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It was once named "明州" (Míngzhōu). The character Ming (明) was composed by two parts, representing two lakes inside the city wall, i.e., the Solar Lake (日湖) and the Crescent Lake (月湖).
It was once named "明州" (Míngzhōu). The character Ming (明) was composed by two parts, representing two lakes inside the city wall, i.e., the Solar Lake (日湖) and the Crescent Lake (月湖).

DAVID SEAMAN LIVES


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 04:31, 10 August 2011

For other uses, see Ningbo (disambiguation).
Ningbo
宁波
Sub-provincial city
宁波市
Clockwise from top: Ningbo's Skyline, Tianyi Chamber, Port of Ningbo, Hangzhou Bay Bridge, and Tianfeng Pagoda
Clockwise from top: Ningbo's Skyline, Tianyi Chamber, Port of Ningbo, Hangzhou Bay Bridge, and Tianfeng Pagoda
Ningbo City (yellow) in Zhejiang
Ningbo City (yellow) in Zhejiang
CountryPeople's Republic of China
ProvinceZhejiang
County-level divisions11
Township divisions148
Government
 • CPC Ningbo Committee SecretaryWang Huizhong (王辉忠)
 • MayorLiu Qi[disambiguation needed] (刘奇)
Area
 • Sub-provincial city9,365 km2 (3,616 sq mi)
Elevation
150 m (488 ft)
Population
 (2009)[1]
 • Sub-provincial city5,710,000
 • Density610/km2 (1,600/sq mi)
 • Urban
2,218,000
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard Time)
Postal code
315000
Area code574
GDP2009[1]
 - TotalCNY 421.46 billion (USD 61.72 billion)
 - per capitaCNY 73,998 (USD 10,836)
 - GrowthIncrease 8.6%
Websitewww.ningbo.gov.cn Template:Zh icon
City trees
Camphor Laurel Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Sieb.)
City flowers
Camellia
Ningbo
Simplified Chinese宁波
Traditional Chinese寧波
Wunyin平pou平
Literal meaningtranquil waves

Ningbo (Chinese: 宁波; pinyin: Níngbō; Ningbo dialect: Nyinpou) is a seaport city of northeastern Zhejiang province, Eastern China. Holding sub-provincial administrative status, the city has a population of 2,201,000 and lies south of the Hangzhou Bay, facing the East China Sea to the east. Ningbo borders Shaoxing to the west and Taizhou to the south, and is separated from Zhoushan by a narrow body of water.

Etymology

The first character in the city's name (宁 or 寧) means "serene", while its second character (波) translates to "waves". Together, the name literally means "Serene Waves". The city is abbreviated Yǒng (甬), after the Yong Hill (甬山), a prominent coastal hill near the city, just like the Yong River (甬江) that flows through Ningbo. The abbreviation Ning is used more commonly for Nanjing.

It was once named "明州" (Míngzhōu). The character Ming (明) was composed by two parts, representing two lakes inside the city wall, i.e., the Solar Lake (日湖) and the Crescent Lake (月湖).

DAVID SEAMAN LIVES

History

Ningbo is one of China's oldest cities, with a history dating back to the Hemudu culture in 4800 BC . Once known as Mingzhou (明州), Ningbo was known as a trade city on the silk road at least two thousand years ago, and then as a major port, along with Yangzhou and Guangzhou in the Tang Dynasty; thereafter, the major ports for foreign trade in the Song Dynasty.

The city of Ningbo was known in Europe for a long time under the name of Liampó. This is the usual spelling used e.g. in the standard Portuguese history, João de Barros's Décadas da Ásia, although Barros explained that Liampó was a Portuguese "corruption" of the more correct Nimpó.;[2][3] the spelling Liampó is also attested in the Peregrination (Peregrinação) by Fernão Mendes Pinto, a (so-called) autobiography written in Portuguese during 16th century. For the mid-16th century Portuguese, the nearby promontory, which they called the cape of Liampó, after the nearby "illustrious city" was the easternmost known point of the mainland Asia.[2]

The Portuguese began trading in Ningbo around 1522. By 1542, the Portuguese had a sizable community in Ningbo (or, more likely, on nearby small islands). The Portuguese stole people and goods from surrounding villages and the resulting complaints made it to the province's governor who commanded the settlement destroyed and the inhabitants wiped out. In 1522 the Portuguese settled here by permission and flourished, but their rapacity led to their expulsion in 1542, when a force of 60,000 Chinese troops descended on the community, 800 of the 1,200 Portuguese residents were massacred, and 25 Portuguese vessels and 42 junks were destroyed.[4][5][6][7]

Ningbo was one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened by the Treaty of Nanjing (signed in 1842) at the end of the First Opium War between Britain and China. During the war, British forces took possession of the walled city of Ningbo briefly after storming the fortified town of Zhenhai at the mouth of the Yong River on October 10, 1841. The British repulsed a Chinese attempt to retake the city in the Battle of Ningpo on March 10, 1842. In 1864, the forces of the Taiping Rebellion held the town for six months. In March 1885, during the Sino-French War, Admiral Courbet's naval squadron blockaded several Chinese warships in Zhenhai Bay and exchanged fire with the shore defences.

Ningbo was once famed for traditional Chinese furniture production.

During the Qing dynasty, western encyclopedias described Ningbo as a center of craftsmanship and industry- "The gold and silversmiths of Ningpo are noted for the delicacy and tastefulness of their work, and Ningpo confectionery is celebrated all over China. The specialty of the place, however, is its elegantly carved and inlaid furniture. Silk-culture is extensively carried on in the surrounding country, and silk-weaving is an important industry. In 1893 498 piculs of silk piece-goods were exported. The development of manufacturing interests in Japan has given a groat impetus to cotton-culture, and in 1893 the steam cotton-ginning establishments of Ningpo cleaned over 60,000 piculs of raw cotton."[8][9][10][11][12][13][14]

A caste of "degraded" outcasts existed in Ningbo city during the Qing dynasty, around 3,000 people in a class called "min". These "min" people were said to be Jin Dynasty (1115–1234) (aka Kin dynasty) descendants. Normal people refused to fraternize with them, the min were forced to enter professions such as play-acting, music, sedan-bearing, matchmaking, barbery, they were identified by a unique dress and always had with them a chekered hankerchief bundle. They were barred from taking the Imperial Exams and having normal professions.[15][16][17][18]

A detailed account of an Englishman who stayed in Ningbo can be found in The Chinese repository, Volume 13, published in 1844. He visited the mosque of the local Hui people. The imam was from Shandong, and claimed to be a descendant of Muslims from the city of Medina. He spoke both Arabic and Chinese, and could read Arabic as well. Around 30 families attended his congregation, Quranic verses decorated his apartments, and his possessions included Muslim holy texts and clothing. However, the imam described Hangzhou as being the "Stronghold" of Islam in the region.[19]

During World War II in 1940, Japan bombed Ningbo with fleas carrying the bubonic plague.[20] According to Daniel Barenblatt, Prince Tsuneyoshi Takeda received, with Prince Mikasa, a special screening by Shiro Ishii of a film showing imperial planes loading germ bombs for bubonic dissemination over Ningbo in 1940.[21]

"It has been said of the Ningbo fishermen that, 'no people in the world apparently made so great an advance in the art of fishing; and for centuries past no people have made so little further progress.'"[22]

Geography and climate

  • Ningbo covers an area of 9,365 square kilometres (3,616 sq mi) and has a total coastline of 1,562 km (971 mi) including 788 km (490 mi) of mainland coastline and 774 km (481 mi) of island coastline.
  • Climatic Features: monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Koppen Cfa), featuring temperate and humid weather and four distinct seasons; frost-free period of 230–240 days
  • Mean Temperature: annual-17.0 °C (62.6 °F), January-4.8 °C (40.6 °F), July-29.0 °C (84.2 °F)
  • Average Rainfall: 1,450 millimetres (57.1 in)
Climate data for Ningbo
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8
(47) 		9
(48) 		13
(55) 		19
(66) 		23
(74) 		27
(80) 		32
(89) 		31
(87) 		27
(80) 		22
(72) 		17
(62) 		11
(52) 		20
(68)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3
(37) 		4
(39) 		7
(45) 		12
(54) 		17
(63) 		22
(71) 		26
(78) 		26
(78) 		21
(70) 		16
(61) 		10
(50) 		4
(40) 		14
(57)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 57.8
(2.28) 		75.4
(2.97) 		120.4
(4.74) 		120.0
(4.72) 		142.4
(5.61) 		203.0
(7.99) 		144.7
(5.70) 		168.6
(6.64) 		188.5
(7.42) 		86.0
(3.39) 		65.3
(2.57) 		46.2
(1.82) 		1,418.3
(55.85)
Average precipitation days 11.6 12.7 17.1 15.9 16.1 16.5 12.3 13.8 13.8 10.2 8.8 8.7 157.5
Average relative humidity (%) 76 78 80 81 82 86 83 83 83 80 77 75 80
Mean monthly sunshine hours 123.7 108.4 121.7 142.4 156.7 147.8 243.8 238.0 171.5 166.5 143.4 146.1 1,910
Source 1: Weatherbase[23]
Source 2: Ningbo Climate Studies[24]

Administrative Structure

The mayor of Ningbo is Liu Qi[disambiguation needed]. Wang Huizhong is the secretary of CPC in Ningbo, who is first-in-charge of the city.

Ningbo Local Government Offices

    • Ningbo Foreign Affairs Office[25]
    • Ningbo Foreign Trade & Economic Cooperation Bureau[26]
    • Ningbo Govt.[27]

The sub-provincial city of Ningbo has direct jurisdiction over 6 districts (区 qu) (urban), 3 county-level cities (市 shi) and 2 Counties (县 xian):

Subdivision
Ningbo City Proper
■ Haishu-qu 海曙区
■ Jiangdong-qu 江东区
■ Jiangbei-qu 江北区
■ Zhenhai-qu 镇海区
■ Beilun-qu 北仑区
■ Yinzhou-qu 鄞州区
Ningbo Suburban and Rural
■ Yuyao-shi 余姚市
■ Cixi-shi 慈溪市
■ Fenghua-shi 奉化市
■ Ninghai-xian 宁海县
■ Xiangshan-xian 象山县

Economy

Ningbo is a very important port city and the engine of the economy on the east coast of China. The city started foreign trading in the 7th century and has since become a major exporter of electrical products, textiles, food, and industrial tools in china today.

Ningbo was geographically isolated from other major cities on the east coast of China and was separated from Shanghai by Hangzhou Bay although the barrier was eliminated in late 2008 when a 33 km cross-sea bridge was built, allowing travel to Shanghai in less than two hours.[28] The bridge is already having an impact on the local economy, according to the observations of lots of business people in Ningbo– property prices are rising dramatically. Industrial regions are now twice as big as similar regions around Shanghai in 2006. It remains to be seen what economic action will be taken to correct soaring property values and whether the correction will be hard or soft.[28]

In 2009, Ningbo's economic activity reached USD 60.8 billion, down 10.4% from 2008. The exports totalled USD 38.65 billion, down 16.6% from the previous year. In addition, Ningbo imported USD 22.16 billion of goods, up 3.1% from the previous year.[29]

Ningbo's economy grew 8.6 percent in 2009 to 421.5 billion yuan (US$61.7 billion). The city's per capita output was US$10,833, about three times the national average.[30]

Ningbo is famous for the Si Lan Nong Xiang flower. Used for dying cloth, 2008 exports were responsible for 3% of the Ningbo economic growth.

Economic and Technological Development Zones

Ningbo Economic & Technological Development Zone

Located in the north-east of Ningbo, behind Beilun Port, NETD is 27 kilometers away from the city center. With more than 20 years of great effort, NETD has already formed the general framework for large scale construction and development, and established perfect investment environment. It is situated close to the Ningbo Port and Ningbo Lishe International Airport. Major Investors include Exxon Mobile, Dupont and Dow Chemical.[31]

Ningbo National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

Ningbo National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was founded in 1999 and was upgraded to a national level zone in January 2007. It is only 10 km away from Ningbo International Airport and 18 km away from Ningbo Port. The zone serves as the important technical innovation base of Yangtze River Delta. Industries encouraged include Chemicals Production and Processing, Biotechnology/Pharmaceuticals, Raw Material Processing, Research and Development.[32]

Ningbo Free Trade Zone

Ningbo Free Trade Zone is one of the 15 free trade zones authorized by the State Council of China, and is the only free trade zone in Zhejiang Province. It was established by State Council in 1992, covering the area of 2.3 square kilometers. It lies in the middle of the coastline of Mainland China, at the south of Yangtze River Delta. In 2008, its industrial output value was RMB 53.33 billion and grew at 19.8% as compared to 2007.[33]

Nordic Industrial Park

The Nordic Industrial Park Co. Ltd. (NIP) is one of the first wholly foreign-owned industrial parks in China located in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. NIP is managed and operated by a Scandinavian management team.[34]

Ningbo Port

Main article: Port of Ningbo

Ningbo is not just an ordinary city – it has the same authority as provincial governments for economic administration – and has a port second only to Shanghai. Unlike Shanghai, the port is deepwater and capable of handling 300,000 tonne vessels. The port is located mainly in Beilun district and Zhenhai district. In 2006, Ningbo port started its expansion to the small island of Zhoushan for the purpose of building a even larger port with higher capacity to compete with its neighbouring ports in the region, such as Shanghai's Yangshan Deep-Water Port. The statistics in 2009 showed that cargo throughput was 570m tonnes and container throughput 10m TEUs. With bulk container breakdowns, hugely improved logistics, and massive chemical and foodstuff, processing developments, Ningbo could yet win the race with Shanghai as port of choice for servicing the Chinese east coast.[28]

Tourism

The Junjing Hall (尊经阁) located within the Tianyi Chamber
Ningbo along rivers

Notable people

The monument of victory in the Battle of Zhenhai (Sino-French War)
Main article: Ningbo People

Many well known Chinese came from Ningbo or their ancestral home was Ningbo.

People in mainland China

  • Zhang Jianhong (張建紅), freelance writer, playwright, poet, and also a democracy activist.
  • Pan Tianshou (潘天寿), artist in Chinese painting.
  • Zhou Xinfang (周信芳), artist in Peking Opera.
  • Sha Menghai (沙孟海), the Master Calligrapher.

People in Hong Kong

People in Taiwan

People overseas

Transportation

See also: Ningbo Lishe International Airport
Zhao bao shan Bridge, Zhenhai District, Ningbo

Bridge

As there are three main rivers running through Ningbo, it is crucial to build bridges to improve the efficiency of transport network in Ningbo. The Ling Bridge which connects Haishu district and Jiangdong District is the earliest modern bridge built in Ningbo, designed by German engineers. Since the late 1980s, 16 bridges have been built on the three rivers. Currently another 27 bridges are under construction. The Hangzhou Bay Bridge, a combination cable-stayed bridge and causeway across Hangzhou Bay, opened to the public on May 1, 2008. This bridge connects the municipalities of Shanghai and Ningbo, and is considered the longest trans-oceanic bridge in the world. It is the world's second-longest bridge, after the Lake Ponchartrain Causeway in Louisiana, USA. The Jintang Bridge, linking Jintang Island of Zhoushan and the Zhenhai district, is a 27-kilometer long, 4 lane sea crossing bridge which opened on December 26, 2009.

Sea

The port of Ningbo is one of the world's busiest ports, ranked 2nd by cargo tonnage in 2008, and 7th in TEU.

Air

Ningbo Lishe International Airport connects Ningbo by air to the rest of China, with regularly scheduled domestic and international flights. In 2009, new air routes between Ningbo and Taiwan were opened. Jetstar Asia also lauched a new air routes between Ningbo and Singapore which commerce in 2011 September.

Railway

Two railway lines intersect in Ningbo: the Xiaoshan-Ningbo Railway (Xiaoyong Line), which runs west to Hangzhou and the Ningbo–Taizhou–Wenzhou (Yongtaiwen) Railway, which runs south to Wenzhou. With the booming economy in the region, the Xiaoyong Railway, a conventional railway built in the 1950s, cannot meet the demand for railway travel between Zhejiang's two largest cities, so construction of a new high-speed railway line between Hangzhou and Ningbo started in 2009. The new railway line will be finished by 2011, and will reduce travel time between Ningbo and Hangzhou to 26 minutes. The Ningbo–Taizhou–Wenzhou Railway is a high-speed railway that opened in September 2009. It connects Ningbo with cities along the coast to the south to Fujian Province. High-speed trains on this line operate at speeds of up to 250 km/hour.

Expressway

Five expressways connect Ningbo with its surrounding cities:

  • The Hangyong expressway, built in the 1990s, connects Hangzhou and Ningbo, now part of Hangzhou Bay ring expressway (G9211).
  • The Yongtaiwen expressway (G15), opened in 2000, connects Ningbo with Taizhou and Wenzhou.
  • The Yongjin expressway (G1512) connects Ningbo and Jinhua.
  • The Huyong expressway (G15) connects Ningbo and Shanghai via the Hangzhou Bay bridge.
  • The Yongzhou expressway (G9211) via Jintang Bridge.[35]

The first phase of Ningbo ring expressway also opened in 2007, connecting western parts of districts around the city of Ningbo. The second phase is expected to open on 2012. Another expressway connecting Ningbo and Taizhou via Xiangshan county is currently under construction.

Subway line

Main article: Ningbo Metro

Ningbo has been constructing two subway lines, Line 1 and Line 2. Both lines are scheduled to be finished in the year 2015.

In the future, there will be 6 subway lines serving in Ningbo.

Military

Ningbo is the headquarters of the East Sea Fleet of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy. Its responsibility includes threatening Republic of China (Taiwan), which the People's Republic of China views as a renegade province.

Food

Ningbo is known for Ningbo Tangyuan, small stuffed buns which are boiled. The stuffing is usually ground sesame mixed with sugar. It can also be mixed with pork. The stuffing is wrapped with sticky rice powder.

Education

Universities and colleges

Ningbo has four universities. Towards the north of the city is Ningbo University, while the Ningbo Higher Education Zone (Yinzhou district) is home to Zhejiang Wanli University as well as the University of Nottingham Ningbo, China – a joint venture between the University of Nottingham and the Wanli Education Group. Affiliated to Zhejiang University, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, which is well known as one of most excellent independent technical colleges in China, is also located in this beautiful education zone.[citation needed]

Secondary and primary education

Compulsory education (basic education in Chinese terms) is from the age 6 -15. Students are catered for in a variety of state and private schools. Studying for the gaokao (university entrance test) is optional.[36]

International Education

Several schools are permitted to operate educational programmes instead of the Chinese National curriculum and accept international students into their schools.

Access International Academy Ningbo (AIAN) offers a US curriculum with the College Board Advanced Placement examinations, Ningbo Zhicheng School International is an IB World School and offers an international curriculum through the IB Diploma Programme, Ningbo International School has an Australian curriculum and offers its school leavers the South Australian Certificate of Education (SACE) while the Huamao Multicultural Education Academy offers education until age 16.

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in China

Twin towns and sister cities

Ningbo is twinned with:

Sister cities

Cities of friendly exchanges (Chinese: 友好交流关系城市)

See also

References

  •  This article incorporates text from Johnson's universal cyclopedia: a new edition, by A.J. Johnson Company, a publication from 1895, now in the public domain in the United States.
  •  This article incorporates text from Universal cyclopædia and atlas, Volume 8, a publication from 1909, now in the public domain in the United States.
  •  This article incorporates text from Johnson's universal cyclopaedia, Volume 6, by Charles Kendall Adams, a publication from 1895, now in the public domain in the United States.
  •  This article incorporates text from Universal cyclopaedia and atlas, Volume 8, by Charles Kendall Adams, Rossiter Johnson, a publication from 1902, now in the public domain in the United States.
  •  This article incorporates text from appleton's new practical cyclopedia, a publication from 1910, now in the public domain in the United States.
  •  This article incorporates text from Appleton's new practical cyclopedia: a new work of reference based upon the best authorities, and systematically arranged for use in home and school, by Marcus Benjamin, Arthur Elmore Bostwick, Gerald Van Casteel, George Jotham Hagar, a publication from 1910, now in the public domain in the United States.
  •  This article incorporates text from The universal cyclopaedia, a publication from 1900, now in the public domain in the United States.
  •  This article incorporates text from Universal cyclopædia and atlas, Volume 8, by Charles Kendall Adams, Rossiter Johnson, a publication from 1901, now in the public domain in the United States.
  •  This article incorporates text from The Middle kingdom: a survey of the ... Chinese empire and its inhabitants ..., by Samuel Wells Williams, a publication from 1848, now in the public domain in the United States.
  •  This article incorporates text from The Middle Kingdom: a survey of the geography, government, literature, social life, arts, and history of the Chinese empire and its inhabitants, Volume 1, by Samuel Wells Williams, a publication from 1882, now in the public domain in the United States.
  •  This article incorporates text from The middle kingdom; a survey of the Chinese empire and its inhabitants, by Samuel Wells Williams, a publication from 1883, now in the public domain in the United States.
  •  This article incorporates text from China monthly review, Volume 8., a publication from 1919, now in the public domain in the United States.
  •  This article incorporates text from The Chinese repository, Volume 13, a publication from 1844, now in the public domain in the United States.
  1. ^ a b "2009年宁波市经济社会发展情况" (in Simplified Chinese). Ningbo Municipal Statistic Bureau. 2010-01-26. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
  2. ^ a b João de Barros, Décadas da Ásia; 1st Decade, Book IX, Chapter VII. Lisbon, 1552 (e.g., pp. 336-337, in the 1988 reprint)
  3. ^ João de Barros, Décadas da Ásia, 3rd Decade, Book II, Chapter VII. Lisbon, 1563 (folio 44 in the original edition and the 1992 facsimile reprint)
  4. ^ A.J. Johnson Company (1895). Charles Kendall Adams (ed.). Johnson's universal cyclopedia: a new edition. Vol. Volume 6 of Johnson's Universal Cyclopædia. NEW YORK: D. Appleton, A.J. Johnson. p. 202. Retrieved 18 July 2011. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)(Original from the University of California)
  5. ^ Universal cyclopædia and atlas, Volume 8. NEW YORK: D. Appleton and Company. 1909. p. 490. Retrieved 18 July 2011.(Original from the New York Public Library)
  6. ^ Charles Kendall Adams (1895). Johnson's universal cyclopaedia, Volume 6. NEW YORK: A.J. Johnson Co. p. 202. Retrieved 18 July 2011.(Original from Princeton University)
  7. ^ Charles Kendall Adams, Rossiter Johnson (1902). Universal cyclopaedia and atlas, Volume 8. NEW YORK: D. Appleton and Company. p. 490. Retrieved 18 July 2011.(Original from the New York Public Library)
  8. ^ appleton's new practical cyclopedia. NEW YORK. 1910. p. 432. Retrieved 18th of July, 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)(Original from Harvard University)
  9. ^ Marcus Benjamin, Arthur Elmore Bostwick, Gerald Van Casteel, George Jotham Hagar, ed. (1910). Appleton's new practical cyclopedia: a new work of reference based upon the best authorities, and systematically arranged for use in home and school. Vol. Volume 4 of Appleton's New Practical Cyclopedia. NEW YORK: D. Appleton and company,. p. 432. Retrieved 18th of July, 2011. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)(Original from the University of Michigan)
  10. ^ The universal cyclopaedia. Vol. Volume 8 of The Universal Cyclopaedia: A New Ed. Prepared by a Large Corps of Editors, Assisted by Eminent European and American Specialists, Under the Direction of Charles Kendall Adams ... Editor-in-chief, Illustrated with Maps, Plans, Colored Plates, and Engravings. NEW YORK: D. Appleton. 1900. p. 489. Retrieved 18th of July, 2011. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)(LIBRARY OF THE LELAND STANFORD JR. UNIVERSITY)
  11. ^ Charles Kendall Adams, Rossiter Johnson (1901). Universal cyclopædia and atlas, Volume 8. NEW YORK: D. Appleton and Company. p. 489. Retrieved 18th of July, 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)(Original from Columbia University)
  12. ^ A.J. Johnson Company (1895). Charles Kendall Adams (ed.). Johnson's universal cyclopedia: a new edition. Vol. Volume 6 of Johnson's Universal Cyclopædia. NEW YORK: D. Appleton, A.J. Johnson. p. 201. Retrieved 18th of July, 2011. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)(Original from the University of California)
  13. ^ Charles Kendall Adams (1895). Johnson's universal cyclopaedia, Volume 6. NEW YORK: A.J. Johnson Co. p. 201. Retrieved 18th of July, 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)(Original from Princeton University)
  14. ^ Charles Kendall Adams, Rossiter Johnson (1902). Universal cyclopaedia and atlas, Volume 8. NEW YORK: D. Appleton and Company. p. 489. Retrieved 18th of July, 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)(Original from the New York Public Library)
  15. ^ Samuel Wells Williams (1848). The Middle kingdom: a survey of the ... Chinese empire and its inhabitants ... (3 ed.). NEW YORK: Wiley & Putnam. p. 321. Retrieved 8th of May, 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)(Original from Harvard University)
  16. ^ Samuel Wells Williams (1882). The Middle Kingdom: a survey of the geography, government, literature, social life, arts, and history of the Chinese empire and its inhabitants, Volume 1 (revised ed.). NEW YORK: C. Scribner's Sons. p. 412. Retrieved 8th of May, 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)(Original from Harvard University)
  17. ^ Samuel Wells Williams (1883). The middle kingdom; a survey of the Chinese empire and its inhabitants (revised ed.). Oxford University. p. 412. Retrieved 2011-05-08.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  18. ^ China monthly review, Volume 8. Millard Publishing Co., inc. 1919. p. 264. Retrieved 8th of May, 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)(Original from the University of Michigan)
  19. ^ The Chinese repository, Volume 13. VICTORIA HONGKONG: Printed for the proprietors. 1844. p. 31. Retrieved 8th of May, 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)(Original from Harvard University)
  20. ^ Japan triggered bubonic plague outbreak, doctor claims, [1], Scaruffi, Piero (1999). "A time-line of World War II". Retrieved 2008-05-02.
  21. ^ Daniel Barenblatt, A Plague upon Humanity, 2004, p.32.
  22. ^ Worchester, G R G (1971). The Junks and Sampans of the Yangtze. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 174. ISBN 9780870213359. OCLC 216526.
  23. ^ "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Ningbo, China". Weatherbase. 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
  24. ^ Ningbo Climate Studies. Weather Publishing House, China. 2001. ISBN 7-5029-3175-9. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  25. ^ Ningbo Foreign Affairs Office[dead link]
  26. ^ Ningbo Foreign Trade & Economic Cooperation Bureau
  27. ^ 大汉网络. "Ningbo Govt". English.ningbo.gov.cn. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
  28. ^ a b c "China Briefing Developing Cities: Ningbo" (PDF). China-briefing.com. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
  29. ^ Economic profile for Ningbo at HKTDC
  30. ^ Chiang, Langi (2007-07-09). "Bridge to Shanghai should give Ningbo's economy a lift". International Herald Tribune. Paris: The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-05-02.
  31. ^ "Ningbo Economic & Technological Development Zone". RightSite.asia. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
  32. ^ "Ningbo National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone". RightSite.asia. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
  33. ^ "Ningbo Free Trade Zone". RightSite.asia. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
  34. ^ "Nordic Industrial Park". RightSite.asia. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
  35. ^ Jintang Bridge
  36. ^ Libing Wang, Basic Education in China, Zhejiang University Press, 2009
  37. ^ Prefeitura.Sp - Descentralized Cooperation[dead link]
  38. ^ "International Relations - São Paulo City Hall - Official Sister Cities". Prefeitura.sp.gov.br. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
  39. ^ "Ningbo in China: The city partnership between Nottingham and Ningbo in China is rapidly developing". Nottingham City Council. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
  40. ^ "New statues are today's mane event". JS Online. 2008-07-21. Retrieved 2011-03-29.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ningbo.

29°52′N 121°33′E / 29.867°N 121.550°E / 29.867; 121.550

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