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Visa requirements for Pakistani citizens

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Pakistani passport

Visa requirements for Pakistani citizens are administrative entry restrictions imposed on citizens of Pakistan by the authorities of other states. As of May 2018, Pakistani citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 33 countries and territories, ranking the Pakistani passport 98th in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index.[1]

Visa requirements map

Visa requirements for holders of regular Pakistani passports
  Islamic Republic of Pakistan
  Visa free access
  Visa issued upon arrival
  Electronic authorization or eVisa required
  Visa available both on arrival or online
  Visa required prior to arrival

Visa requirements

Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes (excluding departure fees)
 Afghanistan Visa required[2]
 Albania Visa required[3]
 Algeria Visa required[4]
 Andorra Visa required[5]
 Angola Visa required[6]
 Antigua and Barbuda Electronic Entry Visa[7]
 Argentina Visa required[8]
 Armenia Visa required[9]
 Australia Visa required[10]
  • May apply online (Online Visitor e600 visa).[11]
 Austria Visa required[12]
 Azerbaijan eVisa[13] 30 days[14]
 Bahamas Visa required[15]
 Bahrain eVisa[16] 14 days
  • 14 days to 1 Year Multiple entry Visa.[17][18]
  • Visa is not required for holders of valid visa or residence permit issued by GCC countries.
 Bangladesh Visa required[19]
 Barbados Visa required[20]
 Belarus Visa required[21]
 Belgium Visa required[22]
 Belize Visa required[23]
 Benin eVisa / Visa on arrival[24][25] 30 days / 8 days
  • Must have an international vaccination certificate.
 Bhutan Visa required[26]
 Bolivia Visa required[27]
  • Pakistan is listed as a Group III country by Bolivian authorities, meaning that citizens of Pakistan must obtain a visa in advance.[28]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa required[29]
  • Exemption from the visa regime upon entry, exit or crossing over the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina holders of diplomatic and official passports of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan for up to 90 days.
 Botswana Visa required[30]
 Brazil Visa required[31]
 Brunei Visa required[32]
 Bulgaria Visa required[33]
 Burkina Faso Visa required[34]
 Burundi Visa required[35][36]
 Cambodia Visa required[37]
 Cameroon Visa required[38]
 Canada Visa required[39]
 Cape Verde Visa on arrival[40]
 Central African Republic Visa required[41]
 Chad Visa required[42]
 Chile Visa required[43]
 China Visa required[44]
 Colombia Visa required[45]
 Comoros Visa on arrival[46] 45 days
 Republic of the Congo Visa required[47]
 Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required[48]
 Costa Rica Visa required[49]
  • Visa issued on arrival for ordinary passport if traveler holds a valid tourist, visa, crew visa, multiple-entry business visa, permanent resident or student visa for the United States or Canada.[50]
 Côte d'Ivoire eVisa[51] 3 months
 Croatia Visa required[52]
 Cuba Visa required[53]
 Cyprus Visa required[54]
 Czech Republic Visa required[55]
 Denmark Visa required[56]
 Djibouti eVisa[57] 31 days
 Dominica Visa not required[58] 6 months
 Dominican Republic Visa required[59]
 Ecuador Visa required[60]
 Egypt Visa required[61]
  • Visa on arrival for ordinary passport holding valid GCC residence permit for 30 days.
 El Salvador Visa required[62]
 Equatorial Guinea Visa required[63]
 Eritrea Visa required[64]
 Estonia Visa required[65]
 Ethiopia eVisa[66]
 Fiji Visa required[67]
 Finland Visa required[68]
 France Visa required[69]
 Gabon eVisa[70]
 Gambia Visa required[71]
 Georgia Visa required[72]
  • Visa not required for holders of a valid Schengen visa or a valid visa from any of the OECD member countries; or a valid residence permit of a Schengen or OECD country or valid visa or residence permit of a GCC country.[73]
 Germany Visa required[74]
 Ghana Visa required[75]
 Greece Visa required[76]
 Grenada Visa required[77]
 Guatemala Visa required[78]
 Guinea Visa required[79]
 Guinea-Bissau Visa on arrival[80] 90 days
 Guyana Visa required[81]
  • Those holding a letter of invitation from sponsor or host may apply for a visa on arrival.
 Haiti Visa not required[82] 3 months
 Honduras Visa required[83]
 Hungary Visa required[84]
 Iceland Visa required[85]
 India Visa required[86]
 Indonesia Visa required[87]
 Iran Visa required[88]
 Iraq Visa required[89]
 Ireland Visa required[90]
  • May transit without a visa.[91]
 Israel Visa required[92]
  • Confirmation from Israeli government is required before a visa is issued.[93]
 Italy Visa required[94]
 Jamaica Visa required[95]
 Japan Visa required[96]
 Jordan Visa required[97]
 Kazakhstan Visa required[98]
 Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival[99] 3 months
 Kiribati Visa required[100]
 North Korea Visa required[101]
 South Korea Visa required[102]
  • From August 1, 2018, No Visa-free entry to Jeju Islands.[103]
 Kuwait Visa required[104]
 Kyrgyzstan eVisa[105]
 Laos Visa required[107]
 Latvia Visa required[108]
 Lebanon Visa required[109]
  • Visa on arrival for Pakistani nationals holding valid GCC residence permit (subject to white collar profession being mentioned on resident permit). For others, in addition to a visa, an approval should be obtained from the immigration department of the General Directorate of General Security (La Sûreté Générale).
 Lesotho eVisa[110][111]
 Liberia Visa required[112]
 Libya Visa required[113]
 Liechtenstein Visa required[114]
 Lithuania Visa required[115]
 Luxembourg Visa required[116]
 Macedonia Visa required[117]
 Madagascar Visa on arrival[118] 90 days
 Malawi Visa required[119]
 Malaysia eVisa[120][121] 30 days
 Maldives Visa on arrival[122] 30 days
 Mali Visa required[123]
 Malta Visa required[124]
 Marshall Islands Visa required[125]
 Mauritania Visa on arrival[126]
 Mauritius Visa required[127]
 Mexico Visa required[128]
 Micronesia Visa not required[130] 30 days
 Moldova Visa required[131]
  • E-Visa can be obtainable if Pakistani nationals holding Schengen Member State valid visa.
 Monaco Visa required[132]
 Mongolia Visa required[133]
 Montenegro Visa required[134]
 Morocco Visa required[135]
 Mozambique Visa on arrival[136] 30 days
 Myanmar eVisa[137] 28 days
 Namibia Visa required[138]
 Nauru Visa required[139]
   Nepal Visa on arrival[140]
 Netherlands Visa required[141]
 New Zealand Visa required[142]
 Nicaragua Visa required[143]
 Niger Visa required[144]
 Nigeria Visa required[145]
 Norway Visa required[146]
  • Pakistani citizens holding an official or diplomatic passport are not required to have a visa when they travel to Norway for official purposes.
 Oman Visa required[147]
  • Visa on arrival for ordinary passport holders holding valid GCC residence permit (subject to white collar profession being mentioned on permit).
 Palau Visa on arrival[148] 30 days
 Panama Visa required[149]
 Papua New Guinea Visa required[150]
 Paraguay Visa required[151]
 Peru Visa required[152]
 Philippines Visa required[153]
 Poland Visa required[154]
 Portugal Visa required[155]
 Qatar eVisa / Visa on arrival[156] 30 days
  • Must have passport valid for 6 months or more, 5000 QAR or valid credit card, return tickets and a certificate of vaccination in respect of Polio.
 Romania Visa required[157]
  • Visa not required if holding two or multiple entry short-stay visa issued by a Schengen member state for stays that of no more than 90 days during any 180-day period. [5]
 Russia Visa required[158]
 Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival[159] 30 days
 Saint Kitts and Nevis eVisa[160]
 Saint Lucia Visa required[161]
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required[162] 1 month
 Samoa Entry Permit on arrival[163] 60 days
 San Marino Visa required[164]
 São Tomé and Príncipe eVisa[165]
  • Visa is obtained online.[166]
 Saudi Arabia Visa required[167]
 Senegal Visa required[168]
 Serbia Visa required[169]
 Seychelles Visitor's Permit on arrival[170] 3 months
 Sierra Leone Visa required[171]
 Singapore Visa required[172]
 Slovakia Visa required[173]
 Slovenia Visa required[174]
 Solomon Islands Visa required[175]
 Somalia Visa on arrival[176] 30 days
 South Africa Visa required[177]
 South Sudan Visa required[178]
 Spain Visa required[179]
 Sri Lanka Visa required[180]
 Sudan Visa required[181]
 Suriname Visa required[182]
 Swaziland Visa required[183]
 Sweden Visa required[184]
  Switzerland Visa required[185]
 Syria Visa required[186]
 Tajikistan eVisa[187]
  • E-visa holders can enter through all border points.[188]
 Tanzania Visa required[189][190]
 Thailand Visa required[191]
 Timor-Leste Visa on arrival[192] 30 days
 Togo Visa on arrival[193] 7 days
 Tonga Visa required[194]
 Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required[195] 90 days
 Tunisia Visa required[196] 14 days
  • 14 days on arrival visa for GCC[197] residents with confirmed air tickets, hotel booking and more than six months validity on their GCC residency
 Turkey Visa required[198]
 Turkmenistan Visa required[200]
 Tuvalu Visa on arrival[201] 1 month
 Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival[202]
  • Visa is obtained online.[203]
 Ukraine Visa required[204]
 United Arab Emirates Visa required[205]
  • E-Visa can be obtained Online for ordinary passport holders holding valid GCC residence permit (subject to white collar profession being mentioned on permit).
 United Kingdom Visa required[206]
  • Other exemptions apply for Visa-free Direct Airside Transit.[207]
 United States Visa required[208]
 Uruguay Visa required[209]
 Uzbekistan Visa required[210]
 Vanuatu Visa not required[211] 30 days
 Vatican City Visa required[212]
 Venezuela Visa required[213]
 Vietnam Visa Required<[214]
 Yemen Visa required[215]
 Zambia eVisa[216]
 Zimbabwe eVisa[217]

Non-visa restrictions

Blank passport pages

Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages to be available in the passport being presented, typically one or two pages.[218] Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted as being valid or available.

Vaccination

Cover of the new International Certificate of Vaccination issued by the Bureau of Quarantine in the Philippines since 2021

Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo, South Sudan, Uganda, and Zambia, require all incoming passengers older than nine months to one year[219] to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis, as does the South American territory of French Guiana.[220]

Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has visited one recently or has transited for 12 hours in those countries: Algeria, Botswana, Cabo Verde, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Lesotho, Libya, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.[221][222]

Passport validity length

Very few countries, such as Paraguay, just require a valid passport on arrival.

However many countries and groupings now require only an identity card – especially from their neighbours. Other countries may have special bilateral arrangements that depart from the generality of their passport validity length policies to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other's citizens[223][224] or even accept passports that have already expired (but not been cancelled).[225]

Some countries, such as Japan,[226] Ireland and the United Kingdom,[227] require a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay.

In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain,[228] Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel,[229] Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Peru,[230] Philippines,[231] Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam.[232]

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

Countries requiring passports with a validity of at least 3 months beyond the date of intended departure include Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Honduras, Montenegro, Nauru, Moldova and New Zealand. Similarly, the EEA countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, all European Union countries (except Ireland) together with Switzerland also require 3 months validity beyond the date of the bearer's intended departure unless the bearer is an EEA or Swiss national.

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include Albania, North Macedonia, Panama, and Senegal.

Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the date of intended departure include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Macau, the Maldives[233] and South Africa.

Criminal record

Some countries, including Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand and the United States,[234] routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record while others impose restrictions depending on the type of conviction and the length of the sentence.

Persona non grata

The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning entry into that country. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity.[235]

Israeli stamps

Israeli border control Entry Permit (issued as a stand-alone document rather than a stamp affixed in a passport)

Kuwait,[236] Lebanon,[237] Libya,[238] Syria,[239] and Yemen[240] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel (unless the entry is for some work-related purposes). Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport. Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017) stamped at Erez when passing into and out of Gaza.[citation needed]

Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old.

Biometrics

Several countries mandate that all travellers, or all foreign travellers, be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest travellers who refuse to comply. In some countries, such as the United States, this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to change planes rather than go landside.[241]

Fingerprinting countries/regions include Afghanistan,[242][243] Argentina,[244] Brunei, Cambodia,[245] China,[246] Ethiopia,[247] Ghana, Guinea,[248] India, Japan,[249][250] Kenya (both fingerprints and a photo are taken),[251] Malaysia upon entry and departure,[252] Mongolia, Saudi Arabia,[253] Singapore, South Korea,[254] Taiwan, Thailand,[255] Uganda,[256] the United Arab Emirates and the United States.

Many countries also require a photo be taken of people entering the country. The United States, which does not fully implement exit control formalities at its land frontiers (although long mandated by domestic legislation),[257][258][259] intends to implement facial recognition for passengers departing from international airports to identify people who overstay their visa.[260]

Together with fingerprint and face recognition, iris scanning is one of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardised since 2006 by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for use in e-passports[261] and the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa.[262][263] The United States Department of Homeland Security has announced plans to greatly increase the biometric data it collects at US borders.[264] In 2018, Singapore began trials of iris scanning at three land and maritime immigration checkpoints.[265][266]

See also

References and Notes

References
  1. ^ "Global Ranking - Passport Index 2018" (PDF). Henley & Partners. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  2. ^ Visa information, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan.
  3. ^ Visa regime for foreign citizens, Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of Albania.
  4. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  5. ^ Travel to Andorra, Ministry of External Affairs of Andorra.
  6. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  7. ^ Countries exempt from visa, Department of Immigration of Antigua and Barbuda.
  8. ^ Visa regime, National Directorate of Migrations of Argentina (in Spanish).
  9. ^ Visa, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia.
  10. ^ Visitor visa options, Department of Home Affairs of Australia.
  11. ^ "Visitor e600 Visa Online Applications". Department of Immigration and Border Protection.
  12. ^ Schengen visa, Federal Ministry for Europe, Integration and Foreign Affairs of Austria.
  13. ^ Countries with visa-free travel regime, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan (in Azerbaijani).
  14. ^ Electronic Visa System of Azerbaijan Republic
  15. ^ eVISA Online Services – Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Bahamas, Government of the Bahamas
  16. ^ Bahrain eVisas, Ministry of Interior of Bahrain.
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  18. ^ "Bahrain slashes visa fees by 80% for tourists - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
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  21. ^ Visa-free travel, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Belarus.
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  23. ^ Do you need a visa to travel to Belize?, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade & Immigration, Belize, July 2023.
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  28. ^ [1]
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  64. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  66. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  67. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  68. ^ Visa requirement and travel documents accepted by Finland, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland.
  69. ^ Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements, Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of France, January 2016.
  70. ^ Gabon e-Visa
  71. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  72. ^ https://www.evisa.gov.ge/GeoVisa/Countries/Index.html
  73. ^ [2]
  74. ^ Overview of visa requirements/exemptions for entry into the Federal Republic of Germany, Federal Foreign Office of Germany.
  75. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  76. ^ Countries requiring or not requiring a visa, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece, 13 June 2017.
  77. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  80. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  81. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  82. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  83. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  84. ^ Countries that do not need a visa, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary.
  85. ^ Who does not need a visa, Directorate of Immigration of Iceland.
  86. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  87. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  88. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  89. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  90. ^ Countries that need a visa for Ireland, Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service.
  91. ^ "Irish Transit Visas".
  92. ^ Tourist visa table, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 23 May 2017.
  93. ^ [3]
  94. ^ Visa for Italy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Italy.
  95. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  96. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  97. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  98. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  99. ^ Republic of Kenya - eCitizen portal
  100. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  101. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  102. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  103. ^ http://www.iccjeju.co.kr/EN/AboutJeju/AccessAndVisa
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  105. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  109. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  111. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  112. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  113. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  114. ^ Visa, Government of Liechtenstein (in German).
  115. ^ Do I need a visa?, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania, 30 August 2017.
  116. ^ Staying in Luxembourg for less than 90 days, Government of Luxembourg.
  117. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  118. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  119. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  120. ^ [4]
  121. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  122. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  123. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  125. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  126. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  127. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  128. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  129. ^ "Visas". Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  130. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  131. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  132. ^ Before you leave, Monaco Government Tourist Office.
  133. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  134. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  135. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  136. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  137. ^ "Myanmar eVisa". Archived from the original on 2014-08-13. Retrieved 2012-02-08. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  138. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  139. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  140. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  141. ^ Short-stay Schengen visa (90 days or less), Government of the Netherlands.
  142. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  143. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  144. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  145. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  146. ^ Persons who do not need a visa to visit Norway, Norwegian Directorate of Immigration.
  147. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  148. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  149. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  150. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  151. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  152. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  153. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  154. ^ Visa-free countries, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland.
  155. ^ Third countries whose citizens are required to have a visa, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Portugal.
  156. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  157. ^ Do I need a visa?, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania.
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  258. ^ Lipton, Eric (21 May 2013). "U.S. Quietly Monitors Foreigners' Departures at the Canadian Border". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2019. Long demanded by lawmakers in Congress, it is considered a critical step to developing a coherent program to curb illegal immigration, as historically about 30 percent to 40 percent of illegal immigrants in the United States arrived on tourist visas or other legal means and then never left, according to estimates by Homeland Security officials.
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  263. ^ "Iris Scanner Could Replace Emirates ID In UAE". SimplyDXB. 11 June 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2018. The breach of privacy is probably the biggest threat to the biometric technique of iris recognition. Secondly, a device error can false reject or false accept the identity which can also have some heinous consequences. Lastly, the method isn't the most cost-effective one. It is complex and therefore expensive. Furthermore, the maintenance of devices and data can also be relatively burdensome. However, thanks to the oil money and spending ability of Dubai, they are economically equipped to effectively embrace this system.
  264. ^ Roberts, Jeff John (12 September 2016). "Homeland Security Plans to Expand Fingerprint and Eye Scanning at Borders". Fortune. Fortune Media IP Limited. Retrieved 24 April 2019. Unlike with documents, it's very hard for a traveler to present a forged copy of a fingerprint or iris. That's why the U.S. Department of Homeland Security plans to vastly expand the amount of biometric data it collects at the borders. According to Passcode, a new program will ramp up a process to scan fingers and eyes in order to stop people entering and exiting the country on someone else's passport.
  265. ^ "Singapore tests eye scans at immigration checkpoints". Reuters. 6 August 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2019. Singapore has started scanning travellers' eyes at some of its border checkpoints, its immigration authority said on Monday, in a trial of expensive technology that could one day replace fingerprint verification.
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Notes