Philippines
Republic of the Philippines Republika ng Pilipinas (Filipino) | |
|---|---|
| Motto: "Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa"[1] "For God, People, Nature and Country" | |
| Anthem: Lupang Hinirang (Template:Lang-en) | |
Great Seal Great Seal of the Philippines | |
  | |
| Capital | Manilaa 14°35′N 120°58′E / 14.583°N 120.967°E |
| Largest city | Quezon City 14°38′N 121°02′E / 14.633°N 121.033°E |
| Official languages | |
| Recognized regional languages | |
| Protected auxiliary languages | |
| Other recognized languages | Filipino Sign Language |
| Ethnic groups (2010[5]) | |
| Religion (2010) |
|
| Demonym(s) | Filipino (masculine or neutral) Filipina (feminine) Philippine (colloquial feminine) |
| Government | Unitary presidential constitutional republic |
| Rodrigo Duterte | |
| Maria Leonor Robredo | |
| Vicente Sotto III | |
| Alan Peter Cayetano | |
| Diosdado Peralta | |
| Legislature | Congress |
| Senate | |
| House of Representatives | |
| Formation | |
| ~ 900 CE | |
| April 27, 1565 | |
| June 12, 1898 | |
| July 4, 1946 | |
| February 2, 1987 | |
| Area | |
• Total | 300,000 km2 (120,000 sq mi) (72nd) |
• Water (%) | 0.61[7] (inland waters) |
• Land | 298,170 |
| Population | |
• 2020 estimate | 109,048,269[8] |
• 2015 census | 100,981,437[9][10] (13th) |
• Density | 336/km2 (870.2/sq mi) (47th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2020 estimate |
• Total | $1.110 trillion[11] (27th) |
• Per capita | $10,094[11] (112th (2019)) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2020 estimate |
• Total | $383 billion[11] (32nd) |
• Per capita | $3,484[11] (125th (2019)) |
| Gini (2015) |  44.4[12]medium inequality (44th) |
| HDI (2018) |  0.712[13]high (106th) |
| Currency | Philippine peso (₱) (PHP) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (PST) |
| Date format |
|
| Drives on | right,[14] formerly left before 1947/1948 |
| Calling code | +63 |
| ISO 3166 code | PH |
| Internet TLD | .ph |
| |
The Philippines (/ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ; Template:Lang-fil [ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs] or Filipinas [fɪlɪˈpinɐs]), officially the Republic of the Philippines (Template:Lang-fil),[a] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Situated in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao. The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both within the single urban area of Metro Manila.[17] Bounded by the South China Sea on the west, the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest, the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau to the east, Indonesia to the south, Malaysia and Brunei to the southwest, Vietnam to the west, and China to the northwest.
The Philippines' position as an island country on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the country prone to earthquakes and typhoons. The country has a variety of natural resources and a globally significant level of biodiversity. The Philippines has an area of around 300,000 km2 (120,000 sq mi) with a population of around 109 million people.[9] As of 2020[update], it is the 8th-most populated country in Asia and the 13th-most populated country in the world. Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. Negritos, some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants, were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples who established polities ruled by Datus, Lakans, Rajahs and Sultans.[18]
The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer leading a fleet for the Spanish, marked the beginning of Hispanic colonialization. In 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. Starting from 1565, Hispanic settlement of the archipelago was established via expeditions organized from New Spain (Mexico) and the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. During this time, Catholicism became the dominant religion, and Manila became the western hub of trans-Pacific trade. In 1896 the Philippine Revolution began, which then became entwined with the 1898 Spanish–American War. Spain ceded the territory to the United States, while Filipino rebels declared the First Philippine Republic. The ensuing Philippine–American War ended with the United States establishing control over the territory, which they maintained until the Japanese invasion of the islands during World War II. Following liberation, the Philippines became an independent country in 1946. Since then, the unitary sovereign state has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by the People Power Revolution.
The Philippines is a founding member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, and the East Asia Summit. The Philippines is considered to be an emerging market and a newly industrialized country, which has an economy transitioning from being based on agriculture to being based more on services and manufacturing.
Etymology
Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte and Samar "Felipinas" after Philip II of Spain, then the Prince of Asturias. Eventually the name "Las Islas Filipinas" would be used to cover the archipelago's Spanish possessions.[19] Before Spanish rule was established, other names such as Islas del Poniente (Islands of the West) and Magellan's name for the islands, San Lázaro, were also used by the Spanish to refer to islands in the region.[20][21][22][23]
During the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the period of the Spanish–American War (1898) and the Philippine–American War (1899–1902) until the Commonwealth period (1935–1946), American colonial authorities referred to the country as the Philippine Islands, a translation of the Spanish name.[24] The full title of the Republic of the Philippines was included in the 1935 constitution as the name of the future independent state.[25] There have been attempts to change the name of the country to break away from the impact of past colonialization,[26] where a pan-Malay word reflecting the nation’s island identity has been proposed as more appropriate, or one related to the archipelago's pre-Hispanic excellence in sailing and boat-building.[27]
History
Prehistory (pre–900)
There is evidence of early hominins living in what is now the Philippines as early as 709,000 years ago.[28] One specific early hominid species discovered in Callao Cave, Homo luzonensis, lived at least 50,000 to 67,000 years ago.[29][30] The oldest modern human remains found on the islands are from the Tabon Caves of Palawan, U/Th-dated to 47,000 ± 11–10,000 years ago.[31] The Tabon Man is presumably a Negrito, who were among the archipelago's earliest inhabitants, descendants of the first human migrations out of Africa via the coastal route along southern Asia to the now sunken landmasses of Sundaland and Sahul.[32]
The first Austronesians reached the Philippines at around 2200 BC, settling the Batanes Islands and northern Luzon from Taiwan. From there, they rapidly spread downwards to the rest of the islands of the Philippines and Southeast Asia.[33][34] This population assimilated with the existing Negritos resulting in the modern Filipino ethnic groups which display various ratios of genetic admixture between Austronesian and Negrito groups.[35] Jade artifacts have been found dated to 2000 BC,[36][37] with the lingling-o jade items crafted in Luzon made using raw materials originating from Taiwan.[38] By 1000 BC, the inhabitants of the archipelago had developed into four kinds of social groups: hunter-gatherer tribes, warrior societies, highland plutocracies, and port principalities.[39]
Early states (900–1565)
The earliest known surviving written record found in the Philippines is the Laguna Copperplate Inscription.[40] Many polities in the Philippines developed substantial trade contacts and/or military alliances with other polities in East, Southeast, and South Asia,[41][42][43][44][45] notably Japan,[46] Taiwan,[47] China,[47] Vietnam,[48] Champa,[49][50] Brunei,[51] Malacca,[52] Timor,[53] Srivijaya,[54] Java,[55] Aceh,[56], Siam,[56] Burma,[56] and Sri Lanka.[57] Trade with China is believed to have begun during the Tang dynasty, but grew more extensive during the Song dynasty.[58] By the 2nd century CE, some Philippine polities were known to have sent trade delegations which participated in the Tributary system enforced by the Chinese imperial court, trading but without direct political or military control.[59][page needed][41] Indian cultural traits, such as linguistic terms and religious practices, began to spread within the Philippines during the 10th century, likely via the Hindu Majapahit empire.[44][60][61]By 13th century, a number of the large coastal settlements had emerged as trading centers, and became the focal point of societal changes.[60]By the 15th century, Islam was established in the Sulu Archipelago and by 1565 had reached Mindanao, the Visayas, and Luzon.[62]
Polities founded in the Philippines from the 10th–16th centuries include Maynila,[63] Tondo, Namayan, Pangasinan, Cebu, Butuan, Maguindanao, Lanao, Sulu, and Ma-i.[64] The early polities of the Philippine archipelago were typically characterized by a three-tier social structure: a nobility class, a class of "freemen", and a class of dependent debtor-bondsmen.[60][41] Among the members of the nobility class were leaders who held the political office of "Datu," which was responsible for leading autonomous social groups called "barangay" or "dulohan".[60] Whenever these barangays banded together, either to form a larger settlement[60] or a geographically looser alliance group,[41] the more senior or respected among them would be recognized as a "paramount datu",[60][39] rajah, or sultan[65] which headed the community state.[66] These states were disunited and constantly at war[67] and the archipelagic nature of the area, made it have a low population density,[68] although periods of near absolute peace were also experienced by the states, mainly dating between 500 BC to 1,000 AD.[69]
In 1521, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived and claimed the islands for Spain, allying himself with a native chief.[70] The natives were recorded as having a high literacy rate, knowing how to read and write in their traditional scripts, while adhering to their indigenous religions.[71] Conflicts with Lapu-Lapu resulted in Spanish defeat during the Battle of Mactan, repelling colonizers for the next four decades.[72][70]
Colonial rule (1565–1946)
Colonization began when Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi arrived from Mexico in 1565.[73][74][75] In 1571, the Spanish Manila became the capital of the Spanish East Indies,[76] which also encompassed, under varying time frames, the Marianas, Carolines, Palaos and Guam,[77] as well as parts of Taiwan,[78] Sulawesi,[79] and the Moluccas.[80] The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the Reconquista.[81] Colonizers invaded different local states through the divide and conquer principle.[82] The 1587 Tondo Conspiracy, which attempted to overthrow the colonizers and install the native noble Agustin de Legazpi as Monarch,[83] failed[84] leading to the downfall of numerous native nobles.[85]
Spanish rule brought most parts, not all, of the Philippines into a single unified administration.[75][86][87] From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as part of the Mexico-based Viceroyalty of New Spain, later administered from Madrid following the Mexican War of Independence.[88] Manila galleons were constructed in the Philippines.[89][90] Manila was the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade.[91]
Under Spanish rule, Catholic missionaries converted most of the lowland inhabitants who adhered to indigenous religions into colonial Christianity,[92] often done through brutal means,[93][94][95] such as genocide.[96] Colonizers founded schools, a university, hospitals, and churches,[97] by imposing an inhumane system of unpaid labor, called polo, among the natives.[98][99] Military fortresses were established to defend colonial settlements.[100] Natives were enrolled in catechism schools to convert them further into Christianity, while higher Spanish schools barred any native from enrolling.[101] Free public schooling was made only in 1863, as an aftermath of a law in Spain which affected the colony,[102] however, for more than two-thirds of Spanish colonial rule, education was not available to the natives on equal terms with the Spanish.[101] Slavery was utilized by colonizers, but later abolished by decree, although the practice still continued.[103][104][105] The population increased partly to some policies imposed by the Spanish.[106][107]
During its rule, Spain quelled various indigenous revolts[108][109][110][111][112][113] while defending against external military challenges.[114] Spanish campaigns against the natives often resulted in the confiscation of indigenous lands, destruction of farmlands, houses, food sources, and indigenous sacred shrines, and summary executions of indigenous peoples through beheading or burning at the stake and other methods.[115][116][117][118][95] Spanish influence among the Filipino upper class eventually created a system that became firmly rooted on oligarchy.[119] War against the Dutch in the 17th century, conflicts with Muslims, and Japanese-Chinese Wokou piracy nearly bankrupted the colonial treasury.[120] The rice terraces of Ifugao were built by indigenous peoples, in response to colonial encroachment.[121] Desertion rate was high among the Latino soldiers from Mexico[122] and Peru,[123][124] and the native Filipino populace, due to repeated wars, lack of wages, dislocation and near starvation. Immigration blurred the Spanish racial caste system[125][126] maintained in towns and cities.[127] The Royal Fiscal of Manila wrote to King Charles III of Spain to abandon the colony amidst difficulty in governing. The advice was opposed by Christian orders who valued the islands for religious conversion purposes.[128]
The Philippines survived on an annual subsidy provided by the Spanish Crown sent from the Americas.[129][130] Century-old fortifications did not see significant upgrades,[131] allowing British forces to occupy Manila from 1762 to 1764 during the Seven Years' War against Spain, killing and wounding hundreds of Filipinos.[132][133] British expansion was prevented by Filipino resistance,[134] until Spanish rule was restored through the 1763 Treaty of Paris.[135][136][137]
In the 19th century, Spanish Philippine ports further opened to world trade.[138][139] Many Spaniards born in the Philippines[140] and those of mixed ancestry were wealthy,[141] and an influx of Hispanic American immigrants opened up government positions traditionally held by Spaniards born in the Iberian Peninsula, while ideas of rebellion and independence began to spread. Many Latin-Americans[142] and Criollos staffed the Spanish Philippine army, but their loyalty was doubted due to the Latin American wars of independence.[143] This was compounded by a Mexican of Filipino descent, Isidoro Montes de Oca, becoming captain-general during the Mexican War of Independence.[144][145][146] To prevent a rebel union of Latinos and Filipinos, the Latino and Criollo officers stationed in the Philippines were replaced by Peninsular Spanish officers, who were less committed to the people and were often predatory, enriching themselves before returning to Spain.[147] The Spanish–Moro conflict lasted for several hundred years until a peace treaty was signed on April 30, 1851.[148][150] Colonizers interpreted the treaty as acceptance of Spanish sovereignty, while the Sulu Sultan interpreted it as a friendly treaty amongst equals, the reason why the Sultan initiated, on 22 January 1878, a "lease" or "cede" agreement with the British in regards to eastern North Borneo.[151][152]
Revolutionary sentiments were stoked in 1872 after three activist Catholic priests were accused of sedition and executed.[153][154] This would inspire a propaganda movement in Spain, organized by Marcelo H. del Pilar, José Rizal, and Mariano Ponce, lobbying for political reforms in the Philippines.[155] Racism against the natives, including the displaying of indigenous groups in a human zoo by the Spanish, stoked the cause of revolution.[156] As attempts at reform met with resistance, Andrés Bonifacio in 1892 established the militant secret society called the Katipunan, who sought independence from Spain through armed revolt.[157] On December 30, 1896, the Spanish ordered the execution of Rizal on charges of rebellion. This radicalized many who had previously been loyal to Spain.[155]
The Katipunan started the Philippine Revolution in 1896. Katipunan chapters in Cavite Province, primarily the Magdiwang and the Magdalo had an internal dispute that led to the Tejeros Convention and an election in which Bonifacio lost his position and Emilio Aguinaldo was elected as the new leader of the revolution.[135] Aguinaldo later ordered the execution of Bonifacio.[158] In 1898, the Spanish–American War began, and this war reached Spanish forces in the Philippines. Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence from Spain in Kawit, on June 12, 1898, and the First Philippine Republic was established in Barasoain Church the following year.[135]
The islands were ceded by Spain to the United States as a result of the latter's victory.[159] As it became clear the United States would not recognize Philippine independence, the Philippine–American War broke out,[160] which resulted in the deaths of at least 200,000 and at most, 1 million Filipino civilians, mostly due to famine and disease.[161] Philippine defeat led to American colonization.[162] The Americans suppressed various proto-states: mainly, the waning Sultanate of Sulu, the insurgent Tagalog Republic and the Republic of Zamboanga.[163][164] Throughout these campaigns,[165][166] various atrocities[167][168] committed by Americans against Filipinos have been documented, ranging from genocides[169][170] to human zoos.[171][172]
During this era, Philippine cinema,[173][174][175] and literature expanded, where the English language was institutionalized through the American educational system.[176] Daniel Burnham built an architectural plan for Manila.[177] The Darul Jambangan, seat of the Sultan of Sulu, was destroyed in 1932.[178][179] In 1935, the Philippines was granted Commonwealth status with Manuel Quezon as president and Sergio Osmeña as vice president. Under Quezon's administration, a national language was designated, women's suffrage and land reform were introduced,[180][181] and Jewish refugees were sheltered from the Holocaust.[182] Despite government cooperation, American racism against Filipinos, especially those who migrated to the US, was still evident.[183][184][185]
Plans for independence were interrupted by World War II when the Japanese Empire invaded and established a Philippine puppet state under Jose P. Laurel.[186] Japanese occupation was notable for war crimes,[187][188] against Filipinos, ranging from maltreatment to sexual slavery,[189][190] which resulted to Filipino opposition.[191][192][193] The Battle of Leyte Gulf occurred when Allied forces began liberating the Philippines from the Japanese Empire.[194][195] Allied troops defeated the Japanese in 1945. By the end of the war it is estimated that over a million Filipinos had died.[196][197] On October 11, 1945, the Philippines became one of the founding members of the United Nations.[198]
Contemporary history (1946–present)
On July 4, 1946, the Philippines was officially recognized by the United States as an independent nation through the Treaty of Manila, during the presidency of Manuel Roxas.[199] Efforts to end the Hukbalahap Rebellion began during Elpidio Quirino's term,[200] while a defense treaty with the US was signed,[201] The Philippines participated in the Korean War in favor of the South.[202][203] Ramon Magsaysay's presidency decimated the Hukbalahap rebellion.[204] Carlos P. Garcia initiated the Filipino First Policy,[205], continued by Diosdado Macapagal, with Independence Day moved from July 4 to June 12,[206][207] while the country pursued a claim on eastern North Borneo.[208][209]
In 1965, Ferdinand Marcos initiated infrastructure projects[210], together with his wife Imelda, through corrupt means, embezzling billions of dollars in public funds,[211][212][213] while his genocidal regime[214][214][215] triggered the Islamic Moro conflict.[216][217] He declared martial law on September 21, 1972,[218][219][220] which resulted to political repression, censorship, human rights violations,[221] including various methods of torture,[222] and an expansion in Filipino communist support,[223] while the economy became the sick man of Asia,[224] as Chinese-initiated racism surged.[225] The regime has been described as a conjugal dictatorship[226] with an edifice complex.[227]
On August 21, 1983, opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr., was assassinated at Manila International Airport, resulting to snap elections.[228] The results were widely regarded as fraudulent,[229] which resulted to the 1986 People Power Revolution,[230] which forced Marcos and his allies to flee to Hawaii and Corazon Aquino became president.[228][231] Throughout the Marcos dictatorship, the nation's foreign debt skyrocketed from $599 million in 1966 to $26.7 billion in 1986, with debt payment being reachable only by 2025.[232]
Corazon Aquino's presidency was hampered by Marcos' debt,[233] coup attempts,[234][235] and a communist insurgency which grew under Marcos.[223][236][237][238] She initiated peace negotiations with Moro separatists,[239] which led to the creation of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.[240] Mount Pinatubo erupted in June 1991.[241][242][243] Throughout her term, Aquino initiated the restoration of democratic institutions,[244] and paying the nation's foreign debts incurred under Marcos.[245] Fidel V. Ramos' administration made modest economic performance,[246][247][248] amidst China's 1995 seizure of Mischief Reef[249] and the 1997 Asian financial crisis.[250][251]
Joseph Estrada's administration was steeped in corruption involved in jueteng,[252] which led to his ouster through the Second EDSA Revolution.[253] The Philippines sent a peacekeeping mission to Timor-Leste in 2000.[254] Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo became president on January 20, 2001,[255] where the Philippines became a major non-NATO ally.[256] Arroyo's 9-year administration was marked by economic growth,[257] but was tainted by graft and corruption,[258][259][260][261] as well as political scandals.[262][263] The Maguindanao massacre occurred on 2009.[264]
Under Benigno Aquino III, the Benham Rise was confirmed by UNCLOS as part of the nation's continental shelf,[265] and the World Bank declared the Philippines as Asia's Rising Tiger,[266] while legal preparations for the Bangsamoro began.[267] Aquino filed the Philippines v. China international case in The Hague following a 2012 standoff against China.[268] The case was won by the Philippines.[269] Despite the effects of Typhoon Haiyan and other calamities, the economy grew by 7.2%,[270] later becoming the fastest growing economy in Asia.[271] Rodrigo Duterte launched a pro-China policy,[272][273] and a war against drugs and dissent[274] which, as of 2020[update], had killed 8,000 to 27,000 Filipinos.[275][276][277] Mismanagement[278] of the COVID-19 pandemic[279] resulted in the highest number of COVID-19 cases in Southeast Asia.[280] Duterte's administration has been described as a reign of terror.[281][282][283][284]
Geography and environment
The Philippines is an archipelago composed of about 7,641 islands[285] with a total land area, including inland bodies of water, of 300,000 square kilometers (115,831 sq mi).[286][better source needed] The 36,289 kilometers (22,549 mi) of coastline makes it the country with the fifth longest coastline in the world.[287] The exclusive economic zone of the Philippines covers 2,263,816 km2 (874,064 sq mi).[288] It is located between 116° 40', and 126° 34' E longitude and 4° 40' and 21° 10' N latitude and is bordered by the Philippine Sea[289] to the east, the South China Sea[290] to the west, and the Celebes Sea to the south.[291] The island of Borneo is located a few hundred kilometers southwest[292] and Taiwan is located directly to the north. The Moluccas and Sulawesi are located to the south-southwest and Palau is located to the east of the islands.[293]
The islands are composed of volcanic, coral, principal rock formations.[294] Eight major types of forests are distributed throughout the Philippines; dipterocarp, beach forest, pine forest, molave forest, lower montane forest, upper montane or mossy forest, mangroves, and ultrabasic forest.[295] The highest mountain is Mount Apo. It measures up to 2,954 meters (9,692 ft) above sea level and is located on the island of Mindanao.[296] The Galathea Depth in the Philippine Trench is the deepest point in the country and the third deepest in the world. The trench is located in the Philippine Sea.[297] The Puerto Princesa Subterranean River, which runs 8.2 kilometres (5.1 mi) underground through a karst landscape before reaching the ocean, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[298]
The longest river is the Cagayan River in northern Luzon, measuring about 520 kilometres (320 mi).[299] Manila Bay, upon the shore of which the capital city of Manila lies, is connected to Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the Philippines, by the Pasig River. Subic Bay, the Davao Gulf, and the Moro Gulf are other important bays.[citation needed] The San Juanico Strait separates the islands of Samar and Leyte but it is traversed by the San Juanico Bridge.[300]
Situated on the western fringes of the Pacific Ring of Fire, the Philippines experiences frequent seismic and volcanic activity.[301] The Benham Plateau to the east in the Philippine Sea is an undersea region active in tectonic subduction.[302] Around 20 earthquakes are registered daily, though most are too weak to be felt. The last major earthquake was the 1990 Luzon earthquake.[303] There are many active volcanoes such as the Mayon Volcano, Mount Pinatubo, and Taal Volcano.[304] The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991 produced the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century.[305] The Philippines is the world's second-biggest geothermal energy producer behind the United States, with 18% of the country's electricity needs being met by geothermal power.[306]
Significant mineral deposits exist as a result of the country's complex geologic structure and high level of seismic activity.[307][308] These deposites are considered highly valuable.[309] The country is thought to have the second-largest gold deposits after South Africa, along with a large amount of copper deposits.[310] Palladium, originally discovered in South America, was found to have the world's largest deposits in the Philippines too.[311] Romblon island is a source of high-quality marble.[312] Other minerals include chromite, nickel, and zinc. Despite this, a lack of law enforcement, poor management, opposition due to the presence of indigenous communities, and past instances of environmental damages and disasters, have resulted in these mineral resources remaining largely untapped.[310][313]
Biodiversity
The Philippines is a megadiverse country.[314][315] Around 1,100 land vertebrate species can be found in the Philippines including over 100 mammal species and 170 bird species not thought to exist elsewhere.[316] The Philippines has among the highest rates of discovery in the world with sixteen new species of mammals discovered in the last ten years. Because of this, the rate of endemism for the Philippines has risen and likely will continue to rise.[317] Parts of its marine waters contain the highest diversity of shorefish species in the world.[318]
Large reptiles include the Philippine crocodile[319] and saltwater crocodile.[320] The largest crocodile in captivity, known locally as Lolong, was captured in the southern island of Mindanao,[321] and died on 10 February 2013 from pneumonia and cardiac arrest.[322] The national bird, known as the Philippine eagle, has the longest body of any eagle; it generally measures 86 to 102 cm (2.82 to 3.35 ft) in length and weighs 4.7 to 8.0 kg (10.4 to 17.6 lb).[323][324] The Philippine eagle is part of the family Accipitridae and is endemic to the rainforests of Luzon, Samar, Leyte and Mindanao.[325]
Philippine maritime waters encompass as much as 2,200,000 square kilometers (849,425 sq mi) producing unique and diverse marine life,[326] an important part of the Coral Triangle, a territory shared with other countries.[327][328] The total number of corals and marine fish species was estimated at 500 and 2,400 respectively.[316] New records[329][330] and species discoveries continue.[331][332][333] The Tubbataha Reef in the Sulu Sea was declared a World Heritage Site in 1993.[334] Philippine waters also sustain the cultivation of fish, crustaceans, oysters, and seaweeds.[335] One species of oyster, Pinctada maxima, produces pearls that are naturally golden in color.[336] Pearls have been declared a "National Gem".[337]
With an estimated 13,500 plant species in the country, 3,200 of which are unique to the islands,[316] Philippine rainforests boast an array of flora,[338] including many rare types of orchids[339] and rafflesia.[340] Deforestation, often the result of illegal logging, is an acute problem in the Philippines. Forest cover declined from 70% of the Philippines's total land area in 1900 to about 18.3% in 1999.[341] Many species are endangered and scientists say that Southeast Asia, which the Philippines is part of, faces a catastrophic extinction rate of 20% by the end of the 21st century.[342]
Climate
The Philippines has a tropical maritime climate that is usually hot and humid. There are three seasons: tag-init or tag-araw, the hot dry season or summer from March to May; tag-ulan, the rainy season from June to November; and tag-lamig, the cool dry season from December to February. The southwest monsoon (from May to October) is known as the Habagat, and the dry winds of the northeast monsoon (from November to April), the Amihan. Temperatures usually range from 21 °C (70 °F) to 32 °C (90 °F) although it can get cooler or hotter depending on the season. The coolest month is January; the warmest is May.[343]
The average yearly temperature is around 26.6 °C (79.9 °F). In considering temperature, location in terms of latitude and longitude is not a significant factor. Whether in the extreme north, south, east, or west of the country, temperatures at sea level tend to be in the same range. Altitude usually has more of an impact. The average annual temperature of Baguio at an elevation of 1,500 meters (4,900 ft) above sea level is 18.3 °C (64.9 °F), making it a popular destination during hot summers.[343] Annual rainfall measures as much as 5,000 millimeters (200 in) in the mountainous east coast section but less than 1,000 millimeters (39 in) in some of the sheltered valleys.[344]
Sitting astride the typhoon belt, the islands experience 15-20 typhoons annually from July to October,[344] with around nineteen typhoons[345] entering the Philippine area of responsibility in a typical year and eight or nine making landfall.[346][347] Historically typhoons were sometimes referred to as baguios.[348] The wettest recorded typhoon to hit the Philippines dropped 2,210 millimeters (87 in) in Baguio from 14–18 July 1911.[349] The Philippines is highly exposed to climate change and is among the world's ten countries that are most vulnerable to climate change risks.[350]
Demographics
The Commission on Population estimated the country's population to be 107,190,081 as of December 31, 2018, based on the latest population census of 2015 conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority.[351] The population increased from 1990 to 2008 by approximately 28 million, a 45% growth in that time frame.[352] The first official census in the Philippines was carried out in 1877 and recorded a population of 5,567,685.[353]
A third of the population resides in Metro Manila and its immediately neighboring regions.[354] The 2.34% average annual population growth rate between 1990 and 2000 decreased to an estimated 1.90% for the 2000–2010 period.[355] Government attempts to reduce population growth have been a contentious issue.[356] The population's median age is 22.7 years with 60.9% aged from 15 to 64 years old.[7] Life expectancy at birth is 69.4 years, 73.1 years for females and 65.9 years for males.[357] Poverty incidence dropped to 21.6% in 2015 from 25.2% in 2012.[358]
Metro Manila is the most populous of the 3 defined metropolitan areas in the Philippines[359] and the 5th most populous in the world.[360] Census data from 2015 showed it had a population of 12,877,253 constituting almost 13% of the national population.[361] Including suburbs in the adjacent provinces (Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, and Rizal) of Greater Manila, the population is around 23,088,000.[360] Across the country, the Philippines has a total urbanization rate of 51.2 percent.[361] Metro Manila's gross regional product was estimated as of 2009[update] to be ₱468.4 billion (at constant 1985 prices) and accounts for 33% of the nation's GDP.[362] In 2011 Manila ranked as the 28th wealthiest urban agglomeration in the world and the 2nd in Southeast Asia.[363]
| Rank | Name | Region | Pop. | Rank | Name | Region | Pop. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.jpg) Quezon City _-_Flickr.jpg) Manila |
1 | Quezon City | National Capital Region | 2,960,048 | 11 | Valenzuela | National Capital Region | 714,978 |  Davao City _01.jpg) Caloocan |
| 2 | Manila | National Capital Region | 1,846,513 | 12 | Dasmariñas | Calabarzon | 703,141 | ||
| 3 | Davao City | Davao Region | 1,776,949 | 13 | General Santos | Soccsksargen | 697,315 | ||
| 4 | Caloocan | National Capital Region | 1,661,584 | 14 | Parañaque | National Capital Region | 689,992 | ||
| 5 | Taguig | National Capital Region | 1,261,738 | 15 | Bacoor | Calabarzon | 664,625 | ||
| 6 | Zamboanga City | Zamboanga Peninsula | 977,234 | 16 | San Jose del Monte | Central Luzon | 651,813 | ||
| 7 | Cebu City | Central Visayas | 964,169 | 17 | Las Piñas | National Capital Region | 606,293 | ||
| 8 | Antipolo | Calabarzon | 887,399 | 18 | Bacolod | Negros Island Region | 600,783 | ||
| 9 | Pasig | National Capital Region | 803,159 | 19 | Muntinlupa | National Capital Region | 543,445 | ||
| 10 | Cagayan de Oro | Northern Mindanao | 728,402 | 20 | Calamba | Calabarzon | 539,671 | ||
Ethnic groups
According to the 2010 census, 24.4% of Filipinos are Tagalog, 11.4% Visayans/Bisaya (excluding Cebuano, Hiligaynon and Waray), 9.9% Cebuano, 8.8% Ilocano, 8.4% Hiligaynon, 6.8% Bikol, 4% Waray, and 26.2% as "others",[7][364] which can be broken down further to yield more distinct non-tribal groups like the Moro, the Kapampangan, the Pangasinense, the Ibanag, and the Ivatan.[365] There are also indigenous peoples like the Igorot, the Lumad, the Mangyan, the Bajau, and the tribes of Palawan.[366]
Negritos are considered among the earliest inhabitants of the islands.[367] These minority aboriginal settlers are an Australoid group and are a left-over from the first human migration out of Africa to Australia, and were likely displaced by later waves of migration.[368] At least some Negritos in the Philippines have Denisovan admixture in their genomes.[369][370] Ethnic Filipinos generally belong to several Southeast Asian ethnic groups classified linguistically as part of the Austronesian or Malayo-Polynesian speaking people.[366] There is some uncertainty over the origin of this Austronesian speaking population, with it being likely that ancestors related to Taiwanese aborigines brought their language and mixed with existing populations in the area.[371][372] European DNA is present in many Filipinos today.[373] Estimates of what percentage of the population is of European descent range from a 3.6%, as per a Standford Study,[374] to a 7% as per a collective analysis of Philippine graveyards.[375] The country also historically received settlers from Latin America.[376] A thesis by Nandar Yukyi, classifying and comparing Hispanic-Americans and Asians show phenotypical overlap between Mexicans, Filipinos, Guatemalans and North Japanese.[377]
Chinese Filipinos are mostly the descendants of immigrants from Fujian in China after 1898,[378] numbering around 2 million, although there are an estimated 20 percent of Filipinos who have partial Chinese ancestry, stemming from precolonial and colonial Chinese migrants.[379] While a distinct minority, Chinese Filipinos are well-integrated into Filipino society.[380] As of 2015, there were 220,000 to 600,000 American citizens living in the country.[381] There are also up to 250,000 Amerasians scattered across the cities of Angeles, Manila, Clark and Olongapo.[382] Other important non-indigenous minorities include Indians[383] and Arabs.[384] There are also Japanese people, which include escaped Christians (Kirishitan) who fled the persecutions of Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu which the Spanish empire in the Philippines had offered asylum from.[385] The descendants of mixed-race couples are known as Tisoy.[386] Research work published in the Journal of Forensic Anthropology, collating contemporary Anthropological data show that the percentage of Filipino bodies who were sampled from the University of the Philippines, that's phenotypically classified as Asian (East, South and Southeast Asian) is 72.7%, Hispanic (Spanish-Amerindian Mestizo, Latin American and/or Spanish-Malay Mestizo) is at 12.7%, Indigenous American (Native American) at 7.3%, African at 4.5%, and European at 2.7%.[387]
Languages
| Language | Speakers | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Tagalog | 24.44 % | 22,512,089 | |
| Cebuano | 21.35 % | 19,665,453 | |
| Ilokano | 8.77 % | 8,074,536 | |
| Hiligaynon | 8.44 % | 7,773,655 | |
| Waray | 3.97 % | 3,660,645 | |
| Other local languages/dialects | 26.09 % | 24,027,005 | |
| Other foreign languages/dialects | 0.09 % | 78,862 | |
| Not reported/not stated | 0.01 % | 6,450 | |
| TOTAL | 92,097,978 | ||
| Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[5] | |||
Ethnologue lists 186 individual languages in the Philippines, 182 of which are living languages, while 4 no longer have any known speakers. Most native languages are part of the Philippine branch of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which is itself a branch of the Austronesian language family.[366][388] In addition, various Spanish-based creole varieties collectively called Chavacano exist.[389] There are also many Philippine Negrito languages that have unique vocabularies that survived Austronesian acculturation.[390]
Filipino and English are the official languages of the country.[391] Filipino is a standardized version of Tagalog, spoken mainly in Metro Manila.[392] Both Filipino and English are used in government, education, print, broadcast media, and business, with third local languages often being used at the same time.[393] The Philippine constitution provides for the promotion of Spanish and Arabic on a voluntary and optional basis.[391] Spanish, which was widely used as a lingua franca in the late nineteenth century, has since declined greatly in use,[394] although Spanish loanwords are still present today in Philippine languages,[395][396] while Arabic is mainly taught in Islamic schools in Mindanao.[397]
Nineteen regional languages act as auxiliary official languages used as media of instruction: Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan.[2] Other indigenous languages such as, Cuyonon, Ifugao, Itbayat, Kalinga, Kamayo, Kankanaey, Masbateño, Romblomanon, Manobo, and several Visayan languages are prevalent in their respective provinces.[398] Article 3 of Republic Act No. 11106 declared the Filipino Sign Language as the national sign language of the Philippines, specifying that it shall be recognized, supported and promoted as the medium of official communication in all transactions involving the deaf, and as the language of instruction of deaf education.[399][400]
Religion
The Philippines is a secular state which protects freedom of religion. Christianity is the dominant faith,[401][402] shared by over 90% of the population.[403] Census data from 2015 found that about 79.53% of the population professed Catholicism.[404] Around 37% of the population regularly attend Mass. 29% of self-identified Catholics consider themselves very religious.[405] An independent Catholic church, the Philippine Independent Church, has around 66,959 adherents.[404]
Protestants were 10.8% of the population in 2010.[406] 2.64% of the population are members of Iglesia ni Cristo.[404] The combined following of the Philippine Council of Evangelical Churches comes to 2.42% of the total population.[404][407]
Islam is the second largest religion. The Muslim population of the Philippines was reported as 6.01% of the total population according to census returns in 2015.[404] Conversely, a 2012 report by the National Commission of Muslim Filipinos (NCMF) stated that about 10,700,000 or 11% of Filipinos are Muslims.[401] The majority of Muslims live in Mindanao and nearby islands.[402][408] Most practice Sunni Islam under the Shafi'i school.[409][410]
The percentage of combined positive atheist and agnostic people in the Philippines was measured to be about 3% of the population as of 2008.[411] The 2015 Philippine Census reported the religion of about 0.02% of the population as "none".[404] A 2014 survey by Gallup International Association reported that 21% of its respondents identify as "not a religious person".[412]
Around 0.24% of the population practice indigenous Philippine folk religions,[404] whose practices and folk beliefs are often syncretized with Christianity and Islam.[413][414] There have been proposals to revitalize the indigenous religions of the Philippines.[415] Buddhism is practiced by around 0.03% of the population,[404] concentrated among Filipinos of Chinese descent.[416]
Health
(2018-06-04).jpg)
In 2016, 63.1% of healthcare came from private expenditures while 36.9% was from the government (12.4% from the national government, 7.1% from the local government, and 17.4% from social health insurance).[417] Total health expenditure share in GDP for the year 2016 was 4.5%. Per capita health expenditure rate in 2015 was US$323, which was one of the lowest in Southeast Asia.[418] The budget allocation for Healthcare in 2019 was ₱98.6 billion[419] and had an increase in budget in 2014 with a record high in the collection of taxes from the House Bill 5727 (commonly known as Sin tax Bill).[420]
There were 101,688 hospital beds in the country in 2016, with government hospital beds accounting for 47% and private hospital beds for 53%.[421] In 2009, there were an estimated 90,370 physicians or 1 per every 833 people, 480,910 nurses and 43,220 dentists.[422] Retention of skilled practitioners is a problem. Seventy percent of nursing graduates go overseas to work. As of 2007[update], the Philippines was the largest supplier of nurses for export.[423] The Philippines suffers a triple burden of high levels of communicable diseases, high levels of non-communicable diseases, and high exposure to natural disasters.[424]
In 2018, there were 1,258 hospitals licensed by the Department of Health, of which 433 (34%) were government-run and 825 (66%) private.[425] A total of 20,065 barangay health stations (BHS) and 2,590 rural health units (RHUs) provide primary care services throughout the country as of 2016.[426] Cardiovascular diseases account for more than 35% of all deaths.[427][428] 9,264 cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were reported for the year 2016, with 8,151 being asymptomatic cases.[429] At the time the country was considered a low-HIV-prevalence country, with less than 0.1% of the adult population estimated to be HIV-positive.[430] HIV/AIDS cases increased from 12,000 in 2005[431] to 39,622 as of 2016, with 35,957 being asymptomatic cases.[429]
There is improvement in patients access to medicines due to Filipinos' growing acceptance of generic drugs, with 6 out of 10 Filipinos already using generics.[432] While the country's universal healthcare implementation is underway as spearheaded by the state-owned Philippine Health Insurance Corporation,[433] most healthcare-related expenses are either borne out of pocket[434] or through health maintenance organization (HMO)-provided health plans. As of April 2020, there are only about 7 million individuals covered by these plans.[435]
Education
The Philippines had a simple literacy rate of 98.3% as of 2015, and a functional literacy rate of 90.3% as of 2013.[437] Education takes up a significant proportion of the national budget. In the 2020 budget, education was allocated PHP17.1 billion from the PHP4.1 trillion budget.[438]
The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) lists 2,180 higher education institutions, among which 607 are public and 1,573 are private.[439] Classes start in June and end in March. The majority of colleges and universities follow a semester calendar from June to October and November to March, while some have adopted an increasingly common semester calendar from August to December and January to May.[293] Primary and secondary schooling is divided between a 6-year elementary period, a 4-year junior high school period, and a 2-year senior high school period.[440][441][442]
The Department of Education (DepEd) covers elementary, secondary, and non-formal education.[443] The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) administers middle-level education training and development.[444][445] The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) was created in 1994 to, among other functions, formulate and recommend development plans, policies, priorities, and programs on higher education and research.[446]
In 2004, madaris were mainstreamed in 16 regions nationwide, mainly in Muslim areas in Mindanao under the auspices and program of the Department of Education.[447] Public universities are all non-sectarian entities, and are further classified as State Universities and Colleges (SUC) or Local Colleges and Universities (LCU).[439] The University of the Philippines, a system of eight (8) constituent universities, is the national university system of the Philippines.[448] The country's top ranked universities are as follows: University of the Philippines, Ateneo de Manila University, De La Salle University, and University of Santo Tomas.[449][450][451] The University of Santo Tomas, established in 1611, has the oldest extant university charter in the Philippines and Asia.[452][453]
Government and politics
The Philippines has a democratic government in the form of a constitutional republic with a presidential system.[454] It is governed as a unitary state, with the exception of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM),[455] although there has been several steps towards decentralization within the unitary framework.[456][457] There have been attempts to change the government to a federal, unicameral, or parliamentary government since the Ramos administration.[458] There is a significant amount of corruption in the Philippines,[459][460][461] which some historians attribute to the system of governance put in place during the Spanish colonial period.[462]
The President functions as both head of state and head of government and is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The president is elected by popular vote for a single six-year term, during which he or she appoints and presides over the cabinet.[293] The current President is Rodrigo Duterte.[463] The bicameral Congress is composed of the Senate, serving as the upper house, with members elected to a six-year term, and the House of Representatives, serving as the lower house, with members elected to a three-year term.[293] Philippine politics tends to be dominated by those with well-known names, such as members of political dynasties or celebrities.[464]
Senators are elected at large while the representatives are elected from both legislative districts and through sectoral representation.[293] The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court, composed of a Chief Justice as its presiding officer and fourteen associate justices, all of whom are appointed by the President from nominations submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council.[293]
Foreign relations
As a founding and active member of the United Nations,[465] the country has been elected to the Security Council.[466] Carlos P. Romulo was a former President of the United Nations General Assembly.[467] The country is an active participant in the Human Rights Council[citation needed] as well as in peacekeeping missions, particularly in East Timor.[254] Over 10 million Filipinos live and work overseas.[468][469]
The Philippines is a founding and active member of ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations).[470] It has hosted several summits and is an active contributor to the direction and policies of the bloc.[471][472] It is also a member of the East Asia Summit (EAS),[473] the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Group of 24, and the Non-Aligned Movement.[293] The country is also seeking to obtain observer status in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.[474][475]
The Philippines has a long relationship with the United States, covering economics, security, and people-to-people relations.[476] A mutual defense treaty between the two countries was signed in 1951, and supplemented later with the 1999 Visiting Forces Agreement and the 2016 Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement.[477] The Philippines supported American policies during the Cold War and participated in the Korean and Vietnam wars.[478][479] In 2003 the Philippines was designated a Major non-NATO ally.[480] Controversies related to the presence of the now former U.S. military bases in Subic Bay and Clark and the current Visiting Forces Agreement have flared up from time to time.[476][failed verification] Under President Duterte ties with the United States have weakened[481] with military purchases instead coming from China and Russia,[482][483] while Duterte states that the Philippines will no longer participate in any US-led wars.[484]
The Philippines attaches great importance in its relations with China, and has established significant cooperation with the country.[485][486][487][488][489][490] Japan is the biggest bilateral contributor of official development assistance to the country.[491][492][493] Although historical tensions exist due to the events of World War II, much of the animosity has faded.[494]
Historical and cultural ties continue to affect relations with Spain.[495][496] Relations with Middle Eastern countries are shaped by the high number of Filipinos working in these countries,[497] and by issues relating the Muslim minority in the Philippines.[498] Concerns have been raised regarding issues such as domestic abuse and war affecting[499][500] the around 2.5 million overseas Filipino workers in the region.[501]
The Philippines has claims in the Spratly Islands which overlap with claims by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam. The largest of its controlled islands in Thitu Island, which contains the Philippine's smallest village.[502][503] The Scarborough Shoal standoff in 2012, where China took control of the shoal from the Philippines, led to an international arbitration case[504] and has made the shoal a prominent symbol in the wider dispute.[505]
Military
The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) consist of three branches: the Philippine Air Force, the Philippine Army, and the Philippine Navy.[506] The Armed Forces of the Philippines are a volunteer force.[507] Civilian security is handled by the Philippine National Police under the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG).[508][509]
In the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, the largest separatist organization, the Moro National Liberation Front is now engaging the government politically. Other more militant groups like the Moro Islamic Liberation Front,[510] and the Abu Sayyaf have kidnapped foreigners for ransom, particularly in Mindanao.[512][513][514][515] Their presence decreased due to successful security provided by the Philippine government.[516] The Communist Party of the Philippines and its military wing, the New People's Army, have been waging guerrilla warfare against the government since the 1970s, reaching its apex on 1986 when Communist guerrillas gained control of a fifth of the country's territory, before significantly dwindling militarily and politically after the return of democracy in 1986.[517][518] As of 2018[update], $2.843 billion,[519] or 1.1 percent of GDP is spent on military forces.[520]
Administrative divisions
The Philippines is divided into three island groups: Luzon, the Visayas, and Mindanao.[citation needed] These are further divided into 17 regions, 81 provinces, 146 cities, 1,488 municipalities, and 42,036 barangays.[521] Regions serve primarily to organize the provinces of the country for administrative convenience. The Philippines is divided into 17 regions (16 administrative and 1 autonomous).[citation needed] As of 2015[update], Calabarzon was the most populated region while the National Capital Region (NCR) the most densely populated.[286]
| Designation | Name | Area[286] | Population (as of 2015[update])[522] |
% of Population | Population density[286] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCR | National Capital Region | 619.54 km2 (239.21 sq mi) | 12,877,253 | 12.75% | 20,785/km2 (53,830/sq mi) |
| Region I | Ilocos Region | 12,964.62 km2 (5,005.67 sq mi) | 5,026,128 | 4.98% | 388/km2 (1,000/sq mi) |
| CAR | Cordillera Administrative Region | 19,818.12 km2 (7,651.82 sq mi) | 1,722,006 | 1.71% | 87/km2 (230/sq mi) |
| Region II | Cagayan Valley | 29,836.88 km2 (11,520.08 sq mi) | 3,451,410 | 3.42% | 116/km2 (300/sq mi) |
| Region III | Central Luzon | 22,014.63 km2 (8,499.90 sq mi) | 11,218,177 | 11.11% | 512/km2 (1,330/sq mi) |
| Region IV-A | Calabarzon | 16,576.26 km2 (6,400.13 sq mi) | 14,414,774 | 14.27% | 870/km2 (2,300/sq mi) |
| Region IV-B | Mimaropa | 29,606.25 km2 (11,431.04 sq mi) | 2,963,360 | 2.93% | 100/km2 (260/sq mi) |
| Region V | Bicol Region | 18,114.47 km2 (6,994.04 sq mi) | 5,796,989 | 5.74% | 320/km2 (830/sq mi) |
| Region VI | Western Visayas | 20,778.29 km2 (8,022.54 sq mi) | 7,536,383 | 7.46% | 363/km2 (940/sq mi) |
| Region VII | Central Visayas | 15,872.58 km2 (6,128.44 sq mi) | 7,396,898 | 7.33% | 466/km2 (1,210/sq mi) |
| Region VIII | Eastern Visayas | 23,234.78 km2 (8,971.00 sq mi) | 4,440,150 | 4.40% | 191/km2 (490/sq mi) |
| Region IX | Zamboanga Peninsula | 16,904.03 km2 (6,526.68 sq mi) | 3,629,783 | 3.59% | 215/km2 (560/sq mi) |
| Region X | Northern Mindanao | 20,458.51 km2 (7,899.07 sq mi) | 4,689,302 | 4.64% | 229/km2 (590/sq mi) |
| Region XI | Davao Region | 20,433.38 km2 (7,889.37 sq mi) | 4,893,318 | 4.85% | 239/km2 (620/sq mi) |
| Region XII | Soccsksargen | 22,610.08 km2 (8,729.80 sq mi) | 4,245,838 | 4.20% | 188/km2 (490/sq mi) |
| Region XIII | Caraga | 21,120.56 km2 (8,154.69 sq mi) | 2,596,709 | 2.57% | 123/km2 (320/sq mi) |
| BARMM | Bangsamoro | 36,826.95 km2 (14,218.96 sq mi) | 4,080,825 | 4.04% | 111/km2 (290/sq mi) |
Economy
The Philippine economy has produced an estimated gross domestic product (nominal) of $356.8 billion.[11] Primary exports include semiconductors and electronic products, transport equipment, garments, copper products, petroleum products, coconut oil, and fruits. Major trading partners include the United States, Japan, China, Singapore, South Korea, the Netherlands, Hong Kong, Germany, Taiwan, and Thailand.[7] Its unit of currency is the Philippine peso (₱[523] or PHP[524]).[525]
A newly industrialized country,[526] the Philippine economy has been transitioning from one based upon agriculture to an economy with more emphasis upon services and manufacturing.[527] Of the country's 2018 labor force of around 43.46 million, the agricultural sector employed 24.3%,[528] and accounted for 8.1% of 2018 GDP.[529] The industrial sector employed around 19% of the workforce and accounted for 34.1% of GDP, while 57% of the workers involved in the services sector were responsible for 57.8% of GDP.[529][530]
The unemployment rate as of October 2019[update], stands at 4.5%.[531] Meanwhile, due to lower charges in basic necessities, the inflation rate eased to 1.7% in August 2019.[532] Gross international reserves as of October 2013 are $83.201 billion.[533] The Debt-to-GDP ratio continues to decline to 37.6% as of the second quarter of 2019[534][535] from a record high of 78% in 2004.[536] The country is a net importer[537] but it is also a creditor nation.[538] Manila hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank.[539]
The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis affected the economy, resulting in a lingering decline of the value of the peso and falls in the stock market. The extent it was affected initially was not as severe as that of some of its Asian neighbors. This was largely due to the fiscal conservatism of the government, partly as a result of decades of monitoring and fiscal supervision from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), in comparison to the massive spending of its neighbors on the rapid acceleration of economic growth.[246] There have been signs of progress since. In 2004, the economy experienced 6.4% GDP growth and 7.1% in 2007, its fastest pace of growth in three decades.[541][542] Average annual GDP growth per capita for the period 1966–2007 still stands at 1.45% in comparison to an average of 5.96% for the East Asia and the Pacific region as a whole. The daily income for 45% of the population of the Philippines remains less than $2.[543][544][545]
Remittances from overseas Filipinos contribute significantly to the Philippine economy,[546] surpassing foreign direct investment as a source of foreign currency.[citation needed] Remittances peaked in 2006 at 10.4% of the national GDP, and were 8.6% and 8.5% in 2012 and in 2014 respectively.[546] In 2014 the total worth of foreign exchange remittances was US$28 billion.[547] Regional development is uneven, with Luzon – Metro Manila in particular – gaining most of the new economic growth at the expense of the other regions,[548][549] although the government has taken steps to distribute economic growth by promoting investment in other areas of the country. Despite constraints, service industries such as Tourism in the Philippines[550] and business process outsourcing have been identified as areas with some of the best opportunities for growth for the country.[551] The Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) industry is composed of eight sub-sectors, namely, knowledge process outsourcing and back offices, animation, call centers, software development, game development, engineering design, and medical transcription.[552] In 2010[update], the Philippines was reported as having eclipsed India as the main center of BPO services in the world.[553][554][555]
Science and technology
The Department of Science and Technology is the governing agency responsible for the development of coordination of science and technology-related projects in the Philippines.[556] Research organizations in the country include the International Rice Research Institute,[557] which focuses on the development of new rice varieties and rice crop management techniques.[558]
The Philippines bought its first satellite in 1996.[559] In 2016, the Philippines first micro-satellite, Diwata-1 was launched aboard the US Cygnus spacecraft.[560] The Philippines has a high concentration of cellular phone users.[561] Text messaging is a popular form of communication and, in 2007, the nation sent an average of one billion SMS messages per day.[562] The country has a high level of mobile financial services utilization.[563] The Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company, commonly known as PLDT, is a formerly nationalized telecommunications provider.[561] It is also the largest company in the country.[564] The National Telecommunications Commission is the agency responsible for the supervision, adjudication and control over all telecommunications services throughout the country.[565] There are approximately 417 AM and 1079 FM radio stations and 438 television and 1,551 cable television stations.[566] On March 29, 1994, the country was connected to the Internet via a 64 kbit/s connection from a router serviced by PLDT to a Sprint router in California.[567] Estimates for Internet penetration in the Philippines vary widely ranging from a low of 2.5 million to a high of 24 million people.[568][569] Social networking and watching videos are among the most frequent Internet activities.[570] The Philippine population is the world's top internet user.[571]
Tourism
The travel and tourism sector contributed 10.6% of the country's GDP in 2015[572] and providing 1,226,500 jobs in 2013.[573] 8,260,913 international visitors arrived from January to December 2019, up by 15.24% for the same period in 2018.[574] 58.62% (4,842,774) of these came from East Asia, 15.84% (1,308,444) came from North America, and 6.38% (526,832) came from other ASEAN countries.[437] The island of Boracay, popular for its beaches, was named as the best island in the world by Travel + Leisure in 2012.[575] The Philippines is also a popular retirement destination for foreigners due to its climate and low cost of living.[576] Since 2012, the official tourism slogan of the country is It's More Fun in the Philippines.[577][578]
Infrastructure
Transportation
Transportation in the Philippines is facilitated by road, air, rail and waterways. As of December 2018, there are 210,528 kilometers (130,816 mi) of roads in the Philippines, with only 65,101 kilometers (40,452 mi) of roads paved.[579] The 919-kilometer (571 mi) Strong Republic Nautical Highway (SRNH), an integrated set of highway segments and ferry routes covering 17 cities was established in 2003.[580] The Pan-Philippine Highway connects the islands of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao, forming the backbone of land-based transportation in the country.[581] Roads are the dominant form of transport, carrying 98% of people and 58% of cargo. A network of expressways extends from the capital to other areas of Luzon.[582] The 8.25-kilometre (5.13 mi) Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway in Cebu will be finished by 2021.[583] Traffic is a significant issue facing the country, especially within Manila and on arterial roads connecting to the capital.[584]
Public transport in the country include buses, jeepneys, UV Express, TNVS, Filcab, taxis, and tricycles.[585][586] Jeepneys are a popular and iconic public utility vehicle.[587] Jeepneys and other Public Utility Vehicles which are older than 15 years are being phased out gradually in favor of a more efficient and environmentally friendly Euro 4 compliant vehicles.[588][589]
Despite wider historical use, Rail transport in the Philippines is extremely limited, being confined to transporting passengers within Metro Manila and neighboring Laguna, with a separate short track in the Bicol Region.[590] There are plans to revive Freight transport to reduce road congestion.[591][592] As of 2019[update], the country had a railway footprint of only 79 kilometers, which it had plans to expand up to 244 kilometers.[593][594] Metro Manila is served by three rapid transit lines: Line 1, Line 2 and Line 3.[595][596][597] The PNR South Commuter Line transports passengers between Metro Manila and Laguna.[598] Railway lines that are under-construction include the 4-kilometre (2.5 mi) Line 2 East Extension Project (2020),[599] the 22.8-kilometre (14.2 mi) Line 7 (2020),[600] the 35-kilometre (22 mi) Line 9 (Metro Manila Subway) (2025),[601] and the 109-kilometre (68 mi) PNR North-South Commuter Railway which is divided into several phases, with partial operations to begin in 2022.[602] The civil airline industry is regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines.[603] Philippine Airlines is Asia's oldest commercial airline still operating under its original name.[604][605] Cebu Pacific is the countries leading low-cost carrier.[606]
As an archipelago, inter-island travel using watercraft is often necessary.[607] Boats have always been important to societies in the Philippines.[608][609] Most boats are double-outrigger vessels, which can reach up to 30 metres (98 ft) in length, known as banca[610]/bangka,[611] parao, prahu, or balanghay. A variety of boat types are used throughout the islands, such as dugouts (baloto) and house-boats like the lepa-lepa.[609] Terms such as bangka and baroto are also used as general names for a variety of boat types.[611] Modern ships use plywood in place of logs and motor engines in place of sails.[610] These ships are used both for fishing and for inter-island travel.[611] The principal seaports of Manila, Batangas, Subic Bay, Cebu, Iloilo, Davao, Cagayan de Oro, General Santos, and Zamboanga form part of the ASEAN Transport Network.[612][613] The Pasig River Ferry serves the cities of Manila, Makati, Mandaluyong, Pasig and Marikina in Metro Manila.[614][615]
Water supply and sanitation
Access to water is universal, affordable, efficient, and of high quality. The creation of financially sustainable water service providers ("Water Districts") in small and medium towns with the continuous long-term support of a national agency (the "Local Water Utilities Administration" LWUA); and the improvement of access, service quality, and efficiency in Manila through two high-profile water concessions awarded in 1997. The challenges include limited access to sanitation services, high pollution of water resources, often poor drinking water quality and poor service quality, fragmentation of executive functions at the national level among numerous agencies, and a fragmentation of service provision at the local level into many small service providers.[citation needed] In 2015, it was reported by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation that 74% of the population had access to improved sanitation, and that "good progress" had been made between 1990 and 2015.[616] As of 2016, 96% of Filipino households have an improved source of drinking water, and 92% of households had sanitary toilet facilities, although connections of these toilet facilities to appropriate sewerage systems remain largely insufficient especially in rural and urban poor communities.[617]
Culture
Filipino culture is a combination of Eastern and Western cultures. The Philippines exhibits aspects found in other Asian countries with a Malay heritage, yet its culture also displays a significant number of Spanish and American influences. Traditional festivities known as barrio fiestas (district festivals) to commemorate the feast days of patron saints are common, these community celebrations are times for feasting, music, and dancing.[citation needed] The Ati-Atihan, Moriones and Sinulog festivals are among the most well-known.[618][619][620] The culture within Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago developed separately to that of the rest of the country, due to very limited degree of Spanish influence and greater influence from nearby Islamic regions.[621]
Some traditions, however, are changing or gradually being forgotten due to modernization. The Bayanihan Philippine National Folk Dance Company has been lauded for preserving many of the various traditional folk dances found throughout the Philippines. They are famed for their iconic performances of Philippine dances such as the tinikling and singkil that both feature clashing bamboo poles.[622]
One of the most visible Hispanic legacies is the prevalence of Spanish names and surnames among Filipinos; a Spanish name and surname, however, does not necessarily denote Spanish ancestry. This peculiarity, unique among the people of Asia, came as a result of a colonial edict by Governor-General Narciso Clavería y Zaldua, which ordered the systematic distribution of family names and implementation of Hispanic nomenclature on the population.[623] The names of many locations are also Spanish, or stem from Spanish roots and origins.[624]
The common use of the English language is an example of the American impact on Philippine society. It has contributed to the ready acceptance and influence of American pop cultural trends. This affinity is seen in Filipinos' love of fast food and American film and music. Fast food outlets are found on many street corners.[citation needed] American global fast-food chain stalwarts have entered the market, but local fast-food chains like Goldilocks[625] and most notably Jollibee, the leading fast-food chain in the country, have emerged and competed successfully against foreign chains.[626]
Literature
Philippine mythology, an important part of the indigenous Philippine folk religions, has been handed down primarily through the traditional oral folk literature of the Filipino people, although written texts have also been made. While each unique ethnic group has its own stories and myths to tell, Hindu and Spanish influences can nonetheless be detected in many cases. Philippine mythology mostly consists of creation stories or stories about the sacred deities, gods, goddesses, and heroes, such as Bathala, Kan-Laon, Maria Makiling, Mayari, Bakunawa, and Lam-Ang, and supernatural creatures, such as the aswang, manananggal, engkanto, sarangay, anggitay, kataw, sigbin, and sarimanok.[628][629][630]
Philippine literature comprises works usually written in Filipino, Spanish, or English. Some of the most known were created from the 17th to 19th century.[631] Adarna, for example, is a famous epic about an eponymous magical bird allegedly written by José de la Cruz or "Huseng Sisiw".[632] Francisco Balagtas, the poet and playwright who wrote Florante at Laura, is recognized as a preeminent writer in the Tagalog (Filipino) language.[633] José Rizal wrote the novels Noli Me Tángere (Touch Me Not) and El Filibusterismo (The Filibustering, also known as The Reign of Greed).[634]
Architecture and art
The basis of all houses, buildings, and structures in the Philippines is the people's varied vernacular architectures.[635] Spanish architecture has left an imprint in the Philippines in the way many towns were designed around a central square or plaza mayor, but many of the buildings bearing its influence were demolished during World War II.[63] Four Philippine baroque churches are included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the San Agustín Church in Manila, Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte, Nuestra Señora de la Asunción (Santa María) Church in Ilocos Sur, and Santo Tomás de Villanueva Church in Iloilo.[636] Vigan in Ilocos Sur is also known for the many Hispanic-style houses and buildings preserved there.[637]
American rule introduced new architectural styles. This led to the construction of government buildings and Art Deco theaters. During the American period, some semblance of city planning using the architectural designs and master plans by Daniel Burnham was done on the portions of the city of Manila. Part of the Burnham plan was the construction of government buildings that resembled Greek or Neoclassical architecture.[638] In Iloilo, structures from both the Spanish and American periods can still be seen, especially in Calle Real.[639] Certain areas of the country like Batanes have slight differences as both Spanish and Filipino ways of architecture assimilated differently due to the climate. Limestones were used as a building material, with houses being built to withstand typhoons.[640]
Music
Philippine music has evolved rapidly due to the different influences stemming from colonialization under other countries. Before the Spanish conquest of the islands, most music was reminiscent of, or heavily influenced by, nature. Some examples of this tribal music is Koyu No Tebulul of the T'boli and Ambo Hato of the Ifugao. This genre is often accompanied by gong music and one well known instrument is the Kulintang.[citation needed] During the Spanish era Rondalya music, where traditional string orchestra mandolin type instruments were used, was widespread.[641]
Marcelo Adonay (organist), Simplicio Solis (organist), Diego C. Perez (pianist), Jose Conseco (pianist) and Doña Dolores Paterno (composer) were some of the recognized musicians in this era.[citation needed] Nowadays, American pop culture has a heavy hold on the Filipinos that evolved from the Spanish times when the American occupation happened.[642] Recently K-pop has become popular.[643] Karaoke is a popular event in the country.[644] The revival of Spanish-influence folk music has been possible thanks to the different choir groups coming in and going out of the country, such as the Philippine Madrigal Singers.[citation needed]
Dance
Just like the evolution of Philippine music, dance as well has been in constant change. Prior to colonial rule, the Philippines had a wide array of ethnic dances from different tribal groups. This was due mainly to the fact that the Philippines is an archipelago thus the different varieties of dance developed. Both Luzon and Visayas, at first, were more akin to tribal movements until the Spanish came. Mindanao represents more of an array of Muslim inspired dances and Spanish influence was limited to the region of Zamboanga.[citation needed]
One famous dance that is well known is called the Tinikling, where a band of Rondalya musicians play along with the percussive beat of the two bamboo poles. It usually starts with men and women acting a scene about "How rural townsfolk mingle". The dancers then graze thru the clashing of the bamboo poles held on opposite sides. The end displays the paired bamboo poles crossing each other. The Muslim version of this where bamboo poles are also used is called the Singkil.[citation needed] Cariñosa is a Hispanic Filipino dance, unofficially considered as the "National Dance of the Philippines". It is a courtship dance which involves a woman holding a fan or a handkerchief, where it plays an instrumental role as it places the couple in romance scenario.[645]
In the Modern and Post-Modern time periods, dances may vary from the delicate ballet up to the more street-oriented styles of breakdancing.[646][647]
Values
As a general description, the distinct value system of Filipinos is rooted primarily in personal alliance systems, especially those based in kinship, obligation, friendship, religion (particularly Christianity), and commercial relationships.[648]
Filipino values are, for the most part, centered around maintaining social harmony, motivated primarily by the desire to be accepted within a group. The main sanction against diverging from these values are the concepts of "Hiya", roughly translated as 'a sense of shame',[649] and "Amor propio" or 'self-esteem'.[650] Social approval, acceptance by a group, and belonging to a group are major concerns. Caring about what others will think, say or do, are strong influences on social behavior among Filipinos.[651]
Other elements of the Filipino value system are optimism about the future, pessimism about present situations and events, concern and care for other people, the existence of friendship and friendliness, the habit of being hospitable, religious nature, respectfulness to self and others, respect for the female members of society, the fear of God, and abhorrence of acts of cheating and thievery.[652][653]
Cuisine
Filipino cuisine has evolved over several centuries from its Malayo-Polynesian origins to become a mixed cuisine with Chinese, American, and other Asian influences. The most dominant influence however is Spanish, which has influenced up to 80% of Filipino recipes. Regional variations exist throughout the islands, for example rice is a standard starch in Luzon while cassava is more common in Mindanao.[654] Dishes range from the very simple, like a meal of fried salted fish and rice, to the elaborate, such as the paellas and cocidos created for fiestas. Popular dishes include lechón, adobo, sinigang, kare-kare, tapa, crispy pata, pancit, lumpia, and halo-halo. Some common local ingredients used in cooking are calamansi, coconuts, saba (a kind of short wide plantain), mangoes, ube, milkfish, and fish sauce. Filipino taste buds tend to favor robust flavors, but the cuisine is not as spicy as those of its neighbors.[655]
Unlike many Asians, most Filipinos do not eat with chopsticks; they use Western cutlery. However, possibly due to rice being the primary staple food and the popularity of a large number of stews and main dishes with broth in Filipino cuisine, the main pairing of utensils seen at the Filipino dining table is that of spoon and fork, not knife and fork.[656]
The traditional way of eating with the hands known as kamayan (using the hand for bringing food to the mouth)[657] was previously more often seen in the less urbanized areas.[654] However, due to the various Filipino restaurants that introduced Filipino food to people of other nationalities, as well as to Filipino urbanites, kamayan fast became popular.[658][659] This recent trend also sometimes incorporates the "Boodle fight" concept (as popularized and coined by the Philippine Army), wherein banana leaves are used as giant plates on top of which rice portions and Filipino viands are placed all together for a filial, friendly and/or communal kamayan feasting.[660]
Mass media
Philippine media uses mainly Filipino and English, though broadcasting have shifted to Filipino.[393] Other Philippine languages, including various Visayan languages are also used, especially in radio due to its ability to reach remote rural locations that might otherwise not be serviced by other kinds of media.[citation needed] There are large numbers of both radio stations and newspapers. The top three newspapers by nationwide readership as well as credibility[661] are the Philippine Daily Inquirer, Manila Bulletin, and The Philippine Star.[662][663] While freedom of the press is protected by the constitution, the country is very dangerous for journalists.[664][better source needed] As of 2020[update], the dominant television networks were ABS-CBN and GMA, both being free to air.[664] ABS-CBN, at the time the largest network[665] was shut down following a cease and desist order issued by the National Telecommunications Commission on May 5, 2020, a day after the expiration of the network's franchise.[666] Prior to this move, Duterte accused ABS-CBN of being biased against his administration and vowed to block the renewal of their franchise. However, critics of the Duterte administration, human rights groups, and media unions said the shutdown of ABS-CBN was an attack on press freedom.[665][667] On July 10, 2020, the House of Representatives declined a renewal of ABS-CBN's TV and radio franchise, voted 70–11.[665]
TV, the Internet,[668] and social media, particularly Facebook, remain the top source of news and information for majority of Filipinos as newspaper readership continues to decline.[669][670] English broadsheets are popular among executives, professionals and students.[671] Cheaper Tagalog tabloids, which feature crime, sex, gossips and gore, saw a rise in the 1990s, and tend to be popular among the masses, particularly in Manila.[671][672][673]
Cinema
Philippine cinema has a long history and is popular domestically, but has faced increasing competition from American, Asian and European films. Critically acclaimed directors and actors include Lino Brocka and Nora Aunor for films like Maynila: Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag (Manila: In the Claws of Light)[citation needed] and Himala (Miracle).[674][675][676] Moving pictures were first shown in the Philippines on January 1, 1897.[677] All films were all in Spanish since Philippine cinema was first introduced during the final years of the Spanish era of the country. Antonio Ramos was the first known movie producer.[678][679] Meanwhile, Jose Nepomuceno was dubbed as the "Father of Philippine Movies".[680] His work marked the start of the local production of movies. Production companies remained small during the era of silent film, but 1933 saw the emergence of sound films and the arrival of the first significant production company. The postwar 1940s and the 1950s are regarded as a high point for Philippine cinema.[173]
During the 1960s, James Bond movies, bomba (soft porn) pictures and an era of musical films, produced mostly by Sampaguita Pictures, dominated the cinema. The second golden age occurred from 1970s to early 1980s. It was during this era that filmmakers ceased to produce pictures in black and white.[citation needed] The growing dominance of Hollywood films and the cost of production has severely reduced local filmmaking.[681][682] Nonetheless, some local films continue to find success.[683][684]
Sports
Various sports and pastimes are popular in the Philippines including basketball, boxing, volleyball, football (soccer), American football, both codes of Rugby football, badminton, karate, taekwondo, billiards, ten-pin bowling, chess, and sipa. Motocross, cycling, and mountaineering are also becoming popular.[citation needed] Basketball is played at both amateur and professional levels and is considered to be the most popular sport in the Philippines.[685] In 2010, Manny Pacquiao was named "Fighter of the Decade" for the 2000s by the Boxing Writers Association of America.[686] The national martial art and sport of the country is Arnis.[687][688] Beginning in 1924, the Philippines has competed in every Summer Olympic Games, except when they participated in the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics.[689][690] The Philippines is also the first tropical nation to compete at the Winter Olympic Games debuting in the 1972 edition.[691][692]
Games
Traditional Philippine games such as luksung baka, patintero,[693] piko, and tumbang preso are played primarily as children's games among the youth.[694][695][696] Sabong or cockfighting is another popular entertainment especially among Filipino men, and was documented by Magellan's voyage as a pastime in the kingdom of Taytay.[697] The yo-yo, a popular toy in the Philippines, was introduced in its modern form by Pedro Flores[698] with its name coming from the Ilocano language.[699]
See also
.svg){kind=small}
Notes
- ^ In the recognized regional languages of the Philippines:
- Template:Lang-akl
- Template:Lang-bik
- Template:Lang-ceb
- Template:Lang-cbk
- Template:Lang-hil
- Template:Lang-ibg
- Template:Lang-ilo
- Template:Lang-ivv
- Template:Lang-pam
- Template:Lang-krj
- Maguindanaon: Republika nu Pilipinas
- Template:Lang-mrw
- Template:Lang-pag
- Template:Lang-xsb
- Template:Lang-sgd
- Template:Lang-tsg
- Template:Lang-war
In the recognized optional languages of the Philippines:
References
Citations
- ^ "Republic act no. 8491". Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
- ^ a b DepEd adds 7 languages to mother tongue-based education for Kinder to Grade 3. GMA News. July 13, 2013.
- ^ "The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines – GOVPH".
- ^ Constitution of the Philippines 1987,[3] Article XIV, Section 7 and 8.
- ^ a b Philippine Statistics Authority 2014, pp. 29–34.
- ^ "East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Philippines — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ a b c d "East & Southeast Asia :: Philippines". The World Factbook. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency. October 28, 2009. Archived from the original on July 19, 2015. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
- ^ "Home - Commission on Population". www.popcom.gov.ph. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
- ^ a b "Home - Commission on Population". www.popcom.gov.ph. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
- ^ "Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population". psa.gov.ph. Philippine Statistics Authority.
- ^ a b c d e "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". imf.org.
- ^ "Gini Index". World Bank. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2019" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
- ^ Lucas, Brian (August 2005). "Which side of the road do they drive on?". Retrieved February 22, 2009.
- ^ "Presidential Decree No. 940, s. 1976". Manila: Malacanang. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
- ^ "Quezon City Local Government - Background". Quezon City Local Government. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
- ^ "Metro Manila Official Website". Metro Manila Development Authority. Archived from the original on June 16, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
- ^ Umaly, Justin (December 16, 2019). "The Powerful Rajahs and Sultans of Pre-Colonial Philippines". Esquire Magazine. Manila. Retrieved September 9, 2020.
- ^ Scott 1994, p. 6.
- ^ Spate, Oskar H.K. (1979). "Chapter 4. Magellan's Successors: Loaysa to Urdaneta. Two failures: Grijalva and Villalobos". The Spanish Lake – The Pacific since Magellan, Volume I. Taylor & Francis. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-7099-0049-8. Archived from the original on August 5, 2008. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ Friis, Herman Ralph, ed. (1967). The Pacific Basin: A History of Its Geographical Exploration. American Geographical Society. p. 369.
- ^ Galang, Zoilo M., ed. (1957). Encyclopedia of the Philippines, Volume 15 (3rd ed.). E. Floro. p. 46.
- ^ Tarling, Nicholas (1999). The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia – Volume One, Part Two – From c. 1500 to c. 1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-521-66370-0.
- ^ Constantino, R (1975). The Philippines: a Past Revisited. Quezon City: Tala Pub. Services.
- ^ Quezon, Manuel, III (March 28, 2005). "The Philippines are or is?". Manuel L. Quezon III: The Daily Dose. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ News, ABS-CBN. "Should the Philippines be renamed? Historian weighs in". ABS-CBN News.
{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ "Would the Philippines by any other name sound as sweet?". South China Morning Post. February 17, 2019.
- ^ Ingicco, T.; van den Bergh, G.D.; Jago-on, C.; Bahain, J.-J.; Chacón, M.G.; Amano, N.; Forestier, H.; King, C.; Manalo, K.; Nomade, S.; Pereira, A.; Reyes, M.C.; Sémah, A.-M.; Shao, Q.; Voinchet, P.; Falguères, C.; Albers, P.C.H.; Lising, M.; Lyras, G.; Yurnaldi, D.; Rochette, P.; Bautista, A.; de Vos, J. (May 1, 2018). "Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709 thousand years ago". Nature. 557 (7704): 233–237. Bibcode:2018Natur.557..233I. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0072-8. PMID 29720661. S2CID 13742336.
- ^ "New species of ancient human discovered in the Philippines". Science. April 10, 2019.
- ^ Rincon, Paul (April 10, 2019). "New human species found in Philippines" – via www.bbc.com.
- ^ Détroit, Florent; Dizon, Eusebio; Falguères, Christophe; Hameau, Sébastien; Ronquillo, Wilfredo; Sémah, François (2004). "Upper Pleistocene Homo sapiens from the Tabon cave (Palawan, The Philippines): description and dating of new discoveries" (PDF). Human Palaeontology and Prehistory. 3 (2004): 705–712. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2004.06.004.
- ^ Jett, Stephen C. (2017). Ancient Ocean Crossings: Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the Pre-Columbian Americas. University of Alabama Press. pp. 168–171. ISBN 978-0-8173-1939-7.
- ^ Chambers, Geoff (2013). "Genetics and the Origins of the Polynesians". eLS. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0020808.pub2. ISBN 978-0-470-01617-6.
- ^ Mijares, Armand Salvador B. (2006). "The Early Austronesian Migration To Luzon: Perspectives From The Peñablanca Cave Sites". Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association (26): 72–78. Archived from the original on July 7, 2014.
- ^ Lipson, Mark; Loh, Po-Ru; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Ko, Ying-Chin; Stoneking, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Reich, David (2014). "Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia" (PDF). Nature Communications. 5 (1): 4689. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5E4689L. doi:10.1038/ncomms5689. PMC 4143916. PMID 25137359.
- ^ Scott 1984, p. 17. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFScott1984 (help)
- ^ Ness, Immanuel (2014), The Global Prehistory of Human Migration, John Wiley & Sons, p. 289, ISBN 978-1-118-97059-1
- ^ Hsiao-Chun, Hung (December 11, 2007). "Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 104 (50): 19745–19750. doi:10.1073/pnas.0707304104. PMC 2148369. PMID 18048347.
- ^ a b Legarda, Benito Jr. (2001). "Cultural Landmarks and their Interactions with Economic Factors in the Second Millennium in the Philippines". Kinaadman (Wisdom) A Journal of the Southern Philippines. 23: 40.
- ^ Postma, Antoon (1992). "The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary". Philippine Studies. 40 (2): 182–203.
- ^ a b c d Junker, Laura Lee (1999). Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8248-2035-0. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
- ^ Miksic, John N. (2009). Southeast Asian Ceramics: New Light on Old Pottery. Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 978-981-4260-13-8.[page needed]
- ^ Sals, Florent Joseph (2005). The history of Agoo : 1578–2005. La Union: Limbagan Printhouse. p. 80.
- ^ a b Jocano, Felipe Jr. (August 7, 2012). Wiley, Mark (ed.). A Question of Origins. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-0742-7.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)[page needed] - ^ "Timeline of history". Archived from the original on November 23, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
- ^ Worcester, Dean C. (1906). "The Non-Christian Tribes of Northern Luzon". The Philippine Journal of Science. National Science Development Board
- ^ a b Bobby C. Orillaneda. Le commerce maritime aux Philippines durant le xve siècle (Maritime Trade in the Philippines During the 15th Century CE).
- ^ Lim, Benito ed. Asian Studies. Quezon City: Asian Center, 1997. 57-68
- ^ The Filipino Moving Onward 5' 2007 Ed. Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 3–. ISBN 978-971-23-4154-0.
- ^ Scott, William (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials: For the Study of Philippine History (revised ed.). Quezon City: New Day Publishers. p. 66. ISBN 9711002264.
- ^ Pigafetta, Antonio (1969) [1524]. First Voyage Round the World. Translated by Robertson, J.A. Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild.
- ^ Barros, Joao de, Decada terciera de Asia de Ioano de Barros dos feitos que os Portugueses fezarao no descubrimiento dos mares e terras de Oriente [1628], Lisbon, 1777, courtesy of William Henry Scott, Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1994, page 194.
- ^ Pigafetta, Antonio (1969) [1524]. "First voyage around the world". Translated by J.A. Robertson. Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild.
- ^ Philippine History. Rex Bookstore, Inc. 2004. p. 46. ISBN 9789712339349.
- ^ Postma, Antoon. (1992). The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary. Philippine Studies vol. 40, no. 2:183-203
- ^ a b c Pinto, Fernao Mendes (1989) [1578]. "The travels of Mendes Pinto" (Document). Translated by Rebecca Catz. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
{{cite document}}: Unknown parameter|url-access=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|url=ignored (help) - ^ "Quest of the Dragon and Bird Clan; The Golden Age (Volume III)" -Lungshanoid (Glossary)- By Paul Kekai Manansala
- ^ Glover, Ian; Bellwood, Peter; Bellwood, Peter S.; Glover, Dr (2004). Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History. Psychology Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-415-29777-6. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
- ^ Scott 1994.
- ^ a b c d e f Jocano, F. Landa (2001). Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage. Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc. ISBN 978-971-622-006-3.[page needed]
- ^ Osborne, Milton (2004). Southeast Asia: An Introductory History (Ninth ed.). Australia: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74114-448-2.[page needed]
- ^ McAmis, Robert Day. (2002). Malay Muslims: The History and Challenge of Resurgent Islam in Southeast Asia. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 18–24, 53–61. ISBN 0-8028-4945-8. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
- ^ a b Ring, Trudy; Robert M. Salkin & Sharon La Boda (1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania. Taylor & Francis. pp. 565–569. ISBN 978-1-884964-04-6. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
- ^ Polities and Sultanates in the 10th and 16th Century Philippines, Historical Atlas of the Republic, Manila: The Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office, 2016. p. 64."
- ^ Carley, Michael (November 4, 2013) [2001]. "7". Urban Development and Civil Society: The Role of Communities in Sustainable Cities. Routledge. p. 108. ISBN 9781134200504. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
Each boat carried a large family group, and the master of the boat retained power as leader, or datu, of the village established by his family. This form of village social organization can be found as early as the 13th century in Panay, Bohol, Cebu, Samar and Leyte in the Visayas, and in Batangas, Pampanga and Tondo in Luzon. Evidence suggests a considerable degree of independence as small city-states with their heads known as datu, rajah or sultan.
- ^ Tan, Samuel K. (2008). A History of the Philippines. UP Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-971-542-568-1. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
- ^ Bowring, John (1875) [1875]. "1". Travels in the Philippines. Chapman and Hall, London. p. 18. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
Credit is certainly due to Spain for having bettered the condition of a people who, though comparatively highly civilized, yet being continually distracted by petty wars, had sunk into a disordered and uncultivated state.
- ^ Newson, Linda (2009) [2009]. "2". Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines. University of Hawaii Press. p. 18. doi:10.21313/hawaii/9780824832728.001.0001. ISBN 9780824832728. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
Given the significance of the size and distribution of the population to the spread of diseases and their ability to become endemic, it is worth commenting briefly on the physical and human geography of the Philippines. The hot and humid tropical climate would have generally favored the propagation of many diseases, especially water-borne infections, though there might be regional or seasonal variations in climate that might affect the incidence of some diseases. In general, however, the fact that the Philippines comprise some seven thousand islands, some of which are uninhabited even today, would have discouraged the spread of infections, as would the low population density.
- ^ https://www.manilatimes.net/2014/04/05/sports/columnists-sports/war-and-peace-in-precolonial-philippines/87714/
- ^ a b https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/apr27/magellan-killed-philippine-skirmish/#:~:text=On%20April%2027%2C%201521%2C%20Portuguese,island%20of%20Cebu%20weeks%20earlier.
- ^ Dacumos, Rory (2015). Philippine Colonial Educational System. Nagoya University.
- ^ Zaide, Gregorio F. & Sonia M. Zaide (2004). Philippine History and Government (6th ed.). All-Nations Publishing Company.[page needed]
- ^ Marciano R. De Borja (2005). Basques in the Philippines. University of Nevada Press. p. [page needed]. ISBN 978-0-87417-590-5.
- ^ "History of Cebu". Cebu City Tour. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
- ^ a b Aguilar-Cariño, Ma. Luisa (1994). "The Igorot as Other: Four Discourses from the Colonial Period". Philippine Studies. 42 (2): 194–209. JSTOR 42633435 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Fernando A. Santiago Jr. (2006). "Isang Maikling Kasaysayan ng Pandacan, Maynila 1589–1898". Malay. 19 (2): 70–87. Retrieved July 18, 2008.
{{cite journal}}: External link in|issue= - ^ "The Philippines Isn't What It Used to Be". SPOT.PH.
- ^ Andrade, Tonio (2005). How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish and Han colonialization in the Seventeenth Century. Columbia University Press.
- ^ Wigboldus, J. S. (1987). A History of the Minahasa c. 1615-1680. Archipel.
- ^ Andaya, L. (1993). The World of Maluku: Eastern Indonesia in the Early Modern Period.
- ^ Hawkley, Ethan (2014). "Reviving the Reconquista in Southeast Asia: Moros and the Making of the Philippines, 1565–1662". Journal of World History. 25 (2–3). University of Hawai'i Press: 288. doi:10.1353/jwh.2014.0014. S2CID 143692647.
The early modern revival of the Reconquista in the Philippines had a profound effect on the islands, one that is still being felt today. As described above, the Spanish Reconquista served to unify Christians against a common Moro enemy, helping to bring together Castilian, Catalan, Galician, and Basque peoples into a single political unit: Spain. In precolonial times, the Philippine islands were a divided and unspecified part of the Malay archipelago, one inhabited by dozens of ethnolinguistic groups, residing in countless independent villages, strewn across thousands of islands. By the end of the seventeenth century, however, a dramatic change had happened in the archipelago. A multiethnic community had come together to form the colonial beginnings of a someday nation: the Philippines. The powerful influence of Christian-Moro antagonisms on the formation of the early Philippines remains evident more than four hundred years later, as the Philippine national government continues to grapple with Moro separatists groups, even in 2013.
- ^ Guillermo, Artemio (2012) [2012]. Historical Dictionary of the Philippines. The Scarecrow Press Inc. p. 374. ISBN 9780810875111. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
To pursue their mission of conquest, the Spaniards dealt individually with each settlement or village and with each province or island until the entire Philippine archipelago was brought under imperial control. They saw to it that the people remained divided or compartmentalized and with the minimum of contact or communication. The Spaniards adopted the policy of divide et impera (divide and conquer).
- ^ de Marquina, Esteban (1903). Blair, Emma Helen; Robertson, James Alexander (eds.). Conspiracy Against the Spaniards: Testimony in certain investigations made by Doctor Santiago de Vera, president of the Philipinas, May-July 1589. Vol. 7. Ohio, Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Company. pp. 86–103.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Sta. Romana, Elpidio R., and Ricardo T. Jose. "Never Imagine Yourself to be Otherwise…: Filipino Image of Japan Over the Centuries" Asian Studies: 65-94. http://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-29-1991/staromanajose.pdf
- ^ Martinez, Manuel F. Assassinations & conspiracies : from Rajah Humabon to Imelda Marcos. Manila: Anvil Publishing, 2002.
- ^ Llobet, Ruth de (June 23, 2015). "The Philippines. A mountain of difference: The Lumad in early colonial Mindanao By Oona Paredes Ithaca: Southeast Asia Program Publications, Cornell University, 2013. Pp. 195. Maps, Appendices, Notes, Bibliography, Index". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 46 (2): 332–334. doi:10.1017/S0022463415000211 – via Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Acabado, Stephen (March 1, 2017). "The Archaeology of Pericolonialism: Responses of the "Unconquered" to Spanish Conquest and Colonialism in Ifugao, Philippines". International Journal of Historical Archaeology. 21 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1007/s10761-016-0342-9. S2CID 147472482 – via Springer Link.
- ^ Gutierrez (龙彼得), Pedro Luengo. "DISSOLUTION OF MANILA-MEXICO ARCHITECTURAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN 1785 AND 1810" – via www.academia.edu.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ (Re Bicol) "Astilleros: the Spanish shipyards of Sorsogon" (PDF). Mary Jane Louise A. Bolunia. Archaeology Division, National Museum of the Philippines. Retrieved October 26, 2015. Page 1 - Abstract: "When the Spanish colonizers reached Philippine soils, one of the earliest places they occupied is the tip of southern Luzon including the San Bernardino Strait. The whole area was known as Ambos Camarines and Albay. At present, it is the Bicol Region, comprising six provinces. As one of the earliest Spanish-occupied areas, it was exposed to Spanish activities like building of churches, government halls and shipbuilding. Ancient shipyards called astilleros are found in Bicol. These were used for construction and repair of the galleons that plied the Manila-Acapulco trade. This present archaeological study looks into the shipyards of Sorsogon where three shipyards were documented"
- ^ (Re Cavite) William J. McCarthy (December 1, 1995). "The Yards at Cavite: Shipbuilding in the Early Colonial Philippines". International Journal of Maratime History. 7 (2): 149–162. doi:10.1177/084387149500700208. S2CID 163709949.
- ^ Kane, Herb Kawainui (1996). "The Manila Galleons". In Bob Dye (ed.). Hawaiʻ Chronicles: Island History from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine. Vol. I. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 25–32. ISBN 978-0-8248-1829-6.
- ^ Russell, S.D. (1999) "Christianity in the Philippines". Retrieved April 2, 2013.[full citation needed]
- ^ Limos, Mario Alvaro (March 18, 2019). "The Fall of the Babaylan". Esquire. Retrieved July 12, 2019.
- ^ Nadeau, Kathy (1993). "Christianity and the Transformation of Philippine Lowland Life: A Critique of Rafael". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 21 (1): 25–38. JSTOR 29792111 – via JSTOR.
- ^ a b Cano, Glòria (2008). "Evidence for the Deliberate Distortion of the Spanish Philippine Colonial Historical Record in "The Philippine Islands 1493-1898"". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 39 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1017/S0022463408000015. JSTOR 20071868 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Aquino, Belinda A. (1993). "Rethinking Magellan and Rediscovering the Philippines". In Aquino, Belinda A.; Alegado, Dean T. (eds.). The Age of Discovery: Impact on Philippine Culture and Society (PDF) (2 ed.). University of Hawaii at Manoa. p. 3.
- ^ "The City of God: Churches, Convents and Monasteries". Discovering Philippines. Retrieved on July 6, 2011.[full citation needed]
- ^ Abinales, Patricio N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2017). State and Society in the Philippines. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-5381-0395-1.
- ^ "Forgotten history? The polistas of the Galleon Trade". Rappler.
- ^ Rene Javellana, S.J. (1997). "Fortress of Empire".[full citation needed]
- ^ a b Schwartz, Karl (1971). "Filipino Education and Spanish Colonialism: Toward an Autonomous Perspective". Comparative Education Review. 15 (2): 202–218. doi:10.1086/445531. JSTOR 1186730 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Dolan 1991, Education.[full citation needed]
- ^ Tatiana Seijas, Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indians. New York: Cambridge University Press 2014.
- ^ Luengo, Josemaria Salutan. A History of the Manila-Acapulco Slave Trade, 1565-1815. Tubigon, Bohol: Mater Dei Publications 1996.
- ^ Scott, William Henry. Slavery in the Spanish Philippines. Manila: De La Salle University Press 1991.
- ^ Lahmeyer, Jan (1996). "The Philippines: historical demographic data of the whole country". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved July 19, 2003.[better source needed]
- ^ "Censos de Cúba, Puerto Rico, Filipinas y España. Estudio de su relación". Voz de Galicia. 1898. Retrieved December 12, 2010.[verification needed]
- ^ Scott, William (1974). The Discovery of the Igorots. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. p. 15-16. ISBN 9711000873.
- ^ Fluckiger, Steven James (October 2017). "Caquenga and Feminine Social Power in the Philippines". World History Connected. 14 (3). Retrieved September 3, 2018.
- ^ "Abatan River Cruise: A travel through history". Bohol Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007.
- ^ Readings From Bohol's History www.aenet.org, Source: Philippine Political and Cultural History. Volume I. Gregorio F. Zaide Retrieved 15 November 2006.
- ^ "5 Filipino heroines who changed Philippine history". cnn.
- ^ Palanco, Fernando; Arcilla, Jose S. (2002). "Diego Silang's Revolt: A New Approach". Philippine Studies. 50 (4): 512–537. JSTOR 42634482 – via JSTOR.
- ^ ""The Center of a Circle": Manila's Trade with East and Southeast Asia at the Turn of the Sixteenth Century By Ubaldo IACCARINO" (PDF).
- ^ Miguel de Loarca (June, 1582). Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas. Arevalo.
- ^ Perkinson, J. W. (2015). Political Spirituality in an Age of Eco-Apocalypse: Communication and Struggle Across Species, Cultures, and Religions. Palgrave Macmillan.
- ^ Diamonon, V. D. (1919). A study of the Philippine government during the Spanish regime. State University of Iowa.
- ^ PALANCO, FERNANDO (2010). "The Tagalog Revolts of 1745 According to Spanish Primary Sources". Philippine Studies. 58 (1/2): 45–77. JSTOR 42632048 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Pearson, M. N. (1969). "The Spanish 'Impact' on the Philippines, 1565-1770". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 12 (2): 165–186. doi:10.2307/3596057. JSTOR 3596057 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Dolan 1991, The Early Spanish Period.[full citation needed]
- ^ Novio, Eunice Barbara C. (May 28, 2020). "UCLA archeologist busts myth of '2,000-year-old rice terraces'". INQUIRER.net USA.
- ^
Mehl, Eva Maria (2016). "Chapter 6 - Unruly Mexicans in Manila". Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World From Mexico to the Philippines, 1765–1811. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316480120.007. ISBN 9781316480120.
In Governor Anda y Salazar's opinion, an important part of the problem of vagrancy was the fact that Mexicans and Spanish disbanded after finishing their military or prison terms "all over the islands, even the most distant, looking for subsistence.~CSIC riel 208 leg.14
- ^ Garcıa de los Arcos, "Grupos etnicos," ´ 65–66 Garcia de los Arcos, Maria Fernanda (1999). "Grupos éthnicos y Clases sociales en las Filipinas de Finales del Siglo XVIII". Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ^
Mehl, Eva Maria (2016). "Chapter 1 - Intertwined Histories in the Pacific". Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World From Mexico to the Philippines, 1765–1811. Cambridge University Press. p. 246. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316480120.007. ISBN 9781316480120.
The military organization of Manila might have depended to some degreee on non-European groups, but colonial authorities measured a successful imperial policy of defense on the amount of European and American recruits that could be accounted for in the military forces.~CSIC ser. Consultas riel 301 leg.8 (1794)
- ^ "Filipino-Mexican-Central-and-South American Connection, Tales of Two Sisters: Manila and Mexico". June 21, 1997. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
Tomás de Comyn, general manager of the Compañia Real de Filipinas, in 1810 estimated that out of a total population of 2,515,406, "the European Spaniards, and Spanish creoles and mestizos do not exceed 4,000 persons of both sexes and all ages, and the distinct castes or modifications known in America under the name of mulatto, quarteroons, etc., although found in the Philippine Islands, are generally confounded in the three classes of pure Indians, Chinese mestizos and Chinese." In other words, the Mexicans who had arrived in the previous century had so intermingled with the local population that distinctions of origin had been forgotten by the 19th century. The Mexicans who came with Legázpi and aboard succeeding vessels had blended with the local residents so well that their country of origin had been erased from memory.
- ^ "The descendants of Mexican mestizos and native Filipinos were numerous but unaccounted for because they were mostly the result of informal liaisons." ~Garcia de los Arcos, Forzados, 238[full citation needed]
- ^ Tatiana Seijas (2014). "The Diversity and Reach of the Manila Slave Market". Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-107-06312-9.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ Blair, E., Robertson, J., & Bourne, E. (1903). The Philippine islands, 1493–1803 : explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the Catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century. Cleveland, Ohio.[full citation needed]
- ^ Bonialian, 2012[citation not found][full citation needed]
- ^ Cole, Jeffrey A. (1985). The Potosí mita, 1573–1700 : compulsory Indian labor in the Andes. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8047-1256-9.
- ^ Tracy 1995, pp. 12, 55[citation not found]
- ^ Leebrick, Karl Clayton (2007). The English expedition to Manila and the Philippine Islands in the year 1762. University of California, Berkeley. p. 52.
- ^ Blair, Emma Helen (2008). The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803. BiblioBazaar. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-559-25329-4.
- ^ Tracy, Nicholas (1995). Manila Ransomed. University of Exeter Press. ISBN 0859894266.
- ^ a b c Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1990). History of the Filipino People (8th ed.). Garotech Publishing. p. 22. ISBN 978-971-8711-06-4.
- ^ Halili, Maria Christine N. (2004). Philippine History. Rex Bookstore. pp. 119–120. ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9.
- ^ de Borja, Marciano R. (2005). Basques in the Philippines. University of Nevada Press. pp. 81–83. ISBN 978-0-87417-590-5.
- ^ Hall, Daniel George Edward (1981). History of South East Asia. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 757. ISBN 978-1-349-16521-6. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
- ^ Bacareza, Hermógenes E. (2003). The German Connection: A Modern History. Hermogenes E. Bacareza. p. 10. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
- ^ Barrows, David (2014). "A History of the Philippines". 1: 179.
Within the walls, there were some six hundred houses of a private nature, most of them built of stone and tile, and an equal number outside in the suburbs, or arrabales, all occupied by Spaniards (todos son vivienda y poblacion de los Españoles). This gives some twelve hundred Spanish families or establishments, exclusive of the religious, who in Manila numbered at least one hundred and fifty, the garrison, at certain times, about four hundred trained Spanish soldiers who had seen service in Holland and the Low Countries, and the official classes.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)[full citation needed] - ^ Hedman, Eva-Lotta; Sidel, John (2005). Philippine Politics and Society in the Twentieth Century: Colonial Legacies, Post-Colonial Trajectories. Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-134-75421-2. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
- ^ "Officers in the army of the Philippines were almost totally composed of Americans," observed the Spanish historian José Montero y Vidal. "They received in great disgust the arrival of peninsular officers as reinforcements, partly because they supposed they would be shoved aside in the promotions and partly because of racial antagonisms."[full citation needed]
- ^ Steinberg, David Joel (2018). "Chapter - 3 A SINGULAR AND A PLURAL FOLK". THE PHILIPPINES A Singular and a Plural Place. Routledge. p. 47. doi:10.4324/9780429494383. ISBN 978-0-8133-3755-5.
The cultural identity of the mestizos was challenged as they became increasingly aware that they were true members of neither the indio nor the Chinese community. Increasingly powerful but adrift, they linked with the Spanish mestizos, who were also being challenged because after the Latin American revolutions broke the Spanish Empire, many of the settlers from the New World, Caucasian Creoles born in Mexico or Peru, became suspect in the eyes of the Iberian Spanish. The Spanish Empire had lost its universality.
- ^ "Filipinos in Mexican history". Archived from the original on December 9, 2012. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
- ^ Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2006). Historia de México. México, D. F.: Pearson Educación. ISBN 970-26-0797-3.[full citation needed]
- ^ González Davíla Amado. Geografía del Estado de Guerrero y síntesis histórica 1959. México D.F.; ed. Quetzalcóatl.[full citation needed]
- ^ Hosillos, Lucila V. (September 18, 2006). Interactive Vernacular, National Literature: Magdalena G. Jalandoni's Juanita Cruz as Constituent of Filipino National Literature. UP Press. ISBN 9789715425216 – via Google Books.
- ^ Warren, James Francis (2007). The Sulu Zone, 1768-1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State. NUS Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-9971-69-386-2. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
- ^ Spain (1893). Colección de los tratados, convenios y documentos internacionales celebrados por nuestros gobiernos con los estados extranjeros desde el reinado de Doña Isabel II. hasta nuestros días. Acompañados de notas histórico-críticas sobre su negociación y cumplimiento y cotejados con los textos originales... (in Spanish). pp. 120–123.
- ^ see text of treaty (in Spanish),[149]
- ^ Keat Gin Ooi (January 1, 2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1163–. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2.
- ^ International Court of Justice (2003). Summaries of Judgments, Advisory Opinions, and Orders of the International Court of Justice, 1997-2002. United Nations Publications. pp. 205–268. ISBN 978-92-1-133541-5.
- ^ Nuguid, Nati. (1972). "The Cavite Mutiny". in Mary R. Tagle. 12 Events that Have Influenced Philippine History. [Manila]: National Media Production Center. Retrieved December 20, 2009 from StuartXchange Website.
- ^ Joaquin, Nick. A Question of Heroes.[full citation needed]
- ^ a b Ocampo, Ambeth (1999). Rizal Without the Overcoat (Expanded ed.). Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-971-27-0920-3.[page needed]
- ^ ARCILLA, JOSE S. (1991). "The Enlightenment and the Philippine Revolution". Philippine Studies. 39 (3): 358–373. JSTOR 42633263 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Halili, M. c (2004). Philippine History. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 137. ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
- ^ Jesus, Totel V. de (February 23, 2019). "Aguinaldo's 'confession' on Bonifacio kill order up for auction". ABS-CBN News.
- ^ Halstead, M (1898). "The Story of the Philippines". Nature. 70 (1811): 248–249. Bibcode:1904Natur..70..248T. doi:10.1038/070248a0.
- ^ Linn, Brian McAllister (2000). The Philippine War, 1899–1902. University Press of Kansas. pp. 75–76. ISBN 978-0-7006-1225-3.
- ^ Burdeos, Ray L. (2008). Filipinos in the U.S. Navy & Coast Guard During the Vietnam War. AuthorHouse. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4343-6141-7.
- ^ Gates, John M. (November 2002). "The Pacification of the Philippines". The U.S. Army and Irregular Warfare.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|archive-url=requires|url=(help); External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)[page needed] - ^ Kho, Madge. "The Bates Treaty". PhilippineUpdate.com. Retrieved December 2, 2007.
- ^ "History of The Republic of Zamboanga (May 1899 – March 1903)". Zamboanga City, Philippines: Zamboanga.com. July 18, 2009. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
- ^ Miller p. 220; [https://www.pbs.org/crucible/Transcript.txt PBS documentary
- ^ Benjamin R. Beede (August 21, 2013). The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898T1934: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-136-74691-8.
By the end of the operation, the estimated 600 Muslims in Bud Daju were wiped out.
- ^ "US atrocities in the Philippines". philstar.com.
- ^ Welch, Richard E. (1974). "American Atrocities in the Philippines: The Indictment and the Response". Pacific Historical Review. 43 (2): 233–253. doi:10.2307/3637551. JSTOR 3637551 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Dyke, E. (2013). [Review of the book Suspended Apocalypse: White Supremacy, Genocide, and the Filipino Condition, by Dylan Rodríguez]. Journal of Asian American Studies 16(1), 131-133. doi:10.1353/jaas.2013.0000.
- ^ Chem, A. (2016). The Filipino Genocide. Historical Perspective: Santa Clara University Undergraduate Journal of History, Series II.
- ^ Jim Zwick (March 4, 1996). "Remembering St. Louis, 1904: A World on Display and Bontoc Eulogy". Syracuse University. Retrieved May 25, 2007.
- ^ "The Passions of Suzie Wong Revisited, by Rev. Sequoyah Ade". Aboriginal Intelligence. January 4, 2004. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007.
- ^ a b Armes, Roy. "Third World Film Making and the West", p.152. University of California Press, 1987. Retrieved on January 9, 2011.
- ^ "The Role of José Nepomuceno in the Philippine Society: What language did his silent film speaks?". Stockholm University Publications. Retrieved on January 28, 2014.
- ^ Deocamp, N. (2011). Film: American Influences on Philippine Cinema. Anvil Publishing.
- ^ Martin, Isabel Pefianco (2001). "American Education and Philippine Literature". Philippine Studies. 49 (1): 113–122. JSTOR 42634438 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Moore, Charles (1921). "Daniel H. Burnham: Planner of Cities". Houghton Mifflin and Co., Boston and New York.[full citation needed]
- ^ Tort, Marvin A. (June 13, 2018). "Relearning Islamic history in the Philippines". Business World. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ Lacson, Nonoy E. (July 4, 2018). "'Pearl of Sulu Sea' show-cased". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ Molina, Antonio. The Philippines: Through the centuries. Manila: University of Sto. Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Print.[full citation needed]
- ^ Manapat, Carlos, et al. Economics, Taxation, and Agrarian Reform. Quezon City: C&E Pub., 2010.Print.[full citation needed]
- ^ CNN, Madison Park. "How the Philippines saved 1,200 Jews during Holocaust". CNN.
{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ Kramer, Paul A. (Paul Alexander), 1968- (2006). The blood of government : race, empire, the United States, & the Philippines. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 343–344. ISBN 978-0-8078-7717-3. OCLC 80904288.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Erika Lee (August 16, 2016). The Making of Asian America: A History. Simon and Schuster. pp. 184–186. ISBN 978-1-4767-3941-0.
- ^ Francia, Luis H. (May 16, 2019). "A Filipino-American Memoir of Racism, Abuse and Heartbreak" – via NYTimes.com.
- ^ Karl L. Rankin (November 25, 1943). "FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES: DIPLOMATIC PAPERS, 1943, THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTH, EASTERN EUROPE, THE FAR EAST, VOLUME III". history.state.gov.[full citation needed]
- ^ The Philippine Government. p. 8.[full citation needed]
- ^ Li, Peter. Japanese War Crimes : The Search for Justice. p. 250. ISBN 978-1-4128-2683-9.[full citation needed]
- ^ Cepeda, Cody (December 8, 2018). "Remembering the Filipino comfort women". INQUIRER.net.
- ^ De Guzman, Nicai (July 23, 2019). "The Bloody History of Bahay na Pula in Bulacan". Esquire Philippines.
- ^ Caraccilo, Dominic J. (2005). Surviving Bataan And Beyond: Colonel Irvin Alexander's Odyssey As A Japanese Prisoner Of War. Stackpole Books. pp. 287. ISBN 978-0-8117-3248-2.
- ^ "The Guerrilla War". American Experience. PBS. Archived from the original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
- ^ Jubair, Salah. "The Japanese Invasion". Maranao.Com. Archived from the original on July 27, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
- ^ Woodward, C. Vann (1947). The Battle for Leyte Gulf. New York: Macmillan.[full citation needed]
- ^ "Lieutenant Ramsey's War" by Edwin Price Ramsey and Stephen J. Rivele.Published by Knightsbride publishing Co, Los Angeles, California[full citation needed]
- ^ Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-military Study. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-313-31395-0. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
- ^ Zaide, Sonia M. (1994). The Philippines: A Unique Nation. All-Nations Publishing Co. p. 354. ISBN 978-971-642-071-5.
- ^ "Founding Member States". United Nations. Archived from the original on November 21, 2009.
- ^ Philippines (1946). Treaty of General Relations and Protocol with the Republic of the Philippines: Message from the President of the United States Transmitting the Treaty of General Relations and Protocol Between the United States of America and the Republic of the Philippines, Signed at Manila on July 4, 1946. U.S. Government Printing Office.
- ^ Molina, Antonio. The Philippines: Through the centuries. Manila: University of Sto. Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Print.[full citation needed]
- ^ https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1951/08/30/mutual-defense-treaty-between-the-republic-of-the-philippines-and-the-united-states-of-america-august-30-1951/
- ^ Villasanta, Art (July 8, 2012). "Filipino soldiers' story of Korean War: Valor redux". INQUIRER.net.
- ^ "South Korea honors Filipino soldiers who fought in Korean War". September 20, 2020.
- ^ Jeff Goodwin, No Other Way Out, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p.119, ISBN 0-521-62948-9, ISBN 978-0-521-62948-5
- ^ Abinales, P. N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). State and Society in the Philippines. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-7425-1024-1. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
- ^ Macapagal, Diosdado. "Proclamation No. 28 Declaring June 12 as Philippine Independence Day". Philippine History Group of Los Angeles. Archived from the original on July 13, 1997. Retrieved November 11, 2009.
- ^ Manuel S. Satorre Jr. "President Diosdado Macapagal set RP Independence Day on June 12". positivenewsmedia.net. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2008.
- ^ "Developing Regional Minorities in Asia" (PDF). Sabri Zain. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 15, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ^ Weatherbee, Donald E.; Ralf Emmers; Mari Pangestu; Leonard C. Sebastian (2005). International relations in Southeast Asia. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-0-7425-2842-0.
- ^ Timberman, David G. (1991). A Changeless Land: Continuity and Change in Philippine Politics. Institute of Southeast Asian. p. 58. ISBN 978-981-3035-86-7. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
- ^ McGeown, Kate (January 25, 2013). "What happened to the Marcos fortune?". BBC News.[full citation needed]
- ^ "Imelda Marcos sentenced to 42 years for £154m fraud". November 9, 2018 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
- ^ "[ANALYSIS] Just how bad was corruption during the Marcos years?". Rappler.
- ^ a b "Murad: Marcos regime's genocidal war vs. Muslims drove us to armed struggle". GMA News Online.
- ^ "FALSE: 'No massacres' during Martial Law". Rappler.
- ^ "Fighting and talking: A Mindanao conflict timeline". GMA News and Public Affairs. October 27, 2011. Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
- ^ Aquino Jr., Benigno S. (March 28, 1968). "Jabidah! Special Forces of Evil?". Delivered at the Legislative Building, Manila, on 28 March 1968. Government of the Philippines.
- ^ France-Presse, Mynardo Macaraig, Agence (November 8, 2016). "Marcos: a US-backed dictator with charisma". ABS-CBN News.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Declaration of Martial Law". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Archived from the original on June 3, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
{{cite web}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=timestamp mismatch; July 8, 2017 suggested (help) - ^ Problems of Communism (March–April 1975; Vol. XXIV ed.). Documentary Studies Section, International Information Administration. 1975. p. 59. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
- ^ To Islands Far Away: the Story of the Thomasites and Their Journey to the Philippines. Manila: US Embassy. 2001.[full citation needed]
- ^ "Worse than death: Torture methods during martial law". Rappler.
- ^ a b "New People's Army". Stanford University. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on December 30, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2015.
- ^ "Marcos years marked 'golden age' of PH economy? Look at the data". Rappler.
- ^ Huang, Echo; Stegar, Isabella (2016). A gullible nation of maids and banana sellers: How many Chinese see the Philippines (Report) – via Quartz News.
- ^ Mijares, Primitivo. The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos and Imelda Marcos, Union Square Publishing, Manila, 1976. ISBN 1-141-12147-6.
- ^ Lico, Gerard (2003). Edifice Complex: Power, Myth, and Marcos State Architecture. University of Hawaii Press.
- ^ a b Chandler, David P. & David Joel Steinberg (1987). In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History (Revised 2nd ed.). University of Hawaii Press. pp. 431–442. ISBN 978-0-8248-1110-5.
- ^ Atwood, J. Brian; Schuette, Keith E. A Path to Democratic Renewal (PDF) (Report). p. 350 – via National Democratic Institute for International Affairs and National Republican Institute for International Affairs.
- ^ Kumar, Ravindra (2004), Mahatma Gandhi at the Close of Twentieth Century, Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., p. 168, ISBN 978-81-261-1736-9, retrieved December 2, 2007
- ^ "The Original People Power Revolution". Quartet. p. 77. Retrieved February 28, 2008.
- ^ Inquirer, Philippine Daily (March 18, 2016). "'We'll pay Marcos debt until 2025'". INQUIRER.net.
- ^ "Philippine Debt Dispute". August 10, 1987 – via NYTimes.com.
- ^ Kingsbury, Damien (September 13, 2016). Politics in Contemporary Southeast Asia: Authority, Democracy and Political Change. Taylor & Francis. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-317-49628-1. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
- ^ Timberman, David G. (1991). A Changeless Land: Continuity and Change in Philippine Politics. Institute of Southeast Asian. pp. xii, xiii. ISBN 978-981-3035-86-7. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
- ^ Tan, Andrew T. H. (January 2009). A Handbook of Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 405. ISBN 978-1-84720-718-0. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
- ^ "The Communist Insurgency in the Philippines: Tactics and Talks" (PDF). Refworld. Asia Report N°202. February 14, 2011. pp. 5–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 6, 2020. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
- ^ "Gov't drafts new framework to guide peace talks with leftist rebels". The Philippine Star. May 6, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
- ^ Mydans, Seth (September 14, 1986). "Philippine Communists Are Spread Widely, but Not Thinly". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
- ^ "Republic Act No. 6734". Official Gazette. Republic of the Philippines. August 1, 1989.
- ^ Drogin, Bob (August 11, 1991). "UNDER THE VOLCANO : As Mt. Pinatubo Continues to Spew Tons of Ash and Rock, Filipinos Wonder How Their Battered Country Will Ever Recover". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 27, 2020. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
President Corazon Aquino's government is overwhelmed by broken bridges, buried homes and lost crops.
- ^ "Proclamation No. 739, s. 1991". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. June 16, 1991. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
- ^ Reilly, Benjamin (January 22, 2009). Disaster and Human History: Case Studies in Nature, Society and Catastrophe. McFarland. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-7864-3655-2. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
- ^ Candelaria and Alphora, Jhon Lee and Veronica (2018). Readings in Philippine History. Recto Avenue, Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store, Inc. pp. 71–82. ISBN 978-971-23-8665-7.
- ^ "The Aquino Management of the Presidency" (PDF). malacanang.gov.ph. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
- ^ a b Gargan, Edward A. (December 11, 1997). "Last Laugh for the Philippines; Onetime Joke Economy Avoids Much of Asia's Turmoil". The New York Times. Retrieved January 25, 2008.
- ^ "Philippines Economic growth – data, chart". TheGlobalEconomy.com.
- ^ Pempel, T.J. (1999). The Politics of the Asian Economic Crisis. Cornell University Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-8014-8634-0.
- ^ Shenon, Philip (February 19, 1995). "Manila Sees China Threat On Coral Reef" – via NYTimes.com.
- ^ Sheng, Andrew (July 2009). "Financial Crisis and Global Governance: A Network Analysis" (PDF). Retrieved June 11, 2012.
- ^ Yenilmez, Taylan & Saltoglu, Burak. "Analyzing Systemic Risk with Financial Networks During a Financial Crash" (PDF). fma.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 8, 2014. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
- ^ "Estrada vs Desierto: 146710-15 : March 2, 2001 : J. Puno : En Banc". Supreme Court of the Philippines. March 2, 2001. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
- ^ "Estrada: A Tarnished Legacy". The Wall Street Journal. January 22, 2001.
- ^ a b United States Congress House Committee on International Relations Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific; United States Congress Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs (2000). East Timor: A New Beginning? : Joint Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, and the Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Sixth Congress, Second Session, February 10, 2000. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 51–53. ISBN 9780160607820. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
- ^ Dirk J. Barreveld (2001). Philippine President Estada Impeached!: How the President of the World's 13th Most Populous Country Stumbles Over His Mistresses, a Chinese Conspiracy and the Garbage of His Capital. iUniverse. p. 476. ISBN 978-0-595-18437-8.
- ^ "Bush 'upgrades' Philippines". CNN. May 20, 2003. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2009). The CIA World Factbook 2010. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. p. 541. ISBN 978-1-60239-727-9. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
- ^ Dizon, David. "Corruption was Gloria's biggest mistake: survey". ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
- ^ Press, Associated (November 18, 2011). "Philippines charges Gloria Arroyo with corruption". The Guardian. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
Former president is formally accused of electoral fraud after government rushed to court as she tried to leave country
- ^ "Bolante Faces Off with Senators Over Fertilizer Fund Scam". ANC. November 13, 2008. Archived from the original on March 2, 2009. Retrieved December 4, 2008.
- ^ Inquirer, Philippine Daily (December 30, 2011). "What Went Before: The NBN-ZTE deal". INQUIRER.net.
- ^ "Arroyo claims hollow victory" by Leslie Davis, Asia Times Online, September 27, 2005.
- ^ "Hello Garci scandal". GMA News Online.
- ^ Perez, Analyn (November 25, 2009). "The Ampatuan Massacre: a map and timeline". GMA News. GMANews.TV.
- ^ "Benham Rise: PH's new territory off Aurora". Rappler.
- ^ "Philippines is Asia's rising tiger – World Bank". philstar.com.
- ^ "Road to peace in Mindanao: The Bangsamoro Organic Law". cnn.
- ^ "Aquino: The president who brought China to court". Rappler.
- ^ Heydarian, Richard Javad. "Philippines wins trial of the century". www.aljazeera.com.
- ^ https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/philippines/publication/philippine-economic-update-2014-pursuing-economic-growth-through-sustainable-reconstruction-and-job-generation#:~:text=Philippine%20economic%20growth%20accelerated%20to,weakness%20of%20the%20global%20economy.
- ^ "Beyond the numbers: How Aquino fueled the economy". Rappler.
- ^ Lee, Yen Nee (September 8, 2020). "Four years on, Philippine President Duterte is still struggling to show the benefits of being pro-China". CNBC.
- ^ Amurao, George (February 6, 2020). "Duterte's pro-China policy hits a viral limit". Asia Times.
- ^ "Philippine human rights workers are being systematically killed in a growing war on dissent". LA Times. August 27, 2020. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
- ^ "'I will kill you': Philippines' Duterte renews drug war threat". www.aljazeera.com.
- ^ "'Permission to kill' condemned in Duterte drug war". June 4, 2020 – via www.bbc.com.
- ^ "Philippines' War on Drugs". CNN.
- ^ "The Philippines' Pandemic Response: A Tragedy of Errors". thediplomat.com.
- ^ "The Philippines' fierce lockdown drags on, despite uncertain benefits". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
- ^ "Philippines now has worst COVID-19 outbreak in Southeast Asia". The Japan Times. August 7, 2020.
- ^ "Duterte, the Philippines and a Psychopathic Reign of Terror". Asia Sentinel.
- ^ "Duterte's war on drugs a 'reign of terror', church says". Aljazeera.
- ^ "Duterte's terror bill threatens freedom in the name of security". Nikkei Asian Review.
- ^ "Duterte accused of 'reign of terror' in Philippines". www.abc.net.au. August 2, 2016.
- ^ "More islands, more fun in PH". CNN Philippines. February 20, 2016. Archived from the original on June 20, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Philippine Population Density (Based on the 2015 Census of Population)". September 1, 2016.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency. (2009). "Field Listing : Coastline". Washington, DC. Archived July 16, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Exclusive Economic Zones – Sea Around Us Project – Fisheries, Ecosystems & Biodiversity – Data and Visualization.
- ^ Philippine Sea, encarta.msn.com Archived October 31, 2009, at WebCite (archived from the original Archived August 20, 2009, at the Wayback Machine on August 20, 2009).[better source needed]
- ^ "U.S. report details rich resources in South China Sea." (archived from the original on 2013-02-133)
- ^ C.Michael Hogan. 2011. "Celebes Sea". Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. P. Saundry & C.J. Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington, DC[dead link]
- ^ "An Awesome Island". Borneo: Island in the Clouds. PBS. Retrieved November 11, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g "General Information". March 9, 2009. Archived from the original on March 9, 2009. Retrieved September 21, 2014.. (older version – as it existed in 2009 – during the presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo), The Official Government Portal of the Republic of the Philippines Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.[better source needed]
- ^ IBP, Inc (2013). Philippines Constitution and Citizenship Law Handboook - Strategic Information and Basic Laws. Lulu.com. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-4387-7966-9. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
- ^ Wikramanayake, Eric D.; Dinerstein, Eric; Loucks, Colby J. (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: A Conservation Assessment. Island Press. p. 480. ISBN 978-1-55963-923-1. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
- ^ Division, Library of Congress Federal Research (1993). Philippines: A Country Study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. xvi. ISBN 978-0-8444-0748-7. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
- ^ Bruun, Anton Frederick (1956). The Galathea Deep Sea Expedition, 1950–1952, described by members of the expedition. Macmillan, New York.[better source needed]
- ^ "Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
- ^ College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños. "Climate-Responsive Integrated Master Plan for Cagayan River Basin; Volume I - Executive Summary" (PDF). River Basin Control Office. Department of Environment and Natural Resources. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 30, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
- ^ Quirante, Ninfa Iluminada B. (March 13, 2018). "San Juanico Bridge, a symbol of love". Philippine Information Agency. Archived from the original on March 13, 2018. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
- ^ Holden, William; Nadeau, Kathleen; Porio, Emma (February 16, 2017). "The Philippines: Understanding the Economic and Ecological Crisis". Ecological Liberation Theology. Springer, Cham. pp. 5–9. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50782-8_2. ISBN 978-3-319-50780-4. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
- ^ "Submissions, through the Secretary-General of the United Nations, to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, pursuant to article 76, paragraph 8, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982". United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. May 28, 2009. Retrieved May 29, 2009.[failed verification]
- ^ La Putt, Juny P. [c. 2003]. The 1990 Baguio City Earthquake. Retrieved December 20, 2009 from The City of Baguio Website. Archived September 18, 2017, at the Wayback Machine[failed verification]
- ^ "Volcanoes of the Philippines". Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. Archived from the original on August 6, 2017. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
- ^ Newhall, Chris; James W. Hendley II & Peter H. Stauffer (February 28, 2005). "The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines (U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 113-97)". U.S. Department of the Interior. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on August 25, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2007.
- ^ Davies, Ed & Karen Lema (June 29, 2008). "Pricey oil makes geothermal projects more attractive for Indonesia and the Philippines". The New York Times. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
- ^ Bryner, Leonid (1969). "Ore Deposits of the Philippines Their Geology". Economic Geology. 64: 645–647. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.875.7878. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.64.6.644.
- ^ Santos Jr., Gabriel (1974). "Mineral Distribution and Geological Features of the Philippines". Metallogenetic and Geochemical Provinces. 1: 89. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-4065-9_8. ISBN 978-3-211-81249-5.
- ^ Esplanada, Jerry E. (March 1, 2012). "Philippines sits on $840B of mine—US | Inquirer Business". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
- ^ a b Greenlees, Donald (May 14, 2008). "Miners shun mineral wealth of the Philippines". The New York Times. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
- ^ Cinco, Maricar (June 3, 2016). "Firm sees metal costlier than gold in Romblon sea". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
- ^ "Marvelous marble". The Manila Standard. January 16, 2014.
- ^ Keith Schneider. "The Philippines, a nation rich in precious metals, encounters powerful opposition to mining". Mongabay. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
- ^ Chanco, Boo (December 7, 1998). "The Philippines Environment: A Warning". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on July 11, 2001. Retrieved February 15, 2010 from gbgm-umc.org.
- ^ Williams, Jann; Cassia Read; Tony Norton; Steve Dovers; Mark Burgman; Wendy Proctor & Heather Anderson (2001). Biodiversity Theme Report: The Meaning, Significance and Implications of Biodiversity (continued). CSIRO on behalf of the Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage. ISBN 978-0-643-06749-3. Archived from the original on May 14, 2007. Retrieved November 6, 2009.
- ^ a b c Rowthorn, Chris & Greg Bloom (2006). Philippines (9th ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-74104-289-4.
- ^ "Biological diversity in the Philippines". Eoearth.org. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
- ^ Carpenter, Kent E. & Victor G. Springer (April 2005). "The center of the center of marine shore fish biodiversity: the Philippine Islands". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 74 (2): 467–480. doi:10.1007/s10641-004-3154-4. S2CID 8280012.
- ^ "Recovery plan for Philippine crocodiles". International Union for Conservation of Nature. August 10, 2009. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
- ^ R. I. Y., Adan (2000). "Crocodile farming: a multi-million dollar industry" (PDF). SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture. XXII. Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center: ww. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
Two known crocodile species in the Philippines exists, the Crocodylus mindorensis (freshwater crocodile), also known as the Philippine crocodile, and Crocodylus porosus (saltwater crocodile).
- ^ ""Lolong" holds world record as largest croc in the world". Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau. November 17, 2011. Archived from the original on January 26, 2012. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
- ^ Ortiz, Erik (February 10, 2013). "Tears for a croc: Lolong, the world's largest crocodile in captivity, dies in the Philippines". New York Daily News. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
- ^ Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D. (2001). Raptors of the World. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 717–19. ISBN 978-0-7136-8026-3.
- ^ BirdLife International. (2004). "Pithecophaga jefferyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved January 7, 2009.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - ^ Statistics on Philippine Protected Areas and Wildlife Resources, Volume 1992. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau. 1992. p. 56. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
- ^ "INTRODUCTION". Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from the original on March 15, 2019. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
- ^ Leman, Jennifer (February 11, 2019). "What Is the Coral Triangle?". LiveScience. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
- ^ Teves, Catherine (December 14, 2018). "PH seeks more climate action for Coral Triangle". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on December 14, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
The Coral Triangle refers to a roughly triangular area in the tropical marine waters of the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Timor-Leste.
- ^ Bos, A.R. & Smits, H.M. (2013). "First Record of the dottyback Manonichthys alleni (Teleostei: Perciformes: Pseudochromidae) from the Philippines". Marine Biodiversity Records. 6 (e61). doi:10.1017/s1755267213000365. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013.
- ^ Bos, Arthur R. & Gumanao, Girley S. (2013). "Seven new records of fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes) from coral reefs and pelagic habitats in Southern Mindanao, the Philippines". Marine Biodiversity Records. 6 (e95): 1–6. doi:10.1017/s1755267213000614. Archived from the original on September 19, 2014.
- ^ Bos, A.R.; Gumanao, G.S.; Salac, F.N. (2008). "A newly discovered predator of the crown-of-thorns starfish". Coral Reefs. 27 (3): 581. Bibcode:2008CorRe..27..581B. doi:10.1007/s00338-008-0364-9. S2CID 34920961. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015.
- ^ Ocaña; J.C. den Hartog; A. Brito; A.R. Bos (2010). "On Pseudocorynactis species and another related genus from the Indo-Pacific (Anthozoa: Corallimorphidae)". Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias. XXI (3–4): 9–34. Archived from the original on September 19, 2014.
- ^ Bos, A.R. (2014). "Upeneus nigromarginatus, a new species of goatfish (Perciformes: Mullidae) from the Philippines". Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 62: 745–753. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015.
- ^ "Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park". UNESCO. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
- ^ "National Aquaculture Sector Overview Philippines". FAO. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
- ^ Elen, Shane (2001). "Spectral Reflectance and Fluorescence Characteristics of Natural-Color and Heat-Treated "Golden" South Sea Cultured Pearls" (PDF). Gems & Gemology. 37 (2): 114–123. doi:10.5741/gems.37.2.114. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
- ^ "Philippine Fast Facts, National Gem: Philippine Pearl". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on August 20, 2010. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
- ^ "Hub of Life: Species Diversity in the Philippines". Foundation for the Philippine Environment. February 18, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
- ^ Agoo, Esperanza Maribel G. (June 2007). "Status of Orchid Taxonomy Research in the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology. 1. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
There are over 137 genera and about 998 species of orchids so far recorded for the archipelago. This represents about 10% of the total flora of the Philippines. The Philippines ranks second to New Guinea in occurrence of endemic species in the Malesian region.
- ^ Taguinod, Fioro. (November 20, 2008). "Rare flower species found only in northern Philippines". GMA News. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
- ^ Peralta, Eleno O. (2005). "21. Forests for poverty alleviation: the response of academic institutions in the Philippines". In Sim, Appanah, and Hooda (Eds.). Proceedings of the workshop on forests for poverty reduction: changing role for research, development and training institutions (RAP Publication). Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Retrieved July 5, 2020.
- ^ Kirby, Alex. (July 23, 2003). "SE Asia faces 'catastrophic' extinction rate". BBC News. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
- ^ a b "Climate of the Philippines". Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Archived from the original on April 18, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
Based on the average of all weather stations in the Philippines, excluding Baguio, the mean annual temperature is 26.6o C. The coolest months fall in January with a mean temperature of 25.5oC while the warmest month occurs in May with a mean temperature of 28.3oC. Latitude is an insignificant factor in the variation of temperature while altitude shows greater contrast in temperature. Thus, the mean annual temperature of Baguio with an elevation of 1,500 meters is 18.3oC.
- ^ a b Library of Congress – Federal Research Division. (March 2006). Country Profile: Philippines. Retrieved July 30, 2020. Archived February 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Chong, Kee-Chai; Ian R. Smith & Maura S. Lizarondo (1982). "III. The transformation sub-system: cultivation to market size in fishponds". Economics of the Philippine Milkfish Resource System. The United Nations University. ISBN 978-92-808-0346-4. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
- ^ Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) (January 2009). "Member Report to the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee, 41st Session" (PDF): 4. Retrieved December 17, 2009.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Monthly Typhoon Tracking Charts. (2010). Retrieved April 24, 2010 from the National Institute of Informatics, Kitamoto Laboratory, Digital Typhoon Website.
- ^ Henderson, Faye. "Tropical Cyclone Disasters in the Philippines A Listing of Major Typhoons by Month Through 1979" (PDF). Agency for International Development. p. 11. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ^ Manual on Estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) (PDF). Geneva: World Meteorological Organization. 2009. p. 223. ISBN 978-92-63-11045-9.
- ^ Overland, Indra et al. (2017) Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and Myanmar Institute of International and Strategic Studies (MISIS). Page V.
- ^ N/A, N/A. "107 MILLION FILIPINOS BY END-2018". POPCOM. 107 MILLION FILIPINOS BY END-2018. Archived from the original on August 9, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
{{cite news}}: External link in|ref= - ^ CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Population 1971–2008 (pdf Archived January 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine page 86); page 86 of the pdf, IEA (OECD/ World Bank) (original population ref OECD/ World Bank e.g. in IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2010 page 57) (archived from the original on October 12, 2009)
- ^ Republic of the Philippines. National Statistical Coordination Board. Population of the Philippines Census Years 1799 to 2007 Archived July 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
- ^ Philippine Statistics Authority (2008). "Official population count reveals". Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
- ^ "2015 Census of Population" (PDF). Census Facts and Figures. Quezon City: Philippine Statistics Authority: 11. June 2018. ISSN 0117-1453. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ^ "Bishops threaten civil disobedience over RH bill". GMA News. September 29, 2010. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved October 16, 2010.
- ^ "Field Listing :: Life expectancy at birth". Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
- ^ Republic of the Philippines. National Statistics Office. Poverty Incidence. Retrieved July 30, 2020. Archived October 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Chapter 3: Overlay of Economic Growth, Demographic Trends, and Physical Characteristics" (PDF). Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022. National Economic and Development Authority: 35, 37–38. 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 25, 2020. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
- ^ a b Demographia. (June 2020). Demographia World Urban Areas (World Agglomerations) Population & Projections (Edition 16). Retrieved July 15, 2020. Page 23.
- ^ a b "Urban Population in the Philippines (Results of the 2015 Census of Population)". Philippine Statistics Authority. March 21, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2019.
- ^ Republic of the Philippines. National Statistical Coordination Board. (July 2009). 2008 Gross Regional Domestic Product – Levels of GRDP Archived November 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 4, 2010.
- ^ Hawksworth, John; Thomas Hoehn & Anmol Tiwari. "Global City GDP Rankings 2008–2025". UK Economic Outlook November 2009. PricewaterhouseCoopers. p. 20. Archived from the original on May 31, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2009.
- ^ "2018 Philippine Statistical Yearbook" (PDF). psa.gov.ph. 2018.
- ^ "Philippines". (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 18, 2009 from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- ^ a b c Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). (2015)Ethnologue: Languages of the World (18th ed.). Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
- ^ Dolan, Ronald E. (Ed.). (1991). "Ethnicity, Regionalism, and Language". Philippines: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. Retrieved April 8, 2010 from Country Studies US Website.
- ^ Flannery, Tim (2002). The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and People. Grove Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-8021-3943-6. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
- ^ Extinct humanoid species may have lived in PHL, gmanetwork.com, Published August 31, 2012 3:48pm
- ^ "Denisova Admixture and the First Modern Human Dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 89 (4): 516–528. 2011. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005. PMC 3188841. PMID 21944045. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ Capelli; Christian; James F. Wilson; Martin Richards; Michael P.H. Stumpf; Fiona Gratrix; Stephen Oppenheimer; Peter Underhill; Ko, Tsang-Ming (2001). "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular South Asia and Oceania" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (2): 432–443. doi:10.1086/318205. PMC 1235276. PMID 11170891. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 11, 2011. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
- ^ Soares, PA; Trejaut, JA; Rito, T; Cavadas, B; Hill, C; Eng, KK; Mormina, M; Brandão, A; Fraser, RM; Wang, TY; Loo, JH; Snell, C; Ko, TM; Amorim, A; Pala, M; Macaulay, V; Bulbeck, D; Wilson, JF; Gusmão, L; Pereira, L; Oppenheimer, S; Lin, M; Richards, MB (2016). "Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian-speaking populations". Hum Genet. 135 (3): 309–26. doi:10.1007/s00439-015-1620-z. PMC 4757630. PMID 26781090. The final component (dark blue in Fig. 3b) has a high frequency in South China (Fig. 2b) and is also seen in Taiwan at ~25–30 %, in the Philippines at ~20–30 % (except in one location which is almost zero) and across Indonesia/Malaysia at 1–10 %, declining overall from Taiwan within Austronesian-speaking populations.
- ^ "Self-identified East Asian nationalities correlated with genetic clustering, consistent with extensive endogamy. Individuals of mixed East Asian-European genetic ancestry were easily identified; we also observed a modest amount of European genetic ancestry in individuals self-identified as Filipinos". Genetics Online. Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco: 1. 2015.
- ^ "A predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania" (PDF). Stanford University. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 14, 2010.
- ^ Go, Matthew C. (January 15, 2018). "An Admixture Approach to Trihybrid Ancestry Variation in the Philippines with Implications for Forensic Anthropology". Human Biology. 232 (3): 178. doi:10.13110/humanbiology.90.3.01. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
Filipinos appear considerably admixed with respect to the other Asian population samples, carrying on average less Asian ancestry (71%) than our Korean (99%), Japanese (96%), Thai (93%), and Vietnamese (84%) reference samples. We also revealed substructure in our Filipino sample, showing that the patterns of ancestry vary within the Philippines—that is, between the four diffferently sourced Filipino samples. Mean estimates of Asian (76%) and European (7%) ancestry are greatest for the cemetery sample of forensic signifijicance from Manila.
- ^ Mawson, Stephanie J. (June 15, 2016). "Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific". Past & Present. 232. Oxford Academic: 87–125. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtw008. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
- ^ Nandar, Yukyi (August 2017). CRANIOMETRIC VARIATION OF MODERN ASIAN AND HISPANIC INDIVIDUALS USING MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS (MSc). Texas State University. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.16261.24806.
[Page 20]Some misclassifications were observed between Philippines and Mexico. This is the only instance in which an Asian group misclassified as Hispanic, and vice versa. One individual in the Philippines group misclassified as Mexican, while three individuals in the Mexico group misclassified as Filipino. Further, two individuals from the Mexico group misclassified as North Japanese. However, none of the individuals from North Japan misclassified as Mexican.[Page 34] Figure 4-(Phenotypical measurements cluster Filipinos with Guatemalans, Mexicans and North Japanese rather than fellow Asians from Thailand, Vietnam and Hong Kong) [Page 40] Moreover, the Asian male group that both Mexican and Guatemalan males most misclassify as is Philippines
- ^ Wong, Kwok-Chu (1999). The Chinese in the Philippine Economy, 1898-1941. Ateneo University Press. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-971-550-323-5. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ^ "Chinese lunar new year might become national holiday in Philippines too". Xinhua News (August 23, 2009). (archived from the original on August 26, 2009)
- ^ "The ethnic Chinese variable in domestic and foreign policies in Malaysia and Indonesia" (PDF). Retrieved July 16, 2020.
- ^ Cooper, Matthew (November 15, 2013). "Why the Philippines Is America's Forgotten Colony". National Journal. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
c. At the same time, person-to-person contacts are widespread: Some 600,000 Americans live in the Philippines and there are 3 million Filipino-Americans, many of whom are devoting themselves to typhoon relief.
- ^ "200,000–250,000 or More Military Filipino Amerasians Alive Today in Republic of the Philippines according to USA-RP Joint Research Paper Finding" (PDF). Amerasian Research Network, Ltd. (Press release). November 5, 2012. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
Kutschera, P.C.; Caputi, Marie A. (October 2012). "The Case for Categorization of Military Filipino Amerasians as Diaspora" (PDF). 9th International Conference On the Philippines, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI. Retrieved July 11, 2016. - ^ Delfin, Fredercik (June 12, 2013). "Complete mtDNA genomes of Filipino ethnolinguistic groups: a melting pot of recent and ancient lineages in the Asia-Pacific regio". European Journal of Human Genetics. 22 (2): 228–237. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.122. PMC 3895641. PMID 23756438.
Indian influence and possibly haplogroups M52'58 and M52a were brought to the Philippines as early as the fifth century AD. However, Indian influence through these trade empires were indirect and mainly commercial; moreover, other Southeast Asian groups served as filters that diluted and/or enriched any Indian influence that reached the Philippines
- ^ Rawashdeh, Saeb (October 11, 2016). "Arab world's ancient links to Philippines forged through trade, migration and Islam — ambassador". The Jordan Times. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
In the case of the Philippines, the ancient Hadrami migration found its way from Islamised areas in the south towards Sulu, the southwestern archipelagic region of the Philippines," she said, adding that the Hadramis settled in Cotabato, Maguindao, Zamboanga, Davao and Bukidnon. An estimated 2 per cent of Filipinos can claim Arab ancestry, the ambassador noted.
. - ^ Terpstra, Nicholas (2019). Global Reformations: Transforming Early Modern Religions, Societies, and Cultures. Routledge. pp. PT64. ISBN 978-0-429-67825-7. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ^ McFerson, Hazel M. (2002). Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-313-30791-1. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ^ Go MC, Jones AR, Algee-Hewitt B, Dudzik B, Hughes C (2019). "Classification Trends among Contemporary Filipino Crania Using Fordisc 3.1". Human Biology. 2 (4). University of Florida Press: 1–11. doi:10.5744/fa.2019.1005. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
[Page 1] ABSTRACT: Filipinos represent a significant contemporary demographic group globally, yet they are underrepresented in the forensic anthropological literature. Given the complex population history of the Philippines, it is important to ensure that traditional methods for assessing the biological profile are appropriate when applied to these peoples. Here we analyze the classification trends of a modern Filipino sample (n = 110) when using the Fordisc 3.1 (FD3) software. We hypothesize that Filipinos represent an admixed population drawn largely from Asian and marginally from European parental gene pools, such that FD3 will classify these individuals morphometrically into reference samples that reflect a range of European admixture, in quantities from small to large. Our results show the greatest classification into Asian reference groups (72.7%), followed by Hispanic (12.7%), Indigenous American (7.3%), African (4.5%), and European (2.7%) groups included in FD3. This general pattern did not change between males and females. Moreover, replacing the raw craniometric values with their shape variables did not significantly alter the trends already observed. These classification trends for Filipino crania provide useful information for casework interpretation in forensic laboratory practice. Our findings can help biological anthropologists to better understand the evolutionary, population historical, and statistical reasons for FD3-generated classifications. The results of our studyindicate that ancestry estimation in forensic anthropology would benefit from population-focused research that gives consideration to histories of colonialism and periods of admixture.
- ^ Dyen, Isidore (1965). "A Lexicostatistical Classification of the Austronesian Languages". International Journal of American Linguistics, Memoir. 19: 38–46.
- ^ Spanish creole: Quilis, Antonio (1996), La lengua española en Filipinas (PDF), Cervantes virtual, p. 54 and 55
- ^ Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. "Possible Non-Austronesian Lexical Elements in Philippine Negrito Languages." In Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Jun. 1994), pp. 37–72.
- ^ a b Joselito Guianan Chan; Managing Partner. "1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, Article XIV, Section 7". Chan Robles & Associates Law Firm. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
- ^ Takacs, Sarolta (2015). The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific. Routledge. p. 659. ISBN 978-1-317-45572-1.
- ^ a b Brown, Michael Edward; Ganguly, Sumit (2003). Fighting Words: Language Policy and Ethnic Relations in Asia. MIT Press. pp. 323–325. ISBN 978-0-262-52333-2. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
- ^ Stewart, Miranda (2012). The Spanish Language Today. Routledge. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-134-76548-5. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
- ^ "Spanish language in Philippines". Archived from the original on January 28, 2008. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
- ^ Rodríguez-Ponga, Rafael. "New Prospects for the Spanish Language in the Philippines". Retrieved March 1, 2015.
- ^ Fernandez, Edwin (August 3, 2019). "BME eyes to boost Islamic studies in BARMM". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
- ^ "Philippines". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
- ^ The Filipino Sign Language Act (PDF). Official Gazette (Republic act 11106, 3). Government of the Philippines. October 30, 2018.
- ^ Kabiling, Genalyn (November 12, 2018). "Filipino Sign Language declared as nat'l sign language of Filipino deaf". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
- ^ a b "2013 International Religious Freedom Report". United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. July 28, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
- ^ a b "International Religious Freedom Report for 2014". United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
- ^ Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Philippines. Pew Research Center. 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Philippine Statistics Authority (June 2017). "TABLE 8 Total Population by Religious Affiliation and Sex: 2015". 2015 Census of Population, Report No. 2 – Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics Philippines (PDF). p. 63. ISSN 0117-1453. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - ^ Uy, Jocelyn R. (August 11, 2013). "Filipino Catholic population expanding, say Church officials". Inquirer.net. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
- ^ "Table: Christian Population as Percentages of Total Population by Country". Pew Research. December 19, 2011.
- ^ "Philippine Church National Summary". philchal.org. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
- ^ RP closer to becoming observer-state in Organization of Islamic Conference Archived June 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. (May 29, 2009).The Philippine Star. Retrieved 2009-07-10, "Eight million Muslim Filipinos, representing 10 percent of the total Philippine population, ...".
- ^ Selim, Ali Shehata Abdou (February 27, 2015). The Concept of Coexistence in Islamic Primary Sources: An Analytical Examination. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-4438-7587-5. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ Na'im, 'Abd Allah Ahmad; An-Na'im, Abdullahi A.; Naʾīm, ʿAbdallāh Aḥmad an- (October 11, 2002). Islamic Family Law in A Changing World: A Global Resource Book. Zed Books. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-84277-093-1. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ Bullivant, Stephen; Ruse, Michael (November 21, 2013). The Oxford Handbook of Atheism. OUP Oxford. p. 563. ISBN 978-0-19-166739-8. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
- ^ "End of Year Survey 2014: Regional & Country Results : Philippines" (PDF). Table 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 9, 2017. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
- ^ Rodell, Paul A. (2002). Culture and Customs of the Philippines. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-0-313-30415-6. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ^ Min, Pyong Gap; Kim, Jung Ha (2001). Religions in Asian America: Building Faith Communities. AltaMira Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-4616-4762-1. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ^ L. W. V. Kennon (August 1901). "The Katipunan of the Philippines". The North American Review. 17 (537). University of Northern Iowa: 211, 214. JSTOR 25105201 – via Jstor.
- ^ Yu, Jose Vidamor B. (2000). Inculturation of Filipino-Chinese Culture Mentality. Gregorian Biblical BookShop. pp. 87–88. ISBN 978-88-7652-848-4. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ^ Department of Health 2018, Chapter 2 (pages 25-27).
- ^ Department of Health 2018, Chapter 2 (page 23).
- ^ Gascon, Melvin (September 23, 2019). "Funds for health cut by P10 billion". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 23, 2019. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
- ^ "DOH budget increase for 2014 'biggest ever' due to sin tax law". Action for Economic Reforms. January 15, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
- ^ Department of Health 2018, Chapter 3 (page 60).
- ^ World Health Statistics 2009 (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2009. pp. 100–101, 112–113. ISBN 978-92-4-156381-9. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
- ^ Fely Marilyn E; Lorenzo, Jaime; Galvez-Tan, Kriselle Icamina; Javie, Lara (2007). "Nurse Migration from a Source Country Perspective: Philippine Country Case Study". Health Services Research. 42 (3 (pt 2)): 1406–1418. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2007.00716.x. PMC 1955369. PMID 17489922.
- ^ World Health Organization. (April 2006). Philippines. Country Cooperation Strategy at a Glance. Retrieved December 23, 2009. Archived October 16, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "List of Licensed Government and Private Hospitals" (PDF). Department of Health. Manila: Health Facilities and Services Regulatory Bureau. December 31, 2018. pp. 80–83. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 1, 2020. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
- ^ Department of Health 2018, Chapter 3 (page 58).
- ^ "Philippines" (PDF). World Health Organization - Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD) Country Profiles. 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
- ^ "Registered Deaths in the Philippines, 2017". Philippine Statistics Authority. June 10, 2019. Archived from the original on July 22, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
- ^ a b Department of Health 2018, Table 3.2 (page 47).
- ^ Mydans, Seth (April 20, 2003). "Low Rate Of AIDS Virus In Philippines Is a Puzzle". The New York Times. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
- ^ United States Agency for International Development. (May 2008). USAID Country Health Statistical Report – Philippines. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
- ^ Department of Health 2018, Table 3 (page 58).
- ^ "UHC Act in the Philippines: a new dawn for health care". World Health Organization. March 14, 2019. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ^ Cai Ordinario (October 26, 2018). "Out-of-pocket health expense of Pinoys rose in 2017–PSA". Business Mirror. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
- ^ Ben O. de Vera (April 3, 2020). "Health maintenance firms assure COVID-19 coverage for 7M PH clients". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
- ^ "UP climbs in world rankings, remains top university in PH". cnn.
- ^ a b "National QuickStat - June 2020 (Phase 2)". Philippine Statistics Authority. Archived from the original (XLSX) on August 13, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
- ^ Ismael, Javier Joe (December 26, 2019). "Education has biggest slice of 2020 budget pie". The Manila Times. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
- ^ a b Republic of the Philippines. Commission on Higher Education. (August 2010). "Information on Higher Education System". Archived from the original on July 4, 2011. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). Official Website of the Commission on Higher Education. Retrieved April 17, 2011. - ^ Republic of the Philippines. (Approved: August 11, 2001). Republic Act No. 9155 – Governance of Basic Education Act of 2001. Retrieved December 11, 2009 from the Chan Robles Virtual Law Library.
- ^ San Pedro, Dexter (May 15, 2013). "Aquino signs K–12 enhanced basic education law". InterAksyon.com. Archived from the original on June 14, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
- ^ "K to 12 Basic Education Program Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). Department of Education. November 25, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 11, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
- ^ "Department of Education" (PDF). Department of Budget and Management. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
- ^ "Technical Education and Skills Development Act of 1994". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. August 23, 1994. Archived from the original on January 5, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ^ "Develop your skills with TESDA". Manila Standard. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
TESDA is not only limited to offering trainings that will develop vocational and technical skills of the enrollees. It is also mandated to promote middle-level manpower.
- ^ "Republic Act No. 7722 : Higher Education Act of 1994" (PDF). officialgazette.gov.ph. 1994. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
- ^ Jerry E. Esplanada (July 20, 2009). "Mainstreaming Madrasa". The Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
- ^ Republic of the Philippines. (Approved: April 29, 2008). Republic Act 9500 – An Act to Strengthen the University of the Philippines as the National University. Chan Robles Law Library.
- ^ Krishna, V. V. (2017). Universities in the National Innovation Systems: Experiences from the Asia-Pacific. Taylor & Francis. p. PT328. ISBN 978-1-351-61900-4.
- ^ "QS Asia University Rankings 2020". QS World University Rankings. 2020.
- ^ "World University Rankings 2020". Times Higher Education World University Rankings. 2020.
- ^ Lim-Pe, Josefina (1973). The University of Santo Tomas in the Twentieth Century. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Press. pp. 1–19.
- ^ "History of UST". UST.edu.ph. Retrieved December 21, 2008.
- ^ "Country description". US State Department Website. US State Department Website. January 2012. Archived from the original on January 3, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
The Philippines is an emerging economy with a democratic system of government.
[better source needed] - ^ de Villiers, Bertus (2015). "Special regional autonomy in a unitary system – preliminary observations on the case of the Bangsomoro homeland in the Philippines". Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America. 48 (2): 205–226. JSTOR 26160114.
- ^ Buendia, Rizal G. (April 1989). "The Prospects of Federalism in the Philippines: A Challenge to Political Decentralization of the Unitary State". Philippine Journal of Public Administration. 33 (2): 121–141. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
- ^ Tigno, Jorge V. (2017). "Beg Your Pardon? The Philippines is Already Federalized in All but Name" (PDF). Philippine Journal of Public Policy: Interdisciplinary Development Perspectives. 16 and 17: 1–14. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
- ^ He, Baogang; Galligan, Brian; Inoguchi, Takashi (January 2009). Federalism in Asia. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-84720-702-9. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ Robles, Alan C. (July–August 2008). "Civil service reform: Whose service?". D+C. 49: 285–289. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
- ^ "The Philippines Corruption Report". ganintegrity.com. October 2017. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
- ^ Eric V.C. Batalla (June 10, 2020). "Grand corruption scandals in the Philippines". Public Administration and Policy. 23 (1). doi:10.1108/PAP-11-2019-0036 (inactive September 28, 2020). ISSN 2517-679X.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2020 (link) - ^ Quah, Jon S. T. (July 21, 2011). Curbing Corruption in Asian Countries: An Impossible Dream?. Emerald Group Publishing. pp. 115–117. ISBN 978-0-85724-820-6. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
2016 electionwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "The Philippines' celebrity-obsessed elections". (April 26, 2007). The Economist. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ^ Bühler, Konrad G. (2001). State Succession and Membership in International Organizations: Legal Theories Versus Political Pragmatism. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-90-411-1553-9. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
- ^ Permanent Mission of the Republic of the Philippines to the United Nations. [c. 2008]. The Philippines and the UN Security Council. Retrieved July 6, 2020. (archived from the original on January 23, 2008)
- ^ United States Congress (1950). Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. A-841. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
- ^ "Stock Estimate of Overseas Filipinos As of December 2009" (PDF). Philippine Overseas Employment Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 26, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
- ^ "Stock Estimate of Filipinos Overseas As of December 2013" (PDF). Philippine Overseas Employment Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ "ASEAN Primer" at the Wayback Machine (archived December 17, 2007). (1999). 3rd ASEAN Informal Summit. Archived from the original on December 17, 2007. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
- ^ "ASEAN Summit". Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
- ^ "Significance of the Philippines' Hosting of the 31st ASEAN Summit and Related Summits". Department of Foreign Affairs. November 13, 2017. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
- ^ "East Asia Summit (EAS)". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Australian Government. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
- ^ "DFA: 'Technicalities' blocking RP bid for OIC observer status". (May 26, 2009). GMA News. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
- ^ Balana, Cynthia (May 26, 2009). "RP nears observer status in OIC – DFA". The Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 4, 2015. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
- ^ a b "Background Note: Philippines". U.S. Department of State. Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. October 2009. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ "PH defends purchase of arms from China, Russia". manilatimes.net. The Manila Times Online. Archived from the original on August 5, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ United States of America Congressional Record, Proceedings and Debates of the 113th Congress Second Session Volume 160 - Part 4. Government Printing Office. p. 4711. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
- ^ Sanders, Vivienne (2015). Access to History: The Cold War in Asia 1945-93 for OCR Second Edition. Hodder Education. ISBN 978-1-4718-3880-4. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
- ^ Garamone, Jim (May 19, 2003). "Philippines to Become Major non-NATO Ally, Bush Says". American Forces Press Service. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
- ^ "Philippine President Duterte announces separation from U.S." USA TODAY. October 20, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ "Philippines free to enter into arms purchase with Russia, Roque says". Philstar.com. July 19, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ Gita, Ruth Abbey (February 13, 2018). "Duterte eyeing to buy helicopters from China, Russia". Sunstar. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ "Duterte says Philippines no longer to participate in any U.S.-led wars". Xinhua. March 22, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ "Senior Chinese legislator visits Philippines to boost ties". xinhuanet.com. Xinhua | English.news.cn.
- ^ "Warship incident shows Sino-Philippine relations have come a long way: China Daily". The Straits Times. September 5, 2018.
- ^ "China, ASEAN agree on framework for South China Sea code of conduct". Reuters. 2017.
- ^ "China, Philippines confirm twice-yearly bilateral consultation mechanism on South China Sea". news.xinhuanet.com. Xinhua | English.news.cn.
- ^ "Progress made on draft of South China Sea code of conduct". philstar.com.
- ^ "Subscribe | theaustralian". theaustralian.com.au.
- ^ Troilo, Peter (November 6, 2011). "Top 10 foreign aid donors to the Philippines". Devex. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
- ^ Ma Karen Brutas (November 18, 2016). "Top development aid donors to the Philippines 2015". Devex. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (c. 2009). "Japan's ODA Data by Country – Philippines" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2011. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
- ^ Dolan, Ronald E. (Ed.). (1991). "Relations with Asian Neighbors". Philippines: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. Retrieved January 5, 2010 from Country Studies US Website.
- ^ Santos, Matikas (September 15, 2014). "PH-Spain bilateral relations in a nutshell". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
- ^ "Filipino Among Royal Guards of King of Spain". ABS CBN News. Archived from the original on August 8, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
- ^ Berlinger, Joshua; Sharma, Akanksha (January 7, 2020). "The Philippines is particularly vulnerable to any Middle Eastern conflict. Here's why". CNN. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
- ^ Sevilla, Jr., Henelito A. (June 2011). "Middle East Security Issues and Implications for the Philippines". Indian Journal of Asian Affairs. 24 (1/2): 49–61. JSTOR 41950511.
- ^ Leonard, John (July 3, 2008). "OFW rights violation worsens under the Arroyo administration". Filipino OFWs Qatar. Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
- ^ Olea, Ronalyn (October 25, 2008). "Middle East is 'Most Distressing OFW Destination' – Migrant Group". Bulatlat News. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
- ^ Tarrazona, Noel T. (October 17, 2018). "For skilled Filipinos, Middle East remains a career destination". Al Arabiya. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
- ^ Lucio Blanco Pitlo III (May 27, 2020). "Philippines bolsters posture in South China Sea after navy ship docks at new Spratly Islands port". South China Morning Post. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
- ^ Duncan DeAeth (February 12, 2019). "Taiwan criticizes Philippines in dispute over South China Sea feature". Taiwan News. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
- ^ "China to soon build air, naval bases in Scarborough Shoal, Carpio warns". CNN Philippines. June 9, 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
- ^ Carpio, Antonio T. (July 23, 2020). "Scarborough Shoal – a redline". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
- ^ "AFP Organization". Archived from the original on April 19, 2008. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ Casey-Maslen, Stuart (2014). The War Report: Armed Conflict in 2013. OUP Oxford. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-19-103764-1. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
- ^ "Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990". Lawphil.net. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
- ^ "Republic Act No. 6975". The LAWPHiL Project. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
- ^ "Guide to the Philippines conflict". (August 10, 2007). BBC News. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ "Government urged to help kidnapped Australian". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. January 5, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ Hayden Cooper, 2012, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Government urged to help kidnapped Australian, Retrieved September 3, 2014, "...Warren Richard Rodwell from Australia being held captive by this group since December 5, 2011...please do whatever to raise the 2 million US dollars they are asking for my release ..."[511]
- ^ Florante S. Solmerin, December 7, 2013, Manila Standard, Abu Sayyaf keeping 17 foreigners hostage, Retrieved July 6, 2020. Archived October 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved September 3, 2014, "...17 foreigners, mostly birdwatchers, were being held hostage by the Abu Sayyaf Group..."
- ^ Roel Pareño, The Philippine Star, March 24, 2013, Sayyaf releases Aussie hostage, Retrieved July 6, 2020, "...Australian Warren Rodwell emerged early yesterday withered after being held for 15 months by Abu Sayyaf bandits in southern Mindanao..."
- ^ Sun Star, April 25, 2014, Abducted tourist, hotel staff now in Sulu, Retrieved September 3, 2014, "...Abu Sayyaf bandits have brought a Chinese tourist and a Filipino hotel receptionist to their jungle stronghold in southern Philippines after kidnapping the women from a dive resort in eastern Malaysia ..."
- ^ World Bank. Conflict Prevention & Reconstruction Unit. (February 2005). The Mindanao Conflict in the Philippines: Roots, Costs, and Potential Peace Dividend by Salvatore Schiavo-Campo and Mary Judd. Washington, DC: World Bank. (Social Development Paper No. 24). Retrieved December 16, 2009.[dead link]
- ^ Croissant, Aurel; Lorenz, Philip (2017). Comparative Politics of Southeast Asia: An Introduction to Governments and Political Regimes. Springer. p. 243. ISBN 978-3-319-68182-5. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
- ^ White, Jonathan R. (2011). Terrorism and Homeland Security. Cengage Learning. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-495-91336-8. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
- ^ "SIPRI Military Expenditure Database". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2016, Signalistgatan 9, SE-16972 Solna, Sweden. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
- ^ "Military expenditure (% of GDP)". The World Bank. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
- ^ "Provincial Summary: Number of Provinces, Cities, Municipalities and Barangays, by Region as of September 30, 2016" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 10, 2017. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
- ^ "2015 Population Counts Summary" (XLSX). Philippine Statistics Authority. May 19, 2016. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
- ^ "Executive orders and proclamations issued by the governor-general. [1903]". UM Library Digital Collections. University of Michigan. 1903. p. 89. Archived from the original on August 17, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
- ^ "List one: Currency, fund and precious metal codes". ISO 4217 Maintenance Agency. August 29, 2018. Archived from the original (XLS) on May 11, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
- ^ Department, International Monetary Fund Monetary and Capital Markets (September 17, 1999). Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions 1999. International Monetary Fund. p. 683. ISBN 978-1-4552-7783-4. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
- ^ "The N-11: More Than an Acronym" (PDF). The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. March 28, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 10, 2011.[failed verification]
- ^ "Federal Register". 78 (51). Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration. March 2013: 16468.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Population and Labor Force" (PDF). Agricultural Indicators System (AIS). Philippine Statistics Authority: 7, 9–10. November 2019. ISSN 2012-0435. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
- ^ a b "Gross Domestic Product of the Philippines Highlights for 2018". Philippine Statistics Authority. April 25, 2019. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
- ^ "Employment by Sector". Industry.gov.ph. Department of Trade and Industry and Board of Investments. Archived from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
- ^ "Employment Rate in October 2019". Philippine Statistics Authority. December 5, 2019. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ "Summary Inflation Report Consumer Price Index (2012=100): August 2019". Philippine Statistics Authority. September 5, 2019. Archived from the original on September 10, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ Denis Somoso. (September 30, 2013). "$83.201 Billion – Philippines GIR now Rank 26th World's highest International Reserves" Archived October 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Philippines, ASIA and the Global Economy Site. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
- ^ Padin, Mary Grace (December 28, 2019). "Debt-to-GDP ratio declines to 37.6%". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on January 5, 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ "General Government Debt decreased to 37.6 percent of GDP as of June 2019". Department of Finance. December 27, 2019. Archived from the original on September 4, 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ Mendoza, Ronald U. (June 25, 2012). "Debt free?". Rappler. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
- ^ Philippine Statistics Authority (October 2009). "Quickstat" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 11, 2012. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
- ^ "From butt of jokes in 1986, Philippines has risen to creditor nation, says ex-finance chief". Newsinfo.inquirer.net. February 28, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
- ^ "Departments and Offices". Asian Development Bank. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
- ^ "Employment in agriculture (% of total employment)". Retrieved March 3, 2015.
- ^ "Philippines". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ Felix, Rocel. (January 25, 2008). 2007 GDP seen growing at fastest rate in 30 years. The Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved May 29, 2010. (archived from the original on February 22, 2015)
- ^ Table G: Human development and index trends, Table I: Human and income poverty. United Nations Development Programme. 2009. ISBN 978-0-230-23904-3.
- ^ Reddel, Paul (May 27, 2009). Infrastructure & Public-Private Partnerships in East Asia and the Philippines [PowerPoint slides]. Presentation in Manila to the American Foreign Chambers of Commerce of the Philippines. Retrieved February 13, 2010 from the Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) Website.
- ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". Imf.org. September 14, 2006. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
- ^ a b "OFW remittances to increase by 8.5% in 2014—Standard Chartered". Philippine Daily Inquirer. January 13, 2014. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
- ^ Sherani, Sakib. "Pakistan's remittances". dawn.com. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
- ^ "Why PH improves in competitiveness ranking". Rappler. August 22, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
- ^ "Poverty and regional development imbalance". Philippine Daily Inquirer. March 5, 2014. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
- ^ OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2018. Paris: OECD Publishing. 2018. pp. 355–357. ISBN 978-92-64-28739-6. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
- ^ Llorito, David (May 10, 2006). "Help wanted for Philippines outsourcing". Asia Times. Archived from the original on December 12, 2009. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
- ^ Cabuay, Chris; Serrano, Denise (2012). "IT-BPO INDUSTRY PROFILE, PROSPECTS, CHALLENGES AND ISSUES FOR GROWTH AND EMPLOYMENT" (Document).
{{cite document}}: Cite document requires|publisher=(help); Unknown parameter|accessdate=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|s2cid=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|url=ignored (help) - ^ "Phl overtakes India as world's BPO leader". The Philippine Star. December 2, 2010. Archived from the original on September 1, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
- ^ "Results of the 2010 Survey of Information Technology-Business Process Outsourcing (IT-BPO) Services" (PDF). Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
{{cite web}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=timestamp mismatch; March 27, 2014 suggested (help) - ^ Stevens, Andrew J. R. (March 26, 2014). Call Centers and the Global Division of Labor: A Political Economy of Post-Industrial Employment and Union Organizing. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-135-11868-6. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
- ^ "About DOST; The DOST in Brief". Department of Science and Technology. Archived from the original on May 22, 2013. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ "About IRRI". IRRI. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ Chandler, Robert Flint (1992). "An adventure in applied science: A history of the International Rice Research Institute". ISBN 9789711040635. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
- ^ "Mabuhay acquires Indon satellite;sets new orbit". Manila Standard. July 25, 1996. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ Ronda, Rainier (March 24, 2016). "US aircraft with Philippines's first microsatellite launched into space". Philstar. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
- ^ a b "Asia's Fab 50 Companies: PLDT-Philippine Long Distance Telephone". Forbes. September 3, 2008. Retrieved 2009-13-14.
- ^ Francisco, Rosemarie. (March 4, 2008). Filipinos sent 1 billion text messages daily in 2007. The Philippine Daily Inquirer. Reuters. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ Teves, Oliver. (October 29, 2007). Cell phones double as electronic wallets in Philippines. USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ Special Report: The Global 2000. (April 2, 2008). Forbes. p.10. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ "National Telecommunications Commission" (PDF). Department of Budget and Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 27, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
- ^ "2016 Annual Report" (PDF). National Telecommunications Commission. p. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 27, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
- ^ Guerrero, Alora Uy (March 20, 2014). "#20PHnet: A timeline of Philippine Internet". Yahoo. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ "Internet Service Providers – Internet Service". Republic of the Philippines. National Telecommunications Commission. c. 2010. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009. Retrieved January 16, 2010.
- ^ Internet World Stats. (2009). Philippines: Internet Usage Stats and Marketing Report Archived July 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Miniwatts Marketing Group. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
- ^ Liao, Jerry (May 9, 2008). "The Philippines – Social Networking Capital of the World". Cnet Asia. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
- ^ Kate Lamb,"Philippines tops world internet usage index with an average 10 hours a day","The Guardian", February 1, 2019
- ^ "Tourism: Next engine of growth". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on August 31, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
- ^ "Travel and tourism to contribute P490B or 3.8% to 2014 PHL output, says council". GMA News and Current Affairs. March 19, 2014. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ "Visitor Arrivals; January - December 2019" (PDF). Department of Tourism. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 2, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
- ^ "Boracay 2012 World's Best Island". Manila Bulletin. July 11, 2012. Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ Frost, Charles (May 31, 2015). "Best Place to Retire". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ "PNoy tells Londoners: It's more fun in PH". Rappler.
- ^ "DOT keeps 'It's More Fun In The Philippines' campaign, eyes 8.2M tourist arrivals in 2019". cnn.
- ^ "Department of Public Works and Highways; Strategic Infrastructure Programs and Policies" (PDF). Investor Relations Office. Department of Public Works and Highways. February 22, 2019. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 27, 2020. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
- ^ Strong Republic Nautical Highway Archived October 10, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. (n.d.). Official Website of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
- ^ The Report: Philippines 2015. Oxford Business Group. 2015. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-910068-26-7. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
- ^ Philippines: Transport Sector Assessment, Strategy, and Road Map (PDF). Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank. 2012. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-92-9092-855-3. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
- ^ Gatpolintan, Leslie (October 20, 2019). "Cebu-Cordova bridge project to employ 3K more workers". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on July 8, 2020. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
At 8.25 kilometers, the infrastructure will be the longest bridge connecting two islands in the country. The main bridge will have a span of 390 meters and a navigational clearance of 51 meters to allow large vessels to pass underneath.
- ^ "The Study of Master Plan on High Standard Highway Network Development in the Republic of the Philippines Final Report Executive Summary" (PDF). JICA. July 2010. p. 13. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
- ^ Department of Transportation; Department of the Interior and Local Government; Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (October 2017). Local Public Transport Route Plan Manual; Volume 1 (PDF). pp. 7, 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 1, 2020. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
Public Utility Vehicles (PUVs) – Vehicles that carry passengers and/or cargo for a fee, offering services to the public, which may include, but are not limited to, UV Express service, PUBs, PUJs, TNVS, Filcab and Taxis.
- ^ Hansen, Arve; Nielsen, Kenneth Bo (2016). Cars, Automobility and Development in Asia: Wheels of change. Taylor & Francis. p. 125. ISBN 978-1-317-39672-7. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
- ^ Lema, Karen (November 20, 2007). "Manila's jeepney pioneer fears the end of the road". Reuters. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
- ^ Dela Cruz, Raymond Carl (November 21, 2019). "Modernization to continue despite changes to PUV phase out". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
- ^ Mercurio, Richmond (October 1, 2019). "No stopping jeepney phaseout — DOTr chief". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on October 1, 2019. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
- ^ Boquet, Yves (April 21, 2017). "Transportation in the Philippines". The Philippine Archipelago. Springer Geography. Springer, Cham. p. 491. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51926-5_15. ISBN 978-3-319-51926-5.
- ^ Yee, Jovic (March 12, 2018). "PNR to offer freight service soon". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
- ^ Amojelar, Darwin G. (October 4, 2018). "DOTr to revive Manila-Laguna cargo rail project". Manila Standard. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
- ^ Galang, Vincent Mariel P. (June 20, 2019). "JICA still has 900B yen to fund rail expansion in Philippines". BusinessWorld. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
- ^ De Vera, Ben O. (June 21, 2019). "Japan commits 1.3 trillion yen to help build railways in PH". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
- ^ "The Line 1 System – The Green Line". Light Rail Transit Authority. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ^ United Nations Centre for Human Settlements. (1993). Provision of Travelway Space for Urban Public Transport in Developing Countries. UN–HABITAT. pp. 15, 26–70, 160–179. ISBN 92-1-131220-5.
- ^ "About Us; Line 3 Stations". Metro Rail Transit. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ^ Cinco, Maricar (September 20, 2019). "PNR extends train trips to Los Baños". The Inquirer. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
- ^ Subingsubing, Krixia (April 17, 2019). "LRT 2 extension project enters last phase". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 17, 2019. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
- ^ Angeles-Giongco, Maria Laura (February 16, 2016). "MRT7 concessionaire ready to start project – The Manila Times". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
- ^ Tuquero, Loreben (September 10, 2019). "6 new railways to look out for". Rappler. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
- ^ Villanueva, Joann (January 21, 2019). "PH, JICA sign loan deal for metro-grade train system". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
- ^ "Manual of Standards for Aerodromes". Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
- ^ "About PAL". Philippine Airlines. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved May 4, 2013.[dead link]
- ^ Inside Flyer: IF. FlightPlan, Incorporated. 2008. p. 76. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
- ^ The Report: Philippines 2009. Oxford Business Group. 2009. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-902339-12-2.
- ^ PH firm takes on challenge to improve sea travel. Published by Philippine Daily Inquirer (Written By: Ira P. Pedrasa)
- ^ Isorena, Efren B. (2013). "The Early Evolution of Boats in Austronesia: Profound Implication on Philippines Prehistory". Malay. 25 (2): 36–53.
- ^ a b Roxas-Lim, Aurora. Traditional Boatbuilding and Philippine Maritime Culture (PDF). Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region, United Nations Organization.
- ^ a b Aguilar, Glenn D. (2004). "Philippine Fishing Boats". In Silvestre, Geronimo; Green, Stuart J.; White, Alan T.; Armada, Nygiel; Luna, Cesar; Cruz-Trinidad, Annabelle; Carreon, Marciano F., III (eds.). In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries. Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Republic of the Philippines. pp. 118–121. ISBN 9719275340.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ^ a b c Funtecha, Henry F. (2000). "The history and culture of boats and boat-building in the Western Visayas". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 28 (2): 111–132. JSTOR 29792457.
- ^ Regional and subregional program links : mapping the links between ASEAN and the GMS, BIMP-EAGA, and IMT-GT (PDF). Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank. September 2013. p. 27. ISBN 978-92-9254-203-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 1, 2020. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
- ^ PDP Australia Pty Ltd/Meyrick and Associates (March 1, 2005). "Promoting Efficient and Competitive Intra-ASEAN Shipping Services – The Philippines Country Report" (PDF). Association of Southeast Asian Nations. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 1, 2020. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
- ^ Gov't revives Pasig River ferry service. (February 14, 2007). GMA News. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
- ^ "MMDA to reopen Pasig River ferry system on April 28; offers free ride". Philippine Information Agency. April 25, 2014. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
- ^ World Health Organization (October 2, 2015). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2015 Update and MDG Assessment. World Health Organization. p. 68. ISBN 978-92-4-150914-5.
- ^ Department of Health 2018, Chapter 3 (page 46).
- ^ Aguirre, Jun (March 4, 2018). "Legend of the Ati-atihan Fest in Aklan". BusinessMirror. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
The Kalibo Santo Niño Ati-atihan Festival was named one of the 300 best festivals in the world for 2017 by two global digital festival discovery communities, the F300 and EverFest.
- ^ Cinco, Maricar (March 26, 2018). "Moriones: solemn tradition, not festive occasion". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 28, 2018. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
The sleepy island province of Marinduque comes to life during Holy Week, with thousands of local visitors and foreign tourists coming down to see one of the Philippines' oldest religious traditions.
{{cite news}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=timestamp mismatch; March 26, 2018 suggested (help) - ^ "Sinulog named as Asia's most popular festival". SunStar. February 27, 2018. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
- ^ Wernstedt, Frederick L.; Spencer, Joseph Earle (January 1967). The Philippine Island World: A Physical, Cultural, and Regional Geography. University of California Press. p. 503. ISBN 9780520035133.
- ^ Rowthorn, Chris & Greg Bloom (2006). Philippines (9th ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-74104-289-4.
- ^ Dumont, Jean-Paul (1992). Visayan Vignettes: Ethnographic Traces of a Philippine Island. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 160–162. ISBN 978-0-226-16954-5.
- ^ Meliton B. Juanico. "The Role of Place Names in the Preservation of Philippine Cultural Heritage" (PDF). UNGEGN. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
- ^ Aspiras, Reggie (March 6, 2014). "The Goldilocks story–from childhood bakery to baking institution". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
- ^ Conde, Carlos H. (May 31, 2005). "Jollibee stings McDonald's in Philippines". The New York Times. Retrieved January 5, 2010.
- ^ "How the "Noli Me Tangere" was our first content to go viral". ABS-CBN News.
- ^ Lopez, Mellie Leandicho (2006). A Handbook of Philippine Folklore. University of the Philippines Press. ISBN 978-971-542-514-8.[pages needed]
- ^ Stephen K. Hislop (1971). "Anitism: a survey of religious beliefs native to the Philippines" (PDF). Asian Studies. 9 (2): 144–156.
- ^ Jocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.
- ^ Literatura Filipina en Castellano, Madrid, 1974. ISBN 84-276-1205-2[pages needed]
- ^ Carballo, Bibsy M. (June 16, 2014). "Ibong Adarna in the year 2014". PhilStar. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
- ^ Morales, Dulce (April 5, 2018). "LOOK: Google Honored Filipino Poet Francisco Balagtas". Retrieved July 22, 2020.
- ^ Zaide, Gregorio and Sonia (1999). Jose Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist and National Hero. Quezon City: All Nations publishing Co. Inc. ISBN 978-971-642-070-8. Archived from the original on September 23, 2013.[pages needed]
- ^ Ana Gatóo, Elizabeth Wagemann, Michael H. Ramage (2015). Bahay Kawayan: A Transitional House for the Philippines. University of Cambridge, Department of Engineering.
- ^ "Baroque Churches of the Philippines". UNESCO. 2010. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
- ^ Rowthorn, Chris & Greg Bloom (2006). Philippines (9th ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-74104-289-4.
- ^ "History of Philippine Architecture". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
- ^ "Tourist Attractions". The Official Iloilo Province Webpage. Retrieved July 22, 2020.[better source needed]
- ^ Datar, Francisco A. (April 19, 2015). "The Batanes Islands". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
- ^ Filipino Arts & Music Ensemble Archived 2010-11-07 at the Wayback Machine, Filipino Heritage, The Making of a Nation, Volume 9, 1978, famenyc.org
- ^ Baes, Jonas (July 25, 2014). "Popular Music in the Philippines". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014.
- ^ Alyssa Kristin Cruz. "Reason Behind the Rising Popularity of K-Pop in the Philippines". academia.edu.
- ^ "Choirs around the world take on Filipino classics". Rappler. September 22, 2013. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
- ^ "PASSOC: Philippine Arts & Social Studies in the Ontario Curriculum, Page 1" (PDF).
- ^ Villacruz, Basilio Esteban S. (July 24, 2014). "Philippine Dance in the American Period". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014.
- ^ Humanities and the Digital Art (2006 ed.). 2006. pp. 31-32. ISBN 978-971-23-4628-6.
- ^ Social Values and Organization, Philippines, Country Studies US. Online version of print book Ronald E. Dolan, ed. Philippines: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991.
- ^ Gripaldo, Rolando M. (2005). Filipino Cultural Traits: Claro R. Ceniza Lectures. CRVP. pp. 35–39. ISBN 978-1-56518-225-7. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
- ^ Chris Rowthorn; Greg Bloom (2006). Philippines. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74104-289-4.
- ^ Hallig, Jason V. Communicating Holiness to the Filipinos: Challenges and Needs Archived July 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Path to a Filipino Theology of Holiness, pp. 2, 10.
- ^ Dy, Manuel B. (1994). Values in Philippine Culture and Education. CRVP. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-56518-041-3. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
- ^ Talisayon, Serafin (1994). "Filipino Values, Chapter XIII, Teaching Values in the Natural and Physical Sciences in the Philippines". crvp.org. The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy (RVP), The Catholic University of America. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. File dated April 8, 2000. In Manuel B. Dy Jr., ed. (March 10, 1994). Values in Philippine Culture and Education (Philippine Philosophical Studies, Series III, Volume 7). Cultural heritage and contemporary change. Council for Research in Values and Philosophy. ISBN 978-1-56518-040-6.
- ^ a b Zibart, Eve (2001). The Ethnic Food Lover's Companion: Understanding the Cuisines of the World. Menasha Ridge Press. pp. 268, 277. ISBN 978-0-89732-372-7.
- ^ Zialcita, Fernando Nakpil (2005). Authentic Though not Exotic: Essays on Filipino Identity. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 281. ISBN 978-971-550-479-9.[failed verification]
- ^ Rowthorn, Chris & Greg Bloom (2006). Philippines (9th ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-74104-289-4.
filipino cuisine.
- ^ Lowry, Dave (January 6, 2016). "Hand-to-Mouth Combat: Experiencing a Kamayan Dinner at Hiro Asian Kitchen".
- ^ Barrios, Joi (July 15, 2014). Tagalog for Beginners: An Introduction to Filipino, the National Language of the Philippines (Downloadable MP3 Audio Included). Tuttle Publishing. p. PT397. ISBN 978-1-4629-1039-7. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
- ^ Alejandro, Reynaldo G. (March 13, 2012). Authentic Recipes from the Philippines. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-0533-1. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
- ^ Jr, Simeon Dumdum (June 10, 2012). "The boodle fight". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 25, 2013. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ Thompson, Roger M. (October 16, 2003). Filipino English and Taglish: Language switching from multiple perspectives. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 233. ISBN 978-90-272-9607-8. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
- ^ Bautista, MA Lourdes S.; Bolton, Kingsley (November 2008). Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary. Hong Kong University Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-962-209-947-0. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
- ^ "Inquirer top newspaper, says poll". Philippine Daily Inquirer. April 7, 2014. Archived from the original on April 8, 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
- ^ a b Country profile: The Philippines. (January 9, 2018). BBC News. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ^ a b c Gutierrez, Jason (July 10, 2020). "Philippine Congress officially shuts down leading broadcaster". The New York Times. Retrieved August 22, 2020.
- ^ Gutierrez, Jason (May 5, 2020). "Leading Philippine Broadcaster, Target of Duterte's Ire, Forced Off the Air". The New York Times. Retrieved August 22, 2020.
- ^ "World Broadcasting Unions appeals to Duterte to reconsider ABS-CBN franchise renewal". PhilStar. July 23, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
- ^ Lucas, Daxim L. (September 13, 2011). "Filipinos seek info on Web; rich prefer newspapers". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 16, 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
- ^ CNN Philippines Staff (June 30, 2019). "SWS: Facebook next to TV as Filipinos' top source of news". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
{{cite news}}:|author1=has generic name (help) - ^ Xianne, Arcangel (March 2, 2017). "TV still preferred by Filipinos, says survey". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
- ^ a b Thompson, Roger M. (2003). Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 233–251. ISBN 978-90-272-4891-6. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
- ^ Kusaka, Wataru (2017). Moral Politics in the Philippines: Inequality, Democracy and the Urban Poor. NUS Press. pp. 63–65. ISBN 978-981-4722-38-4. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
- ^ Whaley, Floyd (June 26, 2012). "Manila's Gory, Sexy Tabloids Outsell Traditional Broadsheets". The New York Times. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
- ^ "Restoring Himala". Philippine Daily Inquirer. August 5, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
- ^ "May Himala! Restored film proves real global classic". Yahoo!. August 16, 2012. Archived from the original on August 20, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
- ^ "Restored version of Himala will premiere at the 69th Venice Film Festival". pep.ph. August 13, 2012. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
- ^ "History of Philippine Cinema". San Diego Filipino Cinema. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
- ^ The Dynamic Teeners of the 21st Century Iii ' 2005 Ed. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 92. ISBN 978-971-23-4047-5. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
- ^ Deocampo, Nick (1985). Short Film: Emergence of a New Philippine Cinema. Communication Foundation for Asia. p. 9. ISBN 978-971-15-5095-0. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
- ^ "The Role of José Nepomuceno in the Philippine Society: What language did his silent film speaks?". Stockholm University Publications. Retrieved on July 25, 2020.
- ^ A bleak storyline for the Filipino film industry. Conde, Carlos H. International Herald Tribune. February 11, 2007. (archived from the original on April 1, 2007)
- ^ RP Movie Industry Dying Archived February 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Vanzi, Sol Jose. Newsflash. January 15, 2006.
- ^ "Angelica calls out fans on 'Tadhana' piracy". ABS-CBN News. February 20, 2015. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ^ "'Tadhana' is top grossing local indie film of all time". ABS-CBN News. March 15, 2015. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ^ Cho, Younghan; Leary, Charles (2016). Modern Sports in Asia. Routledge. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-317-58638-8. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
- ^ Himmer, Alastair (June 5, 2010). "Pacquiao named fighter of the decade". Reuters. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ^ "An Act Declaring Arnis as the National Martial Art and Sport of the Philippines". The Lawphil Project. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ^ "National Sport: Arnis". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ^ Grasso, John; Mallon, Bill; Heijmans, Jeroen (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 473. ISBN 978-1-4422-4860-1. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
- ^ United States Department of State Bureau of African Affairs (1980). AF Press Clips. p. 24. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
- ^ Chia, Nicole (February 19, 2018). "Winter Olympics: Even outsiders can break the ice". The Straits Times. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
- ^ The Official Report of XIth Winter Olympic Games, Sapporo 1972 (PDF). The Organizing Committee for the Sapporo Olympic Winter Games. 1973. pp. 32, 145, 447. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2008. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ Basco, Karl Cedrick (April 28, 2019). "Patintero, traditional games rekindle childhood memories at Palarong Pambansa". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
- ^ Corbett, Doris; Cheffers, John; Sullivan, Eileen Crowley (2001). Unique Games and Sports Around the World: A Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 178–185. ISBN 978-0-313-29778-6. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
- ^ Cepeda, Cody (November 22, 2019). "15 Filipino games to play this National Children's Month". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 23, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
- ^ Mga Larong Pilipino [Philippine Games]. (2009). Tagalog at NIU. Retrieved December 19, 2009 from the Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, SEAsite Project. (archived from the original Archived August 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine on June 28, 2014)
- ^ Dundes, Alan (1994). The Cockfight: A Casebook. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-0-299-14054-0.
- ^ Scott, Sharon M. (December 9, 2009). Toys and American Culture: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-313-34799-3. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
- ^ Yo-yo. (2010). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
Bibliography
- Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1990). History of the Filipino People (8th ed.). Garotech Publishing. ISBN 978-971-8711-06-4.
- Armes, Roy (1987). Third World Film Making and the West. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-90801-7.
- Chandler, David P.; Steinberg, David Joel (1987). In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History (revised 2nd ed.). University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1110-5.
- Church, Peter (2012). A Short History of South-East Asia. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-35044-7.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - De Borja, Marciano R. (2005). Basques in the Philippines. University of Nevada Press. ISBN 978-0-87417-590-5.
- Dolan, Ronald E. (Ed.). (1991). "Education". Philippines: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. Retrieved December 20, 2009 from Country Studies US Website.
- Dumont, Jean-Paul (1992). Visayan Vignettes: Ethnographic Traces of a Philippine Island. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-16954-5.
- Eur (2002). The Far East and Australasia 2003. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-85743-133-9.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Fox, Robert B. (1970). The Tabon Caves: Archaeological Explorations and Excavations on Palawan. National Museum. ASIN B001O7GGNI.
- Friis, Herman Ralph, ed. (1967). The Pacific Basin: A History of Its Geographical Exploration. American Geographical Society.
- Go, Julian; Foster, Anne L. (2003). The American Colonial State in the Philippines: Global Perspectives. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-3099-8.
- Halili, Maria Christine N. (2004). Philippine History. Rex Bookstore. ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9.
- Herbert, Patricia; Milner, Anthony Crothers (1989). South-East Asia: Languages and Literatures : a Select Guide. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1267-6.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Hicks, Nigel (2007). The Philippines. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84537-663-5.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Hirahara, Naomi (2003). Distinguished Asian American Business Leaders. Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 978-1-57356-344-4.
- Kurlansky, Mark (1999). The Basque History of the World. Nueva York: Walker & Company. ISBN 978-0-8027-1349-0.
- Abdul Majid, Harun (2007). Rebellion in Brunei: The 1962 Revolt, Imperialism, Confrontation and Oil. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-423-7.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - McAmis, Robert Day (2002). Malay Muslims: The History and Challenge of Resurgent Islam in Southeast Asia. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-4945-8.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Melo Alip, Eufronio (1964). Political and cultural history of the Philippines, Volumes 1–2.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Lea, David; Milward, Colette (2001). A Political Chronology of South-East Asia and Oceania. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-85743-117-9.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 978-981-4155-67-0.
- Osborne, Milton E. (2004). Southeast Asia: An Introductory History (9th ed.). Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74114-448-2.
- Oxford Business Group (2009). The Report: Philippines 2009. Oxford Business Group. ISBN 978-1-902339-12-2.
{{cite book}}:|author=has generic name (help) - Price, Michael G. (2002). America at War: the Philippines, 1898–1913. Westport, CT: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-275-96821-2.
- Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; La Boda, Sharon (1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-884964-04-6.
- Saunders, Graham (2013). A History of Brunei. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-87401-7.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). World War 2 Pacific Island Guide – A Geo-Military Study. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-31395-0.
- Rowthorn, Chris; Bloom, Greg (2006). Philippines (9th ed.). Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74104-289-4.
- Scott, William Henry (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. ISBN 978-971-10-0227-5.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-135-4.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Solheim, Wilhelm G. II (2006). Archeology and Culture in Southeast Asia. University of the Philippines Press. ISBN 978-971-542-508-7.
- Spate, Oskar H.K. (1979). "Magellan's Successors: Loaysa to Urdaneta. Two failures: Grijalva and Villalobos". The Spanish Lake – The Pacific since Magellan. Vol. I. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7099-0049-8.
- Tarling, Nicholas (1999). "Part Two – From c. 1500 to c. 1800". The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. Vol. 1. Cambridge, RU: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66370-0.
- Tarling, Nicholas (2000). "From World War II to the Present". The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66372-4.
- Tople, Lily Rose R.; Nonan-Mercado, Detch P. (2002). Philippines. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-7614-1475-9.
- Ure, John (2008). Telecommunications Development in Asia. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-903-6.
- Welman, Frans (2013). Borneo Trilogy Brunei: Vol 1. Booksmango. ISBN 978-616-222-235-1.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Zaide, Gregorio F. (1957). Philippine Political and Cultural History. Philippine Education Co.
- Zanini, Gianni (1999). Philippines: From Crisis to Opportunity : Country Assistance Review. World Bank Publications. ISBN 978-0-8213-4294-7.
- Zialcita, Fernando Nakpil (2005). Authentic Though not Exotic: Essays on Filipino Identity. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-479-9.
- Zibart, Eve (2001). The Ethnic Food Lover's Companion: Understanding the Cuisines of the World. Menasha Ridge Press. ISBN 978-0-89732-372-7.
- "Philippines in Figures 2014" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 20, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
- Department of Health (2018). "National Objectives for Health Philippines, 2017-2022" (PDF). National Objectives for Health. Manila, Philippines: Health Policy Development and Planning Bureau. ISSN 1908-6768. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 13, 2020. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
External links
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Resources from Wikiversity
Travel information from Wikivoyage
Government
- Official website of the National Government of the Republic of the Philippines
- Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
- Official website of the Senate of the Philippines
- Official website of the House of Representatives of the Philippines
- Official website of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
- Official website of Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (Central Bank of the Philippines)
- Official website of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA)
- Official website of the Philippine National Police (PNP)
- Official website of the Department of Tourism
- The Philippines Online Tourism Guide
Trade
General information
- Philippines profile from the BBC News
- Philippines at the Wayback Machine (archived May 21, 2011) at UCB Libraries GovPubs
- "Philippines". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency.
- Template:Curlie
- Philippines at Encyclopædia Britannica
Geographic data related to Philippines at OpenStreetMap- Philippine News and Current Events
- Key Development Forecasts for the Philippines from International Futures
Books and articles
- History of the Philippine Islands in many volumes, from Project Gutenberg (indexed under Emma Helen Blair, the general editor)
- Weedon, Alan (August 10, 2019). "The Philippines is fronting up to its Spanish heritage, and for some it's paying off". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. About the influence of the Spanish people and language
- Crow, Carl (1914). America and the Philippines. Doubleday, Page.
- Worcester, Dean C. (1898). The Philippine Islands and their People. Macmillan & co.
- Rice, Mark (2014). Dean Worcester's Fantasy Islands: Photography, Film, and the Colonial Philippines. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-05218-9.
Wikimedia
Other
- Asian Development Bank (ADB)
- Filipinana.net – Free digital library and a research portal
- WikiSatellite view of Philippines at WikiMapia
Philippines articles | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| History |
| ||||||
| Geography | |||||||
| Politics |
| ||||||
| Economy | |||||||
| Society |
| ||||||
| Official |  | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unofficial | |||||||
| National heroes |
| ||||||
| Sovereign states |
|  | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| |||||||
| System | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Issues | |||
| Agreements |
| ||
| Ministerial Conferences | |||
| People | |||
| Members |
| ||
| |||
.jpg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
- CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2020
- Philippines
- English-speaking countries and territories
- Former colonies in Asia
- Former Spanish colonies
- Island countries
- Maritime Southeast Asia
- Member states of ASEAN
- Member states of the United Nations
- Newly industrializing countries
- Republics
- Southeast Asian countries
- Spanish East Indies
- States and territories established in 1565
- States and territories established in 1898
- States and territories established in 1946
- Volcanic arc islands
- Countries in Asia