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Baotou

Coordinates: 40°37′17″N 109°57′12″E / 40.6213°N 109.9532°E / 40.6213; 109.9532
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Baotou
包头市 • ᠪᠤᠭᠤᠲᠤᠬᠣᠲᠠ
Paotow
Prefecture-level city
Downtown Baotou
Downtown Baotou
Location of Baotou City jurisdiction in Inner Mongolia
Location of Baotou City jurisdiction in Inner Mongolia
Baotou is located in Inner Mongolia
Baotou
Baotou
Location of the city centre in Inner Mongolia
Baotou is located in China
Baotou
Baotou
Baotou (China)
Coordinates (Baotou municipal government): 40°37′17″N 109°57′12″E / 40.6213°N 109.9532°E / 40.6213; 109.9532
CountryPeople's Republic of China
Autonomous regionInner Mongolia
County-level divisions10 Banners
Municipal seatJiuyuan District
Area
 • Prefecture-level city27,768 km2 (10,721 sq mi)
 • Urban
2,662 km2 (1,028 sq mi)
 • Metro
2,662 km2 (1,028 sq mi)
Elevation
1,065 m (3,494 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)[1]
 • Prefecture-level city2,709,378
 • Density98/km2 (250/sq mi)
 • Urban
2,261,089
 • Urban density850/km2 (2,200/sq mi)
 • Metro
2,261,089
 • Metro density850/km2 (2,200/sq mi)
 • Major ethnic groups
Time zoneUTC+08:00 (China Standard)
Postal code
014000
Area code472
ISO 3166 codeCN-NM-02
License plate prefixes蒙B
Local DialectJin (Baotou dialect); Northeastern Mandarin; Southern Mongolian
Websitewww.baotou.gov.cn
Baotou
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese包头
Traditional Chinese包頭
PostalPaotow
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinBāotóu
Mongolian name
Mongolian CyrillicБугaт хот
Mongolian scriptᠪᠤᠭᠤᠲᠤ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ

Baotou (Chinese: 包头市; pinyin: Bāotóu; Mongolian: ᠪᠤᠭᠤᠲᠤ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ Buɣutu qota, Бугат хот) is the largest city by urban population in Inner Mongolia, China. Governed as a prefecture-level city, as of the 2020 census, its built-up (or metro) area made up of its 5 urban districts is home to 2,261,089 people with a total population of 2,709,378 accounting for counties under its jurisdiction.[2] The city's namesake, literally translated to "place with deer", is of Mongolic origin or "Lucheng" (Chinese: 鹿城; pinyin: Lùchéng), meaning "City of Deer".[3] Alternatively Baotou is known as the "City of Steel in Gobi" (草原钢城; Cǎoyuán Gāngchéng).

Previously the town's principal industry was steel. However, in recent decades Baotou has become internationally known for processing rare earth minerals mined in Bayan Obo, making the city the largest Chinese source of the minerals.[4] Though central to the city's economy, it also produces toxic tailings contained by the Baotou Tailings Dam .[4]

History

The Deer monument in central Baotou City, Inner Mongolia

Ancient times

The area now known as Baotou was inhabited by nomads, some of whose descendants would later be categorized as Mongols. Near the end of the Han Dynasty—206 BC–220 AD—Lü Bu, a particularly noteworthy warrior, was born in today's Jiuyuan District of Baotou.

Foundation of the town

Compared to the capital of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, Baotou's construction as a city came relatively late, being incorporated as a town in 1809. The city's site was chosen because it was in an arable region of the Yellow River's Great Bend.

Early 20th century

The Gelaohui secret society and the Hui Muslim General Ma Fuxiang came to an agreement in 1922, in which Ma Fuxiang agreed to allow the Gelaohui to extort protection money from wool merchants in Baotou.[5]

A railway from Beijing was constructed in 1923, and the city began spurring some industrial sites. A German-Chinese joint-venture in 1934 constructed the Baotou Airport and opened a weekly route connecting Baotou with Ningxia and Lanzhou.

When young Owen Lattimore visited Baotou in 1925, it was still "a little husk of a town in a great hollow shell of mud ramparts, where two busy streets made a traders' quarter", but already an important railhead. Qinghai and Gansu wool and hides were brought down the Yellow River by raft and boat from Lanzhou to Baotou, and shipped from Baotou by rail to the east (in particular, to Tianjin for export). The river traffic was one-way only, however, as the fast current made sailing up the Yellow River impractical. To travel from Baotou back to Lanzhou or Yinchuan, one would use a cart and camel road. There were also caravan roads from Baotou to Ordos and the Alxa League.[6]

Second Sino-Japanese War

Baotou was under Japanese control from 1937 until 1945.[citation needed]

Chinese civil war

On September 19, 1949, after the September 19 Rebellion, Baotou fell under Communist control.[citation needed] The People's Government was formed in February 1950.[citation needed]

Late 20th century

In the early Communist years Baotou served as an industrial centre, with a significant portion of its economy coming from its steel production.[citation needed] The Iron and Steel Base in Baotou is one of the "156 projects", which were constructed with the help of Soviet Union to develop China's national economy in the 1950s and 1960s, and it continues this reputation until this day.[citation needed] Until the middle of the 1960s, the steel complex at Baotou was one of the rare examples of industrialization in the periphery of China.[7]: 316 

1996 earthquake

Main article: 1996 Baotou earthquake

On 3 May 1996, at 03:32AM UTC (11:32AM local time), an earthquake of MS 6.4 occurred. Since the epicenter of the earthquake was located close to the city,[8] Baotou was very damaged by the earthquake: 26 people were killed, 453 injured and 196,633 lost their homes. The electrical infrastructure of the city was also damaged, and soil liquefaction occurred around the swamps of the Yellow River.

The earthquake, which destroyed many old houses, led to the reconstruction of Baotou. In 2002, the Baotou Municipal Government was awarded by UN-HABITAT for the improvements in shelter and the urban environments.[9][10]

21st century

In the early 21st century, Baotou's economy grew rapidly, growing about tenfold from 2000 to 2010.[11] The city's gross domestic product peaked at about 386.763 billion renminbi (RMB) in 2016, and has shrunk significantly since then.[11]

Economy

Baotou is the largest economy of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,[12][needs update] and accounted for approximately 21.3% of Inner Mongolia's total gross domestic product (GDP) as of 2012.[13] As of 2018, the city's GDP of 295.180 billion renminbi (RMB), a 7.22% increase from the previous year, but much lower than the city's peak of 386.763 billion RMB in 2016.[11]

Baotou's secondary sector has proven crucial to the city's economy. As of 2016, it contributed 182.215 RMB to the city's economy, 47.11% of the city's total GDP.[14] However, like the city's total economy, it has shrunk since then.[11][14] As of 2020, the city's secondary sector contributed 115.300 billion RMB to Baotou's economy.[14]

Baotou Xingsheng Economic & Technological Development Zone is an industrial zone in Baotou.[citation needed]

The city processes ore from the mines in Bayan Obo, the greatest source of rare-earth metals globally. In 2005, they accounted for 45% of the total production on earth.[15] The tailings ponds from the complex hydro-metallurgical and acid processing results in significant local water and land pollution.[4] Both humans and animals have had disease because of this contamination.[4]

As noted, in the early Communist years Baotou served as an industrial centre, with a significant portion of its economy coming from its industry around metals, mostly steel. The Iron and Steel Base of Bautou was constructed with the help of the Soviet Union to help China in developing its economy; It is one of those 156 projects that the Soviets helped building for that purpose in the 1950s and 1960s.[citation needed]

Demographics

According to the 2020 Chinese Census, Baotou has a permanent population of about 2,709,400 people, up about 59,000 from the 2010 Census.[16] The average household in Baotou comprises 2.27 people, down from 2.65 as of 2010.[16]

Badekar Monastery

Age and sex distribution

Baotou, like many places in China, has an aging population. As per the 2020 Census, 20.19% of Baotou's population is aged 60 and older, 1.49 percentage points above the Chinese national average of 18.70%.[16] 13.70% of Baotou's population is aged 65 and older, 0.20 percentage points above the Chinese national average of 13.50%.[16] The number of people aged 60 and older has grown by 7.42% since 2010, and the number of people aged 65 and older has grown by 4.88% during that same span.[16]

Per the census, 50.7% of the city's population is male, and 49.3% is female.[16]

Ethnic groups

Ethnicity 2000[citation needed] 2020[16]
Population Percentage Population Percentage
Han Chinese 2,122,737 94.16% 2,525,500 93.21%
Mongol 67,209 2.98% 113,200 4.18%
Hui Chinese 36,234 1.61% N/A N/A
Manchu 22,826 1.01% N/A N/A
Korean Chinese 848 0.04% N/A N/A
Other N/A N/A 70,700 2.61%
Total N/A 100.00% 2,709,400 100.00%

Floating population

As of 2020, there are approximately 1,026,400 floating residents of Baotou,[16] that is, residents of the city with a hukou registration elsewhere. This population has increased by 144,100, or 22.37%, since 2010.[16]

Urbanization

As of the 2020 Census, 2,334,400 people, or 86.16% of the city's population, lives in urban areas.[16] The remaining 375,000 people, 13.84% of the city's population, lives in rural areas.[16]

Prominent locations

  • The 39,000 capacity Baotou Olympic Sports Centre Stadium[17](包头奥林匹克体育中心) is the main sports venue in the city and is used mostly for football matches.[citation needed]
Saihantalah Grasslands Park, central Baotou
  • Saihantalah Grasslands Park (赛汗塔拉城中草原) or Ecological Reserve is a large urban park in central Baotou, in the Qingshan district. The 5.5 km square park is home to thirty wild animal and bird species and is reputedly one of the largest urban parks in China. It is a popular recreational location and attracts 2 million visitors a year.[citation needed]
  • The largest Tibetan Buddhist monastery in Inner Mongolia, Badekar Monastery is located in Shiguai District.[18]
  • The Baotou Tailings Dam or Weikuang Dam is a tailings dam about 20 kilometres outside the main city of Baotou. It is owned by Baotou Steel and contains the waste from rare earth mineral refineries. In 2015, BBC journalist Tim Maughan wrote that the dam was a "toxic lake" and the area like "hell on earth." He said he was unable to tell where the refineries ended and the city began. He compared the city to images in the movie Tron, where "the side streets are filled with drunk, vomiting refinery workers that spill from bars and barbecue joints."[19] In 2016, serious contamination of farming land in the dam's immediate vicinity was formally identified by Chinese researchers.[20] The rare earth minerals are mined in Bayan Obo Mining District, about 120 kilometres from Baotou and are used in the manufacture of many modern electronics, including smartphones, TVs and wind turbines.[citation needed]

Transportation

Geography and climate

Baotou is located in the west of Inner Mongolia, located at the junction of two economic zones: the Bohai Economic Rim and the Upper Yellow River Natural Resources Enrichment Zone (黄河上游资源富集区). Its administrative area borders Mongolia's Dornogovi Province to the north, while the Yellow River, which flows for 214 kilometres (133 mi) in the prefecture,[21] is south of the urban area itself. The Tumochuan Plateau (土默川平原), Hetao Plateau, and Yin Mountains cross the urban area and central part of the prefecture. Baotou City ranges in latitude from 41° 20' to 42° 40' N and in longitude from 109° 50' to 111° 25' E.

Baotou features a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk), marked by long, cold and very dry winters, hot, somewhat humid summers, and strong winds, especially in spring. Temperatures often fall below −15 °C (5 °F) in winter and rise above 30 °C (86 °F) in summer. The annual precipitation is approximately 300 millimetres (11.8 in), with more than half of it falling in July and August alone. Due to the aridity and elevation, temperature differences between day and night can be large, especially in spring. In 2002, there were 12 instances of dust storms.[21]

Climate data for Baotou (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 7.4
(45.3) 		16.3
(61.3) 		23.9
(75.0) 		34.4
(93.9) 		35.9
(96.6) 		40.4
(104.7) 		40.1
(104.2) 		37.6
(99.7) 		35.0
(95.0) 		27.5
(81.5) 		19.3
(66.7) 		10.1
(50.2) 		40.4
(104.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −3.7
(25.3) 		1.7
(35.1) 		9.3
(48.7) 		18.1
(64.6) 		24.4
(75.9) 		28.8
(83.8) 		30.2
(86.4) 		27.9
(82.2) 		22.9
(73.2) 		15.5
(59.9) 		5.8
(42.4) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		14.9
(58.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −10.6
(12.9) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		2.1
(35.8) 		10.8
(51.4) 		17.3
(63.1) 		22.2
(72.0) 		24.0
(75.2) 		21.8
(71.2) 		15.9
(60.6) 		7.9
(46.2) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		−8.5
(16.7) 		8.0
(46.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −16.0
(3.2) 		−11.5
(11.3) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		3.4
(38.1) 		9.7
(49.5) 		15.2
(59.4) 		18.2
(64.8) 		16.1
(61.0) 		10.0
(50.0) 		2.0
(35.6) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		−13.6
(7.5) 		1.9
(35.5)
Record low °C (°F) −31.4
(−24.5) 		−28.8
(−19.8) 		−20.4
(−4.7) 		−10.4
(13.3) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		3.2
(37.8) 		10.5
(50.9) 		4.9
(40.8) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		−11.8
(10.8) 		−20.8
(−5.4) 		−27.6
(−17.7) 		−31.4
(−24.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 1.8
(0.07) 		4.3
(0.17) 		7.4
(0.29) 		10.7
(0.42) 		24.3
(0.96) 		36.5
(1.44) 		69.8
(2.75) 		79.1
(3.11) 		49.4
(1.94) 		15.6
(0.61) 		6.2
(0.24) 		2.1
(0.08) 		307.2
(12.08)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 1.6 2.1 2.9 3.1 5.0 7.4 10.1 9.6 7.8 3.9 2.2 1.6 57.3
Average snowy days 3.3 3.2 2.8 0.9 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.9 2.3 3.5 17
Average relative humidity (%) 59 50 43 35 37 45 57 62 60 57 58 58 52
Mean monthly sunshine hours 199.0 207.2 248.2 270.6 292.1 270.7 261.2 253.6 231.3 234.5 197.1 189.3 2,854.8
Percent possible sunshine 66 68 67 67 65 60 58 60 63 69 67 66 65
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[22][23]
Source 2: Weather China[24]

Administrative divisions

Baotou is divided into 10 county-level divisions, including 7 districts, 1 county and 2 banners.

Map
# Name Mongolian Hanzi Hanyu Pinyin Population
(2010 Census[25]) 		Area (km2) Density
(/km2)
1 Hondlon District ᠬᠥᠨᠳᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ
(Köndelen toɣoriɣ) 		昆都仑区 Kūndūlún Qū 726,838 301 2,415
2 Donghe District ᠳᠦᠩᠾᠧ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ
(Düŋhė toɣoriɣ) 		东河区 Dōnghé Qū 512,045 470 1,089
3 Qingshan District ᠴᠢᠩᠱᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ
(Čiŋšan toɣoriɣ) 		青山区 Qīngshān Qū 600,284 396 1,516
4 Shiguai District ᠰᠢᠭᠤᠶᠢᠲᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ
(Siɣuyitu toɣoriɣ) 		石拐区 Shíguǎi Qū 35,803 761 47
5 Bayan'obo Mining District ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨ ᠣᠪᠣᠭ᠋᠎ᠠ ᠠᠭᠤᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ
(Bayan Oboɣ-a Aɣurqai-yin toɣoriɣ) 		白云鄂博矿区 Báiyún Èbó Kuàngqū 26,050 303 86
6 Jiuyuan District ᠵᠢᠦᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ
(Jiü yuvan toɣoriɣ) 		九原区 Jiǔyuán Qū 195,831 734 267
8 Guyang County ᠭᠦᠶᠠᠩ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨ
(Güyaŋ siyan) 		固阳县 Gùyáng Xiàn 175,574 5,025 35
9 Tumed Right Banner
(Tumed Barun Banner) 		ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠳ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
(Tümed Baraɣun qosiɣu) 		土默特右旗 Tǔmòtè Yòu Qí 276,453 2,368 116.7
10 Darhan Muminggan United Banner
(Darhan Muminggan Holbot Banner) 		ᠳᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠮᠤᠤᠮᠢᠩᠭ᠋ᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
(Darqan Muumiŋɣan Qolboɣatu qosiɣu) 		达尔罕茂明安
联合旗 		Dá'ěrhǎn Màomíng'ān
Liánhé Qí 		101,486 17,410 5.8
  • Northern Weapons Park
    Northern Weapons Park
  • Trip home for lunch, area rebuilt after the earthquake
    Trip home for lunch, area rebuilt after the earthquake
  • Aobao Shrine
    Aobao Shrine
  • Bridge over the Yellow River
    Bridge over the Yellow River
  • Baotou chariot and Yurt
    Baotou chariot and Yurt
  • Main airport road, Baotou
    Main airport road, Baotou
  • Students at Baotou Foreign Languages School playing soccer in the snow
    Students at Baotou Foreign Languages School playing soccer in the snow

References

  1. ^ "China: Inner Mongolia (Prefectures, Leagues, Cities, Districts, Banners and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
  2. ^ "China: Inner Mongolia (Prefectures, Leagues, Cities, Districts, Banners and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
  3. ^ "Baotou". subsites.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d "Rare-earth mining in China comes at a heavy cost for local villages". the Guardian. 7 August 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  5. ^ Millward, James A. "THE CHINESE BORDER WOOL TRADE OF 1880-1937": 38. Retrieved 10 July 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ Owen Lattimore, The Desert to Turkestan, 1928. Pages 7-8.
  7. ^ Harrell, Stevan (2023). An Ecological History of Modern China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295751719.
  8. ^ of the epicenter of the 1996 earthquake
  9. ^ "Un-Habitat.:. 迪拜奖 | 包头市的震后重建、经济适用房和城市绿化项目". Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
  10. ^ http://ww2.unhabitat.org/whd/2002/documents/whd_pressrelease_2.doc[permanent dead link]
  11. ^ a b c d 中国 国内生产总值:内蒙古:包头 [China Gross Domestic Product: Inner Mongolia: Baotou]. www.ceicdata.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  12. ^ "Baotou (Inner Mongolia) City Information". HKTDC. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  13. ^ 2012年包头市GDP突破3400亿元. 正北方网. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  14. ^ a b c 中国 国内生产总值:第二产业:内蒙古:包头市 [China Gross Domestic Product: Secondary Sector: Inner Mongolia: Baotou]. www.ceicdata.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  15. ^ Chengyu Wu (2007). "Bayan Obo Controversy: Carbonatites versus Iron Oxide-Cu-Au-(REE-U)". Resource Geology. 58 (4): 348–354. doi:10.1111/j.1751-3928.2008.00069.x. S2CID 130453872. Archived from the original on 17 December 2012.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k 人口状况 [Population Status]. www.baotou.gov.cn (in Chinese). Baotou Municipal People's Government. Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  17. ^ Daum 카페. cafe.daum.net. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
  18. ^ Yao 姚, Guixuan 桂轩; Di 翟, Wen 文 (1988). 五当召及其在内蒙古历史上的地位 [Wudang Temple and its position in Inner Mongolia's history]. Yinshan Academic Journal (in Simplified Chinese) (1).
  19. ^ Maughan, Tim. "The dystopian lake filled by the world´s tech lust". BBC. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  20. ^ Baochuan Li; Nanping Wang; Jianhua Wan; Shengqing Xiong; Hongtao Liu; Shijun Li; Rong Zhao. "In-situ gamma-ray survey of rare-earth tailings dams - A case study in Baotou and Bayan Obo Districts, China" (PDF). Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 151 (2016). Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  21. ^ a b 地理气候 (in Chinese (China)). Baotou People's Government. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
  22. ^ 1991-2020 normals "Climate averages from 1991 to 2020". China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023.
  23. ^ 1981-2010 extremes 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  24. ^ 包头 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 (in Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  25. ^ China - Neimenggu Zizhiqu (Nei Monggol / Inner Mongolia), GeoHive, 1996-2014
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