wales, as the site of the Council of Wales and the Marches
		The Kingdom of Scotland annexes Orkney and Shetland.
		Beginning of the rule of the Wattasid dynasty over Morocco. Fez is the capital.
1471		João de Santarém discovers São Tomé and takes possession of it for Portugal.
		The Kingdom of Portugal conquers Tangier.
1470		The Triarchy of Negroponte is annexed by the Ottoman Empire.
		The Chimú Empire is conquered by the Inca Empire.
1469		The crowns of the Iberian Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were united by the marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, as Kingdom of Spain.
1468		The Khanate of Sibir splits from the Golden Horde.
		The tribal empire of Kara Koyunlu is disestablished.
1465		The Kazakh Khanate is established. Sozak is the capital.
		The Kingdom of Kakheti is established. Gremi is the capital.
1464		The County of East Frisia is established.
		The Songhai Empire conquers Timbuktu from the Mali Empire.
1463		The Ottoman Empire annexes the Kingdom of Bosnia.
1462		Moghulistan splits into two parts.
		The uninhabited Cape Verde Islands become a colony of Portugal.
1461		The Empire of Trebizond is conquered by the Ottoman Empire as the last successor state of the Byzantine Empire.
1459		The Teutonic Order cedes its already leased-out former Danish Estonia over to its autonomous Livonian Order.
1458		The Republic of Ragusa becomes a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire.
		The Duchy of Athens is annexed by the Ottoman Empire.
1456		The Duchy of Bouillon is founded. Bouillon is the capital.
1455		The Kingdom of Imereti becomes independent from the Kingdom of Georgia. Kutaisi is the capital.
1454		The State of the Teutonic Order moves its capital from Marienburg to Königsberg.
1453	14 October	End of the second personal union between the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of England after the end of the Hundred Years' War.
	29 May	The Byzantine Empire falls to the Ottoman Empire. The capital of the Ottoman Empire is moved to Constantinople, present day Istanbul. Silk Road closed to trade causing European merchants to seek sea routes to Asian markets thus opening the "age of discovery."
	6 January	The Duchy of Austria becomes the Archduchy of Austria. Vienna remains the capital.
		France annexes the Duchy of Aquitaine.
1452		The Archbishopric of Riga and the autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order agree with a condominium over the nominally free town of Riga, until then de facto controlled by the Livonian Order.
1444	March	The Albanian Principalities are unified to form the Albanian Confederate of League of Lezhe.
1441		The Khanate of Crimea splits from the Golden Horde.
1438		The Khanate of Kazan splits from the Golden Horde. Kazan is the capital.
		The Inca Empire is established. Cusco is the capital.
		The Sukhothai Kingdom is annexed by the Ayutthaya Kingdom in Siam.
1435	1 September	The Archbishopric of Riga, the bishoprics of Courland, Dorpat and Ösel-Wiek, the autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order, and the town of Riga form the Livonian Confederation.
1434	March	The Archbishopric of Riga sells its Dondangen Parish to the Bishopric of Courland.
		The Republic of Genoa reconquers Corsica from the Kingdom of Aragon.
1432	March	Burgundy acquires the County of Hainaut
		The Principality of Achaea is annexed by the Byzantine Empire.
1431		The Khmer Empire is dissolved after the invasion of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.
c. 1430		The Songhai Empire becomes independent from the Mali Empire. Gao is the capital.
1429		The Ryukyu Kingdom is established. Shuri is the capital.
1428		Thái Tổ establishes the Later Lê dynasty in Vietnam. Đông Kinh is the capital.
		Abu'l-Khayr Khan establishes the Uzbek Khanate. Chimgi-Tura is the capital.
		The Aztec Empire in Mexico is established from the union of three city states.
1427		End of the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam.
1426		The Kingdom of Cyprus becomes a vassal state of the Mamluks.
1422		Start of the second personal union between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France.
1417		The County of Cleves is raised to the status of a Duchy. Cleves is the capital.
		The Principality of Wallachia becomes a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire.
		The Electorate of Brandenburg moves its capital from Brandenburg an der Havel to Berlin.
1416		Amadeus VIII establishes the Duchy of Savoy from the County of Savoy. Chambéry remains the Capital.
1415	21 August	The Conquest of Ceuta marks the beginning of the Portuguese Empire.
		The Adal Sultanate is established.
1413	7 June	The autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order becomes de facto independent from its parent order.
		The Ming dynasty of China defeats the Later Trần dynasty of Vietnam.
1412		Glyndŵr in 1409 loses Harlech Castle and his ally Edmund Mortimer dies. By 1412 English rule spreads and Machynlleth ceases to assert any claim to be Wales' capital.
		King Parakramabahu VI moves the capital of Kingdom of Sri Lanka to Kotte.
1411		The Ottoman Empire annexes the Despotat of Dobruja.
1410	15 June	The defeat of the State of the Teutonic Order against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland at the Battle of Tannenberg ends its eastern expansion.
1408		King Zsigmond of Luxemburg moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom back to Buda.
1407		The Ming dynasty of China conquers the Hồ dynasty of Vietnam. Start of the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam.
		Giản Định establishes the Later Trần dynasty in Vietnam.
		The Gujarat Sultanate is established. Ahmedabad is the capital.
1406		The Republic of Pisa is disestablished and annexed into the Republic of Florence.
1405		After the death of Timur, the Timurid Empire is split into two parts. The capital is moved from Samarkand to Herat.
1404		The Principality of Smolensk becomes part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
1403		The Ming dynasty makes Beijing the second capital after Nanjing.
1404		Owain Glyndŵr is crowned Prince of Wales, holding his Parliament at the capital, Machynlleth.
1401		The Timurid Empire conquers Damascus.
		The County of Savoy gains the County of Geneva.
1400		Hồ Quý Ly establishes the Hồ dynasty in Vietnam. Tây Đô is the capital.

1300–1399

Year	Date	Event
1399		The Principality of Piombino is established. The capital is Piombino.
1398		The Timurid Empire conquers Delhi.
	The Principality of Bayreuth and the Principality of Ansbach are established.
1397		The Kalmar Union between the Kingdom of Denmark, Kingdom of Norway and Kingdom of Sweden is established.
1396		The Second Bulgarian Empire is disestablished after it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
		The Tsardom of Vidin is disestablished after it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
1395		The Duchy of Milan is established. Milan is the capital.
1392		The Joseon Dynasty succeed the Goryeo Dynasty of Korea. Hanseong is the capital.
1390		The Kingdom of Kongo is established.
		The Triarchy of Negroponte becomes as the Kingdom of Negroponte a colony of the Republic of Venice.
		The Duchy of Neopatras is conquered by the Duchy of Athens.
1388		The County of Savoy receives the County of Nice.
1385		The Union of Krewo establishes the personal union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland.
1384		The Burgundian Netherlands are established.
1380		The County of Berg is raised to the status of a Duchy.
		The Bornu Empire is established.
1378		Aq Qoyunlu is established as a tribal federation.
1377	26 September	The Kingdom of Bosnia is established.
		Fall of the Srivijaya Empire in Southeast Asia.
1375		The Mamluks conquer the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.
		Kara Koyunlu is established as a tribal federation. Tabriz is the capital.
1373		First mention of the Luzon Empire.
		The Madurai Sultanate is annexed by the Vijayanagara Empire.
1370		Timur establishes the Timurid Empire. Samarkand is the capital.
1368		Hongwu establishes the Ming dynasty in China. Yingtian and Shuntian are the capitals.
		Huizong establishes the Northern Yuan dynasty in what is now Northern China and Mongolia.
		Muhammad Shah establishes the Bruneian Empire.
1366		The Prince-Bishopric of Liège annexes the County of Loon
1363		The Ottoman Empire moves its capital from Bursa to Adrianople.
		The County of Tyrol becomes part of the Habsburg Monarchy.
1362		The Principality of Kiev becomes part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
1358		Duke Rudolf IV of Austria has the Privilegium Maius forged, a set of documents which purports to elevate the Duchy of Austria to the status of "Archduchy". This status remains unrecognised.
		The Republic of Ragusa is established as a tributary state of the Kingdom of Hungary. Ragusa is the capital.
1356		The Electorate of Saxony is established from Saxe-Wittenberg.
		The Despotate of Dobruja is established. Karvuna is the capital.
		The Duchy of Jülich originates from the County of Jülich.
		The Margraviate of Brandenburg becomes the Electorate of Brandenburg. Brandenburg an der Havel remains the capital.
1354		Fa Ngum establishes Lan Xang in Laos. Luang Prabang is the capital.
1353		The County of Luxembourg is raised to the status of Duchy.
1352		The Bengal Sultanate is established. Pandua is the capital.
1350		With the foundation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, its capital is created in Ayutthaya, instead of the former Sukhothai.
1349		Dauphiné sold to France
		The Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia is incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland.
1348		The Duchy of Mecklenburg is established.
		The Pskov Republic is established. Pskov is the capital.
1347	7 June	The Teutonic Order leases the former Danish Estonia to its autonomous Livonian Order.
		England conquers Calais from France.
		Mogulistan ist established from parts of the Chagatai Khanate.
		The Bahmani Sultanate is established as a secession of the Delhi Sultanate. Gulbarga is the capital.
1346	1 November	Denmark sells and hands the Duchy of Estonia over to the Teutonic Order
		The Principality of Moldova is established.
1343		The Republic of Sanarica is established. With less than 300 inhabitants, Sanarica was an independent republic for c. four centuries until the end of the 18th century. It was the smallest state that had independent status for so long.
1341		King Magnus Eriksson of Sweden buys the county of Halland from Denmark.
		The Kingdom of Gampola succeeds the Kingdom of Dambadeniya. Gampola is the new capital.
1340		The Principality of Moscow becomes the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
1339		The County of Guelders becomes the Duchy of Guelders.
1338		The Ashikaga shogunate is founded in Japan. Kyoto is the capital.
1337		The Tsardom of Vidin is founded. Vidin is the capital.
1336		The Vijayanagara Empire is established in India. Vijayanagar is the capital.
		End of the Kenmu Restoration in Japan.
1335		The Ottoman Empire moves its capital from Söğüt to Bursa.
		The Duchy of Silesia becomes part of the Kingdom of Bohemia.
		The Madurai Sultanate secedes from the Delhi Sultanate. Ma'bar is the capital.
1334		The Delhi Sultanate moves its capital from Daulatabad to Delhi.
1333		In Japan, the Kenmu Restoration follows the Kamakura shogunate.
1331		The Principality of Vladimir-Susdal is absorbed into the Principality of Moscow.
1330	March	The autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order gains control over the nominally free town of Riga.
		The Principality of Walachia gains independence from the Kingdom of Hungary.
1328	4 May	By the Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton England recognizes the independence of Scotland after the English were expelled from Scotland by Robert the Bruce.
1327		The Delhi Sultanate moves its capital from Delhi to Daulatabad.
1326		The Crown of Aragon conquers Sardinia, creating the Kingdom of Sardinia
1325	13 March	The Mexicas (Aztecs) founded Tenochtitlan, the foundation of México. It is the oldest continuous capital in the Americas.
1323		King Charles I moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Visegrád.
1323	12 August	The treaty of Nöteborg is signed between Sweden and Novgorod, resulting in the first true border regulation in Swedish Finland.
1319		Crusaders establish the Duchy of Neopatras. Neopatras is the capital.
1316		France gains the Counties of Valentinois and Diois
1315		King Charles I moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Temesvár.
1310		The Duchy of Mirandola is founded. Mirandola is the capital.
1305		France gains the County of Vivarais
1303		Edward I of England invades Scotland again to subdue it
		The Kingdom of Dambadeniya moves its capital from Polonnaruwa to Kurunagala.
1302		The Kingdom of Naples is created by the division of the Kingdom of Sicily. Naples is the capital.
1301		France gains Barrois mouvant (County of Bar west of Meuse River)

1200–1299

Year	Date	Event
1299		The Ottoman Empire is established. Söğüt is the capital.
		The Republic of Pisa sells parts of Sardinia to the Republic of Genoa.
1297		The Kingdom of Dambadeniya moves its capital from Yapahuwa to Polonnaruwa
1296		The Duchy of Saxony is divided into the Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg and the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg.
		The Kingdom of Aragon conquers Corsica from the Republic of Genoa.
1295		Chambéry becomes the capital of the County of Savoy.
1293	10 March	Sweden conquers the southeastern parts of Finland.
		The Majapahit Empire is established.
1292		The Landgravate of Hesse becomes a Principality.
1291		The Old Swiss Confederacy is established through the merger of the cantons of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden.
		The Mamluks expel the last crusaders from Egypt.
		The Mamluks conquer the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
1290	February	The Archbishopric of Riga and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword conquer Semigallia, the last independent Latvian territory.
1289		The Mamluks conquer the County of Tripoli.
1287		King Parakramabahu III moves the capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka back to Polonnaruwa.
1286		The Sultanate of Showa is annexed into the Sultanate of Ifat.
1285		The Sultanate of Ifat is established.
1284		The Republic of Genoa conquers Corsica from the Papal States.
1283		The Principality of Moscow emerges as a vassal state of the Golden Horde. Moscow is the capital.
1282		The Diet of Augsburg assigns the Duchy of Austria to the House of Habsburg. Beginning of the Habsburg Monarchy.
1281		The second Mongol invasions of Japan fails.
1279	19 March	The Song dynasty is conquered by the Yuan dynasty in China.
		The Kingdom of Majorca becomes a vassal of the Crown of Aragon
		The Chola dynasty is disestablished.
1278	8 September	The Paréage of Andorra is signed, establishing a condominium between the Count of Foix and the Bishop of Urgell in the territory of Andorra.
1278		Andorra granted independence from the Crown of Aragon
1276		Kingdom of Majorca is split from the Crown of Aragon, which are inherited by different sons of James I of Aragon
1273		The Kingdom of Dambadeniya moves its capital from Dambadeniya to Yapahuwa.
1272		The Yuan dynasty of China moves its capital from Shangdu to Dadu.
	1 February	The Kingdom of Albania (medieval) established.
	10 August	Yekuno Amlak overthrows the Zagwe dynasty, establishing the Solomonic dynasty of Ethiopia. Lalibela ceases to be the capital, and the Emperor of Ethiopia rules from a continually moving encampment around his domains for the following centuries.
1271		Shizu establishes the Yuan dynasty in China.
1270		Goryeo becomes a Mongol vassal state.
1268		The Mamluks conquer the Principality of Antioch.
1266	2 July	Caithness and the territory of the Kingdom of the Isles (the Hebrides and Mann) is ceded to the Kingdom of Scotland by the Treaty of Perth
1264		The Landgravate of Hessen is established.
	The Duchy of Ferrara is established. Ferrara is the capital.
1263		After the death of Mindaugas the Kingdom of Lithuania becomes again the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
1261		Dissolution of the Latin Empire. Constantinople falls again to the Byzantine Empire.
1260	2 July	Mongol Empire splits
		Mongols conquer Aleppo. Fall of the Ayyubid dynasty.
1258	11 May	The Treaty of Corbeil formally ends French feudal overlordship of the counties in the Spanish March and Catalan counties in the March of Gothia
		Mongols conquer Baghdad. Fall of the Abbasid Caliphate.
		The Trần dynasty defeats and holds off Mongol Empire invasions.
1256		King Béla IV moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Buda.
		The Kingdom of Portugal moves its capital from Coimbra to Lisbon.
		The Ilkhanate originates from parts of the Mongol Empire. Maragheh is the capital.
1255	20 January	The Bishopric of Riga is elevated to the Archbishopric of Riga.
1254		Mongols conquer the Dali Kingdom.
1253		The Bishopric of Courland cedes some of its land to the autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order.
		The Principality of Galicia-Volhynia becomes a Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia a vassal state of the Golden Horde.
1251		The Kingdom of Lithuania is established from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Kernavė is the capital.
1250		The Ayyubid dynasty moves its capital from Cairo to Aleppo after the loss of Egypt.
		Beginning of the rule of the Mamluk Sultanate over Egypt after the victory over the Mongols. Cairo is the capital.
1245		The Crown of Aragon completes the reconquest of what would become the Kingdom of Valencia up to the limits agreed upon in the Treaty of Almizra
1242		The Mongol Empire Golden Horde conquers Russia. Sarai is the capital.
		The Mongols withdraw from Europe after receiving the news of Ögedei Khan's death. Before that they had already subjugated significant parts of Central and Eastern Europe. Other explanations for the retreat are the weather.
1240		Fall of Kievan Rus after the Mongol conquest.
		Mongols conquer Tibet.
		Mongols conquer Volga Bulgaria.
1238	7 June	The Treaty of Stensby returns Danish Estonia from the Livonian Order back to Denmark, while the order retains Jerwen.
		Sweden conquers central Finland.
		Mongols conquer Crimea.
		The Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek cedes some area in and around Leal in Western Estonia to the autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order.
		The Kingdom of Sukhothai is founded in Siam. Sukhothai is the capital.
1237	12 May	The Livonian Brothers of the Sword are incorporated into the Teutonic Order as the autonomous Livonian Order.
1236		Mongols invade Northern Korea
		Mindaugas establishes the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Voruta is the capital.
1235	September	The Mali Empire is established.
		Aragon conquers Ibiza, which becomes part of the Kingdom of Majorca
		Karakorum becomes the capital of the Mongol Empire.
		The Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg is established. Brunswick and Lüneburg are the capitals.
1234	24 July	The Bishopric of Courland is established from the Western Latvian territory of the Bishopric of Riga.
1231		Aragon completes the Conquest of Majorca and Menorca, establishing the Kingdom of Majorca as part of the Crown of Aragon
		Fall of the Khwarazmian dynasty in Persia.
1230		The Emirate of Granada is established. Granada is the capital.
		Unification of the Kingdom of León with the Kingdom of Castile to form the Crown of Castile.
1228	August	The Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek is established from the Western Estonian territory of the Bishopric of Riga. Some of its land is ceded to the Livonian Brothers of the Sword.
1227	February	The Bishopric of Riga and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword subjugate Saaremaa, the last independent Estonian county and the Sword Brothers conquer Danish Estonia.
1226		The State of the Teutonic Order is founded. Marienburg is the capital.
1225		Thái Tông establishes the Trần dynasty in Vietnam.
		The town of Riga gains independence from the Bishopric of Riga.
		The Chagatai Khanate originates from parts of the Mongol Empire.
1224	August	The Bishopric of Estonia is renamed the Bishopric of Dorpat.
	24 July	The Bishopric of Estonia cedes Wiek to the Bishopric of Riga.
	21 July	The Livonian Brothers of the Sword cede Southern Estonia to the Bishopric of Estonia (established in 1211). The bishopric returns some of the lands to the Sword Brothers.
		The Kingdom of Thessalonica is conquered by the Despotate of Epirus.
1223		Mongols defeat East Slavic warriors
1220		King Vijayabahu III founds the Kingdom of Dambadeniya. The capital is Dambadeniya.
1219		Denmark annexes the Northern Estonian counties of Revala, Harju County, Viru County and Järva County as the Duchy of Estonia.
1218		The Principality of Wales is recognized in the Treaty of Worcester.
		The Ayyubid dynasty moves its capital from Damascus back to Cairo.
1217		Serbian Kingdom established.
		The Papal States annex Corsica.
1216		The Principality of Wales is founded at the Council of Aberdyfi.
		The Livonian Brothers of the Sword establish first presence in Southern Estonia.
1215		Fall of the Ghurid dynasty.
		The Jaffna Kingdom is established.
1214		The County of Luxembourg is established.
		The Delhi Sultanate moves its capital from Badaun to Delhi.
		The Angevin Empire ends.
1212		The Principality of Anhalt is established. Weimar is the capital.
1210		The Mongol Empire captures much of the Western Liao dynasty.
		The Delhi Sultanate moves its capital from Lahore to Badaun.
1207	August	The Bishopric of Riga cedes one third of its lands to the Livonian Brothers of the Sword (established in 1202).
		The Republic of Venice conquers the island of Crete.
		Crusaders establish the Duchy of the Archipelago from areas of the Byzantine Empire. Naxos is the capital.
1206		Qutb al-Din Aibak establishes the Delhi Sultanate. Lahore is the capital.
		Genghis Khan establishes the Mongol Empire. Avarga is the capital.
1205		The Despotate of Epirus is established as the successor state of the Byzantine Empire. Arta is the capital.
		Crusaders establish the Duchy of Athens from areas of the Byzantine Empire. Athens is the capital.
1204		The Kingdom of France annexes the Duchy of Normandy.
		The Empire of Nicaea is established as a successor state of the Byzantine Empire. Nicaea is the capital.
		The Empire of Trebizond is established as a successor state of the Byzantine Empire. Trabizond is the capital.
		Crusaders establish the Triarchy of Negroponte from areas of the Byzantine Empire. Chalcis is the capital.
		Crusaders establish the Kingdom of Thessalonica from areas of the Byzantine Empire. Thessaloniki is the capital.
		Crusaders establish the Principality of Achaia from areas of the Byzantine Empire. Andravida is the capital.
		After the conquest of Constantinople, crusaders establish the Latin Empire which follows the Byzantine Empire. Constantinople is the capital.
1202		The Bishopric of Livonia is renamed the Bishopric of Riga.

1100–1199

Year	Date	Event
1199		The Principality of Galicia–Volhynia is established.
1198		The Principality of Bohemia becomes the Kingdom of Bohemia. Prague remains the capital.
1197		The Kingdom of Deheubarth is disestablished.
1194		The Seljuk Empire is disestablished.
1192		Crusaders establish the Kingdom of Cyprus.
		The Duchy of Styria joins the Kingdom of Hungary.
1190		The Principality of Arbanon is established.
1186		The Bishopric of Livonia establishes its first presence in modern Latvia.
		The Ghaznawid dynasty is disestablished.
1185		The Second Bulgarian Empire gains independence from the Byzantine Empire under Peter IV of Bulgaria.
		In Japan, the Kamakura period begins with the assumption of power by the Kamakura shogunate.
1183		The Duchy of Brabant is established. Brussels is the capital.
1180		The Kingdom of Benin is created with the foundation of the capital Edo.
		The Duchy of Styria is established. Graz is the capital.
1174		The Ayyubid dynasty moves its capital from Cairo to Damascus.
1172		Jämtland is conquered by the Kingdom of Norway.
1171		Saladin establishes the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt and Syria. Cairo is the capital.
		Fall of the Fatimids in Egypt.
		The Anglo-Norman Lordship of Ireland emerges and dominates most of the island of Ireland. The rest of the island remained under the control of various Gaelic-Irish kingdoms or chieftains, who were often at war with the Anglo-Normans.
1163		The Ghaznavid dynasty moves its capital from Ghazni to Lahore.
1162		The Viking Kingdom of Dublin is conquered by England.
		Alfonso II/I ascends to the thrones of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona, establishing the Crown of Aragon.
		The Principality of Catalonia follows the County of Barcelona.
1160		The Republic of Lucca is founded. Lucca is the capital.
1157		The Margraviate of Brandenburg is established. Brandenburg an der Havel is the capital.
		The Grand Duchy of Vladimir is established. Vladimir is the capital.
1156	17 September	The Duchy of Austria is established. Vienna is the capital.
		King Erik den helige of Sweden leads the first crusade to Finland and incorporates it with Sweden.
1154		The Angevin Empire is created from a personal union between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France.
1147		The Almohad Caliphate follows the Almoravid dynasty in al-Andalus and Northwest Africa. Tinmel is the capital.
1144		The County of Edessa is conquered by the Seljuks.
1140		The County of Tyrol is established.
1139		The Kingdom of Portugal gains independence from the Kingdom of León.
		The County of Portugal declares independence from the Kingdom of León, as the Kingdom of Portugal.
1138		The Duchy of Silesia is founded. Breslau is the capital.
1137		The Duchy of Naples is annexed by the Kingdom of Sicily.
1136		The Novgorod Republic is established. Novgorod is the capital.
1130	25 December	The Norman Kingdom of Sicily is established; the Duchy of Apulia and Calabria is disestablished
1126		Gaozong establishes the Southern Song dynasty in China. Lin'an is the capital.
		The Jurchen conquer Kaifeng and end the Northern Song dynasty. Thus the Jin dynasty takes over in Northern China.
1125		The Republic of Siena is established. Siena is the capital.
1124		Dezong establishes the Western Liao dynasty in what is now Northwest China and Central Asia. Balasagun is the capital.
1122		The Kingdom of Georgia moves its capital from Kutaisi to Tbilisi.
1121		The Duchy of Pomerania is established.
1115		Taizu establishes the Jin dynasty in China.
		The Republic of Florence is established. Florence is the capital.
1108		The County of Nice is established. Nice is the capital.
1102		Start of the Union between the Kingdom of Croatia and the Kingdom of Hungary.
		Crusaders conquer Tartus and found the County of Tripoli.
		The Duchy of Westphalia is established. Arnsberg is the capital.

1000–1099

Year	Date	Event
1099		Crusaders conquer Jerusalem and establish the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
1098		Crusaders conquer Edessa and found the County of Edessa.
		Crusaders conquer Antioch and establish the Principality of Antioch.
1097		King William II moves the capital of the Kingdom of England to London.
		The County of Portugal becomes part of the Kingdom of León.
1096		The County of Guelders is established. Geldern is the capital.
1092		William Rufus, son of William the Conqueror, invades Cumberland (then part of Scotland) and incorporates it into England.
		The Seljuk Empire is split up.
		Pope Urban II awards Corsica and Sardinia to the Republic of Pisa.
1091		Noto, Sicily is conquered by the County of Sicily, ending the Muslim Emirate of Sicily
		The County of Holland is founded. The Hague is the capital.
1088		The Principality of Taranto is established. Taranto is the capital.
		Pope Urban II starts the First Crusade.
1085		The Kingdom of Toledo is founded. Toledo is the capital.
		The County Palatine of the Rhine is established. Heidelberg is the capital.
1080		The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia is established. Tarsus is the capital.
1077		Establishment of the Khwarazmian dynasty in Persia and Central Asia. Gurganj is the capital.
1076		Muslim Almoravids conquer Ghana.
		The kingdoms of Pamplona and Aragon are reunited (in a personal union) under Sancho Ramírez, who styled himself "King of the Aragonians and Pamplonese". The two kingdoms are now de jure separate entities
		The Abbasid Caliphate conquers Syria.
		Palermo, the capital of the Emirate of Sicily is taken by the Normans. The Norman County of Sicily is established.
1066		England is conquered by William, Duke of Normandy, thus bringing England and the Duchy of Normandy into a personal union
1065		The kingdoms of Castile and Galicia are split from the Kingdom of León
		The Duchy of Limburg is established
1062		The Buyid dynasty is dissolved.
		The Almoravid dynasty moves its capital from Aghmat to Marrakesh.
1061		Estonians reconquer Ugandi County from the Kievan Rus'
		Messina, Sicily is captured from the Muslims by the Normans
		End of the Pala dynasty in India.
1059		The County of Apulia and Calabria is raised to a Duchy by the Pope
1058		The Duchy of Schleswig is founded.
1055		King Vijayabahu I moves the capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka to Polonnaruwa.
1018–1054		At some point between 1018 and 1054 the Kingdom of Strathclyde is conquered by Scotland
1043		Kingdom of Aragon becomes de facto independent from the Kingdom of Pamplona
		The Seljuk Empire moves its capital from Nishapur to Rey.
1042		The Norman County of Apulia and Calabria is established
		End of the North Sea Empire.
1040		The Almoravid dynasty is founded. Aghmat is the capital.
		The Chola conquer Sri Lanka.
1038		Jingzong establishes the Western Xia dynasty in China. Xingqing is the capital.
1037		Sultan Tughril establishes the Seljuk Empire as one of the early Turkish empires. Nishapur is the capital.
1035		The territory that would come to be the Kingdom of Aragon is united under Ramiro I of Aragon
1032		Kingdom of Arles is inherited by Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor and incorporated in the Holy Roman Empire.
1030		Kievan Rus' conquers Ugandi County in Southeastern Estonia.
1025		Under Rajendra I, the Chola dynasty subjugated large parts of Southeast Asia.
		Bolesław I. establishes the Kingdom of Poland.
1024		The Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht is established.
1018		English (Northumbrian) land north of the Tweed is ceded to Scotland.
		The First Bulgarian Empire ends with the annexation of the last territories by the Byzantine Empire.
1016		The North Sea Empire, a great empire united under King Cnut the Great, which included England, Denmark, Norway and parts of Northern Germany, Scotland and Sweden, is created by a personal union. Ribe is the capital.
1012		The County of Zeeland is established. Middelburg is the capital.
1009		Thái Tổ establishes the Lý dynasty in Vietnam.
1008		The Kingdom of Georgia is established from the union of all the Christian states of Georgia. Kutaisi is the capital.
1005		The Republic of Genoa is established. Genoa is the capital.
1003		Leif Ericson discovers Newfoundland and establishes a short-lived colony at L'Anse aux Meadows.
		Fall of the Saffarid dynasty in Persia.
		The County of Savoy is established.
1000		King Stephen I establishes the Hungarian Kingdom. Esztergom and Székesfehérvár are the official capitals.
1000		Gunnbjörn Ulfsson spots islands off the coast of Greenland. European discovery of the island itself is dated to the 980s, when explorers arrived from Iceland and Norway.
c. 1000		The Republic of Pisa is established. Pisa is the capital.

900–999

Year	Date	Event
987		Hughe Capet confirmes Paris as the capital of the Kingdom of the West Franks (soon to become the Kingdom of France).
985		The Prince-Bishopric of Liège is established.
981		The County of Namur is established.
980		Lê Hoàn establishes the Early Lê dynasty in Vietnam. Hoa Lư is the capital.
977		The Ghaznavid dynasty is established in Persia. Ghazni is the capital.
976		The Duchy of Carinthia is established.
975		Erik Segersäll becomes first king of Sweden
974		The Heian period begins in Japan. The capital is Kyoto.
971		The First Bulgarian Empire moves its capital from Preslav to Ohrid.
969		The Fatimids conquer Egypt from the Ikhshidids and establish the city of Cairo.
968		Đinh Bộ Lĩnh establishes the Đinh dynasty in Vietnam. Hoa Lư is the capital.
965		The Ngô dynasty of Vietnam collapses.
ca. 965		The Byzantine Empire establishes the theme of Lucania.
ca. 965		The Byzantine Empire establishes the Catepanate of Italy.
ca. 965		The Kalbids take the last remaining Byzantine territory in Sicily.
962	2 February	King Otto I of Germany and Italy has himself crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope, thereby forming the Holy Roman Empire. Rome is the official capital.
961		King Otto I of Germany invades the Kingdom of Italy (of which his wife Adelaide of Italy was already queen) and is crowned King.
		The Kingdom of Nri is established
960	3 January	Taizu establishes the Northern Song dynasty in China. Kaifeng is the capital.
959		Lower Lorraine is established
958		The Republic of Genoa is established. Genoa is the capital.
954		The Viking Kingdom of Jórvík (the Viking-ruled portion of the Kingdom Northumbria) is conquered by England, thus ending the Danelaw
953		The Electorate of Cologne is established. Cologne is the capital.
951		Taizu establishes the Later Zhou dynasty in China. Kaifeng is the capital.
		Shizu establishes Northern Han in China. Taiyuan is the capital.
948		The first Emirs of Sicily, the Kalbids, are appointed, establishing the Emirate of Sicily
947		Gaozu establishes the Later Han dynasty in China. Bianzhou is the capital.
942		England re-takes the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw
941		Jórvík reoccupies the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw for the Danes
939		Ngô Quyền establishes the Ngô dynasty in Vietnam. Cổ Loa is the capital.
		The Duchy of Brittany follows the Kingdom of Brittany.
938		Vietnam declares independence from the Southern Han of China. End of the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam.
937		Liezu establishes Southern Tang in China. Jinling is the capital.
		Taizu establishes Dali in what is now Southwest China.
936		Gaozu establishes the Later Jin dynasty in China.
		Goryeo Dynasty unified the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea.
934		The Ikhshidid dynasty is established in Egypt. They rule as vassals of the Abbasid Caliphate. Fustat is the capital.
	Gaozu establishes Later Shu in China. Chengdu is the capital.
	The Buyid dynasty is established in Persia. Shiraz is the capital.
933		The Kingdom of Arles is established. Arles is the capital.
c. 930		Fall of the Aksumite Empire. Beginning of the Zagwe dynasty in Ethiopia.
929		The Caliphate of Córdoba follows the Emirate of Córdoba.
927	12 July	King Athelstan of Wessex establishes the Kingdom of England. Winchester is the capital.
		The Kingdom of Northumbria is conquered by Wessex, thus uniting all of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms under one ruler and forming what would come to be known as the Kingdom of England
925		Tomislav establishes the Kingdom of Croatia out of the Duchy of Croatia.
		The Chola dynasty conquers Sri Lanka.
924		Wuxin establishes Jingnan in China. Jingzhou is the capital.
923		Zhuangzong establishes the Later Tang dynasty in China. Luoyang is the capital.
922		The County of Aragon falls under the control of the Kingdom of Pamplona
920		The Kingdom of Seisyllwg unites with the Kingdom of Dyfed to form the Kingdom of Deheubarth
920		The County of Horne is established
918		King Taejo establishes Goryeo Dynasty on the Korean Peninsula. Gaegyeong is the official capital.
		The Duchy of Burgundy is established.
		The Kingdom of East Anglia is conquered by Wessex
		The Kingdom of Mercia is absorbed into Wessex
917		Gaozu establishes Southern Han in China. Xingwang is the capital.
916–917		Mercia and Wessex reconquer the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw from the Danes
916		Taizu establishes the Liao dynasty in China.
911		The Duchy of Normandy is founded by the Vikings. Rouen is the capital.
910	10 December	The Kingdom of Asturias moves its capital to León and becomes the Kingdom of León
909		Fall of the Rustamid dynasty in North Africa.
		The Abbasid Caliphate reconquers Egypt from the Tulunids.
907		Taizu establishes Min in China. Changle is the capital.
		The Fatimids take Raqqada from the Aghlabid Emirate of Ifriqiya, establishing the Fatimid Caliphate
		Taizu establishes the Later Liang dynasty in China. Luoyang and Kaifeng are the capitals.
		Liezu establishes Yang Wu in China.
		Wumu establishes Ma Chu in China.
		Taizu establishes Wuyue in China.
		Collapse of the Tang dynasty in China.
906		The Duchy of Franconia is established.
905		The Khúc clan establishes de facto rule over Vietnam.
903		Gaozu establishes Former Shu in China. Chengdu is the capital.
902		The Byzantine city of Taormina, Sicily falls to the Emirate of Ifriqiya

800–899

Year	Date	Event
898		The Electorate of Trier is established.
896		The Sultanate of Showa is established.
895		Grand Prince Árpád establishes the Principality of Hungary.
893		The First Bulgarian Empire moved its capital from Pliska to Preslav.
891		The Byzantine Empire conquers Benevento and establishes the Theme of Longobardia.
891		Harald Fairhair unifies the Petty kingdoms of Norway and establishes the Kingdom of Norway. Stavanger becomes the capital.
884		Arminiya is dissolved.
880's		Byzantine control in southern Italy is extended over most of Apulia and Calabria.
880		The Kings of West Francia cede their portion of Lotharingia to East Francia by the Treaty of Ribemont.
879		The 'Kievan Rus' is established by Vikings. Novgorod is the capital.
878		The Emirate of Sicily takes Syracuse, Sicily from the Byzantine Empire.
876		The Byzantine Empire re-conquers Bari.
873		The Byzantine Empire re-conquers Otranto from the Saracens.
		The Tahirid Dynasty is conquered in Persia by the Saffarid Dynasty.
872		The Kingdom of Norway is unified.
870		As a result of the Treaty of Meerssen, Lotharingia is divided between East and West Francia, and Provence is divided between East Francia, West Francia and the Kingdom of Italy.
c. 870		The Principality of Bohemia is established. Prague is the capital.
869		The Danes conquer East Anglia.
868		The Turkic Tulunids under Ahmad ibn Tulun split off from the Abbasids and rule over Egypt.
		The County of Portugal is established. Braga is the capital.
867		The Danes conquer Northumbria.
865		Danish Vikings conquer parts of England and found Daneslaw.
862		The County of Flanders is established. Bruges is the capital.
861		The Saffarid dynasty is established in Persia. Zaranj is the capital.
860		Æthelberht succeeds his brother Æthelbald as king of Wessex, thus uniting it with Sussex and Kent.
858		Æthelberht is crowned king of Sussex and Kent.
855		Middle Francia is partitioned into the Kingdom of Italy, Lotharingia and the Kingdom of Provence by the Treaty of Prüm.
853		The Vikings establish the Kingdom of Dublin.
851		The Principality of Salerno is partitioned from the Principality of Benevento.
		The Kingdom of Brittany is established.
850		The Chimú Empire is established.
846		The March of Tuscany is established. Lucca is the capital.
843		Charles the Bald, grandson of Emperor Charlemagne, made Paris the capital of the Kingdom of the West Franks, established as the result of the Treaty of Verdun.
843		The Kingdom of Scotland (Kingdom of Alba) is unified.
843		The Carolingian Empire (Francia) is partitioned into three by the Treaty of Verdun, forming West, Middle and East Francia.
842		The Tibetan Empire disintegrates into different small states.
840		The Uyghur Khaganate is destroyed by the Kyrgyz.
836		The capital of the Abbasid Caliphate is moved to Samarra.
833		Great Moravia is established.
831	September	Palermo, Sicily is captured by the Aghlabid Emirate of Ifriqiya, is renamed al-Madinah, and becomes the capital of Muslim Sicily.
825		The Kingdom of Essex is ceded to Wessex.
825		The Kingdom of Sussex becomes subject to Wessex.
824		The Kingdom of Pamplona (later Navarre) is established.
821		The Tahirid dynasty is established in Persia. Merv is the capital.
820		The title Count of Aragon is usurped and Aragon ceases to be a vassal of the Franks.
814		Cornwall loses its independence to Wessex, possibly becoming a sub-kingdom.
810		The Republic of Venice moves its capital from Malamocco to Venice.
807		The County of Aragon is established.
802		Jayavarman II establishes the Khmer Empire.
801		The County of Barcelona is established. Barcelona is the capital.
800		Charlemagne establishes the Carolingian Empire. While Rome is the official capital of the empire, Aix-la-Chapelle is the de facto capital.
		Saxony is integrated into the Frankish Kingdom as the Duchy of Saxony.

700–799

Year	Date	Event
796		The capital of the Abbasid Caliphate is moved to Raqqa.
795		The Franks create the Marca Hispanica as a buffer against Muslim Al-Andalus.
794		Kyoto becomes the capital of Japan.
788		The Franks conquer Bavaria
788		The Franks annex Chieti from the Principality of Benevento to the Duchy of Spoleto
787		The Duchy of Benevento submits to Frankish overlordship but retain effective autonomy
785		Franks defeat Widukind thereby conquering the remaining Frisian lands east of the Lauwers and vassalizing Saxony.
774		Franks conquer the Kingdom of the Lombards (Italy)
		The Lombard Duchy of Benevento in the south of Italy effectively becomes independent and becomes the Principality of Benevento
769		Franks conquer Gascony
768–769		Franks conquer Aquitania
762		Baghdad becomes the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate for the first time.
761		The Rustamid dynasty is established in North Africa.
759		Franks conquer Septimania
756		Abd al-Rahman I establishes the Emirate of Córdoba as an Umayyad exile empire on the Iberian Peninsula. Córdoba is the capital.
754		The Papal States is established. Rome is the capital.
751		The Exarchate of Ravenna, the center of Byzantine power in Italy, is disestablished after the Lombards invade
		The Abbasid Caliphate defeats the Tang dynasty in the Battle of Talas, thus conquering Transoxania and spreading Islam in Central Asia.
		The Imamate of Oman is established.
750		The Abbasid Caliphate follows the Umayyad Caliphate. Kufa is the capital.
		Gopala I establishes the Pala dynasty in India
744		The Uyghur Khaganate follows the Second Turkic Khaganate.
	Franks conquer Alemannia
742		The Republic of Venice moves its capital from Eraclea to Malamocco.
734		Franks annexed the Frisian lands between the Vlie and the Lauwers
732		By winning the Battle of Tours, the Franks stop the Islamic expansion to the north.
725		The Lombards conquer Corsica from the Byzantine Empire.
722		The Kingdom of Asturias defeats the Muslim Al-Andalus in the Battle of Covadonga. Beginning of the Reconquista, which lasted for over 700 years.
718		Kingdom of Asturias established
		The second Arab siege of Constantinople failes and endes with the destruction of a large part of the Umayyad Caliphate's fleet. This prevents the complete conquest of the Byzantine Empire by the Muslims.
717		Córdoba becomes the capital of Muslim Al-Andalus.
711		A Berber force under the Berber general Tariq ibn Ziyad, loyal to the Emir of Damascus, enters the Iberian peninsula from North Africa, thus starting the foundation of Al-Andalus.
710		The Nara period begins in Japan.
705		The Tang dynasty in China is restored under Zhongzong.

600–699

Year	Date	Event
697		The Republic of Venice is established. Eraclea is the capital.
690		King Go establishes Balhae in Manchuria and northern Korean Peninsula.
		Wu Zhao establishes Wu Zhou in China. Shendu is the capital.
		Muslims conquer North Africa
682		The Second Turkic Khaganate becomes independent of the Tang dynasty.
681		Khan Asparukh crosses the Danube Delta and settles in the Ongal area (Southern Bessarabia or northern Dobruja). Asparukh, with his Slav allies, defeats Byzantine Emperor Constantine IV and establishes the First Bulgarian Empire. Pliska is the capital.
680		The Kingdom of Ceredigion changes its name to the Kingdom of Seisyllwg.
676		Silla unified the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Gyeongju is the capital.
661		Muawiyah I establishes the Umayyad Caliphate, which follows the Rashidun Caliphate. Damascus is the capital.
		The Duchy of Naples is established as a province of the Byzantine Empire and soon becomes a de facto independent state. Naples is the capital.
656		The Rashidun Caliphate moves its capital from Medina to Kufa.
654		Arminiya is established. Dvin is the capital.
651		The Sasanian Empire collapses after the conquest of Persia by the Rashidun Caliphate.
650		The Srivijaya Empire is established.
643		The Rashidun Caliphate conquers Tripolitania from the Byzantine Empire.
640		The Rashidun Caliphate conquers Egypt from the Byzantine Empire.
634		The Anglian kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira unite to form Northumbria.
632		Abu Bakr establishes the Rashidun Caliphate, which is the first great Muslim empire. Medina is the capital.
630	11 January	The Islamic prophet, Muhammad (Muhammad ibn ‘Abdullāh) conquers Mecca and unites Arabia. Medina is the capital.
628		Hwicce becomes a client or sub-kingdom of Mercia.
618	18 June	Gaozu establishes the Tang dynasty in China. Chang'an and Luoyang are the capitals.
		Songtsen Gampo establishes the Tibetan Empire. Chengguan is the capital.
605		The Sui Dynasty in China moves its capital from Chang'an to Luoyang.
602		The Early Lý dynasty of Vietnam is conquered by the Sui dynasty of China. Start of the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam.
		The Duchy of Aquitaine is established.
		The Duchy of Gascony is established.
c. 600		The Duchy of Croatia is established.
		The Frisian Kingdom is established. Dorestad is the capital.

500–599

Year	Date	Event
585		The Visigothic Kingdom conquers the Kingdom of the Suebi.
581		Wen establishes the Sui dynasty in China. Chang'an is the capital.
580		The Sasanian Empire annexes the Kingdom of Iberia.
571		The Duchy of Benevento is established.
570		The Duchy of Spoleto is established. Spoleto is the capital.
557		Xiaomin establishes the Northern Zhou dynasty in China.
		Wu establishes the Chen dynasty in China.
555		Xuan establishes the Western Liang dynasty in China.
		Garibald I becomes the first documented duke of the Duchy of Bavaria.
553		The Ostrogothic Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantine Empire
552		The First Turkic Khaganate is established.
550		Wenxuan establishes the Northern Qi dynasty in China.
544		Lý Nam Đế establishes the Early Lý dynasty in Vietnam. End of the Second Chinese domination of Vietnam.
543		Fall of the Gupta Empire in India.
538		The Baekje of Korea moves its capital from Ungjin to Sabi.
538		The Vandal Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantine Empire
534		Wen establishes the Western Wei dynasty in China.
		Xiaojing establishes the Eastern Wei dynasty in China.
527		Mercia is established. Tamworth is the capital.
522		The Byzantine Empire conquers Corsica from the Vandals.
519		The Kingdom of Wessex is established. Winchester is the capital.
508		Frankish King Clovis the Frank makes Paris the capital of the Frankish Kingdom.
502		Wu establishes the Liang dynasty in China.
c. 500		The Ghana Empire is established.

400–499

Year	Date	Event
494		Buyeo is conquered by 'Goguryeo.
493		Ostrogoths establish a kingdom in Italy
490		Odoacer is defeated at the river Adda by the Goths and flees
486		The Kingdom of Soissons, a Roman rump state ruled by Syagrius, is conquered by the Franks
481		The Frankish Empire is established by Clovis I and includes large areas of the former Western Roman Empire. Tournai is the capital.
480		A Roman rump state, Roman Dalmatia, is disestablished after Julius Nepos is murdered
479		Gao establishes the Southern Qi dynasty in China. Jiankang is the capital.
c. 477		The Kingdom of Sussex is established. Chichester is the capital.
476	4 September	Germanic General Odoacer forces Roman Emperor Romulus Augustus to abdicate, bringing the Western Roman Empire to an end.
475		The Baekje of Korea moves its capital from Wirye to Ungjin by pressure of Goguryeo.
469		The Hunnic Empire is disestablished after Dengizich dies
457–461		Western Roman Emperor Majorian makes a concerted effort to try to restore the Empire, and reconquers most of Hispania and southern Gaul
c. 455		The Kingdom of Kent is founded. Canterbury is the capital.
451–453		Huns attack the Western Roman Empire
c. 440		Attila the Hun establishes the Hunnic Empire north of the Danube.
439		The Vandals take Carthage.
435		The Vandals establish a kingdom in North Africa.
430		The Vandals conquer Corsica from the Western Roman Empire.
429		Vandals enter Africa
428		The Kingsom of Armenia is annexed by the Sasanian Empire.
427		The Goguryeo of Korea moves its capital from Gungnae City to Pyongyang.
426		Alans leave Hispania
420		Wu establishes the Liu Song dynasty in China. Jiankang is the capital.
418		The Visigoths establish a kingdom in southern Gaul
411		The Burgundians establish a kingdom in the western bank of the Rhine
407		Qujie establishes Xia in China.
		Ziyu establishes Northern Yan in China.
405		A mixed group of barbarians including Vandals, Alans, and Suebi enter the Western Roman Empire in the Crossing of the Rhine
402		Western Roman Empire capital moved to Ravenna

300–399

Year	Date	Event
407		Wulie establishes Hu Xia in China.
		Huiyi establishes Northern Yan in China.
400		Wuzhao establishes Western Liang in China.
398		Xianwu establishes Southern Yan in China.
397		Wu establishes Southern Liang in China.
		Duan Ye establishes Northern Liang in China.
395	17 January	At his death, Roman Emperor Theodosius I (Flavius Theodosius) permanently splits the Roman Empire between his two sons. Arcadius (Flavius Arcadius) rules the Eastern Roman Empire from Constantinopolis (now Istanbul, Turkey), and Honorius (Flavius Honorius) rules the Western Roman Empire from Mediolanum (now Milan, Italy).
386		Yiwu establishes Later Liang in China. Guzang is the capital.
		Daowu establishes the Northern Wei dynasty in China.
385		Xuanlie establishes Western Qin in China.
384		Chengwu establishes Later Yan in China.
		Wuzhao establishes Later Qin in China. Chang'an is the capital.
		Liewen establishes Western Yan in China.
375		Fall of Kushan Empire in India.
370		The Bosporan Kingdom is disestablished
370		Huns appear north of the Black Sea
358		Franks allowed to settle in Toxandria (present-day Belgium)
351		Jingming establishes Former Qin in China.
337		Wenming establishes Former Yan in China.
330	11 May	Roman Emperor Constantine the Great builds a new capital for the Roman Empire at Byzantium which he renames Constantinopolis (now Istanbul, Turkey).
324	18 September	Constantine the Great (Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus) reunites the Roman Empire. Nicomedia (now İzmit, Turkey) becomes the capital.
320		Ming establishes Former Liang in China.
319		Ming establishes Later Zhao in China.
317		Yuan establishes the Eastern Jin dynasty in China. Jiankang is the capital.
304		Guangwen establishes Han Zhao in China.
		Wu establishes Cheng Han in China. Chengdu is the capital.
301	3 September	Saint Marinus establishes the Most Serene Republic of San Marino, declaring independence from the Roman Empire. The City of San Marino is the capital.

200–299

Year	Date	Event
293		Roman co-emperors Diocletian and Maximian split the Roman Empire into a tetrarchy with capitals at Mediolanum (now Milan, Italy), Augusta Treverorum (now Trier, Germany), Nicomedia (now İzmit, Turkey), and Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia).
286	1 April	Roman Emperor Diocletian (Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus) appoints Maximian (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Herculius) co-emperor, splitting the Roman Empire into a dyarchy with capitals at Mediolanum (now Milan, Italy) and Augusta Treverorum (now Trier, Germany).
274		Roman Emperor Aurelian conquers the Palmyrene Empire which is subsumed back into the Roman Empire.
273		Roman Emperor Aurelian (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus) conquers the Gallic Empire which is subsumed back into the Roman Empire.
271		Roman Dacia is abandoned
269		The Palmyrene Empire conquers the Roman Province of Egypt.
		Roman Emperor Claudius II recovers Hispania from the Gallic Empire
266		Wu establishes the Western Jin dynasty in China. Luoyang and Chang'an are the capitals.
260		Syrian Queen Zenobia breaks from the Roman Empire and establishes the Palmyrene Empire. Palmyra is the capital.
		Postumus (Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus) breaks from the Roman Empire and establishes the Gallic Empire. Colonia Agrippina (now Cologne, Germany) is the capital.
240		Gupta Empire forms in India
234		Xianbei is dissolved.
224		The Indo-Parthian Kingdom is dissolved.
		The Sasanian Empire is established in Persia and follows the Parthian Empire.
222		Da establishes Eastern Wu in China. Wuchang and Jianye are the capitals.
221		Zhaolie establishes Shu Han in China. Chengdu is the capital.
220		Wen establishes Cao Wei in China. Xuchang and Luoyang are the capitals.

100–199

Year	Date	Event
192		The first kingdom of the Champa is established.
c. 180		Buyeo is being established in Northeast Asia.
136		After the Bar Kokhba revolt, the Romans dissolve the province of Judea and incorporated it into Syria Palaestina.
114–116		A war with the Parthian Empire leads to parts of Mesopotamia being annexed to the Roman Empire.
106		Roman provinces of Roman Dacia established.
		The Romans conquer the Nabataean Empire and establish the province Arabia Petraea.

1–99 CE

Year	Date	Event
93		Xianbei emerges as a tribal federation of nomadic tribes.
83		The Romans establish the provinces Germania inferior and Germania superior.
71–84		Conquest of Wales and southern Scotland by Romans
44		Romans conquer Mauretania.
42		The Gaya confederacy is established in the south of the Korean peninsula.
41		Start of the Second Chinese domination of Vietnam.
40		The Trưng Sisters rebel against Chinese rule in Vietnam. End of the First Chinese domination of Vietnam.
30		Kujula Kadphises establishes the Kushan Empire.
25		Guangwu establishes the Eastern Han dynasty in China.
19		The Indo-Parthian Kingdom splits off from the Parthian Empire. Taxila is the capital.
12		Romans conquer the Artaxiad dynasty.
9		Wang Mang establishes the Xin dynasty in China.
5		Romans conquer much of the Middle East
3		The Goguryeo of Korea moves its capital from Jolbon to Gungnae.

First Millennium BCE

Year	Date	Event
18 BCE		Onjo establishes Baekje on the central Korean Peninsula. Wiryeseong is the capital.
27 BCE	16 January	The Roman Senate grants Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus the title Augustus. This effectively ends the Roman Republic and establishes the Roman Empire.
30 BCE	1 August	Roman consul Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus conquers the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. Octavianus organizes Egypt as a province under his personal control.
35 BCE		The Romans conquer the city of Sirmium, modern Sremska Mitrovica
37 BCE		Dongmyeong establishes Goguryeo on the northern Korean Peninsula. Jolbon is the capital.
		Romans annex the Kingdom of Numidia.
43 BCE		Romans start their conquest of Great Britain.
58–50 BCE		Romans conquer Gaul
57 BCE		Hyeokgeose establishes Silla on the southeast Korean Peninsula. Gyeongju is the capital.
63 BCE		Romans conquer Jerusalem
63 BCE		Romans annex western Pontus and create a client state out of the Eastern portion under Pharnaces II.
75 BCE		The Kanva dynasty is established.
111 BCE		By this date, the Han dynasty under Wu had conquered much of what is today Southern China and Northern Vietnam from Nanyue. Start of the First Chinese domination of Vietnam.
133 BCE		Upon the death of Attalus III, he wills his kingdom of Pergamon to the Roman Republic.
133 BCE		Romans conquer Celtiberia following the Siege of Numantia
135 BCE		Western half of Minyue conquered by the Han dynasty.
146 BCE		Romans conquer Iberia
		Ancient Carthage is disestablished
		Romans conquer Corinth and dissolve the Achaean League
		Roman provinces of Macedon and Achaea formed
148 BCE		Mithridates I of Parthia conquers Ectebana
168 BCE		Romans dissolve the Kingdom of Macedon after the Battle of Pydna.
180 BCE		Demetrius I of Bactria invades India, forming the Indo-Greek Kingdom.
185 BCE		The Shunga Empire is formed after the Mauryan Empire is destroyed
194 BCE		Wanggeom-seong becomes the capital of Wiman Joseon on the Korean Peninsula.
194 BCE		Seleucids take control of Coele Syria and Judea from Ptolemaic Egypt
194 BCE		Romans force Philip of Macedon to abandon Greece in the Peace of Flamininus, while allowing him to maintain Macedon itself.
around 200 BCE		The Nabataean Empire is established. Petra is the capital.
202 BCE	28 February	Gaozu establishes the Western Han dynasty in China. Chang'an is the capital.
		The Kingdom of Numidia is established. Cirta is the capital.
204 BCE		Wu establishes Nanyue in what is now Southern China. Panyu is the capital.
206 BCE		Fall of the Qin dynasty in China.
209 BCE		The Romans conquer Cartagena from the Carthaginians, bringing Carthaginian Spain under Roman control
211 BCE		Romans capture Syracuse
221 BCE		Qin Shi Huang unifies ancient China and establishes the Qin dynasty in China. Xianyang is the capital.
		Qi conquered by Qin.
222 BCE		Zhao conquered by Qin.
		Yan conquered by Qin.
225 BCE		Wei conquered by Qin.
230 BCE		Han conquered by Qin.
238 BCE		Arsaces I of Parthia establishes the Arsacid Dynasty of Parthia. Hecatompylus becomes the capital.
238 BCE		Sardinia and Corsica become Roman provinces
238 BCE		Sicily becomes first Roman province
266 BCE		Ashoka unifies most of South Asia
281 BCE		Lysimachus dies at the Battle of Corupedium, his empire falling to the Seleucids
291 BCE		Demetrius Poliorcetes captures Thebes after a successful siege.
294 BCE		Demetrius I of Macedon kills Alexander V of Macedon, and in claiming the throne loses Thebes to a revolt.
c. 300 BCE		The Chola dynasty is established.
301 BCE		The death of Antigonus I Monophthalmus at the Battle of Ipsus results in his kingdom being divided between the remaining Diadochi, namely Ptolemy I Soter, Seleucus I Nicator, Lysimachus, and Cassander.
302 BCE		Parnavaz I founds the Kingdom of Iberia in the Caucasus.
305 BCE		Macedonian general Ptolemy establishes the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt as King Ptolemy I Soter.
306 BCE		Following the death of Alexander IV of Macedon, Antigonus I Monophthalmus declares himself an independent king, soon to by followed by his fellow Diadochi Ptolemy I Soter, Seleucus I Nicator, Lysimachus, and Cassander.
309 BCE		Seleucus I Nicator forms the Seleucid Empire after conquering Babylonia, Media, and Elam from Antigonus I Monophthalmus in the Babylonian War, leaving him with one third of his empire.
312 BCE		Macedonian general Seleucus establishes the Seleucid Empire. Babylon is the capital.
316 BCE		The states of Shu and Ba are conquered by King Huiwen of Qin.
322 BCE		Chandragupta establishes the Maurya Empire of ancient India. Pataliputra (now Patna) is the capital.
323 BCE		Alexander dies and his empire splits
329 BCE		Alexander conquers Samarkand
330 BCE		Alexander the Great of Macedon conquers the Achaemenid Empire. Alexander makes Babylon the capital.
331 BCE		The Kingdom of Armenia is established. Dvin is the capital.
332 BCE		Alexander the Great of Macedon conquers Persian-occupied Egypt and establishes the Argead Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Alexander III. Alexander builds a new capital at Alexandria.
338 BCE		Phillip II of Macedon unites Greece
343 BCE		Artaxerxes III of Persia reconquers Egypt and establishes the Persian Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Artaxerxes III.
375 BCE		Zheng annexed by Han
376 BCE		Fall of Jin in China.
377 BCE		The Anuradhapura Kingdom is established.
380 BCE	November	Pharaoh Nectanebo I establishes the Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt. Sebennytos becomes the capital.
387 BCE		The Peace of Antalcidas imposes Persian rule on the Greek cities of Asia and Cyprus.
399 BCE	Autumn	Pharaoh Nefaarud I establishes the Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt. Mendes becomes the capital.
403 BCE		Zhao arises from the division of Jin.
		Han arises from the division of Jin.
		Wei arises from the division of Jin.
404 BCE		Amyrtaeus expels the Persians from Egypt and establishes the Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Amyrtaeus. Sais is the capital.
404 BCE		Athens surrenders to Sparta and her allies, resulting in the dismemberment of the Delian League and a temporary Spartan hegemony
405 BCE		Gela and Camarina in Sicily are abandoned by the Greeks and sacked by Carthage
406 BCE		Akragas in Sicily is abandoned by the Greeks and sacked by Carthage
409 BCE		Selinus and Himera in Sicily are destroyed by Carthage
479 BCE		Delian League established
		The Kingdom of Macedonia becomes independent of the Achaemenid Empire.
492 BCE		The Kingdom of Macedonia is conquered by the Achaemenid Empire.
504 BCE		King Panduvasudeva moves the capital of the Kingdom of Lanka to Upatissa Nuwara.
509 BCE		The Roman Republic supersedes the Kingdom of Rome.
515 BCE		Darius the Great moves the capital of the Achaemenid Empire to Persepolis.
525 BCE	May	Cambyses II of Persia conquers Egypt and establishes the Persian Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Cambyses II.
535 BCE		Cyrus the Great conquers the Gandhara Kingdom
		Cyrus the Great conquers Phoenicia.
539 BCE		Cyrus the Great conquers the Neo-Babylonian Empire
543 BCE		King Vijaya establishes the Kingdom of Lanka and makes Tambapanni the new capital.
546 BCE		Cyrus the Great conquers the Lydian Empire
550 BCE		Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire and makes Pasargadae the new capital.
586 BCE		Traditional date for the destruction of the Kingdom of Judah at the hands of the Babylonians.
605 BCE		With the Battle of Carchemish, the Neo-Assyrian Empire is destroyed and replaced by a balance of power between Babylon, Media, Lydia and Egypt.
609 BCE		Harran, the new capital of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, is destroyed by the Medes and Babylonians
612 BCE		Nineveh falls to a coalition of the Medes and Babylonians
615 BCE	October or November	The Medes conquer Arrapha from the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
620 BCE		Uruk and Nippur are conquered by the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
626 BCE	November	The Neo-Babylonian Empire is established.
640 BCE		The Assyrians conquer Elam.
650 BCE		Ancient Carthage is established
653 BCE		After the Battle of Ulai, Elam is vassalized by the Assyrians
657 BCE		Byzantium is settled by colonists from Megara
660 BCE	11 February	Emperor Jimmu establishes the Empire of Japan.
c. 664 BCE		Pharaoh Necho I establishes the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt. Sais is the capital.
671 BCE		Esarhaddon captures Memphis and drives the Kushites out of Lower Egypt, and establishes local rulers in the delta region.
694 BCE		Deioces is elected the first King of the Medes. Ecbatana (now Hamadan) is the capital.
695 BCE		Gordium, capital of Phrygia, is destroyed by the Cimmerians, resulting in Phrygia being ruled by the Lydians
c. 700 BCE		Phoenicians establish a colony in Malta with Maleth as capital.
705 BCE		The capital of Assyria moves from Dur-Sharrukin to Nineveh.
706 BCE		The capital of Assyria moves from Nimrud to Dur-Sharrukin.
713 BCE		The Neo-Hittite states of Tabal and Hilakku fall to the Assyrians
717 BCE		The Neo-Hittite state of Carchemish falls to the Assyrians
720 BCE		Traditional date for the destruction of the Kingdom of Israel at the hands of the Assyrians
c. 728 BCE		Pharaoh Tefnakhte establishes the Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt. Sais becomes the capital.
732 BCE		The Assyrians conquer Damascus, ending the kingdom of Aram-Damascus.
733 BCE-734 BCE		The city of Syracuse, Sicily is founded by settlers from Corinth and Tenea.
c. 740 BCE		Nubian King Piye establishes the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt and rules Egypt from Napata in Nubia.
745 BCE		Tiglath-Pileser III founds the Neo-Assyrian Empire, annexing the city of Babylon
753 BCE	21 April	Romulus establishes the Kingdom of Rome. The new city of Rome becomes the capital.
770 BCE		Ping establishes the Eastern Zhou dynasty in China. Wangcheng is the capital.
808 BCE		Karanus establishes the Argead Dynasty of Macedon and builds Aigai to be the capital.
c. 875 BCE		Pharaoh Pedubast I establishes the Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes is the capital of Upper Egypt.
879 BCE		Ashurnasirpal II moves the capital of the New Assyrian Empire to Kalhu.
c. 910 BCE		Feizi establishes Qin in China.
		Beginning of the city states in Ancient Greece.
911 BCE		Adad-nirari II establishes the New Assyrian Empire.
c. 930 BCE		The Kingdom of Israel under Jeroboam I separates from the Kingdom of Judah under Rehoboam. Samaria becomes the capital of Israel, Jerusalem remains the capital of Judah.
c. 945 BCE		Pharaoh Shoshenq I establishes the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt.

Second Millennium BCE

Year	Event
c. 1004 BCE	King David conquers the city of Jebus and makes the renamed City of David (now Jerusalem) the capital of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah.
c. 1043 BCE	Bo Qin establishes Lu in China. Qufu is the capital.
c. 1046 BCE	Shangfu establishes Qi in China. Yingqiu is the capital.
	Wu establishes Western Zhou dynasty in China. Fenghao is the capital.
c. 1047 BCE	Shaul ben Qysh establishes the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah. Gibeah is the capital.
c. 1070 BCE	Pharaoh Nesbanebdjed I establishes the Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt. Tanis becomes the capital.
c. 1077 BCE	The New Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
c. 1100 BCE	Jin is established in China.
c. 1184 BCE	Greeks destroy the city-state of Troy.
c. 1188 BCE	Pharaoh Setnakhte establishes the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 1230 BCE	Pharaoh Ramesses II builds a new capital for the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt at the site of Avaris and names it Pi-Ramesses Aa-nakhtu.
c. 1243 BCE	Ashur-nadin-apli of the Middle Assyrian Empire moves capital back to Assur.
	Tukulti-Ninurta I of the Middle Assyrian Empire moves capital to Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta.
c. 1272 BCE	Mursili III of the Hittite empire moves capital back to Hattusa.
c. 1293 BCE	Pharaoh Ramesses I establishes the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 1295 BCE	Pharaoh Muwatalli II of the Hittite empire moves capital to Tarhuntassa.
c. 1332 BCE	Collapse of the Indus Valley Civilisation.
c. 1332 BCE	Pharaoh Tutankhamun of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt moves capital to Memphis.
c. 1340 BCE	Ashur-uballit I establishes the Middle Assyrian Empire. Assur is the capital.
c. 1345 BCE	Pharaoh Akhenaten of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt moves capital to Amarna (Akhetaton).
c. 1400 BCE	Kurigalzu I a Kassite king in Mesopotamia moves the capital to Dur-Kurigalzu.
c. 1534 BCE	Agum II establishes the rule of the Kassites in Mesopotamia. Babylon becomes the capital.
	Pharaoh Ahmose I establishes the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 1550 BCE	The New Kingdom of Egypt is established
c. 1600 BCE	Tang establishes the Shang dynasty in China. Yin is the capital.
c. 1619 BCE	Rahotep Sekhenrewahkhaw establishes the Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 1620 BCE	Djehuti establishes the Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes is the capital.
c. 1624 BCE	Salitis establishes the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Avaris is the capital.
c. 1650 BCE	The Middle Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
c. 1710 BCE	Nehesy establishes the Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Xois is the capital.
c. 1763 BCE	Hammurabi establishes the Babylonian Empire.
c. 1778 BCE	Wegaf Khutawyre establishes the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 1810 BCE	Sumu-Epuh first attested king of the empire of Yamhad. Aleppo is the capital.
c. 1894 BCE	Sumu-abum establishes the First Babylonian dynasty. Babylon is the capital.
c. 1900 BCE	Zulilu establishes the Old Assyrian Empire. Assur is the capital.
c. 1940 BCE	The Third Dynasty of Ur falls after an Elamite invasion
c. 1983 BCE	Amenemhat I establishes the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt and builds Amenemhat-itj-tawy to be the new capital.

Third Millennium BCE

Year	Event
c. 2047 BCE	Ur-Nammu establishes the Sumerian Third Dynasty of Ur. Ur is the capital.
c. 2055 BCE	The Middle Kingdom of Egypt is established.
c. 2070 BCE	Yu the Great establishes the Xia dynasty in China. Yangcheng and Zhenxun are the capitals.
c. 2112 BCE	Utu-hengal defeats the Gutians and establishes the Third Dynasty of Ur.
c. 2130 BCE	Mentuhotep I establishes the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes becomes the capital of Upper Egypt.
	Meryhathor establishes the Tenth Dynasty of Egypt. Henen-nesut remains the capital of Lower Egypt.
c. 2160 BCE	Meryibre Khety establishes the Ninth Dynasty of Egypt. Henen-nesut becomes the capital of Lower Egypt.
c. 2165 BCE	Neferkare Pepiseneb establishes the Eighth Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 2175 BCE	Netjerkare establishes the Seventh Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 2181 BCE	The Old Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the First Intermediate Period of Egypt.
c. 2193 BCE	The Akkadian Empire collapses after an invasion by the Gutian people.
c. 2270 BCE	Sargon of Akkad establishes the Sumerian First Dynasty of Akkad after defeating Lugal-zage-si at the Battle of Uruk. Akkad is the capital.
c. 2333 BCE	Dangun Wanggeom establishes Gojoseon on the Korean Peninsula.
c. 2380 BCE	Ur-Nanshe establishes the Sumerian First Dynasty of Lagash superseding the Fourth dynasty of Kish. Lagash is the capital.
c. 2336 BCE	Teti establishes the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 2350 BCE	The Elamite Awan dynasty is established.
c. 2494 BCE	Userkaf establishes the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt.
24th century BCE	The Fourth dynasty of Kish supersedes the Dynasty of Akshak. The capital is moved from Akshak to Kish.
	The Dynasty of Akshak supersedes the Third dynasty of Kish. The capital is moved from Kish to Akshak.
	The Third dynasty of Kish supersedes the Dynasty of Mari. The capital is moved from Mari to Kish.
	The Dynasty of Mari regains control of Sumer. Mari is its capital.
	The Dynasty of Adab splits after the death of Lugal-Anne-Mundu. Lagash, Akshak, and Umma appear to have regained independence.
	The Dynasty of Adab supersedes the Second dynasty of Uruk. The capital is moved from Uruk to Adab.
	The Second dynasty of Uruk supersedes the Dynasty of Hamazi in Sumer. The capital is moved from Hamazi to Uruk.
c. 2500 BCE	The Dynasty of Hamazi supersedes the Second dynasty of Kish. The capital is moved from Kish to Hamazi.
c. 2655 BCE	Sneferu establishes the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 2686 BCE	The Old Kingdom of Egypt is established. This era sees the building of the Egyptian pyramids.
26th century BCE	The Second dynasty of Kish takes control of Sumer from the Elamite Awan dynasty. The capital is Kish.
	The Elamite Awan dynasty conquers the Sumerian First Dynasty of Ur
	Mesannepada establishes the First Dynasty of Ur. Ur becomes the de facto capital of Sumer.
c. 2727 BCE	Djoser establishes the Third Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 2750 BCE	Mesh-ki-ang-gasher establishes the First Dynasty of Ur. Uruk becomes the capital.
c. 2860 BCE	Hotepsekhemwy establishes the Second Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 2879 BCE	Dương Vương establishes the Hồng Bàng dynasty in Vietnam.

Fourth Millennium BCE

Year	Event
c. 3000 BCE	Etana establishes the Sumerian First Dynasty of Kish. Kish is the capital.
c. 3080 BCE	Narmer (or Menes) unites Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt under the First Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis becomes the capital of all Egypt.
c. 3200 BCE	The regional power centers of Thinis, Naqada, and Nekhen dominate Upper Egypt.
	Beginning of the Indus Valley Civilisation in South Asia.
	The city-states of Eridu, Bad-tibira, Larsa, Sippar, and Shuruppak rise to prominence in Sumer.

Maps

• 
  Eastern Hemisphere in 1
• 
  World in 200
• 
  World in 300
• 
  World in 400
• 
  World in 500
• 
  World in 700
• 
  World in 900
• 
  Word in 1555
• 
  World in 1700

See also

• List of sovereign states by date of formation
• List of former sovereign states
• Blank maps of the world for historical use
• List of administrative division name changes
• List of city name changes