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This article is about the Middle Eastern food. For the Lebanese film, see Falafel (film). For the backgammon player, see Matvey Natanzon.

Falafel
Falafel balls
Alternative namesFelafel
CourseSandwich, snack, or meze
Place of originEgypt (fava bean version), Yemen (chickpea version) then to the Levant and Middle East
Created byEgypt
Serving temperatureHot
Main ingredientsFava beans and/or chickpeas
Food energy
(per serving)
57 kcal (239 kJ)
Similar dishesBaya kyaw
Other informationEgypt

Falafel (or felafel)[1] (/fəˈlɑːfəl/, /-ˈlæf-/;[1] Arabic: فلافل) is a deep-fried ball, or a flat or doughnut-shaped patty, made from ground chickpeas, fava beans, or both. Herbs, spices, and onion relatives are commonly added to the dough. It is a well-known Middle Eastern dish that most likely originated in Egypt.[2][3][4] The fritters are now found around the world as part of vegetarian cuisine,[5] and as a form of street food.

Falafel balls are commonly served in a pita, which acts as a pocket, or wrapped in a flatbread, also known in western Arab countries as taboon. Falafel also frequently refers to a wrapped sandwich prepared with falafel balls laid over a bed of salad or pickled vegetables and drizzled with hot sauce or a tahini sauce. Falafel balls may also be eaten alone as a snack, or served as part of an assortment of appetizers known as a meze.

Etymology

The English word falafel or felafel is a loanword from the Levantine Arabic falāfil (فلافل[6][7] Levantine: [faˈlaːfɪl] ⓘ, Egyptian Arabic: [fæˈlæːfel] It may come from the plural of the earlier filfil (فلفل), possibly from Persian pilpil, or from the Aramaic pilpāl, meaning a small round thing or a peppercorn, from palpēl, to be round, to roll.[6][7] It was found as a foreign-language term in an English publication as early as 1941,[8] though the Oxford English Dictionary gives its earliest attestation in 1951.[9]

Falafel is also known as ṭaʿamiyya (Egyptian Arabic: طعمية [tˤɑʕˈmejjɑ]) in many parts of Egypt; the word is derived from a diminutive form of the Classical Arabic word ṭaʿām (طعام, "food");[dubious – discuss] the particular form indicates "a unit" of the given root in this case Ṭ-ʕ-M (ط ع م, having to do with taste and food), thus meaning "a little piece of food" or "small tasty thing".[10][11][12] Nevertheless, in Alexandria, it is called falafel.[13]

The word falafel can refer to the fritters themselves or to sandwiches filled with them.[14]

History

The origin of falafel is controversial.[14] One theory is that the dish was invented in Egypt about 1000 years ago by Egyptians. It has been speculated that its history may go back to Pharaonic Egypt.[15] As Alexandria is a port city, it was possible to export the dish and name to other areas in the Middle East.[16] The dish later migrated northwards to the Levant, where chickpeas replaced the fava beans.[17][18] Other theories propose that it originated from the Arabian Peninsula and the chickpea-based food came from Yemen.[2]

A pita filled with vegetables and fritters on a plate
Falafel in a pita

Middle East

Falafel grew to become a common form of street food or fast food in much of the Middle East, especially in the Levant and Egypt.[19] The croquettes are regularly eaten as part of meze. During Ramadan, falafel balls are sometimes eaten as part of the iftar, the meal that breaks the daily fast after sunset.[11] Falafel became so popular that McDonald's for a time served a "McFalafel" in its breakfast menu all over Egypt.[20] Falafel is still popular with Egyptians, who eat it on a regular basis along with ful medames and even cook large volumes during religious holidays.[21] Debates over the origin of falafel have sometimes devolved into political discussions about the relationship between Arabs and Israelis.[17] In modern times, falafel has been considered a national dish in Egypt,[22] also in Palestine,[23][24] and of Israel.[25][26] Resentment exists amongst many Palestinians for what they see as the appropriation of their dish by Israelis.[27][28] Additionally, the Lebanese Industrialists' Association attempted to claim Protected Designated Origin status, partly to prevent Israeli use of the word.[17][18][29]

Falafel is eaten by Mizrahi Jews who originally resided in Yemen, Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, etc.[14][need quotation to verify] Later, it was adopted by early Ashkenazi Jewish olim to Palestine.[27] Because it is entirely plant based, it is considered pareve under Jewish dietary laws and gained acceptance with Ashkenazi Jews, to whom it had been unfamiliar, because it could be eaten with meat or dairy meals.[30]

North America

Falafel are crispy on the outside and soft inside.

In North America, prior to the 1970s, falafel was found only in Middle Eastern neighborhoods and restaurants.[5][30][31][32] Today, the dish is a common and popular street food in many cities throughout North America.[33][34][35]

Germany

Germany has seen an increase in the popularity of falafel since the last decades of the 20th century.[36] In Berlin, the areas of the former West Berlin play a special role, as they host a comparatively large Arab community. However, falafel shops have been located mainly in areas undergoing gentrification, rather than being chiefly part of an Arab subculture. While the operators are usually Arabs, the customers are predominantly middle-class Germans.[36][37] Some restaurants associated with the thriving Jewish and Israeli community in Berlin also serve falafel.[38]

Falafel restaurants sometimes feature Middle-Eastern decor meant to give an impression of exotic authenticity. However, the food has been adapted. For example, a unique sweet mango sauce is used in place of the sour-salty amba found in the Middle East, and take-away sandwiches in pita bread typically contain assorted vegetables, pickles, and sauces, in contrast to simpler Middle-Eastern presentations.[39]

Vegetarianism

Falafel has become popular among vegetarians and vegans, as an alternative to meat-based street foods,[5] and is now sold in packaged mixes in health-food stores.[40] While often used to make veggie burgers,[41] it has become more widely used as a source of protein.[42] In the United States, the versatility of falafel has allowed for the reformulating of recipes for meatloaf, sloppy joes and spaghetti and meatballs into vegetarian dishes.[43][44]

Preparation and variations

A man in a restaurant kitchen making fritters
A man in Ramallah using an aleb falafel while frying falafel

Falafel is made from fava beans or chickpeas. The use of chickpeas is predominant in most Middle Eastern countries,[45] such as Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine and Syria.[21][46][47] This version is the most popular in the West.[21] In Egypt, fava beans, chickpeas, or often a combination of the two may be used.[45][48]

When chickpeas are used, they are not cooked prior to use (cooking the chickpeas will cause the falafel to fall apart, requiring adding some flour to use as a binder). Instead they are soaked (sometimes with baking soda) overnight, then ground together with various ingredients such as parsley, scallions, and garlic.[21] Spices such as cumin and coriander are often added to the beans for added flavor.[49] The mixture is shaped into balls or patties. This can be done by hand or with a tool called an aleb falafel (falafel mould).[10][45] The mixture is usually deep fried, or it can be oven baked.

When not served alone, falafel is often served with flat or unleavened bread,[50] such as wrapped within lafa or stuffed in a hollow pita.[51] Tomatoes, lettuce, cucumbers, and other garnishes, such as pickles can be added.[52] Falafel is commonly accompanied by tahini.[21]

Falafel is typically ball-shaped, but is sometimes made in other shapes, particularly doughnut-shaped. The inside of falafel may be green (from green herbs such as parsley or green onion), or tan.

When made with chickpeas, falafel is high in protein, complex carbohydrates, and fiber.[53] Key nutrients are calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, copper, manganese, vitamin C, thiamine, pantothenic acid, vitamin B, and folate. Phytochemicals include beta-carotene.[54] Falafel is high in soluble fiber, which has been shown to be effective in lowering blood cholesterol.[55][56]

Chickpeas are low in fat and contain no cholesterol, but a considerable amount of fat is absorbed during the frying process. Falafel can be baked to reduce the high fat content associated with frying.[5][52]

World records

The current record for largest falafel, 101.5 kg (223.7 lb), was set on 31 May 2019 at the Dead Sea, Jordan by the Hilton Dead Sea Resort & Spa.[57]

The record for largest serving of falafel, 5,173 kg (11,404 lb 8 oz), was set by Chef Ramzi Choueiri and the students of Al-Kafaat University (Lebanon) in Beirut on 9 May 2010.[58]

Tribute

In 2019, falafel was added as an emoji by the Unicode Consortium,[59] based partly on an argument that vegetarian, halal, kosher, and Middle Eastern/North African foods are underrepresented in the emoji food set.[60] On 18 June 2019, falafel was celebrated with a Google Doodle.[61]

  • Falafel mixture
    Falafel mixture
  • Falafel before frying
    Falafel before frying
  • Uncooked falafel balls and a falafel press
    Uncooked falafel balls and a falafel press
  • Falafel balls frying
    Falafel balls frying
  • Falafel balls after frying
    Falafel balls after frying

See also

  • Vada (food): Parippu vada is a similar-tasting south Indian preparation using lentils (toor daal)
  • Acarajé: a West African dish made from peeled beans formed into a ball and then deep-fried

References

  1. ^ a b Oxford University Press, "Oxford Dictionaries Online: 'falafel', Oxford Dictionaries Online, Retrieved 2017-06-26.
  2. ^ a b Gil, Marks (2010). Encyclopedia of Jewish food. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 978-0544186316. OCLC 849738985.
  3. ^ "No Matter Where It Originated, Falafel Is Still Israel's National Food".
  4. ^ "Ancient Egyptian Food – Taamiya".
  5. ^ a b c d Grogan, Bryanna Clark (July 2003). "Falafel without fat". Vegetarian Times. pp. 20, 22. ISSN 0164-8497. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
  6. ^ a b American Heritage Dictionary, 5th edition (2011), s.v. falafel [1]
  7. ^ a b "the definition of falafel". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 2019-01-06.
  8. ^ Joseph Williams McPherson, The moulids of Egypt, 1941 Internet Archive
  9. ^ "falafel". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989.
  10. ^ a b Davidson, Alan; Jaine, Tom (2006). The Oxford companion to food (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 287. ISBN 978-0-19-280681-9. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
  11. ^ a b Habeeb, Salloum (April 1, 2007). "Falafel: healthy Middle Eastern hamburgers capture the West". Vegetarian Journal. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
  12. ^ Ham, Anthony (2010). Africa. Footscray, Victoria: Lonely Planet. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-74104-988-6. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  13. ^ Why do Alexandrians call the Taamiya by Falafel
  14. ^ a b c Petrini, Carlo; Watson, Benjamin (2001). Slow food : collected thoughts on taste, tradition, and the honest pleasures of food. Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-931498-01-2. Retrieved February 6, 2011. Slow food: collected thoughts on taste, tradition, and the honest pleasures ... By Carlo Petrini, Benjamin Watson.
  15. ^ Wilson, Hilary (1988). Egyptian food and drink. Shire. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-85263-972-6.
  16. ^ Green, Aliza (2004). Beans. Running Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-7624-1931-9.
  17. ^ a b c Kantor, Jodi (July 10, 2002). "A History of the Mideast in the Humble Chickpea". The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2008.
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  23. ^ Williams, Emma (2006). It's Easier to Reach Heaven than the End of the Street. Great Britain: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 378. ISBN 978-0-7475-8559-6.
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  25. ^ Nocke, Alexandra (2009). The place of the Mediterranean in modern Israeli identity. Jewish identities in a changing world. Vol. 11. Brill. p. 125. ISBN 978-90-04-17324-8.
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  27. ^ a b Pilcher, Jeffrey M. (2006). Food in World History. Routledge. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-415-31146-5.
  28. ^ Liz Steinberg Did Jews invent felafel after all? Haaretz
  29. ^ Nahmias, Roee (June 10, 2008). "Lebanon: Israel stole our falafel". Ynet News. Retrieved February 11, 2010.
  30. ^ a b Thorne, Matt; Thorne, John (2007). Mouth Wide Open: A Cook and His Appetite. Macmillan. pp. 181–187. ISBN 978-0-86547-628-8. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
  31. ^ Charles Perry, "Middle Eastern Influences on American Food" in Andrew F. Smith, ed., The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink, ISBN 0-19-530796-8, p. 384
  32. ^ Curtis IV, Edward (2010). Encyclopedia of Muslim-American History, Volume 1. Infobase Publishing. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-8160-7575-1. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
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  34. ^ Schmidt, Arno; Fieldhouse, Paul (2007). The World Religions Cookbook. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-313-33504-4. Retrieved February 23, 2011. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  35. ^ Westmoreland, Susan; Editors of Good Housekeeping (2004). The Good Housekeeping Cookbook. Hearst Books. ISBN 978-1-58816-398-1. Retrieved February 23, 2011. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ a b Stock, Miriam (2013). Der Geschmack der Gentrifizierung: Arabische Imbisse in Berlin [The taste of gentrification: Arab food stalls in Berlin] (Thesis) (in German). Frankfurt (Oder): Viadrina European University. pp. 69–83. ISBN 978-3-8394-2521-3.
  37. ^ Sauermann, Maren (October 21, 2014). "Rezension zu: M. Stock: Der Geschmack der Gentrifizierung" [Review of M. Stock, Der Geschmack der Gentrifizierung] (in German). H-Soz-Kult (H-Net). Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  38. ^ Wulf, Jan-Peter (January 27, 2016). "Frieden geht durch den Magen: Das israelisch-palästinensische Restaurant Kanaan in Berlin" [Peace Goes Through the Stomach: The Israeli-Palestinian Restaurant Kanaan in Berlin]. Das Filter. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  39. ^ Haeming, Anne (January 19, 2014). "Falafel ist ein Armeleuteessen" ['Falafel is a poor people's food']. Die Tageszeitung (Interview with Miriam Stock) (in German). Retrieved December 8, 2017.
  40. ^ Wolfe, Frankie Avalon (2007). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Being Vegetarian. Penguin Group. pp. 175, 186. ISBN 978-1-59257-682-1. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
  41. ^ Murphy, Jane (2010). The Great Big Burger Book: 100 New and Classic Recipes for Mouth Watering Burgers Every Day Every Way. ReadHowYouWant.com. p. 304. ISBN 978-1-4587-6463-8. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
  42. ^ Berkoff R.D., Nancy (1999). Vegan in volume: vegan quantity recipes for every occasion. ISBN 978-0-931411-21-2. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
  43. ^ Leonard, Joanne (October 1996). "New Ways with Falafel: The Middle Eastern favorite has evolved from a high fat sandwich stuffer to a low fat meal magician". Vegetarian Times. pp. 36, 38. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
  44. ^ Whitney, Winona (June 1991). "Minute Meals". Vegetarian Times. p. 30. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
  45. ^ a b c Campion, Charles (May 9, 2002). "Falling for fine falafel". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on May 5, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
  46. ^ Malouf, Greg; Malouf, Lucy (2008). Artichoke to Za'atar: Modern Middle Eastern Food. University of California Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-520-25413-8. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
  47. ^ Ayto, John (1990). The glutton's glossary: a dictionary of food and drink terms. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-02647-4. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
  48. ^ Dimbleby, Henry; Baxter, Jane (20 March 2015). "The world's best falafel recipe comes from Egypt". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  49. ^ Bittman, Mark (2007-04-04). "For the Best Falafel, Do It All Yourself". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  50. ^ Basan, Ghillie (2007). Middle Eastern Kitchen. Hippocrene Books. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7818-1190-3.
  51. ^ Marks, Gil (2010). Encyclopedia of Jewish food. John Wiley & Sons. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-470-39130-3. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
  52. ^ a b Winget, Mary; Chalbi, Habib (2003). Cooking the North African Way (2 ed.). Twenty-First Century Books. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-8225-4169-1. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
  53. ^ Webb, Robyn (2004). Eat to Beat High Blood Pressure. Readers Digest. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-7621-0508-3. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
  54. ^ Balch, Phyllis A. (2003). Prescription for Dietary Wellness (2 ed.). Avery. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-58333-147-7. Retrieved February 6, 2011. falafel.
  55. ^ Katz, David; Gonzalez, Maura (2004). Way to Eat: A Six-Step Path to Lifelong Weight Control. Sourcebooks, Inc. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-4022-0264-3. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
  56. ^ Piscatella, Joseph; Franklin, Barry (2003). Take a load off your heart: 109 things you can actually do to prevent, halt, or reverse heart disease. Workman Publishing. p. 296. ISBN 978-0-7611-2676-8. Retrieved February 23, 2011. fiber falafel.
  57. ^ "Largest falafel". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  58. ^ "Largest serving of falafel". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  59. ^ "Emoji recently added, v12.0".
  60. ^ "Proposal to Add Emoji Symbol for Falafel to Unicode" (PDF).
  61. ^ "Celebrating Falafel". Google. 2019-06-18.
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