Jump to content

117th United States Congress: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Content deleted Content added
m v2.05 - v2.05 - Fix errors for CW project (Title linked in text) / Fix errors for CW project (Title linked in text)
Line 718: Line 718:


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
[[File:Racial and Ethnic Demographics of the 117th US Congress, House of Representatives.svg|thumb|There are 57 African American members of the US House (blue), 47 Hispanics and Latinos (red), 5 Native Americans (yellow), 18 Asian Americans (green), and 314 Whites/European American (gray).117th Congress (2021-2023) ]]
[[File:Racial and Ethnic Demographics of the 117th US Congress, House of Representatives.svg|thumb|There are 57 African American members of the US House (blue), 47 Hispanics and Latinos (red), 5 Native Americans (yellow), 18 Asian Americans (green), and 314 Whites/European American (gray). 117th Congress (2021–2023).]]
[[File:Racial and Ethnic Demographics of the 117th US Congress, Senate.svg|thumb|There are 3 African American members of the US Senate (blue), 7 Hispanics or Latinos (red), 0 Native Americans, 2 Asian Americans (green), and 88 European Americans (gray). 117th Congress (2021-2023)]]
[[File:Racial and Ethnic Demographics of the 117th US Congress, Senate.svg|thumb|There are 3 African American members of the US Senate (blue), 7 Hispanics or Latinos (red), 0 Native Americans, 2 Asian Americans (green), and 88 European Americans (gray). 117th Congress (2021–2023).]]


==Members==
==Members==

Revision as of 20:07, 19 June 2024

117th United States Congress
116th ←
→ 118th

January 3, 2021 – January 3, 2023
Members100 senators
435 representatives
6 non-voting delegates
Senate majorityRepublican
(until January 20, 2021)
Democratic
(from January 20, 2021)
Senate PresidentMike Pence (R)[a]
(until January 20, 2021)
Kamala Harris (D)
(from January 20, 2021)
House majorityDemocratic
House SpeakerNancy Pelosi (D)
Sessions
1st: January 3, 2021 – January 3, 2022
2nd: January 3, 2022 – January 3, 2023
117th U.S. Congress House of Representatives member pin

The 117th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It convened in Washington, D.C., on January 3, 2021, during the final weeks of Donald Trump's presidency and the first two years of Joe Biden's presidency and ended on January 3, 2023.

The 2020 elections decided control of both chambers. In the House of Representatives, the Democratic Party retained their majority, albeit reduced from the 116th Congress. It was similar in size to the majority held by the Republican Party during the 83rd Congress (1953–1955).

In the Senate, Republicans briefly held the majority at the start; however, on January 20, 2021, three new Democratic senators – Jon Ossoff and Raphael Warnock of Georgia and Alex Padilla of California – were sworn in, resulting in 50 seats held by Republicans, 48 seats held by Democrats, and two held by independents who caucus with the Democrats. Effectively, this created a 50–50 split, which had not occurred since the 107th Congress in 2001. This was only the fourth time in U.S. history that the Senate has been evenly split—the first being in the 47th Congress (1881–1883)—and the longest lasting one ever.[1][2]

The new senators were sworn into office by Vice President Kamala Harris, just hours after her inauguration. With Harris serving as the tie breaker in her constitutional role as President of the Senate, Democrats gained control of the Senate, and thereby full control of Congress for the first time since the 111th Congress ended in 2011. Additionally, with the inauguration of Joe Biden as president that same day, Democrats assumed control of the executive branch as well, attaining an overall federal government trifecta, also for the first time since the 111th Congress.

Despite Democrats holding thin majorities in both chambers during a period of intense political polarization, the 117th Congress oversaw the passage of numerous significant bills,[3][4] including the Inflation Reduction Act, American Rescue Plan Act, Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, Postal Service Reform Act, Bipartisan Safer Communities Act, CHIPS and Science Act, Honoring Our PACT Act, Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act, and Respect for Marriage Act.[4]

Major events

2021 United States Capitol attack (January 6, 2021)
Joe Biden takes the oath of office as the 46th president of the United States
President Biden during his 2021 speech to a joint session of Congress, with Vice President Kamala Harris and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi
President Biden during the 2022 State of the Union Address
Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson shortly after she was confirmed by the United States Senate, joined by President Biden and Vice President Harris.

Major legislation

Enacted

President Biden signed the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 into law, March 11, 2021
President Biden signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act into law, June 17, 2021
President Biden signed the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act into law, November 15, 2021
President Biden signed the Emmett Till Antilynching Act into law, March 29, 2022
President Biden signed the Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act of 2022 into law, May 9, 2022
President Biden signed the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act into law, June 25, 2022
President Biden signed the CHIPS and Science Act into law, August 9, 2022
President Biden signed the Honoring Our PACT Act into law, August 10, 2022
President Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act into law, August 16, 2022
President Biden signed the Respect for Marriage Act into law, December 13, 2022
President Biden signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2023 into law, December 29, 2022

Proposed (but not enacted)

House bills
Senate bills

Major resolutions

Adopted

  • H.Res. 21: Calling on Vice President Michael R. Pence to convene and mobilize the principal officers of the executive departments of the Cabinet to activate section 4 of the 25th Amendment to declare President Donald J. Trump incapable of executing the duties of his office and to immediately exercise powers as acting president.
  • H.Res. 24 (Second impeachment of Donald Trump): Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors.
  • S.Res. 5: A resolution honoring the memory of Officer Brian David Sicknick of the United States Capitol Police for his selfless acts of heroism on the grounds of the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021.
  • H.Res. 72 (Removal of Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene from committee assignments): Removing a certain Member from certain standing committees of the House of Representatives
  • H.Res. 134: Condemning the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état.
  • H.Res. 730: Recommending that the House of Representatives find Stephen K. Bannon in contempt of Congress for refusal to comply with a subpoena duly issued by the Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol..
  • H.Res. 789: Censuring Representative Paul Gosar.
  • H.J.Res. 100: To provide for a resolution with respect to the unresolved disputes between certain railroads represented by the National Carriers' Conference Committee of the National Railway Labor Conference and certain of their employees.

Proposed

  • H.Res. 14: Censuring and condemning President Donald J. Trump for attempting to overturn the results of the November 2020 presidential election in the State of Georgia
  • H.J.Res. 17: Removing the deadline for the ratification of the equal rights amendment.
  • H.Res. 25: Directing the Committee on Ethics to investigate, and issue a report on, whether any and all actions taken by Members of the 117th Congress who sought to overturn the 2020 Presidential election violated their oath of office to uphold the Constitution or the Rules of the House of Representatives, and should face sanction, including removal from the House of Representatives.
  • H.Res. 332: Recognizing the duty of the Federal Government to create a Green New Deal.

Party summary

Resignations and new members are discussed in the "Changes in membership" section below.

Senate

  Party
(shading shows control)
Total Vacant
Democratic Independent
(caucusing with
Democrats)
Republican
End of previous Congress 46 2 52 100 0
Begin (January 3, 2021)[b] 46 2 51 99 1
January 18, 2021[c] 45 98 2
January 20, 2021[c][d][e] 48[f] 2 50 100 0
Final voting share 50.0% 50.0%  
Beginning of the next Congress 48 3 49 100 0

House of Representatives

  Party
(shading shows control)
Total Vacant
Democratic Independent Republican Libertarian
End of previous Congress 233 1 195 1 430 5
Begin (January 3, 2021)[g][h] 222 0 211 0 433 2
January 15, 2021[i] 221 432 3
February 7, 2021[j] 210 431 4
February 11, 2021[h] 211 432 3
March 10, 2021[k] 220 431 4
March 16, 2021[l] 219 430 5
April 6, 2021[m] 218 429 6
April 14, 2021[g] 212 430 5
May 11, 2021[i] 219 431 4
May 16, 2021[n] 211 430 5
June 14, 2021[l] 220 431 4
July 30, 2021[j] 212 432 3
November 4, 2021[k][n] 221 213 434 1
January 1, 2022[o] 212 433 2
January 18, 2022[m] 222 434 1
February 17, 2022[p] 211 433 2
March 18, 2022[q] 210 432 3
March 31, 2022[r][s] 221 209 430 5
May 10, 2022[t] 208 429 6
May 25, 2022[u] 220 428 7
June 14, 2022[o] 209 429 6
June 21, 2022[s] 210 430 5
July 12, 2022[r] 211 431 4
August 3, 2022[v] 210 430 5
August 12, 2022[p] 211 431 4
August 31, 2022[w] 219 430 5
September 13, 2022[q][u][t] 221 212 433 2
September 30, 2022[x] 220 432 3
November 14, 2022[v] 213 433 2
November 28, 2022[y] 219 432 3
December 9, 2022[z] 218 431 4
December 30, 2022[aa][ab] 217 430 5
December 31, 2022[ac] 216 429 6
Final voting share 50.3% 0.0% 49.7% 0.0%  
Non-voting members 4 0 2[ad] 0 6 0
Beginning of the next Congress 212 0 222 0 434 1

Leadership

Note: Democrats refer to themselves as a "caucus"; Republicans refer to themselves as a "conference".

Senate leadership

Senate President
VP Mike Pence
Mike Pence (R),
until January 20, 2021
VP Kamala Harris
Kamala Harris (D),
from January 20, 2021
Senate President pro tempore
Chuck Grassley
Chuck Grassley (R),
until January 20, 2021
Patrick Leahy
Patrick Leahy (D),
from January 20, 2021

Presiding

Democratic leadership

(minority until January 20, 2021, majority thereafter)

Republican leadership

(majority until January 20, 2021, minority thereafter)

House leadership

House Speaker

Presiding

Majority (Democratic) leadership

Minority (Republican) leadership

Demographics

There are 57 African American members of the US House (blue), 47 Hispanics and Latinos (red), 5 Native Americans (yellow), 18 Asian Americans (green), and 314 Whites/European American (gray). 117th Congress (2021–2023).
There are 3 African American members of the US Senate (blue), 7 Hispanics or Latinos (red), 0 Native Americans, 2 Asian Americans (green), and 88 European Americans (gray). 117th Congress (2021–2023).

Members

Senate members

The numbers refer to their Senate classes. All class 1 senators are in the middle of their term (2019–2025), having been elected in 2018 and facing re-election in 2024. Class 2 senators are at the beginning of their term (2021–2027), having been elected in 2020 and facing re-election in 2026. Class 3 senators are at the end of their term (2017–2023), having been elected in 2016 and facing re-election in 2022.

House members

All 435 seats for voting members, along with the six non-voting delegates were filled by election in November 2020.

Changes in membership

Senate changes
State
(class)
Vacated by Reason for change Successor Date of successor's
formal installation[ah]
Georgia
(2)
Vacant David Perdue's (R) term expired January 3, 2021, before a runoff election could be held.
Successor elected January 5, 2021.[b]
Jon Ossoff
(D)
January 20, 2021
California
(3)
Kamala Harris
(D)
Incumbent resigned on January 18, 2021, to become U.S. Vice President.
Successor appointed January 20, 2021, to complete the term ending January 3, 2023, and later elected to finish in the final weeks of the Congress and a full six-year term.[79]
Alex Padilla
(D)
January 20, 2021
Georgia
(3)
Kelly Loeffler
(R)
Appointee lost election to finish the term.
Successor elected January 5, 2021, for the remainder of the term ending January 3, 2023.
Raphael Warnock
(D)
January 20, 2021
House changes
District Vacated by Reason for change Successor Date of successor's
formal installation[ah]
New York 22 Vacant Anthony Brindisi's (D) term expired January 3, 2021, and the seat remained vacant due to the result of the 2020 election being disputed.
On February 5, 2021, a judge declared a winner.[80]
Claudia Tenney
(R)
February 11, 2021[81][33]
Louisiana 5 Vacant Member-elect Luke Letlow (R) died from COVID-19 on December 29, 2020, before his term started.
A special election was held on March 20, 2021.[30]
Julia Letlow
(R)
April 14, 2021[31]
Louisiana 2 Cedric Richmond
(D)
Resigned January 15, 2021, to become Senior Advisor to the President and director of the Office of Public Liaison.[82][83]
A special election was held on March 20, 2021, and a runoff was held on April 24.[82]
Troy Carter
(D)
May 11, 2021
Texas 6 Ron Wright
(R)
Died from COVID-19 on February 7, 2021.[36]
A special election was held on May 1, 2021, and a runoff was held on July 27.[84][85]
Jake Ellzey
(R)
July 30, 2021[37]
Ohio 11 Marcia Fudge
(D)
Resigned March 10, 2021, to become U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.[86]
A special election was held on November 2, 2021.
Shontel Brown
(D)
November 4, 2021
New Mexico 1 Deb Haaland
(D)
Resigned March 16, 2021, to become U.S. Secretary of the Interior.[87]
A special election was held on June 1, 2021.[87]
Melanie Stansbury
(D)
June 14, 2021
Florida 20 Alcee Hastings
(D)
Died from pancreatic cancer on April 6, 2021.
A special election was held on January 11, 2022.[88]
Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick
(D)
January 18, 2022
Ohio 15 Steve Stivers
(R)
Resigned May 16, 2021, to become the president and CEO of the Ohio Chamber of Commerce.[89]
A special election was held on November 2, 2021.
Mike Carey
(R)
November 4, 2021
California 22 Devin Nunes
(R)
Resigned January 1, 2022, to become the CEO of Trump Media & Technology Group.[45]
A special election was held on June 7, 2022.[90]
Connie Conway
(R)
June 14, 2022
Minnesota 1 Jim Hagedorn
(R)
Died from kidney cancer on February 17, 2022.
A special election was held on August 9, 2022.[91]
Brad Finstad
(R)
August 12, 2022
Alaska at-large Don Young
(R)
Died on March 18, 2022.
A special election was held on August 16, 2022.[92]
Mary Peltola
(D)
September 13, 2022
Nebraska 1 Jeff Fortenberry
(R)
Resigned March 31, 2022, due to criminal conviction.
A special election was held on June 28, 2022.[93]
Mike Flood
(R)
July 12, 2022
Texas 34 Filemon Vela Jr.
(D)
Resigned March 31, 2022, to join Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld.
A special election was held on June 14, 2022.[53]
Mayra Flores
(R)
June 21, 2022
New York 23 Tom Reed
(R)
Resigned May 10, 2022, to join Prime Policy Group.
A special election was held on August 23, 2022.[55]
Joe Sempolinski
(R)
September 13, 2022[56]
New York 19 Antonio Delgado
(D)
Resigned May 25, 2022, to become lieutenant governor of New York.
A special election was held on August 23, 2022.[57]
Pat Ryan
(D)
September 13, 2022[56]
Indiana 2 Jackie Walorski
(R)
Died in a car collision on August 3, 2022.
A special election was held on November 8, 2022.[94]
Rudy Yakym
(R)
November 14, 2022
Florida 13 Charlie Crist
(D)
Resigned August 31, 2022, to focus on the 2022 Florida gubernatorial election.[60] Vacant until the next Congress
Florida 22 Ted Deutch
(D)
Resigned September 30, 2022, to become CEO of the American Jewish Committee.[61] Vacant until the next Congress
Virginia 4 Donald McEachin
(D)
Died November 28, 2022, from colorectal cancer.[62] Vacant until the next Congress
California 37 Karen Bass
(D)
Resigned December 9, 2022, to become the Mayor of Los Angeles.[63] Vacant until the next Congress
North Carolina 1 G. K. Butterfield
(D)
Resigned December 30, 2022, to accept a lobbying position.[64] Vacant until the next Congress
Pennsylvania 18 Mike Doyle
(D)
Resigned December 31, 2022, to join K&L Gates.[65] Vacant until the next Congress

Committees

Section contents: Senate, House, Joint

Senate committees

Prior to the passing of an organizing resolution on February 3, 2021, chairs of Senate committees remained the same as in the 116th Congress. Where the chair had retired (as in the Agriculture, Budget, and HELP committees), the chair was vacant.[95]

Committee Chair Ranking Member
Aging (Special) Bob Casey Jr. (D-PA) Tim Scott (R-SC)
Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Debbie Stabenow (D-MI) John Boozman (R-AR)
Appropriations Patrick Leahy (D-VT) Richard Shelby (R-AL)
Armed Services Jack Reed (D-RI) Jim Inhofe (R-OK)
Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Sherrod Brown (D-OH) Pat Toomey (R-PA)
Budget Bernie Sanders (I-VT) Lindsey Graham (R-SC)
Commerce, Science and Transportation Maria Cantwell (D-WA) Roger Wicker (R-MS)
Energy and Natural Resources Joe Manchin (D-WV) John Barrasso (R-WY)
Environment and Public Works Tom Carper (D-DE) Shelley Moore Capito (R-WV)
Ethics (Select) Chris Coons (D-DE) James Lankford (R-OK)
Finance Ron Wyden (D-OR) Mike Crapo (R-ID)
Foreign Relations Bob Menendez (D-NJ) Jim Risch (R-ID)
Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Patty Murray (D-WA) Richard Burr (R-NC)
Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Gary Peters (D-MI) Rob Portman (R-OH)
Indian Affairs (Permanent Select) Brian Schatz (D-HI) Lisa Murkowski (R-AK)
Intelligence (Select) Mark Warner (D-VA) Marco Rubio (R-FL)
International Narcotics Control (Permanent Caucus) Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) Chuck Grassley (R-IA)
Judiciary Dick Durbin (D-IL) Chuck Grassley (R-IA)
Rules and Administration Amy Klobuchar (D-MN) Roy Blunt (R-MO)
Small Business and Entrepreneurship Ben Cardin (D-MD) Rand Paul (R-KY)
Veterans' Affairs Jon Tester (D-MT) Jerry Moran (R-KS)

House committees

Committee Chair Ranking Member
Agriculture David Scott (D-GA) Glenn Thompson (R-PA)
Appropriations Rosa DeLauro (D-CT) Kay Granger (R-TX)
Armed Services Adam Smith (D-WA) Mike Rogers (R-AL)
Budget John Yarmuth (D-KY) Jason Smith (R-MO)
Climate Crisis (Select) Kathy Castor (D-FL) Garret Graves (R-LA)
Economic Disparity and Fairness in Growth (Select) Jim Himes (D-CT) Bryan Steil (R-WI)
Education and Labor Bobby Scott (D-VA) Virginia Foxx (R-NC)
Energy and Commerce Frank Pallone (D-NJ) Cathy McMorris Rodgers (R-WA)
Ethics Susan Wild (D-PA)[ai] Michael Guest (R-MS)[aj]
Financial Services Maxine Waters (D-CA) Patrick McHenry (R-NC)
Foreign Affairs Gregory Meeks (D-NY) Mike McCaul (R-TX)
Homeland Security Bennie Thompson (D-MS) John Katko (R-NY)
House Administration Zoe Lofgren (D-CA) Rodney Davis (R-IL)
Intelligence (Permanent Select) Adam Schiff (D-CA) Mike Turner (R-OH)
Judiciary Jerry Nadler (D-NY) Jim Jordan (R-OH)
Modernization of Congress (Select) Derek Kilmer (D-WA) William Timmons (R-SC)
Natural Resources Raúl Grijalva (D-AZ) Bruce Westerman (R-AR)
Oversight and Reform Carolyn Maloney (D-NY) Jim Comer (R-KY)
Rules Jim McGovern (D-MA) Tom Cole (R-OK)
Science, Space and Technology Eddie Bernice Johnson (D-TX) Frank Lucas (R-OK)
Small Business Nydia Velázquez (D-NY) Blaine Luetkemeyer (R-MO)
Transportation and Infrastructure Peter DeFazio (D-OR) Sam Graves (R-MO)
Veterans' Affairs Mark Takano (D-CA) Mike Bost (R-IL)
Ways and Means Richard Neal (D-MA) Kevin Brady (R-TX)

Joint committees

Committee Chair Vice Chair Ranking Member Vice Ranking Member
Economic Rep. Don Beyer (D-VA) Sen. Martin Heinrich (D-NM) Sen. Mike Lee (R-UT) Rep. David Schweikert (R-AZ)
Inaugural Ceremonies (Special)
until January 20, 2021
Sen. Roy Blunt (R-MO) Rep. Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) Rep. Kevin McCarthy (R-CA) Sen. Amy Klobuchar (D-MN)
Library Rep. Zoe Lofgren (D-CA) Sen. Amy Klobuchar (D-MN) Sen. Roy Blunt (R-MO) Rep. Rodney Davis (R-IL)
Printing Sen. Amy Klobuchar (D-MN) Rep. Zoe Lofgren (D-CA) Rep. Rodney Davis (R-IL) Sen. Roy Blunt (R-MO)
Taxation[ak] Rep. Richard Neal (D-MA) Sen. Ron Wyden (D-OR) Sen. Mike Crapo (R-ID) Rep. Kevin Brady (R-TX)

Officers and officials

Senate officers and officials

House officers and officials

See also

Notes

  1. ^ U.S. Vice President Mike Pence's term as President of the Senate ended at noon January 20, 2021, when Kamala Harris' term began.
  2. ^ a b c d The Congress began with 51 Republicans, 48 Democrats (including 2 independents who caucus with the Democrats) and 1 vacancy in the Senate. Georgia's class 2 seat was vacant from the start until Democrat Jon Ossoff was seated January 20, 2021. Georgia's class 3 Republican interim appointee Kelly Loeffler served until Democrat Raphael Warnock was seated also on January 20.[25]
  3. ^ a b c In California: Kamala Harris (D) resigned January 18, 2021, to become U.S. Vice President.
    Alex Padilla (D) was appointed to complete the unexpired term and began serving January 20.[26]
  4. ^ In Georgia: Kelly Loeffler (R) lost a special election to finish the term.
    Jon Ossoff (D) and Raphael Warnock (D) began their service January 20, 2021.[27][28]
  5. ^ Kamala Harris (D) became U.S. Vice President January 20, 2021, with the tie-breaking vote. The Senate elected Patrick Leahy to serve as President pro tempore also began on January 20.
  6. ^ a b In Arizona: Kyrsten Sinema declared that she left the Democratic Party to become an independent politician on December 9, 2022.[17] She was still recognized as a Democrat by the Senate throughout the Congress, and did not formally switch her affiliation until the beginning of the 118th Congress.[29]
  7. ^ a b c In Louisiana's 5th district: member-elect Luke Letlow (R) died December 29, 2020, before the term started, and Julia Letlow (R) was elected March 20, 2021. She was sworn in on April 14.[30][31]
  8. ^ a b c In New York's 22nd district: the term began with the previous election disputed; Claudia Tenney was declared the winner[32] and was sworn in February 11, 2021.[33]
  9. ^ a b c d In Louisiana's 2nd district: Cedric Richmond (D) resigned January 15, 2021, and Troy Carter (D) was elected April 14, 2021. He was sworn in on May 11.[34][35]
  10. ^ a b c d In Texas's 6th district: Ron Wright (R) died February 7, 2021, and Jake Ellzey (R) was elected July 27, 2021. He was sworn in on July 30.[36][37]
  11. ^ a b c d In Ohio's 11th district: Marcia Fudge (D) resigned March 10, 2021, and Shontel Brown (D) was elected November 2, 2021. She was sworn in on November 4.[38][39]
  12. ^ a b c d In New Mexico's 1st district: Deb Haaland (D) resigned March 16, 2021, and Melanie Stansbury (D) was elected June 1, 2021. She was sworn in on June 14.[40][41]
  13. ^ a b c d In Florida's 20th district: Alcee Hastings (D) died April 6, 2021, and Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick (D) was elected January 11, 2022. She was sworn in on January 18.[42][43]
  14. ^ a b c d In Ohio's 15th district: Steve Stivers (R) resigned May 16, 2021, and Mike Carey (R) was elected November 2, 2021. He was sworn in on November 4.[44][39]
  15. ^ a b c d In California's 22nd district: Devin Nunes (R) resigned January 1, 2022, and Connie Conway (R) was elected on June 7, 2022. She was sworn in on June 14.[45][46]
  16. ^ a b c d In Minnesota's 1st district: Jim Hagedorn (R) died February 17, 2022, and Brad Finstad (R) was elected August 9, 2022. He was sworn in on August 12.[47][48]
  17. ^ a b c d In Alaska's at-large district: Don Young (R) died March 18, 2022, and Mary Peltola (D) was elected August 16, 2022. She was sworn in on September 13.[49][50]
  18. ^ a b c d In Nebraska's 1st district: Jeff Fortenberry (R) resigned March 31, 2022, and Mike Flood (R) was elected June 28, 2022. He was sworn in on July 12.[51][52]
  19. ^ a b c d In Texas's 34th district: Filemon Vela Jr. (D) resigned March 31, 2022, and Mayra Flores (R) was elected June 14, 2022. She was sworn in on June 21.[53][54]
  20. ^ a b c d In New York's 23rd district: Tom Reed (R) resigned May 10, 2022, and Joe Sempolinski (R) was elected August 23, 2022. He was sworn in on September 13.[55][56]
  21. ^ a b c d In New York's 19th district: Antonio Delgado (D) resigned May 25, 2022, and Pat Ryan (D) was elected August 23, 2022. He was sworn in on September 13.[57][56]
  22. ^ a b c d In Indiana's 2nd district: Jackie Walorski (R) died August 3, 2022, and Rudy Yakym (R) was elected November 8, 2022. He was sworn in on November 14.[58][59]
  23. ^ a b In Florida's 13th district: Charlie Crist (D) resigned August 31, 2022.[60]
  24. ^ a b In Florida's 22nd district: Ted Deutch (D) resigned September 30, 2022.[61]
  25. ^ a b In Virginia's 4th district: Donald McEachin (D) died November 28, 2022.[62]
  26. ^ a b In California's 37th district: Karen Bass (D) resigned December 9, 2022.[63]
  27. ^ a b In North Carolina's 1st district: G. K. Butterfield (D) resigned December 30, 2022.[64]
  28. ^ Congress had already adjourned by the time of this resignation
  29. ^ a b In Pennsylvania's 18th district: Mike Doyle (D) resigned December 31, 2022.[65]
  30. ^ Includes a New Progressive Party member who is also affiliated as a Republican.
  31. ^ a b Caucuses with Democrats.
  32. ^ a b c d e f The Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL) is the Minnesota affiliate of the U.S. Democratic Party and its members are counted as Democrats.
  33. ^ Miller-Meeks was provisionally seated with the rest of the 117th Congress, pending the challenge by her opponent Rita Hart.[77] Hart withdrew her challenge on March 31, 2021.[78]
  34. ^ a b When seated or oath administered, not necessarily when service began.
  35. ^ Wild was named chair when Ted Deutch resigned from office on September 30, 2022.
  36. ^ Guest was named ranking member when Jackie Walorski died in office on August 3, 2022.[96]
  37. ^ The Joint Taxation Committee leadership rotate the chair and vice chair and the ranking members between the House and Senate at the start of each session in the middle of the congressional term. The first session leadership is shown here.

References

  1. ^ "U.S. Senate: The Great Senate Deadlock of 1881". Senate.gov. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
  2. ^ "U.S. Senate: President's Death Eases Senate Deadlock". Senate.gov. Archived from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2022.
  3. ^ Leonhardt, David (August 16, 2022). "A Functional Congress? Yes". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 2, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
  4. ^ a b Binder, Sarah (December 29, 2022). "Goodbye to the 117th Congress, bookended by remarkable events". The Washington Post.
  5. ^ Pergram, Chad (January 3, 2021). "Pelosi faces trickiest speaker election yet as Democrats begin new Congress with slim majority". Fox News. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  6. ^ a b Sprunt, Barbara (May 12, 2021). "GOP Ousts Cheney From Leadership Over Her Criticism Of Trump". NPR. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  7. ^ Cathey, Libby (June 17, 2021). "Congress passes legislation to make Juneteenth a federal holiday". ABC News. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
  8. ^ Johnson, Ted (October 21, 2021). "House Votes To Hold Steve Bannon In Contempt Of Congress; Case Goes To Justice Department For Possible Criminal Charge". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
  9. ^ Johnson, Ted (February 4, 2022). "GOP Censures Liz Cheney And Adam Kinzinger For Participating In January 6th Investigation". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
  10. ^ Johnson, Ted (February 24, 2022). "Joe Biden Announces "Severe" Sanctions Following Russian Invasion On Ukraine: "This Aggression Cannot Go Unanswered"". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 24, 2022.
  11. ^ Palmer, Ewan (March 25, 2022). "Jeff Fortenberry faces up to 15 years in jail over campaign donations". Newsweek. Archived from the original on March 26, 2022. Retrieved March 25, 2022.
  12. ^ Meyn, Colin (March 21, 2022). "Rep. Don Young to lie in state at the Capitol next week". The Hill. Archived from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved March 25, 2022.
  13. ^ Snell, Kelsey (July 27, 2022). "After spiking earlier talks, Manchin agrees to a new deal on climate and taxes". All Things Considered. NPR. Archived from the original on September 23, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
  14. ^ Foran, Clare; Zaslav, Ali (August 3, 2022). "Senate votes to ratify NATO membership for Sweden and Finland". CNN. Archived from the original on August 11, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
  15. ^ Diaz, Jaclyn (September 20, 2022). "For the first time in 230 years, Congress has full U.S. Indigenous representation". NPR. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
  16. ^ Casiano, Louis (October 6, 2022). "Biden pardoning all prior federal offenses of simple marijuana possession". Fox News. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
  17. ^ a b Herb, Jeremy (December 9, 2022). "Sinema leaving the Democratic Party and registering as an independent". CNN. Archived from the original on August 4, 2023. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
  18. ^ Johnson, Ted (October 21, 2021). "Volodymyr Zelensky, In Historic Speech To Congress, Says Ukraine Will "Never Surrender" To Russia". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
  19. ^ Carrazana, Chabeli (June 10, 2021). "The Paycheck Fairness Act to close the gender wage gap failed in Congress. What comes next?". The 19th. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
  20. ^ Benshoff, Laura (June 14, 2022). "U.S. House passes a major wildlife conservation spending bill". NPR. Archived from the original on June 16, 2022. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
  21. ^ Naylor, Brian (May 28, 2021). "Senate Republicans Block A Plan For An Independent Commission On Jan. 6 Capitol Riot". NPR. Archived from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  22. ^ Hulse, Carl (January 19, 2022). "Voting Rights Bill Blocked in the Senate". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2022.
  23. ^ Shivaram, Deepa (May 11, 2022). "A bill to codify abortion protections fails in the Senate". NPR. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
  24. ^ "U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 117th Congress - 2nd Session". Congress. October 6, 2022. Archived from the original on October 2, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  25. ^ Werner, Erica; Gardner, Amy (January 19, 2021). "Georgia certifies Ossoff and Warnock victories, paving way for Democratic control of Senate". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  26. ^ Janes, Chelsea (January 17, 2021). "Kamala Harris resigns her Senate seat". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  27. ^ Bluestein, Greg (January 19, 2021). "Georgia U.S. Senate results certified; Ossoff and Warnock set to take office Wednesday". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
  28. ^ Kopan, Tal (January 20, 2021). "Kamala Harris to swear in Alex Padilla to Senate after inauguration". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
  29. ^ 2023 Congressional Record, Vol. 169, Page S22 (January 3, 2023)
  30. ^ a b Hilburn, Greg (December 30, 2020). "Here's how the late Luke Letlow's congressional seat will be filled following his COVID death". The News-Star. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  31. ^ a b Hilburn, Greg (April 13, 2021). "Louisiana Republican Julia Letlow to join Congress this week". The News-Star. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
  32. ^ Sayer, Ricky (December 21, 2020). "NY-22 house seat to become vacant Jan. 3 with court case continuing into 2021". WBNG-TV. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
  33. ^ a b Howe, Steve (February 11, 2021). "NY22: Tenney is sworn in, takes aim at legislative agenda". Observer-Dispatch. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
  34. ^ "Louisiana House Democratic Caucus thanks Rep. Richmond for his service in congress". WGNO. January 15, 2021. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
  35. ^ Marcos, Cristina (May 11, 2021). "Carter sworn in as House member to replace Richmond, padding Democrats' majority". The Hill. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
  36. ^ a b "Texas Representative Ron Wright Dies From COVID-19". KTVT. February 8, 2021. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
  37. ^ a b Tully-McManus, Katherine (July 30, 2021). "Stop the presses, House and Senate both in session on a Friday". Politico. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021. Rep.-elect Jake Ellzey (R-Texas) is sworn in this morning...
  38. ^ Brufke, Juliegrace (March 10, 2021). "Fudge resigns to go to HUD after voting for COVID-19 relief". The Hill. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
  39. ^ a b Slodysko, Brian (November 4, 2021). "GOP, Dem winners of US House seats in Ohio sworn into office". Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  40. ^ Foran, Clare; Barrett, Ted (March 15, 2021). "Senate confirms Deb Haaland as Biden's Interior secretary in historic vote". CNN. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  41. ^ Marcos, Cristina (June 14, 2021). "New Mexico Democrat Stansbury sworn into Haaland's old seat". The Hill. Archived from the original on June 16, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  42. ^ Wu, Nicholas (April 6, 2021). "Rep. Alcee Hastings dies at 84 after cancer diagnosis". Politico. Archived from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  43. ^ Prieb, Natalie (January 18, 2022). "Florida Rep. Cherfilus-McCormick sworn in as newest House member". The Hill. Archived from the original on February 3, 2022. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
  44. ^ Choi, Joseph (April 19, 2021). "GOP Rep. Steve Stivers plans to retire". Archived from the original on April 19, 2021. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
  45. ^ a b Gardiner, Dustin (December 6, 2021). "Rep. Devin Nunes leaving Congress to head Trump-led media company". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on December 7, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
  46. ^ Schnell, Mychael (June 14, 2022). "California Rep. Conway sworn in to finish Nunes's House term". The Hill. Archived from the original on June 18, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
  47. ^ Omastiak, Rebecca (February 18, 2022). "US Rep. Hagedorn dies at age 59". KSTP-TV. Archived from the original on February 18, 2022. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
  48. ^ Keith, Theo (August 12, 2022). "U.S. Rep. Brad Finstad sworn into office". KMSP-TV. Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
  49. ^ Samuels, Iris; Maguire, Sean; Rogerson, Riley (August 31, 2022). "Democrat Mary Peltola wins special U.S. House election, will be first Alaska Native elected to Congress". Anchorage Daily News. Archived from the original on September 1, 2022. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
  50. ^ Richards, Zoë (March 18, 2022). "GOP Rep. Don Young of Alaska, longest-serving member of Congress, dies at 88". NBC News. Archived from the original on June 19, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
  51. ^ "Date for special election to replace Nebraska Congressman Jeff Fortenberry to be announced Friday". KETV. April 1, 2022. Archived from the original on April 1, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
  52. ^ "Mike Flood sworn in as Nebraska Congressman". WOWT. July 12, 2022. Archived from the original on July 15, 2022. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
  53. ^ a b Livingston, Abby (March 31, 2022). "U.S. Rep. Filemon Vela steps down, setting up a heated battle for his South Texas district". The Texas Tribune. Archived from the original on April 1, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
  54. ^ Schnell, Mychael (June 21, 2022). "GOP Rep. Mayra Flores sworn in after flipping House seat in special election". The Hill. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
  55. ^ a b Mahoney, Bill (May 10, 2022). "Tom Reed resigns, setting up a second special House election in New York". Politico. Archived from the original on May 14, 2022. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
  56. ^ a b c d Jha, Rhea (August 25, 2022). "Special election candidates to be sworn in Sept. 13". WETM-TV. Archived from the original on August 26, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  57. ^ a b Parsnow, Luke; Fink, Zack (May 25, 2022). "Antonio Delgado sworn in as New York's new lieutenant governor". Spectrum News 1 Central New York. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  58. ^ Ayyub, Rami (August 3, 2022). "U.S. lawmaker Walorski, two staffers die in Indiana car crash". Reuters. Archived from the original on August 10, 2022. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
  59. ^ Smith, Jordan (November 8, 2022). "Rudy Yakym to succeed Jackie Walorski in 2nd District after beating Paul Steury". South Bend Tribune. Archived from the original on November 9, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  60. ^ a b Dixon, Matt (August 31, 2022). "Charlie Crist resigns from Congress as race for Florida governor ramps up". Politico. Archived from the original on September 1, 2022. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  61. ^ a b Man, Anthony (September 30, 2022). "Exiting Congress early, Ted Deutch assesses wins, losses — and increasingly toxic politics". Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
  62. ^ a b "Rep. Donald McEachin passes away at 61 after battle with colorectal cancer". WTVR-TV. November 29, 2022. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
  63. ^ a b Tat, Linh (December 6, 2022). "Vice President Kamala Harris to swear in LA Mayor-elect Karen Bass on Sunday". The Mercury News. Archived from the original on January 29, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
  64. ^ a b Brooks, Emily (December 6, 2022). "Butterfield resigns from Congress ahead of starting lobbying job". The Hill. Archived from the original on December 30, 2022. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
  65. ^ a b Grant, Tim (December 28, 2022). "Retiring U.S. Rep. Mike Doyle joining K&L Gates as governmental affairs counselor". The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on January 3, 2023. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
  66. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Swanson, Ian (November 10, 2020). "Senate Democrats reelect Schumer as leader by acclamation". The Hill. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
  67. ^ a b c d e f Balluck, Kyle (November 10, 2020). "McConnell reelected as Senate GOP leader". The Hill. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
  68. ^ "Senate Leadership Elections". C-SPAN. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
  69. ^ Bolton, Alexander (January 10, 2021). "Republicans Wrestle over Removing Trump". The Hill. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
  70. ^ a b c d e Treene, Alayna (November 18, 2020). "Nancy Pelosi re-elected as House Democratic leader". Axios. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
  71. ^ Balluck, Kyle (November 19, 2020). "House Democrats pick Aguilar as No. 6 leader in next Congress". The Hill. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
  72. ^ Ferris, Sarah; Mutnick, Ally (December 3, 2020). "Democrats elect Rep. Sean Patrick Maloney to lead campaign arm". Politico. Archived from the original on December 3, 2020. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
  73. ^ Zanona, Melanie (November 20, 2020). "Huddle: Trump's cronies hold steady". Politico. Archived from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
  74. ^ a b McPherson, Lindsey (November 19, 2020). "House Democrats elect Aguilar, Allred in contested leadership elections". Roll Call. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
  75. ^ a b Clyburn, Jim. "Whip Clyburn Announces Chief Deputy Whips for 117th Congress" (Press release). House Majority Whip. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
  76. ^ a b c d e f g Bresnahan, John; Zanona, Melanie (November 17, 2020). "McCarthy heads into next Congress with eye on speaker's gavel". Politico. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  77. ^ Barton, Tom (January 5, 2021). "'States select electors, Congress does not': Miller-Meeks to vote to accept Biden win". Quad-City Times. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
  78. ^ Schultz, Marisa (March 31, 2021). "Dem Rita Hart backs down in Iowa election challenge to Miller-Meeks amid mounting GOP pressure". Fox News. Archived from the original on March 31, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
  79. ^ Newsom, Gavin (January 18, 2021). "Proclamation and Writ of Election" (PDF). Executive Department, State of California. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  80. ^ Gronewold, Anna (February 5, 2021). "Tenney takes 109-vote lead in NY-22 after judge orders certification". Politico. Albany, New York. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
  81. ^ Mahoney, Bill (February 10, 2021). "Support grows for Cuomo to remove election officials over Tenney-Brindisi snafu". Politico. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
  82. ^ a b Murphy, Paul (November 16, 2020). "Cedric Richmond will be Senior Advisor to the President; to resign House seat before inauguration". WWL-TV. Archived from the original on November 20, 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  83. ^ "Special Election - U.S. House of Representatives Second Congressional District" (PDF). State of Louisiana. January 6, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
  84. ^ Fink, Jack (February 8, 2021). "Texas Leaders Remember GOP Congressman Ron Wright Who Died After Battling Lung Cancer, COVID-19". KTVT. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved February 16, 2021. At some point, Greg Abbott will set a special election, which will either happen on Saturday, May 1, when municipal elections are set to be held, or at an earlier date.
  85. ^ Svitek, Patrick (May 12, 2021). "Gov. Greg Abbott sets July 27 as date of special election runoff to succeed late U.S. Rep. Ron Wright". The Texas Tribune. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
  86. ^ Nichola, Hans (December 8, 2020). "Biden to pick Vilsack for agriculture secretary, Fudge for HUD". Axios. Archived from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
  87. ^ a b Boyd, Dan; Boetel, Ryan (December 17, 2020). "Breaking: Haaland reportedly picked as Biden's interior secretary". Albuquerque Journal. Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
  88. ^ Greenwood, Max (May 4, 2021). "DeSantis schedules special election to replace Alcee Hastings for January". The Hill. Archived from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
  89. ^ Shabad, Rebecca (April 19, 2021). "Ohio Rep. Steve Stivers to leave Congress next month". NBC News. Archived from the original on April 19, 2021. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
  90. ^ Mehta, Seema; Haberkorn, Jennifer (December 6, 2021). "California Rep. Devin Nunes leaving Congress to head Trump social media group". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 7, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
  91. ^ "Congressman Jim Hagedorn Dies: 'He Lived His Dream By Serving Others'". WCCO-TV. February 18, 2022. Archived from the original on February 18, 2022. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
  92. ^ Ruskin, Liz (March 18, 2022). "Alaska Congressman Don Young has died". Alaska Public Media. Archived from the original on March 21, 2022. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
  93. ^ Schulte, Grant (March 26, 2022). "US Rep. Jeff Fortenberry of Nebraska announces resignation". Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 19, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2022. Flood and Pansing Brooks will both run in the special election to fill the seat..
  94. ^ Wilkins, Emily; Cohen, Zach C. (August 5, 2022). "Indiana Congresswoman Jackie Walorski Dies in Car Accident". Bloomberg Government. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved August 18, 2023.
  95. ^ Tully-McManus, Katherine (February 2, 2021). "Senate Democrats still without committee control as power-sharing talks drag on". Roll Call. Archived from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
  96. ^ Cohen, Zach C. (August 19, 2022). "Republican Tapped to Serve in Secretive Ethics Role No One Wants". Bloomberg Law. Archived from the original on September 2, 2022. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
  97. ^ "U.S. Senate: Office of the Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper". Senate.gov. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  98. ^ Broadwater, Luke (March 22, 2021). "After Capitol Riot, Senate Taps Intelligence Official to Lead Security". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 23, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
  99. ^ "Sergeant at Arms". House.gov. Archived from the original on November 18, 2017. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  100. ^ "U.S. GAO - About GAO - Comptroller General". gao.gov. Archived from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
  101. ^ "First Day at CBO". cbo.gov. June 3, 2019. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
  102. ^ "About the Librarian". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
  103. ^ "The White House Announces the Withdrawal of GPO Director Nominee". gpo.gov. Archived from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
  104. ^ "Office of Law Revision Counsel". history.house.gov. Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
  105. ^ "Office of House Legislative Counsel". history.house.gov. Archived from the original on December 23, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2019.