Xuzhou
Xuzhou
徐州市 | |
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![]() The skyline of Xuzhou and Yunlong Lake (云龙湖) | |
![]() Location of Xuzhou City jurisdiction in Jiangsu | |
Country | China |
Province | Jiangsu |
County-level divisions | 11 |
Township-level divisions | 157 |
Government | |
• Mayor | Zhou Tiegen ([周铁根] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-hou (help)) |
• CPC Committee Secretary | Zhang Guohua ([张国华] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zhangs (help)) |
Area | |
• Prefecture-level city | 11,259 km2 (4,347 sq mi) |
• Urban | 3,037 km2 (1,173 sq mi) |
• Metro | 2,347 km2 (906 sq mi) |
Population (2010 census) | |
• Prefecture-level city | 8,577,225 |
• Density | 760/km2 (2,000/sq mi) |
• Urban | 3,053,778 |
• Urban density | 1,000/km2 (2,600/sq mi) |
• Metro | 2,623,066 |
• Metro density | 1,100/km2 (2,900/sq mi) |
Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
Postal code | 221000(Urban center), 221000, 221000, 221000(Other areas) |
Area code | 0516 |
GDP | ¥ 532 billion (2015) |
GDP per capita | ¥27,514 (2009) |
Major Nationalities | Han |
Licence plate prefixes | 苏C |
Website | xz |
Xuzhou | |||||||||
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![]() "Xuzhou", as written in Chinese | |||||||||
Chinese | 徐州 | ||||||||
Postal | Suchow | ||||||||
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Pengcheng | |||||||||
Chinese | 彭城 | ||||||||
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Xuzhou, known as Pengcheng in ancient times, is a major city in and the fourth largest prefecture-level city of Jiangsu Province, China. Its population was 8,577,225 at the 2010 census whom 2,623,066 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of Quanshan, Gulou, Yunlong and Tongshan districts.[1] It is known for its role as a transportation hub in northwestern Jiangsu, as it has expressways and railway links connecting directly to the provinces of Henan and Shandong, the neighboring port city of Lianyungang, as well as the economic hub Shanghai.
Before the adoption of Hanyu Pinyin, the city's name was typically romanized as Suchow[2] or Süchow,[3][4] though it also appeared as Siu Tcheou [Fou],[5] Hsu-chou,[6] Hsuchow,[7] and Hsü-chow.[4]
History
Early history
During the Xia and Shang Dynasties (c. 2200−1600 BC), Xuzhou lay in an area inhabited by the Dongyi or Huaiyi peoples who were constantly at war with the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The Xuzhou region was called Huaiyang during the Zhou Dynasty (1600 BC−256 BC) since the Huai River crosses the area. During the Spring and Autumn period (771 BC−426 BC), Xuzhou was a collection of small farming/fishing villages and towns and formed part of the border region between the Zhou vassal States of Chu, Wu and Qu. Both the States of Pi and Peng lay within its borders. Xuzhou was at one time a capital of the State of Xu, a vassal state exterminated by the State of Wu in 512 BC. In turn, Wu was conquered by the State of Yue a few decades later. Chu gradually expanded its influence around Xuzhou after absorbing the nearby State of Cai in 447 BC followed by the conquest of the State of Yue in 334 BC. By the Warring States period, it was firmly in the cultural and administrative sphere of Chu. The State of Chu moved to this area in 278 BC after the Qin army captured its old capital, Ying, in modern Jingzhou, Hubei.
Imperial China
Liu Bang, first emperor of the Han Dynasty (206 BC−AD 220), was born in Pei County, Xuzhou. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Xuzhou became part of the Kingdom of Chu, a principality ruled by relatives of the royal Liu family. Initially, Liu Bang allowed his relatives to rule parts of the country since they were assumed to be the most trustworthy. However, the Kingdom of Chu under third generation ruler Liu Wu rebelled against the central authority during the Rebellion of the Seven Princes and was defeated. His tomb was recently excavated near Xuzhou. Historians maintain that in the ancient capital and trade center of Pengcheng (Xuzhou) one can find the "earliest reliable evidence of the presence of Buddhism in China." Liu Ying,the Prince of Chu when Emperor Ming of Han reigned, had both Daoist and Buddhist faith. He supported some monks and even kept them around him. According to a Emperor's letter to Ying which was quoted in the Book of the Later Han :
楚王誦黃老之微言,尚浮屠之仁祠,潔齋三月,與神為誓,何嫌何疑,當有悔吝?其還贖以助伊蒲塞桑門之盛饌[8]。
The letter was wrote in 65 AD, before Buddhism was introduced formally in 68.
In 193, Cao Cao attacked Pengcheng and the others cites of Xu Province. Then Cao Cao and his enemies controlled Xuzhou alternately until Cao defeated Liu Bei in 200.
The uprisings and invasions of the Wu Hu (the "Five Barbarians") posed a great threat to the residents of Xuzhou. Considerable households migrated to the south of the Yangtze River from the 3rd to the 5th century, and the government set up the lodging administrative divisions (侨州郡县) inculding South Xuzhou or South Xu Province (南徐州), which located in Jingkou (京口) namely Zhenjiang nowadays to reign. Meanwhile, the capital of Xu Province moved from Xiapi to Pengcheng. The exact time is disputed, but it should not be later than Liu Song on the basis of the Book of Song.[9]
In 416, Emperor Wu of Liu Song ordered to rebuild the ramparts of Xuzhou by bricks instead of clay.
The raging wars inflicted upon Xuzhou until the Emperor Taizong of Tang's enthronement in 626. Keeping the northern rebellions and warfare a distance gave Xuzhou scope for developing during the most period of the Tang Dynasty. According to the Old Book of Tang and the New book of Tang, in 639, the total population of Pengcheng County, Fei County and Pei County was only 21,768, versus 205,286 in 742.[10]
In 781, General Li Na rebelled, but his cousin Li Wei (李洧) as the prefectural governor of Xuzhou refused to cooperate with him. As a result, Na commanded his army to lay siege to the burg of Xuzhou. Several days afterwards, the imperial authority's force arrived and defeated Na's.
In 868, a furious troop with about 800 soldiers from Xuzhou and Sizhou mutinied because of extended service and abuse by officer. The government pretended to be conciliatory to permit them back, but planned to put them down in fact. Then the soldiers perceived and revolted. They chose Pang Xun (庞勋) to be their leader. Pang captured Xuzhou in 869 and also the vicinity with the favour of local people. In the end of next year, the government troop beat him. Consequently, thousands people were executed.[11]
After the Yellow River began to change course during the Song Dynasty (AD 960−1279), heavy silting at the Yellow River estuary forced the river to channel its flow into the lower Huai River tributary. The region became barren thereafter due to persistent flooding, nutrient depletion and salination of the once fertile soil.
After the Jingkang incident, Wanyan Zonghan's army marched to the Yangtze River in 1129, meanwhile he ordered his subordinate Nijuhun to storm Xuzhou. On February 17, Nijuhun occupied Xuzhou after a 27-days siege, and the guarding governor Wang Fu was executed (王复) for refusing to surrender. Wang's successor Zhao Li (赵立) regrouped his forces and raided the enemy. He achieved an enormous victory, however, as a strategic decision, he evacuated from Xuzhou with soldiers and citizens, went south to rescue the siege of Chuzhou in the end of this year.[12] Henceforth, Xuzhou was ruled by Jurchen over a century.
In 1232, the general Wang You (王佑), Feng Xian (封仙) revolted, they expelled the Jurchen's governor Tuktan. Then the Mongolian army led by Anyong (安用), a Han Chinese general captured Xuzhou soon. Both the general of Suzhou (宿州) Liu Anguo (刘安国) and the general of Pizhou Du Zheng (杜政) yielded their owned city to Anyong. Regarding Anyong's behave as grabbing reputation, the Mongolian general Asuru (阿术鲁/额苏伦 in Chinese) irritated and persisted to kill him. Felt panic, Anyong sought refuge from Jurchen.[13] The Jin Dynasty resumed its ruling in Xuzhou, and it was quite transient. The serious disunity made betraying recur. On November 1233, the garrison of Xuzhou welcomed the Mongolian.[14] Meantime, Anyong pledged loyalty to the Song Dynasty. He captured the city again after the Mongolian army left. In the spring of the next year, the Mongolian commander Zhang Rong (张荣) attacked Xuzhou,[15] Anyong drowned himself after the final defeat.[13] The Mongolian governor of Xuzhou and Pizhou called Li Gaoge (李杲哥) surrendered to the Song in 1262. Then he failed and was killed after several days.[16]
An uneasy calm settled over Xuzhou during the most time of the Yuan Dynasty (1271−1368), and it was broken completely by the waves of insurrection since 1350s. A rebellion headed by Li Er (李二), or was known as his nickname: Sesame Li (芝麻李) rose in Xuzhou subsequent to the Red Turban Rebellion.[17] Toqto'a put them down with appalling barbarity in 1352. And his troop massacred the citizens of Xuzhou after capturing the city.[18] Zhang Shicheng occupied Xuzhou in 1360 as the most northerly city of his domain.[19] Xuzhou's garrison surrounded to Hongwu Emperor's general Xu Da (徐达) in the summer of 1366. Then Xu beat Köke Temür in the vicinity of the city.[17]
In the early Ming Dynasty, aimed at protecting the two capitals and maintaining Caoyun (漕运) System, three garrison areas, namely Wei (卫) were established in modern Xuzhou region : Xuzhou Wei (徐州卫), Xuzhou Left Wei (徐州左卫), Pizhou Wei (邳州卫). More than 10,000 soldiers were stationed there.
Xuzhou Transshipment-storehouse (广运仓) as a part of the Caoyun System, was established in 1415 when the Yongle Emperor reigned.
Choe Bu (崔溥), a Korean official, who passed Xuzhou along the Grand Canal in 1488, his book, the Geumnam pyohaerok writes:
The cities in the north of the Yangtze River, such as Yangzhou, Huaian, and the ones in the north of the Huai River, such as Xuzhou, Jining, Linqing, are prosperous and bustling just like the Jiangnan region...
(江以北,若揚州、淮安,及淮河以北,若徐州、濟寧、臨清,繁華豐阜,無異江南……)
After the Prince of Fu was crowned as the Hongguang emperor on 1644, four Burgs in the north of the Yangtze River (江北四镇), including Xuzhou, were designated to defend Nanjing from the Qing military forces. In 1645, being aware of forthcoming attack, the guarding general Li Chengdong (李成栋) deserted Xuzhou, then the Qing military captured it. The Tancheng Earthquake in 1688 involved Xuzhou, its disastrous consequence was recorded by local chorography:[20]
Ramparts,government offices and also residents' houses, mostly of them were ruined, and the collapsing buildings around the area led to enormous deaths...
(城垣、官署、民廬傾覆過半,遠近壓死人不可數計……)
Then many people were living outside or in shacks, and the circumstances were restored after several months.
The Yellow River changed its course and not flowed through Xuzhou any longer in 1855, gave a great shock to the economy of city. The Nian Rebellion at its height in the same year. Felt obliged, Zeng Guofan rushed to Xuzhou and commanded the troops. The army of Nian attempted to attack city in the following decade for several times, but all in vain.
Modern China
The Qing-loyalist general, Zhang Xun escaped toward Xuzhou with his army after Nanking Uprising. At the Yuan Shikai's behest, he commanded his troops to against the Nanking Government in January 1912. Sun Yat-sen sent three troops to attack Xuzhou. On February 11, the revolutionary army arrived the south of Xuzhou and capture ensued. As Xuzhou was the front line of the Second Revolution, the Nationalist Party's army set out on July 15, 1913, but was defeated by Beiyang Army. On July 24, Zhang returned and recaptured Xuzhou. Regarding Xuzhou as a base, he summoned the rest of Beiyang Clique for the anti-republican meeting four times in 1916 and 1917. On September, 1916, Zhang invited Liang Qichao and Kang Youwei to Xuzhou for restoring Puyi. His failure in the next year spread and caused a terrible wave of theft and arson committed by his garrisons later in Xuzhou.
The area was the site both of the Battle of Xuzhou in 1938 against the Japanese Army in the Second Sino-Japanese War and of the critical battle in the Chinese Civil War, the Huaihai Campaign in 1948-49. The capitulation of Chiang Kai-shek to Chinese communist forces at Xuzhou [21] led to the fall of the Nationalist Chinese capital Nanking.
The Huaihai Campaign ended on January 10, 1949, and KMT still controlled remaining region of Jiangsu, hence, Shandong Province administrated Xuzhou and Lianyungang of the time temporarily. Although the period was short (1949–52), the followed impacts on Xuzhou was lasting. For instance, Xuzhou Railway Branch Administration affiliated to Jinan Railway Administration from then on until transferring to Shanghai in 2008.
On April 22, 1993, Xuzhou was ratified as "Larger Municipality" with legislative power by the State Council.[22]
Administration
The evolutionary history
The evolutionary history of Xuzhou's administrative division | |||||||
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Period | Provincial Level | Prefectural Level | County Level | ||||
Spring and Autumn |
Song (state) 宋国 |
Pengcheng 彭城 Liuyi 留邑 Lüyi 吕邑 | |||||
Zhongwu (state) 钟吾国 | |||||||
Warring States |
Chu (state) 楚国 | Peiyi 沛邑 | |||||
Qi (state) 齐国 | Changyi 常邑 | ||||||
Pi (state) 邳国 | |||||||
Qin dynasty | Sishui Commandery 泗水郡 |
Pei County 沛县 Pengcheng County 彭城县 Liu County 留县 Xiao County 萧县 | |||||
Donghai Commandery 东海郡 | Xiapi County下邳县 | ||||||
Western Han | Xu Province 徐州(古代,刺史部) |
Chu (state) 楚国 | Lü County 吕县 Wuyuan County 武原县 | ||||
Donghai Commandery 东海郡 |
Siwu County 司吾县 Marquis Jianling’s state 建陵侯国 Marquis Liangcheng’s state 良成侯国 Marquis Rongqiu’s state 容丘侯国 | ||||||
Yu Province 豫州(古代,刺史部) |
Pei Commandery 沛郡 |
Pei County 沛县 Feng County 丰县 Guangqi County 广戚县 | |||||
Eastern Han and Three Kingdoms |
Xu Province 徐州(古代,刺史部) |
Pengcheng (state) 彭城国 |
Pengcheng County 彭城县 Liu County 留县 <Lü County 吕县 Wuyuan County 武原县 Guangqi County 广戚县 | ||||
Xiapi (state) 下邳国 |
Xiapi County 下邳县 Liangcheng County 良成县 Siwu County 司吾县 | ||||||
Yu Province 豫州(古代,刺史部) |
Pei (state) 沛国 |
Pei County 沛县 Feng County 丰县 | |||||
Jin dynasty, Northern and Southern dynasties |
(Nouth) Xuzhou or (Nouth) Xu Province (北)徐州 South Xuzhou or South Xu Province 南徐州, located in modern Zhenjiang, see Zhenjiang |
Pengcheng Commandery 彭城郡 |
Pengcheng County 彭城县 Liu County 留县 Lü County 吕县 | ||||
Xiapi Commandery 下邳郡 |
Xiapi County 下邳县 Liangcheng County 良成县 Siwu County 司吾县 | ||||||
Pei Commandery 沛郡 |
Pei County 沛县 Feng County 丰县 | ||||||
Jiyin Commandery 济阴郡 |
Suiling County 睢陵县 | ||||||
Sui dynasty | Pengcheng Commandery 彭城郡 |
Pengcheng County 彭城县 Liu County 留县 Pei County 沛县 Feng County 丰县 | |||||
Xiapi Commandery 下邳郡 |
Xiapi County 下邳县 Liangcheng County 良城县 | ||||||
Tang dynasty | Henan Circuit 河南道 |
Xuzhou 徐州 |
Pengcheng County 彭城县 Pei County 沛县 Feng County 丰县 | ||||
Sizhou 泗州 | Xiapi County 下邳县 | ||||||
Northern Song |
West Jingdong Circuit 京东西路 |
Xuzhou 徐州 |
Pengcheng County 彭城县 Pei County 沛县 Feng County 丰县 Baofeng Jian* 宝丰监 Liguo Jian* 利国监 | ||||
East Jingdong Circuit 京东东路 |
Huaiyang Military 淮阳军 |
Xiapi County 下邳县 | |||||
Jin | West Shandong Circuit 山东西路 |
Xuzhou 徐州 | Pengcheng County 彭城县 Feng County 丰县 | ||||
Huaiyang Military 淮阳军 | Xiapi County 下邳县 | ||||||
Tengzhou 滕州 | Pei County 沛县 | ||||||
Yuan dynasty | Henanjiangbei Province 河南江北行中书省 |
Gui’de-fu 归德府 |
Xuzhou 徐州 | Xiao County 萧县 | |||
Pizhou 邳州 | Xiapi County 下邳县 Suining County 睢宁县 | ||||||
Branch Secretariats 中书省 |
Jining Circuit 济宁路 |
Jizhou 济州 | Pei County 沛县 | ||||
Feng County 丰县 | |||||||
Ming dynasty | Nanquin/South Zhil 南京/南直隶 |
Xuzhou (as a Independent Departments) 徐州 |
Pei County 沛县 Feng County 丰县 Xiao County 萧县 Dangshan County 砀山县 | ||||
Huaian-fu淮安府 | Pizhou 邳州 | ||||||
Qing dynasty, during 1733-1911 |
Kiangsu/Jiangsu Province 江苏省 |
Xuzhou-fu (as a Prefecture) 徐州府 |
Tongshan County 铜山县 Pei County 沛县 Feng County 丰县 Xiao County 萧县 Dangshan County 砀山县 Suining County 睢宁县 Suqian County 宿迁县 Pizhou 邳州 | ||||
Republic of China, during 1945-1949 |
Kiangsu/Jiangsu Province 江苏省 |
Xuzhou City 徐州市 | |||||
No.9 Administrative Superintendent District 第九督察区 |
Tongshan County 铜山县 Pei County 沛县 Feng County 丰县 Xiao County 萧县 Dangshan County 砀山县 Suining County 睢宁县 Pi County 邳县 | ||||||
People's Republic of China, during 1949-1952 |
Shandong Province 山东省 |
Xuzhou City徐州市 | Tongshan County 铜山县 | ||||
Prefecture of Teng County 滕县专区 |
Tongbei County 铜北县 Pei County 沛县 Feng County 丰县 | ||||||
Prefecture of Linyi 临沂专区 |
Pi County 邳县 | ||||||
Administrative Region of the Northern Anhui 皖北行署区 |
Prefecture of Su County 宿县专区 |
Xiao County 萧县 Dangshan County 砀山县 | |||||
People's Republic of China, in 1955 |
Jiangsu Province 江苏省 |
Xuzhou City 徐州市 |
Gulou District 鼓楼区 Yunlong District 云龙区 Zifang District 子房区 Wangling District 王陵区 Jiawang Mining District 贾汪矿区 | ||||
Prefecture of Xuzhou 徐州专区 |
Xinhailian City 新海连市 Tongshan County 铜山县 Pei County 沛县 Feng County 丰县 Suining County睢宁县 Pi County 邳县 Xinyi County 新沂县 Donghai County 东海县 Ganyu County 赣榆县 | ||||||
Anhui Province 安徽省 |
Prefecture of Su County 宿县专区 |
Xiao County 萧县 Dangshan County 砀山县 | |||||
People's Republic of China, in 1963 |
Jiangsu Province 江苏省 |
Xuzhou City 徐州市 |
Gulou District 鼓楼区 Yunlong District 云龙区 Jiawang Town 贾汪镇 The Suburb 郊区(办事处) | ||||
Prefecture of Xuzhou 徐州专区 |
Tongshan County 铜山县 Pei County 沛县 Feng County 丰县 Suining County睢宁县 Pi County 邳县 Xinyi County 新沂县 Donghai County 东海县 Ganyu County 赣榆县 | ||||||
People's Republic of China, in 1983 |
Jiangsu Province 江苏省 |
Xuzhou City 徐州市 |
Gulou District 鼓楼区 Yunlong District 云龙区 The Suburb District 郊区 Jiawang District 贾汪区 The Mining District 矿区 Tongshan County 铜山县 Pei County 沛县 Feng County 丰县 Suining County睢宁县 Pi County 邳县 Xinyi County 新沂县 | ||||
Lianyungang City 连云港市 |
Donghai County 东海县 Ganyu County 赣榆县 | ||||||
People's Republic of China, in 1993 |
Jiangsu Province 江苏省 |
Xuzhou City 徐州市 |
Gulou District 鼓楼区 Yunlong District 云龙区 Quanshan District 泉山区 Jiawang District 贾汪区 The Mining District 矿区 Pizhou City 邳州市 Xinyi City 新沂市 Tongshan County 铜山县 Pei County 沛县 Feng County 丰县 Suining County 睢宁县 | ||||
People's Republic of China, 2010–present |
Jiangsu Province 江苏省 |
Xuzhou City 徐州市 |
Gulou District 鼓楼区 Yunlong District 云龙区 Quanshan District 泉山区 Jiawang District 贾汪区 Tongshan District 铜山区 Pizhou City 邳州市 Xinyi City 新沂市 Pei County 沛县 Feng County 丰县 Suining County 睢宁县 |
The present administrative division
The prefecture-level city of Xuzhou administers ten county-level divisions, including five districts, two county-level cities and three counties. These are further divided into 157 township-level divisions.
Map | Subdivision | Hanzi | Pinyin | Population (2010) | Area (km2) | Density |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
City Proper | ||||||
Yunlong District | 云龙区 | Yúnlóng Qū | 1,536,502 | 438 | 3,508 | |
Gulou District | 鼓楼区 | Gúlóu Qū | ||||
Quanshan District | 泉山区 | Quánshān Qū | ||||
Suburban | ||||||
Tongshan District | 铜山区 | Tóngshān Qū | 1,086,564 | 1,909 | 569 | |
Jiawang District | 贾汪区 | Jiǎwāng Qū | 430,712 | 690 | 624.22 | |
Rural | ||||||
Suining County | 睢宁县 | Suíníng Xiàn | 1,039,315 | 1,767 | 588.01 | |
Pei County | 沛县 | Pèi Xiàn | 1,141,935 | 1,349 | 847 | |
Feng County | 丰县 | Fēng Xiàn | 963,531 | 1,446 | 666 | |
Satellite cities (County-level cities) | ||||||
Pizhou | 邳州市 | Pīzhōu Shì | 1,458,038 | 2,088 | 698 | |
Xinyi | 新沂市 | Xīnyí Shì | 920,628 | 1,571 | 586 | |
Total | 8,577,225 | 11,259 | 762 |
Geography
Geology
The geologic structure of Xuzhou is relatively stable, consisting of Shandong-Jiangsu traps (鲁苏地盾), Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone (郯庐断裂带), Xu-Huai downwarp-fold belt (徐淮坳褶带) and fault-block of West Shandong (鲁西断块) from the east to the west. The formation was occurred in the Archean Eon.[23]
Landform
Xuzhou is mostly located in the Xu-Huai alluvial plain (徐淮黄泛平原), the southeast part of the North China Plain[23].
Hydrology and Water resources
Xuzhou Urban is bisected by the abandoned Yellow River, and Yunlong Lake (云龙湖) is located in the central of the city.
Luoma Lake, located on the Xinyi–Suqian boundaries, is the main resource of tap water for Xuzhou since 2016.
Climate
Xuzhou has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), with cool, dry winters, warm springs, long, hot and humid summers, and crisp autumns. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 0.4 °C (32.7 °F) in January to 27.1 °C (80.8 °F) in July; the annual mean is 14.48 °C (58.1 °F). Snow may occur during winter, though rarely heavily. Precipitation is light in winter, and a majority of the annual total of 832 millimetres (32.8 in) occurs from June thru August. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 44% in July to 54% in three months, the city receives 2,221 hours of bright sunshine annually.
The lowest temperature recorded in Xuzhou was -23.3 °C, on 6 February 1969.[24]
Climate data for Xuzhou (1971−2000) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.2 (41.4) |
7.8 (46.0) |
13.4 (56.1) |
20.9 (69.6) |
26.3 (79.3) |
30.4 (86.7) |
31.4 (88.5) |
30.6 (87.1) |
26.9 (80.4) |
21.5 (70.7) |
14.1 (57.4) |
7.7 (45.9) |
19.7 (67.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.3 (26.1) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
3.2 (37.8) |
9.8 (49.6) |
15.1 (59.2) |
20.2 (68.4) |
23.5 (74.3) |
22.7 (72.9) |
17.4 (63.3) |
10.9 (51.6) |
4.0 (39.2) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
10.0 (50.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 17.6 (0.69) |
20.5 (0.81) |
36.0 (1.42) |
47.1 (1.85) |
65.5 (2.58) |
106.8 (4.20) |
241.0 (9.49) |
132.6 (5.22) |
72.3 (2.85) |
51.5 (2.03) |
26.7 (1.05) |
14.0 (0.55) |
831.6 (32.74) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 4.0 | 5.4 | 6.4 | 7.1 | 7.4 | 8.0 | 13.5 | 9.9 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 5.1 | 3.7 | 84.5 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 66 | 64 | 62 | 62 | 64 | 67 | 80 | 81 | 74 | 70 | 69 | 66 | 69 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 144.8 | 147.5 | 177.0 | 210.5 | 232.7 | 218.6 | 191.9 | 202.8 | 188.3 | 190.8 | 164.2 | 151.8 | 2,220.9 |
Percent possible sunshine | 46 | 48 | 48 | 54 | 54 | 51 | 44 | 49 | 51 | 54 | 53 | 50 | 50 |
Source: China Meteorological Administration [25] |
Natural disasters
Floods
Earthquakes
Xuzhou is sometimes affected by earthquakes in its vicinity, though the earthquakes' epicenters rarely lie in its area. The most destructive two earthquakes, the 462 Yanzhou earthquake and 1668 Tancheng earthquake, occurred on August 16, 462, and July 25, 1668 respectively. Both of them caused enormous losses and casualties.
The latest earthquake whose epicenter was located in Xuzhou occurred on December 10, 2015 with magnitude 1.5 MW.[26]
Demographics
According to the 1% National Population Sample Survey in 2015, the total resident population of Xuzhou reached 8.66 millions, and the sex ratio was 101.40 males to 100 females.[27]
Year | Tongshan County* |
Feng County |
Pei County |
Suining County |
Pi County** |
Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1912 | 836,080 | 340,061 | 300,275 | 684,075 | 586,933 | 2,749,336 |
1913 | 826,083 | 291,562 | 280,345 | 501,867 | 636,040 | 2,749,336 |
1918 | 854,213 | 281,696 | 294,604 | 506,975 | 639,064 | 2,578,470 |
1919 | 858,390 | 291,023 | 274,985 | 430,720 | 511,443 | 2,368,480 |
1928 | 954,939 | 308,968 | 329,933 | 508,226 | 568,193 | 2,672,187 |
1929 | 984,428 | 321,341 | 332,017 | 514,164 | 581,652 | 2,735,531 |
1930 | 954,944 | 308,968 | 329,933 | 508,226 | 568,193 | 2,672,194 |
1932 | 986,536 | 304,480 | 346,593 | 547,848 | 584,904 | 2,772,293 |
1933 | 987,301 | 307,857 | 348,614 | 521,788 | 584,904 | 2,752,397 |
1935 | 1,099,296 | 364,007 | 391,121 | 645,890 | 642,641 | 3,144,890 |
* the data of Tongshan County including the urban of Xuzhou ** the region of Pi County included part of Xinyi nowadays |
Economy
Xuzhou is a vital hub for freight to link northern China and eastern China. Its historical prosperity almost attributed to the Caoyun (漕运) System, until the Yellow River flooded and changed its course in 1855. However, as the railways built, Xuzhou appeared to be prospering again, and it opened to foreign traders formally in 1922. [28]
From 1910s to 1940s, the staple merchandise for sale were peanut, soya bean, soya bean meal, wheat, sesame, sunflower seed, daylily, alive swine and pelt. Meanwhile, the ones for purchase were fabric, cotton yarn, sugar, salt, cigarettes, kerosene, etc. And the main domestic trades were occurred among Nanjing and Shanghai.
Xuzhou has about 93% of the Jiangsu coals reserves.[23] The coals of Xuzhou were discovered during the Song Dynasty. Then they were utilized to smelt Liguo’s iron ore, replaced the charcoal. Su Shi ever wrote a poem entitled “石炭” to record that. It marks that the establishing of initial Xuzhou coal industry no later than 1079. In 1970, Datun mining area was put under Shanghai administration for providing Shanghai enough coals.
The most important industries in Xuzhou are machinery, energy and food production.
The construction machinery manufacturer XCMG is the largest company based in Xuzhou. It is the world's tenth-largest construction equipment maker measured by 2011 revenues, and the third-largest based in China (after Sany and Zoomlion).[29]
Education
Xuzhou was nearly barren of education resources compared with the Jiangnan regions until 1950s. In 1903, Tongshan public primary school of the senior grade (铜山县官绅公立高等小学堂) as the first modern school in Xuzhou was founded. There were only three colleges in existence in Xuzhou before the 1950's.[30]
- Huaihai College (淮海学院, Reorganized National Government of China period)
- Jiangsu Provincial College of Jiangsu (江苏省立江苏学院,1946-1949)
- North China Theological Seminary (华北神学院,1946-1948)
In 1958, Jiangsu Normal Academy (江苏师范专科学校) relocated to Xuzhou. And Nanjing Medical College, Xuzhou was founded in July. In the next year, Xuzhou Normal Academy (徐州师范专科学校) was merged with Jiangsu Normal Academy and became the Xuzhou Normal College (徐州师范学院). In 1962, Premier Zhou Enlai gave instructions to maintain both colleges after the Great Leap Forward. In 1978, China Institute of Mining and Technology (中国矿业学院) relocated to Xuzhou from the west of China. Nowadays, Xuzhou has a high overall education level next to Nanjing in Jiangsu Province.
Schools
- Xuzhou No.1 Middle School (徐州市第一中学)
- Xuzhou No.2 Middle School (徐州市第二中学)
- Xuzhou No.3 Middle School (徐州市第三中学)
- Xuzhou Senior High School (徐州市高级中学)
- Xuzhou No.5 Middle School (徐州市第五中学)
- Xuzhou No.36 Middle School (徐州市第三十六中学)
- Xuzhou No.13 Middle School (徐州市第十三中学)
Universities and colleges
- China University of Mining and Technology (中国矿业大学)
- Jiangsu Normal University (江苏师范大学,原徐州师范大学)
- Xuzhou Medical University (徐州医科大学,原徐州医学院)
- Xuzhou Institute of Technology (徐州工程学院)
- People's Liberation Army Engineering Corps Command College (中国人民解放军工程兵指挥学院)
- People's Liberation Army Air Force Logistical College(中国人民解放军空军后勤学院)
Scenic spots
Tourist attractions in Xuzhou include Yunlong Mountain (Cloud Dragon Mountain) and the nearby Yunlong Lake, which are near the downtown area. There are also Xuzhou Museum and Han Dynasty Stone Carvings museum next to the Yunlong Mountain.
The most important places of interest in Xuzhou are the relics of Han Dynasty, including Terracotta Army of Han, Mausoleum of the Emperors of Han and the art of stone graving.
Religion
According to the local administrator's survey in 2014, around 4.76% of the population of Xuzhou, namely 0.46 million people belongs to organised religions.The largest groups being Protestants with 350,000 people , followed by Buddhists with 70,000 people.
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Xuzhou/Süchow (徐州教区) is a diocese located in the city of Xuzhou in the Ecclesiastical province of Nanjing in China.
Xinghua Temple (兴化寺), the famous Buddhist temple built on the top of the Yunlong Mountain since 450, during the The Northern Wei period.
Xuzhou Catholic Church (徐州天主堂 or 耶稣圣心堂), was completed in 1910.
Xuzhou West Huaihai Road Church (徐州淮海西路教堂), established by Presbyterian Church in the United States, and was completed in 1914.
Daoism and Chinese folk religion
The City God Temple of Xuzhou used to be popular.
Christianism
"The Xuzhou Church Cases"
As the Qing government became too feeble to prohibit foreign clergies from preaching, they were active in Xuzhou since 1890s. Then the contradiction and conflict between local people and the clergies were intensified. The resenting Christian crowd rioted, ruining the churches and even killing the Christians. The most serious one occurred in 1896 influenced by Shandong's peasants revolt while the cause was a local Christian snatching someone's wheat.[31]
Although the ultimate aim of the clergies was preaching, they established several hospitals and schools which were associated to the ones in Xuzhou Nowadays.
In 1897, a US missionary Nettie Donaldson Grier (葛壁玺), who also was a doctor,established the first modern clinic in Xuzhou: Gospel Clinic.
Shiu-Ying Hu (胡秀英), once was studying in a girls' School of Xuzhou Church. Being benefit from Church's grant, she received her degree in Ginling College.
And the clergies shielded some citizens in the Second Sino-Japanese War.[32]
The various religious practices gradually suspended since 1952, and recommenced in 1979 for the relaxed condition.
Media
The first newspaper in Xuzhou entitled Xingxu Daily (醒徐日報) was started in 1913 by a member of Tongmenghui, Gao Mianzhi (高勉之). Xingxu means "arousing people in Xuzhou".[33]
Xuzhou Daily (徐州日报) is an official newspaper of the CPC Xuzhou Committee since 1952.
Japanese founded Xuzhou Broadcasting Station (徐州放送局) in 1938, after they captured Xuzhou. And KMT took over it subsequent to the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1945. Then the CPC took over it in 1949.
Culture
Traditional Arts
According to a Ming Dynasty dramatist, Xu Wei(徐渭)'s 南词叙录, During the Mid-Ming period, Yuyao Tone (余姚腔), one of the Southern Operas, was prevalent in Xuzhou (“稱余姚腔者,出於會稽,常、潤、池、太、揚、徐用之”). Then Liuqin Opera (柳琴戏), Jiangsu Bangzi (江苏梆子) are prevalent since the Qing Dynasty.
Li Keran (李可染), who was born in Xuzhou, was a renowned contemporary Chinese painter.
Modern Arts
In 2011, a new state-of-the-art concert hall was opened. It is specifically designed to resemble a myrtle flower. The striking architecture and lakeside location have helped the theater gain landmark status locally. Among the top artists who have performed in Xuzhou concert hall are Dutch vocal ensemble 'Vocal Group Utrecht' and Canadian brass ensemble 'Brassroots'.
Ma Ke (马可), who was borned in Xuzhou, was a famous musician.
Dialect
Most people in Xuzhou utter Xuzhou dialect (徐州话), which is a type of the Central Plains Mandarin (中原官话), especially in the suburb and rural.
Cuisine
Xuzhou cuisine is closely related to Shandong cuisine's Jinan-style. Xuzhou's most well known foods include bǎzi ròu (pork belly, and other items stewed in a thick broth), sha tang (汤), and various dog meat dishes.
Another one of Xuzhou's famous dishes is di guo (地锅) style cooking which places ingredients with a spicy sauce in a deep black skillet and cooks little pieces of flatbread on the side or top. Common staples of di guo style cooking include: chicken, fish, lamb, pork rib and eggplant.
Fu Yang Festival (伏羊节) is a traditional festival celebrated in the city. It starts on Chufu (初伏) which is around mid-July and lasts for about one month. During the festival, people eat lamb meat and drink lamb soup. This festival is very popular among all the citizens.
Transport
Roads
Expressways
- G2 Beijing–Shanghai Expressway
- G2513 Huai'an–Xuzhou Expressway
- G3 Beijing–Taipei Expressway
- G30 Lianyungang–Khorgas Expressway
- S49 Xinyi–Yangzhou Expressway
- S65 Xuzhou–Mingguang Expressway
- S69 Jinan–Xuzhou Expressway
National Highway
- China National Highway 104
- China National Highway 205
- China National Highway 206
- China National Highway 311
Rail
The Xuzhou Railway Station is one of the largest Chinese railway stations. Xuzhou is one of the most important railway hubs in China. It is the interchange station of Jinghu Railway, Longhai Railway and Hasan Railway. The Xuzhou East Railway Station lies in the eastern suburb of Xuzhou, which is the hub of Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway and Xuzhou–Lanzhou High-Speed Railway.
Aviation
Xuzhou Guanyin Airport serves the area with scheduled passenger flights to major airports in China including Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Hong Kong and many other cities.
A general airport will be finished in Xinyi by 2017.[34]
Public transportation
Xuzhou is the first city in North Jiangsu to build a subway system. The project was approved by State Council in 2013. 3 subway lines are being built and expected to be completed by 2019-2020, with total length of 67 km.
Xuzhou has a public bicycle system since 2012.
The others
The Grand Canal flows through Xuzhou.
Luning oil pipeline, which from Shandong Linyi (临邑) County to Nanjing, passes through Xuzhou.
Sport
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Military
Xuzhou is headquarters of the 12th Group Army of the People's Liberation Army, one of the three group armies that compose the Nanjing Military Region responsible for the defense of China's eastern coast and possible military engagement with Taiwan. The People's Liberation Army Navy also has a Type 054A frigate that shares the name of the region.
See also
- List of twin towns and sister cities in China
- Battle of Xuzhou
- List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population
- Xuzhou dialect
References
- ^ http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-jiangsu-admin.php
- ^ Postal romanization, See, e.g., this 1947 ROC map.
- ^ Rosario Renaud, Süchow. Diocèse de Chine 1882-1931, Montréal, 1955.
- ^ a b Canadian Missionaries, Indigenous Peoples: Representing Religion at Home and Abroad. University of Toronto Press. 2005. p. 208.
- ^ Louis Hermand, Les étapes de la Mission du Kiang-nan 1842-1922 et de la Mission de Nanking 1922-1932, Shanghai, 1933.
- ^ See: Wade-Giles.
- ^ Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z. p. 1116.
- ^ "后汉书·卷四十二".
- ^ Book of Song indicates Pengcheng as the capital of Xu Province since Cao Wei and Jin dynasty, however some subsequent historians such as Tan Qixiang thought it was questionable for the variance with the Records of the Three Kingdoms and the Book of Jin.
- ^ a b "Jiangsu Provincial Chorographies: Demography Chorography" (in Chinese). Nanjing:Jiangsu Guji Press.
- ^ "资治通鉴·卷二百五十一".
- ^ "宋史·列传第二百七".
- ^ a b "金史·列传第五十五".
- ^ "金史·列传第五十一".
- ^ "元史·列传第三十七".
- ^ "元史·列传第三十五".
- ^ a b "明史·本纪第一".
- ^ "元史·列传第二十五".
- ^ "明史·列传第十一".
- ^ "徐州会发生地震吗?".
- ^ "Battle of Suchow". Life Magazine, December 6, 1948.
- ^ "国务院关于同意苏州市和徐州市为"较大的市"的批复".
- ^ a b c "Jiangsu Provincial Geography" (in Chinese). Beijing:Beijing Normal University Publishing Group. 2011.
- ^ "23日至25日最低气温或降至-14℃".
- ^
中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集(1971-2000年) (in Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. June 2011. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
{{cite web}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ "A retrospection of Xuzhou's seismic regime in 2015".
- ^ "The bulletin of 1% National Population Sample Survey in Xuzhou 2015 's main data".
- ^ "Jiangsu Provincial Chorographies: Comprehensive Economy Chorography" (in Chinese). Nanjing:Jiangsu Guji Press. Retrieved 2016-07-23.
- ^ "Analysis: China's budding Caterpillars break new ground overseas". Reuters. 8 March 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
- ^ "A research on Xuzhou's conditions and the changes of environment, economy and society(during 1882-1948)" (in Chinese). Jinan:Shandong University. Retrieved 2016-07-23.
- ^ "Jiangsu Provincial Chorographies: Chronicle of events" (1st volume in Chinese). Nanjing:Jiangsu Guji Press.
- ^ "The Christians preaching and development in Xuzhou".
- ^ "Jiangsu Provincial Chorographies: Press Chorography" (in Chinese). Nanjing:Jiangsu Guji Press.
- ^ "徐州新沂通用机场建设工程环境影响评价第一次公示".
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Government website of Xuzhou (in Simplified Chinese)
- Xuzhou city guide with open directory (Jiangsu.NET)