Timeline of geopolitical changes (1900–1999)

This is a timeline of country and capital changes around the world. It includes dates of declarations of independence, changes in country name, changes of capital city or name, and significant changes in territory such as the annexation, cession, or secession of land.

The types of changes listed here usually include (but are not limited to) the alteration of borders, the creation and fall of states, changes of geographical names, as well as a few geographical changes caused by unusually destructive natural disasters. Through the knowledge of such dates and events, the approximate year and age of a world map could be calculated and estimated.

Not all maps of the world created during a given age or period will be the same across the globe, as different mapmakers – or their employers – may have different views on the sovereignty or territorial integrity of the countries of the world or possess different levels of technological sophistication or geographical insight. Even maps created by the same mapmaker around the same time can differ significantly.

The timeline below presents its information in reverse chronological order, beginning in the modern era and working backwards.

This article uses the Common Calendar System, which was established as the new Christian Calendar by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. The Common Calendar uses the designation Common Era (CE or AD for Anno Domini) for years starting 1 January 1 CE, and Before Common Era (BCE or BC for Before Christ) for years before that date. The Common Calendar also follows the ordinal numbers rather than the cardinal numbers, so there was no "year zero" in this format; that is, the date 1 January 1 CE immediately followed the date 31 December 1 BCE. For the same reason, while the 2000s began on Saturday, 1 January 2000 CE, the official Third Millennium began on Monday, 1 January 2001 CE.

 2000s   1900s   1800s   1700s   1600s   1500s   1400s   1300s   1200s   1100s   1000s 
 1st Millennium CE   1st Millennium BCE   2nd Millennium BCE   3rd Millennium BCE   4th Millennium BCE   10th Millennium BCE 

21st century

2010s

Year	Date	Event
2019	20 March	Kazakhstan changes the name of its capital from Astana to Nur-Sultan in honour of ex-President Nursultan Nazarbayev after the Constitution of Kazakhstan is amended.
	12 February	The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia adopts the name Republic of North Macedonia as part of the Prespa agreement, under which Greece will no longer veto the country's accession to NATO and the European Union. Skopje remains the capital.
2018	24 December	Burundi moves its capital from Bujumbura to Gitega.
	9 July	Ethiopia ends its occupation of Badme and returns the town to Eritrea following a peace summit, ending their 20-year border conflict.
	19 April	The Kingdom of Swaziland changes its name to the Kingdom of Eswatini. Mbabane remains the capital.
	2 February	The International Court of Justice (ICJ) rules that a strip of northern Isla Portillos at the mouth of the San Juan River in Nicaragua belongs to Costa Rica.
	1 January	Belgium and The Netherlands finalize an exchange of territory along the Meuse River. The agreement, initially signed on 28 November 2016, involves a one-for-two swap of three tiny islands, with the Netherlands gaining 24.7 acres (10.0 ha) of land near Oost-Maarland, so that pene-exclaves caused by the straightening of the Meuse can be fixed. Presqu'ile de L'llal and Presqu'ile d'Eijsden, which were formerly Belgian, were swapped for a former Dutch piece of land, Presqu'ile Petit-Gravier.
2017	24 June	Egypt transfers sovereignty of Sanafir Island and Tiran Island to Saudi Arabia.
	9 April	Following a referendum, the Republic of South Ossetia changes its name to the Republic of South Ossetia – the State of Alania.
	21 February	The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic changes its name to the Republic of Artsakh a day after a constitutional referendum takes place. The Republic of Azerbaijan continues to consider Nagorno-Karabakh as part of its sovereign territory, a position shared by the United Nations.
	29 January	The Islamic Republic of The Gambia changes its name back to the Republic of The Gambia.
2016	2 May	The Czech Republic votes to adopt Czechia as its official short-form name in English.
2015	16 December	The International Court of Justice (ICJ) cedes 3 km2 to Costa Rica, resolving the Costa Rica–Nicaragua San Juan River border dispute with Nicaragua.
	11 December	By presidential decree, the Republic of The Gambia changes its name to the Islamic Republic of The Gambia.
	12 November	Pakistan formally agrees to lease its Gwadar Port to China until 2059.
	6 June	India and Bangladesh exchange 162 enclaves along their borders, simplifying the border.
	8 May	Niger and Burkina Faso, in continuation with the implementation of the judgement of the International Court of Justice concerning the 2013 Burkina Faso–Niger Frontier Dispute case, agreed to exchange 18 towns over the following year (Burkina Faso to gain 14, Niger to gain four).
	21 March	After the 2014–15 Yemeni coup d'état, the capital of Yemen is provisionally moved from Sana'a to Aden.
2014	23 September	The maritime border between the United States and Niue was defined. The treaty was signed on 13 May 1997, but it was not ratified by the United States until at least 2002, and the United Nations stated it entered into force on this date.
	11 May	The Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic declare their independence from Ukraine following a status referendum. Donetsk and Luhansk are proclaimed as their capitals. The referendum's results and the so-called republics' declarations were internationally unrecognized.
	18 March	The Republic of Crimea was annexed by the Russian Federation as two separate federal entities: the Republic of Crimea and the city of federal significance Sevastopol. Ukraine itself and much of the international community maintain that Crimea is illegally occupied by Russia and legally remains an integral region of Ukraine.
	27 January	The maritime dispute between Chile and Peru is resolved.
2013	24 October	The Republic of Cape Verde decrees the official English-language rendering of its name to be the Republic of Cabo Verde, following precedents set by Côte d'Ivoire and Timor-Leste (neither of which use English as an official language).
	28 September	The United Federated States of Bangsamoro Republik ceases to exist with the loss of Zamboanga City.
	27 July	The United Federated States of Bangsamoro Republik declares independence from the Philippines and claims all of Malaysian Borneo.
	16 April	A border dispute between Niger and Burkina Faso is finally resolved, resulting in minor changes to the previously recognized border.
	7 January	The Libyan National Congress unofficially changes the name of the country from Libya to the State of Libya, which will be used until a new constitution is adopted.
2012	29 November	The United Nations votes to upgrade the status of Palestine from "entity" to "non-member observer state," effectively granting it recognition.
	19 November	Judgment of the ICJ about the maritime dispute between Nicaragua and Colombia.
	20 August	The Somali Republic changes its name to the Federal Republic of Somalia.
	12 July	The State of Azawad capitulates and is taken over by Ansar Dine, an Islamist group aiming for establishing Mali as an Islamist state, effectively being reabsorbed by the Republic of Mali.
	26 May	Georgia moves its legislative capital from Tbilisi to Kutaisi. Tbilisi remains the administrative capital.
	6 April	Azawad proclaims its independence from the Republic of Mali as the State of Azawad with Timbuktu as its capital.
	1 January	The Hungarian Republic changes its name to Hungary.
2011	31 December	Samoa and Tokelau switch to the western side of the International Date Line, skipping 30 December entirely.
	23 October	Libya supersedes the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya after its defeat at the Battle of Sirte by the National Transitional Council.
	1 September	Due to the loss of Tripoli on 27 August, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya moves its capital from Tripoli to Sirte.
	27 August	The National Transitional Council takes over Tripoli, moving its capital from Benghazi to Tripoli.
	9 July	Southern Sudan gains independence from Sudan as the Republic of South Sudan after a referendum the previous January, with Juba as its capital.
	27 February	After the Libyan Civil War started on 15 February, the National Transitional Council was formed to act as "the political face of the revolution", based in Benghazi.
	2 February	The Republic of the Fiji Islands changes its name back to the Republic of Fiji.
	11 January	The People's Republic of China has received 1,158 square kilometres (447 sq mi) from Tajikistan after a final ratification of a treaty ceding it
2010	21 October	The Union of Myanmar changes its name to the Republic of the Union of Myanmar.
	10 October	The Kingdom of the Netherlands dissolves the Netherlands Antilles and makes Curaçao and Sint Maarten two of its four constituent countries. Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius become special municipalities of the Netherlands.

2000s

Year	Date	Event
2009	1 September	The United Kingdom changes the name of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena and Dependencies to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Jamestown on Saint Helena remains the capital.
	7 February	The Republic of Bolivia changes its name to the Plurinational State of Bolivia. La Paz and Sucre remain the capitals.
2008	27 August	The Russian Federation recognizes the independence of the Republic of South Ossetia and the Republic of Abkhazia from Georgia. Georgia and much of the international community maintain that they are both were illegally occupied by Russia during Russo-Georgian War and legally remain integral regions of Georgia. Their capitals are Tskhinval and Sukhumi, respectively.
	28 May	The State of Nepal changes its name to the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. Kathmandu remains the capital.
	17 February	The Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija declares its independence from the Republic of Serbia as the Republic of Kosovo. Priština remains the capital. Serbia maintains that Kosovo remains a part of Serbia.
2007	22 October	The Republic of Montenegro changes its name to Montenegro. Podgorica remains the capital.
	21 February	The French Republic separates the Overseas Collectivity of Saint-Barthélemy and the Overseas Collectivity of Saint-Martin from the Overseas Region of Guadeloupe. Gustavia and Marigot are the capitals respectively.
	15 January	The Kingdom of Nepal changes its name to the State of Nepal. Kathmandu remains the capital.
2006	7 October	The Republic of Palau moves its capital from Koror to Ngerulmud.
	14 August	The Federal Republic of Nigeria transfers sovereignty of Bakassi to the Republic of Cameroon.
	5 June	The Republic of Serbia supersedes the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Belgrade remains the capital.
	3 June	Montenegro secedes from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro as the Republic of Montenegro. Podgorica remains the capital.
2005	6 November	The Union of Myanmar moves its capital from Yangon to Naypyidaw.
2004	1 September	The Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty administering Antarctica and all lands and waters south of the 60th parallel south establishes its headquarters in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
	27 February	The French Republic elevates the Overseas Collectivity of French Polynesia to the Overseas Country of French Polynesia. Papeetē remains the capital.
	4 January	The Islamic State of Afghanistan changes its name to the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Kabul remains the capital.
2003	26 May	The Rwandese Republic changes its name to the Republic of Rwanda. Kigali remains the capital.
	28 March	The French Republic revises its constitution. New polities include:
		The Overseas Region of Réunion. Saint-Denis remains the capital. The Overseas Territory of French Southern and Antarctic Lands. Port-aux-Français remains the administrative center.
		The Overseas Collectivity of French Polynesia. Papeetē remains the capital. The Overseas Collectivity of Wallis and Futuna. Mata-Utu remains the capital.
		The Overseas Region of Guadeloupe. Basse-Terre remains the capital. The Overseas Region of Martinique. Fort-de-France remains the capital. The Overseas Collectivity of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon. Saint-Pierre remains the capital.
		The Overseas Region of Guyane (French Guiana). Cayenne remains the capital.
	4 February	The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia changes its name to the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Belgrade remains the capital.
2002	21 May	The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland changes the title of each of its British Dependent Territories to that of a British Overseas Territory. The citizens of each British Overseas Territory gain full British citizenship.
	20 May	East Timor gains independence from the Portuguese Republic as the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. East Timor was occupied by Indonesia in 1975, and was placed under United Nations administration in 1999. Dili remains the capital.
	10 March	The Union of the Comoros reabsorbs the de facto independent State of Anjouan and the Democratic Republic of Mohéli. Mutsamudu and Fomboni yield to Moroni as the capital.
	14 February	The State of Bahrain changes its name to the Kingdom of Bahrain. Manama remains the capital.
2001	23 December	The Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros changes its name to the Union of the Comoros. Moroni remains the capital.
	13 November	The Islamic State of Afghanistan supersedes the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. Kabul remains the capital.
	1 July	The "temporarily independent" Puntland State of Somalia adopts a new constitution explicitly identifying itself as part of the Somali Republic. Garowe yields to Mogadishu as the capital.
	January	Taloqan, the de facto capital of the Islamic State of Afghanistan government, falls to the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The capital moves to Fayzabad.
2000	16 July	Somalia changes its name to the Somali Republic. Mogadishu remains the capital.
	11 June	Colombia returns its capital city's name from Santa Fe de Bogotá to Bogotá, Distrito Capital.
	6 February	The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria capitulates and is reabsorbed by the Russian Federation. Ƶovxar-Ġala (Grozny) yields to Moscow as the capital.

20th century

1990s

Year	Date	Event
1999	31 December	The United States of America transfers full ownership of the Panama Canal Zone to the Republic of Panama.
	20 December	The Republic of Venezuela changes its name to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Caracas remains the capital.
		The Portuguese Republic transfers sovereignty of Macau to the People's Republic of China as the Macau Special Administrative Region.
	10 June	The United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo is formed in the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
	19 March	The French Republic renames its Territory of New Caledonia as the special collectivity of New Caledonia in preparation for eventual independence. Nouméa remains the capital.
1998	24 December	The Republic of Bougainville is taken over by Papua New Guinea. Buka remains the capital.
	16 December	Part of the undefined border in the Southern Patagonian Ice Field is defined by Chile and Argentina.
	1 August	The Puntland State of Somalia declares independence from the Federal Republic of Somalia. Garowe remains the capital.
	22 July	The Sovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji supersedes the Republic of the Fiji Islands. Suva remains the capital.
	6 May	The Republic of Kazakhstan changes the name of its capital from Aqmola to Astana.
1997	10 December	The Republic of Kazakhstan moves its capital from Almaty to Aqmola.
	11 August	The Democratic Republic of Mohéli declares independence from the Union of the Comoros. Fomboni remains the capital.
	3 August	The State of Anjouan declares independence from the Union of the Comoros. Mutsamudu remains the capital.
	4 July	Independent State of Western Samoa changes its name to the Independent State of Samoa. Apia remains the capital.
	1 July	The United Kingdom transfers sovereignty of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China as the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
	25 May	The capital of the Islamic State of Afghanistan is moved to Taloqan from Mazar-i-Sharif.
	17 May	The Republic of Zaire changes its name back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Kinshasa remains the capital.
		The Republic of the Fiji Islands changes its name to the Republic of Fiji. Suva remains the capital.
1996	26 September	The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan is formed, and declares its capital Kabul, captured from the Islamic State of Afghanistan, whose capital moves to Mazar-i-Sharif
		The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria changes the name of its capital Grozny to Dzokhar-Ghala.
		The United Republic of Tanzania moves its capital from Dar-es-Salaam to Dodoma.
1995	14 December	The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina unite to form Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sarajevo remains the capital.
	24 August	The Republic of Georgia is renamed Georgia. Tbilisi remains the capital.
	22 August	Ethiopia is renamed the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa remains the capital.
	7 August	The Republic of Western Bosnia is taken over by the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
	26 July	The Republic of Western Bosnia declares independence from the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
	1 January	The International Date Line is moved around Kiribati.
1994	21 October	The Laguna del Desierto, claimed by Chile, is awarded to Argentina by arbitration.
	1 October	Palau gains full independence from the United States of America as the Republic of Palau. Koror is the capital.
	7 July	The Democratic Republic of Yemen is reunited with Yemen.
	21 May	The Democratic Republic of Yemen secedes from Yemen. Aden is the capital.
	27 April	The nominally independent republics of Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei are incorporated back into the Republic of South Africa.
	1 March	The Republic of South Africa transfers the sovereignty of Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands to the Republic of Namibia.
1993	24 September	The restored Kingdom of Cambodia supersedes the State of Cambodia. Phnom Penh remains the capital.
	24 May	The State of Eritrea secedes from the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Asmara is the capital.
	5 May	The Republic of Kyrgyzstan changes its name to the Kyrgyz Republic. Bishkek remains the capital.
	28 January	The Republic of Kazakhstan changes the name of its capital from Alma-Ata to Almaty.
	1 January	The Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic gain full independence with the dissolution of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (Czechoslovakia). Prague remains the capital of the Czech Republic and Bratislava remains the capital of the Slovakia.
1992	8 October	The Estonian Government in Exile, a legal continuation of the formerly Soviet-occupied Republic of Estonia, is disestablished after the restoration of the constitutional order of Estonia.
	22 September	The Republic of Kosova declares independence from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Pristina is the capital.
	12 September	The Democratic Republic of Madagascar changes its name to the Republic of Madagascar. Antananarivo remains the capital.
	27 August	The People's Republic of Angola changes its name to the Republic of Angola. Luanda remains the capital.
	12 August	The Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina is renamed the Republika Srpska. Srpsko Sarajevo remains the capital.
	23 July	The Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia declares its independence from Georgia as the Republic of Abkhazia. Sukhumi remains the capital. Georgia denounces the intervention of the Russian Federation and declares the succession illegal.
	27 April	The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia supersedes the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Belgrade remains the capital.
	6 April	The Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina secedes from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sarajevo remains the capital.
	15 March	The State of Cambodia is taken over by the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) in order to put the government-in-exile National Government of Cambodia back in power.
	12 March	The Chechen Republic is renamed the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.
	12 February	Mongolia supersedes the Mongolian People's Republic. Ulaanbaatar remains the capital.
	15 January	The Socialist Republic of Slovenia secedes from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as the Republic of Slovenia. Ljubljana remains the capital.
		The Socialist Republic of Croatia secedes from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as the Republic of Croatia . Zagreb remains the capital.
	12 January	The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic declares independence from the Republic of Azerbaijan.
1991	26 December	The Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet meets for the last time and formally dissolves the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
	25 December	The Russian Federation (Russia) supersedes both the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Moscow remains the capital.
	16 December	The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Kazakhstan. Alma-Ata remains the capital until 1997.
	12 December	The Federal Republic of Nigeria moves its capital from Lagos to Abuja.
	8 December	The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Republic of Belarus, and Ukraine form the Commonwealth of Independent States as a successor organization to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
		The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as Turkmenistan. Ashgabat remains the capital.
		The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Uzbekistan. Tashkent remains the capital.
	28 November	The South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast declares its independence from Georgia as the Republic of South Ossetia. Tskhinvali is the capital. Georgia denounces the intervention of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and declares the succession illegal.
	1 November	The Chechen Republic declares independence from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Grozny is the capital
	21 September	The Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Armenia. Yerevan remains the capital.
	9 September	The Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Tajikistan. Dushanbe remains the capital.
	8 September	The Socialist Republic of Macedonia secedes from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as the Republic of Macedonia. Skopje remains the capital. The Hellenic Republic protests the name of the new nation.
	6 September	The Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and restores the Republic of Lithuania. Vilnius remains the capital.
	2 September	The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast declares its independence from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Stepanakert remains the capital. The Republic of Azerbaijan considers Nagorno-Karabakh as part of its sovereign territory.
	31 August	The Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. The capital Frunze is renamed Bishkek.
	30 August	The Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Azerbaijan. Baku remains the capital.
	27 August	The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Moldova. Chişinău remains the capital. Moldova claims Transnistria as part of its sovereign territory.
	25 August	The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Belarus. Minsk remains the capital.
	24 August	The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as Ukraine. Kiev remains the capital.
	21 August	The Republic of Latvia (former SSR) secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and restores the Republic of Latvia. Riga remains the capital.
	20 August	The Republic of Estonia (former SSR) secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and restores the Republic of Estonia. Tallinn remains the capital.
	19 August	The Gagauz Republic declares independence from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
	10 June	The People's Republic of the Congo is renamed the Republic of the Congo.
	28 May	The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is renamed Ethiopia. Addis Ababa remains the capital.
	18 May	The Republic of Somaliland declares independence from the Federal Republic of Somalia. Hargeisa is the capital. The international community considers Somaliland to be part of Somalia's sovereign territory.
	29 April	The Republic of Albania supersedes the Socialist People's Republic of Albania. Tirana remains the capital.
	9 April	The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as Georgia. Tbilisi remains the capital.
	26 February	The State of Kuwait regains its independence. Iraq relinquishes its claim to Kuwait.
1990	1 December	The Republic of Mozambique supersedes the People's Republic of Mozambique. Maputo remains the capital.
	15 November	The People's Republic of Bulgaria changes its name to the Republic of Bulgaria. Sofia remains the capital.
	3 October	The German Democratic Republic merges into the Federal Republic of Germany. Unified Germany regains full sovereignty and Allied occupation ends. Bonn yields to Berlin as the capital.
	2 September	The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Transnistria) declares its independence from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Tiraspol remains the capital.
	28 August	Iraq annexes the Republic of Kuwait as the Kuwait Governorate.
	25 August	The Republic of Abkhazia declares independence from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Sukhumi is the capital.
	4 August	The State of Kuwait changes its name to the Republic of Kuwait. Kuwait City remains the capital.
	27 July	The Byelorussian SSR declares sovereignty from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Belarus. Minsk remains the capital.
	25 July	The Republic of Fiji is renamed the Sovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji. Suva remains the capital.
	22 May	The Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) reunite to form the Republic of Yemen. Aden yields to San'a' as the capital.
	17 May	The Republic of Bougainville declares independence from Papua New Guinea. Buka is the capital.
	8 May	The Estonian SSR is renamed the Republic of Estonia. Tallinn remains the capital.
	4 May	The Latvian SSR is renamed the Republic of Latvia and it declares Soviet rule illegal and declares the restoration period for the independence of Latvia from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Riga remains the capital.
	23 April	The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic changes its name to the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic. Prague remains the capital.
	30 March	The Estonian SSR declares Soviet rule illegal and declares the restoration period for the independence of Estonia from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Tallinn remains the capital.
	21 March	South West Africa gains independence from South Africa as the Republic of Namibia. Windhoek remains the capital.
	11 March	The Republic of Chile moves its legislative capital from Santiago to Valparaíso. Santiago remains the administrative capital.
		The Lithuanian SSR re-declares full independence as the Republic of Lithuania from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Vilnius remains the capital.
	1 March	The People's Republic of Benin changes its name to the Republic of Benin. Porto-Novo remains the capital.
	3 February	The government-in-exile Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea becomes the National Government of Cambodia.

1980s

Year	Date	Event
1989	30 December	The Polish People's Republic changes its name to the Republic of Poland. Warsaw remains the capital.
	22 December	The Romanian Revolution. The Socialist Republic of Romania changes its name to Romania. Bucharest remains the capital.
	23 October	The Hungarian People's Republic changes its name to the Hungarian Republic. Budapest remains the capital.
	30 September	The Republic of Senegal and the Republic of The Gambia secede from the Senegambia Confederation. Dakar remains the capital of Senegal. Banjul is again the capital of The Gambia.
	26 September	The Socialist Republic of Vietnam ends its occupation of the State of Cambodia.
	18 June	The Union of Burma changes its name to the Union of Myanmar. Yangon remains the capital until 2005.
		The Federated States of Micronesia moves its capital from Kolonia to Palikir on Pohnpei.
	1 May	The State of Cambodia supersedes the People's Republic of Kampuchea (Cambodia). Phnom Penh remains the capital.
	15 February	The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ends its occupation of the Republic of Afghanistan.
1988	16 November	The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic declares sovereignty over the laws of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
	15 November	The State of Palestine declares independence from the State of Israel. It claims the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, territories considered to be occupied by Israel in the aftermath of the Six-Day War. East Jerusalem is the proclaimed capital.
	18 September	The Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma changes its name to the Union of Burma. Yangon remains the capital.
1987	30 November	The Republic of Afghanistan supersedes the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Kabul remains the capital.
	7 October	The Republic of Fiji supersedes the Dominion of Fiji. Suva remains the capital.
	22 February	The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia supersedes the Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia (Derg). Addis Ababa remains the capital.
	1 January	New Zealand becomes a fully, sovereign independent state from the United Kingdom after the passing of the Constitution Act. Wellington remains the capital.
1986	4 November	The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands becomes an insular area of the United States dissolving the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.
	3 November	The eastern Caroline Islands gain independence from the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands as the Federated States of Micronesia. Kolonia on Pohnpei is the capital.
	21 October	The Marshall Islands gain independence from the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands as the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Majuro is the capital.
	15 April	The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya is renamed the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.
	3 March	The Commonwealth of Australia becomes a fully, sovereign independent state from the United Kingdom after the passing of the Australia Act. Canberra remains the capital.
	1 January	Aruba leaves the Netherlands Antilles to become one of three constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands following a change of the Charter for the Kingdom. Oranjestad is the capital.
1985	12 October	The Republic of Côte d'Ivoire supersedes the Republic of Ivory Coast. Yamoussoukro remains the capital.
	10 October	The Republic of the Sudan supersedes the Democratic Republic of the Sudan. Khartoum remains the capital.
	3 October	In the Falkland Islands disputed by Argentina and the United Kingdom, the Falkland Islands Dependencies becomes a separate territory known as South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.
1984	29 November	The Beagle conflict between Chile and Argentina is solved. Argentina recognizes Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands as Chilean.
	15 August	Bourkina-Fasso changes its name to Burkina Faso. Ouagadougou remains the capital.
	4 August	The Republic of Upper Volta changes its name to Bourkina-Fasso. Ouagadougou remains the capital.
	4 February	The Republic of Cameroon supersedes the United Republic of Cameroon. Yaoundé remains the capital.
	1 January	Brunei gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam). Bandar Seri Begawan remains the capital.
1983	15 November	The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus declares independence from the Republic of Cyprus. North Nicosia is the capital. The international community considers the northern part of the island as Republic of Cyprus territory under Turkish occupation.
	19 September	The British Dependent Territory of Saint Christopher and Nevis gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis (also known as the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis). Basseterre remains the capital.
	21 March	The Republic of Ivory Coast moves its capital from Abidjan to Yamoussoukro.
	1 January	The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland changes the title of each of its Crown Colonies to that of a British Dependent Territory.
1982	15 August	The unrecognized Kingdom of Rwenzururu is taken back by Uganda.
	22 June	Democratic Kampuchea becomes exiled from Kampuchea, despite being a widely recognized UN member state, becomes the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea.
	14 June	The United Kingdom recaptures the British dependent territory of the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) from the Argentine Republic. Britain restores the name of the capital Puerto Argentino to Stanley.
	29 April	The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka moves its capital from Colombo to Sri Jayawardenapura-Kotte.
	17 April	Canada becomes a fully sovereign, independent state from the United Kingdom after the passing of the Canada Act. Ottawa remains the capital.
	18 April	The Republic of Zimbabwe changes many colonial place names including that of its capital from Salisbury to Harare.
	2 April	The Argentine Republic seizes the British dependent territory of the Falkland Islands from the United Kingdom. Argentina renames the Islands Islas Malvinas and Stanley the capital Puerto Argentino.
	1 February	The Republic of Senegal and the Republic of The Gambia unite to form the Senegambia Confederation. Banjul yields to Dakar as the capital.
1981	26 December	The Saudi-Iraqi neutral zone ceases to exist as the border between Saudi Arabia and Iraq is fixed.
	4 December	The Republic of Ciskei is declared independent by the Republic of South Africa.
	1 November	Antigua and Barbuda gain independence from the United Kingdom. St. John's remains the capital.
	21 September	The Crown Colony of Belize gains independence from the United Kingdom. Belmopan remains the capital.
1980	19 December	The United Kingdom divides the Crown Colony of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla into the Crown Colony of Saint Christopher and Nevis and the Crown Colony of Anguilla. Basseterre remains the capital of Saint Christopher and Nevis, and The Valley becomes the capital of Anguilla.
	30 July	The New Hebrides gain independence from a British-French condominium as the Republic of Vanuatu. Port Vila remains the capital.
		Israel passes the Jerusalem Law, expanding its declared capital of Jerusalem to include the annexed East Jerusalem. The United Nations declares the law null and void.
	28 July	Peruvian Republic changes its name to the Republic of Peru.
	24 July	The Republic of Vemerana is taken back over by the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium.
	27 May	The Republic of Vemerana declares independence from the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium.
	26 May	Tafea is taken back over by the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium.
	18 April	Southern Rhodesia gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Zimbabwe. Salisbury remains the capital.
	15 February	Tafea declares independence from the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium.

1970s

Year	Date	Event
1979	25 December	The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics occupies the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
	12 December	The Republic of Zimbabwe Rhodesia is dissolved as the United Kingdom regains control of Southern Rhodesia. Salisbury remains the capital.
	27 October	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines gain independence from the United Kingdom. Kingstown remains the capital.
	1 October	The United States of America dissolves the Panama Canal Zone and returns sovereignty to the Republic of Panama. The United States and Panama will jointly operate the Panama Canal until 31 December 1999.
	20 September	The Central African Empire changes its name back to the Central African Republic. Bangui remains the capital.
	13 September	The Republic of Venda is given independence by South Africa. Thohoyandou is the capital.
	12 July	The Gilbert Islands gain independence from the United Kingdom as the Independent and Sovereign Republic of Kiribati. South Tarawa remains the capital.
	1 June	The Republic of Zimbabwe Rhodesia (Southern Rhodesia) supersedes the Republic of Rhodesia, although neither are recognized. Salisbury remains the capital.
	1 April	Iran changes its name to the Islamic Republic of Iran. Tehran remains the capital.
	26 March	Israel agrees to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.
	22 February	Saint Lucia gains independence from the United Kingdom. Castries remains the capital.
	11 February	The Imperial State of Iran changes its name to Iran. Tehran remains the capital.
	10 January	The People's Republic of Kampuchea (Cambodia) supersedes Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia). Phnom Penh remains the capital.
	7 January	The Socialist Republic of Vietnam occupies Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia).
1978	29 December	After a transition to democracy, the Spanish State is renamed the Kingdom of Spain. Madrid remains the capital.
	3 November	Dominica gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Commonwealth of Dominica. Roseau remains the capital.
	5 October	The State of Comoros changes its name to the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros. Moroni remains the capital.
	1 October	Tuvalu gains independence from the United Kingdom. Funafuti remains the capital.
	7 September	The Free, Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka changes its name to the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. Colombo remains the capital.
	7 July	The Solomon Islands gain independence from the United Kingdom. Honiara on Guadalcanal remains the capital.
	30 April	The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan supersedes the Republic of Afghanistan. Kabul remains the capital.
1977	6 December	The Republic of Bophuthatswana is declared independent by South Africa. Mmabatho is the capital.
	27 June	The French Territory of the Afars and the Issas gains independence from the French Republic as the Republic of Djibouti. The city of Djibouti remains the capital.
	2 March	The Libyan Arab Republic changes its name to the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Tripoli remains the capital.
1976	28 December	The Socialist People's Republic of Albania supersedes the People's Republic of Albania. Tirana remains the capital.
	4 December	The Central African Republic changes its name to the Central African Empire. Bangui remains the capital.
	26 October	The Republic of Transkei is given independence by South Africa. Mthatha is the capital.
	7 August	The Republic of North Solomons is taken by Papua New Guinea.
	17 July	The Republic of Indonesia declares that East Timor is the Indonesian Province of Timor Timur.
	2 July	The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam unite to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh City yields to Hanoi as the capital.
	1 July	The French Republic elevates its Overseas Territory of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon to the Overseas Department of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon. Saint-Pierre remains the capital.
	29 June	The Seychelles become independent from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Seychelles. Victoria remains the capital.
	24 June	The Republic of the Philippines reinstates Manila as the capital. Quezon City, the capital from 1948, was incorporated with Manila and 15 surrounding suburbs to form Metro Manila. Baguio is no longer a summer capital.
	23 June	In the British Indian Ocean Territory, the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches are returned to Seychelles six days before its independence.
	1 March	Trinidad and Tobago is renamed the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Port-of-Spain remains the capital.
	27 February	The Polisario Front declares the creation of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic in the region known as Western Sahara. Laayoune is the proclaimed capital, while Tifariti serves as the temporary capital. Morocco considers the SADR part of its sovereign territory, while the United Nations considers Spain the administering state.
	3 February	The People's Republic of Mozambique changes the name of its capital from Lourenço Marques to Maputo.
1975	30 December	The Malagasy Republic changes its name to the Democratic Republic of Madagascar. Antananarivo remains the capital.
	7 December	The Republic of Indonesia invades East Timor.
	2 December	The Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos) supersedes the Kingdom of Laos. Vientiane remains the capital.
	30 November	The Republic of Dahomey changes its name to the People's Republic of Benin. Porto-Novo remains the capital.
	28 November	The Portuguese colony of East Timor declares its independence from the Portuguese Republic as the Democratic Republic of East Timor. Dili remains the capital. Portugal and most other nations refuse to recognize the new government.
	25 November	Suriname (Dutch Guiana) gains full independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands as the Republic of Suriname. Paramaribo remains the capital.
	22 November	The restored Kingdom of Spain supersedes the Spanish State. Madrid remains the capital.
	11 November	Due to Angola achieving independence, Angolan Forces invaded the Republic of Cabinda, successfully taking it back.
	14 November	The Spanish State relinquishes control of Spanish Sahara. Both the Kingdom of Morocco and the Islamic Republic of Mauritania annex the region, now known as Western Sahara.
	11 November	The State of Angola gains independence from the Portuguese Republic as the People's Republic of Angola. Luanda remains the capital.
	16 September	The Territory of Papua and New Guinea gains independence from the Commonwealth of Australia as the Independent State of Papua New Guinea. Port Moresby remains the capital.
	1 September	The Republic of North Solomons declares independence from Australia. Buka is the capital.
	1 August	The Republic of Cabinda declares independence from Portugal with little recognition. Cabinda is the capital.
	12 July	São Tomé and Príncipe gain independence from the Portuguese Republic as the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe. The city of São Tomé remains the capital.
	6 July	The Comoros gain independence from the French Republic as the State of Comoros. Moroni on Grande Comore remains the capital.
	5 July	Cabo Verde gains independence from the Portuguese Republic as the Republic of Cape Verde. Praia on Santiago remains the capital.
	25 June	Mozambique gains independence from the Portuguese Republic as the People's Republic of Mozambique. Lourenço Marques remains the capital.
	16 May	The Kingdom of Sikkim unites with India as the State of Sikkim.
	30 April	The Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam supersedes the Republic of Vietnam. The name of the capital is changed from Saigon to Ho Chi Minh City.
		The capital of Malawi is moved from Zomba to Lilongwe.
	17 April	Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia) supersedes the Khmer Republic. Phnom Penh remains the capital.
1974	13 December	The Republic of Malta supersedes the State of Malta. Valletta remains the capital.
	19 October	Niue becomes a state in free association with New Zealand, sharing New Zealand citizenship.
	10 September	The Republic of Guinea changes its name to the Republic of Guinea-Bissau and moves its capital from Madina do Boe to Bissau. The Portuguese Republic recognizes the independence of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau.
	16 August	The Turkish army reaches the United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus, gaining about 40% of the territory of the island of Cyprus, after the invasion started on 20 July.
	29 June	The Tanna Nation is taken back by the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium.
	28 June	The Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia (Derg) supersedes the Ethiopian Empire. Addis Ababa remains the capital.
	24 March	The Tanna Nation declares independence from the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium.
	22 February	The Islamic Republic of Pakistan recognizes the independence of the People's Republic of Bangladesh.
	7 February	Grenada gains independence from the United Kingdom. St. George's remains the capital.
	4 January	The Union of Burma changes its name to the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma. Yangon remains the capital until 2005.
1973	19 November	Uruguay recognizes Martín García Island as Argentine.
	24 September	Portuguese Guinea declares its independence from the Portuguese Republic as the Republic of Guinea. Recognition is limited. Madina do Boe is the temporary capital.
	17 July	The Republic of Afghanistan supersedes the Kingdom of Afghanistan. Kabul remains the capital.
	10 July	The Bahamas gain independence from the United Kingdom as the Commonwealth of The Bahamas. Nassau remains the capital.
	10 July	The United Kingdom changes the name of its Crown Colony of British Honduras to the Crown Colony of Belize. Belmopan remains the capital.
	1 June	The Kingdom of Greece is renamed the Hellenic Republic.
		In The Gambia, the capital of Bathurst is renamed Banjul.
1972	2 June	The United Republic of Cameroon supersedes the Federal Republic of Cameroon. Yaoundé remains the capital.
	22 May	The Dominion of Ceylon changes its name to the Free, Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka. Colombo remains the capital until 1982.
	14 May	The Ryukyu Islands are returned to Japan.
	10 February	The emirate of Ras al-Khaimah joins the United Arab Emirates. The city of Ras al-Khaimah yields to Abu Dhabi as the capital.
	10 February	The Island of Rockall Act 1972 formally incorporates Rockall into the United Kingdom.
		The capital of Indonesia, Djakarta, is renamed Jakarta.
1971	2 December	The Trucial States gain full independence from the United Kingdom as the United Arab Emirates. Abu Dhabi is the capital.
	27 October	The Democratic Republic of the Congo changes its name to the Republic of Zaire. Kinshasa remains the capital.
	25 October	The Republic of China was replaced in the United Nations by the People's Republic of China.
	3 September	Qatar gains full independence from the United Kingdom as the State of Qatar. Doha remains the capital.
	1 September	The Arab Republic of Egypt supersedes the United Arab Republic. Cairo remains the capital.
	16 August	Bahrain gains full independence from the United Kingdom as the State of Bahrain. Manama remains the capital.
	19 April	Sierra Leone is renamed the Republic of Sierra Leone.
	26 March	The People's Republic of Bangladesh declares its independence from the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Dhaka is the capital.
1970	1 December	The People's Republic of South Yemen changes its name to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen. Aden remains the capital.
	10 October	Fiji gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Dominion of Fiji. Suva remains the capital.
	9 August	The Sultanate of Muscat and Oman is renamed the Sultanate of Oman.
	1 August	The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of British Honduras from Belize City to Belmopan.
	4 June	The Kingdom of Tonga gains full independence from the United Kingdom. Nukuʻalofa remains the capital.
	4 June	The Gambia is renamed the Republic of the Gambia.
	18 March	The Khmer Republic (Cambodia) supersedes the Kingdom of Cambodia. Phnom Penh is the capital.
	2 March	Rhodesia (Southern Rhodesia) unilaterally declares itself the Republic of Rhodesia. Salisbury remains the capital.
	2 March	Guyana is renamed the Co-operative Republic of Guyana.
	15 January	The Republic of Biafra capitulates and is reabsorbed by the military junta controlled Federal Republic of Nigeria. Enugu falls to Lagos.
	3 January	The Republic of the Congo is renamed the People's Republic of the Congo.

1960s

Year	Date	Event
1969	18 December	The Saudi–Kuwaiti neutral zone is divided and the border between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait is defined.
	21 October	The Somali Democratic Republic supersedes the Somali Republic. Mogadishu remains the capital.
	1 September	Following a coup d'état led by Muammar Gaddafi, the Kingdom of Libya becomes the Libyan Arab Republic.
	25 May	The Democratic Republic of the Sudan supersedes the Republic of the Sudan. Khartoum remains the capital.
	19 March	The Republic of Anguilla is taken back by the United Kingdom.
	4 January	Ifni is ceded to Morocco.
1968	11 November	The Republic of Maldives supersedes the Sultanate of Maldives. Male remains the capital.
	12 October	Spanish Guinea gains independence from the Spanish State as the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. Malabo remains the capital.
	6 September	The Kingdom of Swaziland gains full independence from the United Kingdom. Mbabane is the capital.
	26 June	The Allied-occupied Bonin-Volcano Islands are given back to Japan.
	12 March	Mauritius gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Mauritius. Port Louis remains the capital.
	31 January	Nauru gains independence from a United Nations trusteeship jointly administered by the Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom as the Republic of Nauru. Yaren remains the de facto capital.
1967	7 November	South Yemen declares its independence from the United Kingdom as the People's Republic of South Yemen. Aden is the capital.
	20 September	The Republic of Benin is taken over by Nigeria.
	19 September	The Republic of Benin becomes a puppet state that has no recognition from the parent state (Biafra).
	8 September	Uganda is renamed the Republic of Uganda.
	17 August	Biafra takes over the Benin region.
	14 August	The capital of Pakistan is moved from Rawalpindi to Islamabad.
	12 July	The Republic of Anguilla declares independence from the United Kingdom.
	5 July	French Somaliland is renamed the French Territory of the Afars and Issas.
	10 June	Israel captures the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from the United Arab Republic (Egypt), the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria as a result of the Six-Day War.
	30 May	The Republic of Biafra secedes from the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Enugu is the capital. Recognized by Gabon, Ivory Coast, Tanzania, and Zambia.
	24 January	The Republic of the United States of Brazil changes its name to the Federative Republic of Brazil. Brasilia remains the capital.
1966	30 November	Barbados gains independence from the United Kingdom. Bridgetown remains the capital.
	28 November	The Republic of Burundi supersedes the Kingdom of Burundi. Bujumbura remains the capital.
	24 November	The Río Encuentro-Alto Palena Dispute between the Republic of Chile and the Argentine Republic is defined by arbitration by Elizabeth II.
	4 October	The Crown Colony of the Territory of Basutoland gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Kingdom of Lesotho. Maseru remains the capital.
	30 September	Bechuanaland gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Botswana. Gaborone remains the capital.
	6 July	Nyasaland gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Malawi. Lilongwe remains the capital.
	30 June	The Democratic Republic of the Congo changes the name of its capital from Léopoldville to Kinshasa.
	26 May	The Crown Colony of British Guiana gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Co-operative Republic of Guyana. Georgetown remains the capital.
1965	11 November	The Cabinet of Southern Rhodesia issues its Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom as Rhodesia, which goes unrecognized. Salisbury remains the capital.
	8 November	The United Kingdom creates the British Indian Ocean Territory from the Chagos Archipelago in Mauritius and the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches from Seychelles, as Mauritius claims the Chagos Archipelago.
	21 August	The Romanian People's Republic changes its name to Socialist Republic of Romania. Bucharest remains the capital.
	9 August	The Republic of Singapore secedes from Malaysia. Singapore remains the capital.
	4 August	The Cook Islands become a state in free association with New Zealand, sharing citizenship.
	26 July	The British Protectorate over the Sultanate of Maldives ends. Male remains the capital.
	18 February	The Gambia gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Republic of the Gambia. Banjul remains the capital.
1964	12 December	Kenya is renamed the Republic of Kenya.
	1 November	The United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar changes its name to the United Republic of Tanzania. Dar-es-Salaam remains the capital.
	24 October	Northern Rhodesia gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Zambia. Lusaka remains the capital.
	21 September	The Crown Colony of Malta gains independence from the United Kingdom as the State of Malta. Valletta remains the capital.
	1 August	The Republic of the Congo (Congo-Léopoldville) changes its name to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Léopoldville remains the capital.
	6 July	Malawi gains independence from the United Kingdom. Lilongwe remains the capital.
	26 April	The Republic of Tanganyika and the Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba unite to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. Zanzibar City yields to Dar-es-Salaam as the capital.
	4 March	The United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus is established in the Republic of Cyprus between Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities.
1963	31 December	The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland is divided into Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, and Nyasaland.
	15 December	The Spanish colonies of Fernando Pó and Río Muni merge to form Spanish Guinea.
	12 December	The Republic of Kenya gains independence from the United Kingdom. Nairobi remains the capital.
	10 December	Independence of the Sultanate of Zanzibar from the United Kingdom.
	1 October	The Federation of Nigeria is renamed the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
	23 September	The United Suvadive Republic is reunited with the Sultanate of Maldives. Hithadhoo yields to Male as the capital.
	16 September	The Federation of Malaya unites with the British colonies of Singapore, Sarawak, and British North Borneo (Sabah) to form Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur remains the capital.
	31 August	The Republic of Singapore gains independence from the United Kingdom.
	30 June	The Kingdom of Rwenzururu declares independence from Uganda with no recognition.
	1 May	The United Nations Temporary Executive Authority in New Guinea is transferred to Indonesia.
	25 April	The Kingdom of Libya supersedes the United Kingdom of Libya. Tripoli remains the capital.
	7 April	The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia changes its name to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Belgrade remains the capital.
	3 March	The disputed area of the Trans-Karakoram Tract is given to China by Pakistan, although India still claims it.
	15 January	Katanga is taken back by Congo (Léopoldville).
		The Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba gains independence from the United Kingdom. Zanzibar City remains the capital.
1962	9 December	Tanganyika is renamed the Republic of Tanganyika.
	21 November	The disputed area of the Aksai Chin is given to China by Pakistan, although India still claims it.
	14 November	Eritrea becomes a province of the Ethiopian Empire, losing the autonomy it had under federation.
	9 October	The Republic of Uganda gains independence from the United Kingdom. Kampala remains the capital.
	1 October	Netherlands New Guinea is transferred to the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority.
	27 September	Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (North Yemen) is overthrown by the Yemen Arab Republic. San'a becomes the capital.
	26 September	The capital of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen is moved from Ta'izz to Sana'a.
	25 September	Algeria becomes the People's Democratic Algerian Republic. Algiers remains the capital.
	31 August	The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago gains independence from the United Kingdom. Port of Spain remains the capital.
	6 August	The United Kingdom creates the Crown Colony of the Cayman Islands. George Town is the capital.
		The Crown Colony of Jamaica gains independence from the United Kingdom. Kingston remains the capital.
	3 July	The French overseas department of Algeria gains independence from the French Republic. Algiers remains the capital.
	1 July	The Kingdom of Burundi and the Republic of Rwanda gain independence from the Kingdom of Belgium. Bujumbura and Kigali are the respective capitals.
	31 May	The West Indies Federation is dissolved and member states return to their status as parts of the British West Indies. Chaguaramas yields to London as the capital. Changes include the following: The Cayman Islands are split from Jamaica. Barbados, Jamaica, Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Turks and Caicos Islands become their own separate British colonies. The British Leeward Islands are further dissolved into the British colonies of Antigua and Barbuda, Montserrat, and Saint Kitts and Nevis. The British Windward Islands are further dissolved into the British colonies of Dominica, Grenada, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
	3 March	The United Kingdom officially gives the territory claimed in Antarctica an entity, the British Antarctic Territory, although this is suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.
	1 January	The Independent State of Western Samoa gains independence from New Zealand. Apia remains the capital.
1961	28 December	The Syrian Arab Republic secedes from the United Arab Republic, leaving Egypt as the sole member of the federation. Cairo remains the capital of the UAR. Damascus is again the capital of Syria.
	19 December	The Republic of India annexes Goa, Daman and Diu from Portuguese India.
	9 December	The Republic of Tanganyika gains independence from the United Kingdom. Dar-es-Salaam remains the capital.
	1 December	The Netherlands New Guinea is renamed West Papua.
	1 October	The southern portion of the British Cameroons gains independence from the United Kingdom and unites with the Republic of Cameroun to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. Yaoundé remains the capital.
	28 September	In the United Arab States, Syria leaves the United Arab Republic and returns to the name of the Syrian Arab Republic.
		The Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli joins India, as Portugal ceases to claim it.
		Portugal cedes São João Baptista de Ajudá to Dahomey.
		Portuguese fort São João Baptista de Ajudá (now Ouidah) is annexed by Dahomey.
	23 June	The Antarctic Treaty System enters force to administer the continent of Antarctica and all lands and waters south of the 60th parallel south.
	19 June	The State of Kuwait gains independence from the United Kingdom. Kuwait City remains the capital.
	31 May	The Union of South Africa ceases to be a Commonwealth realm and changes its name to the Republic of South Africa. Pretoria, Cape Town and Bloemfontein remain the capitals.
		Northern British Cameroon joins Nigeria.
	27 April	The Republic of Sierra Leone gains independence from the United Kingdom. Freetown remains the capital.
	14 January	India annexes Portuguese India, and Portugal maintains its claims to it.
1960	28 November	The Islamic Republic of Mauritania gains independence from the French Republic. Nouakchott remains the capital.
	1 October	The Federation of Nigeria gains independence from the United Kingdom. Lagos remains the capital.
	22 September	The Republic of Mali gains independence from the French Republic. Bamako remains the capital.
	20 August	The Republic of Senegal gains independence from the French Republic. Dakar remains the capital.
	17 August	The Gabonese Republic (Gabon) gains independence from the French Republic. Libreville remains the capital.
	16 August	The Republic of Cyprus gains independence from the United Kingdom. Lefkosia (Nicosia) remains the capital. The United Kingdom retains control of Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
	15 August	The Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville) gains independence from the French Republic. Brazzaville remains the capital.
	13 August	The Central African Republic gains independence from the French Republic. Bangui remains the capital.
	11 August	The Republic of Chad gains independence from the French Republic. N'Djamena remains the capital.
	7 August	The Côte d'Ivoire gains independence from the French Republic. Abidjan remains the capital.
	5 August	The Republic of Upper Volta gains independence from the French Republic. Ouagadougou remains the capital.
	3 August	The Republic of Niger gains independence from the French Republic. Niamey remains the capital.
	1 August	The Republic of Dahomey gains independence from the French Republic. Porto-Novo remains the capital.
		The capital of Pakistan is moved from Karachi to Rawalpindi.
	11 July	The Czechoslovak Republic changes its name to the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. Prague remains the capital.
		The State of Katanga declares independence from the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) with no recognition.
	1 July	The Somali Republic (Somalia) is created from a merger of the former colonies of British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland. Mogadishu is the capital.
	30 June	The Belgian Congo gains independence from the Kingdom of Belgium as the Republic of the Congo (Congo-Léopoldville). Léopoldville remains the capital.
	26 June	The Malagasy Republic (Madagascar) gains independence from the French Republic. Antananarivo remains the capital.
	20 June	Independence of French Sudan from France with Senegal as the Mali Federation.
	27 April	The Togolese Republic (Togo) gains independence from the French Republic. Lomé remains the capital.
	21 April	The Republic of the United States of Brazil moves its capital from Rio de Janeiro to Brasília.
	1 January	The Republic of Cameroun gains independence from the French Republic. Yaoundé remains the capital.
		The British Virgin Islands become a separate colony from the West Indies Federation.

1950s

Year	Date	Event
1959	4 July	In the West Indies Federation, the Turks and Caicos Islands become a separate colony from Jamaica.
	30 June	Fernando Pó and Río Muni are merged to form Spanish Guinea.
	4 April	In French Africa, the colonies of Senegal and Soudan merge to form the Mali Federation.
	3 January	The United Suvadive Republic secedes from the Sultanate of Maldives. Hithadhoo is the capital.
1958	19 December	The French Colony of Niger joins the French Community.
	11 December	The French Colony of Upper Volta joins the French Community.
	8 December	Sovereignty over Gwadar is transferred from the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman to Pakistan.
	4 December	The French Colony of Dahomey joins the French Community.
		The French Colony of Ivory Coast joins the French Community.
	1 December	The French Colony of Ubangi-Shari joins the French Community as the Central African Republic.
	28 November	The following French colonies join the newly created French Community: Chad Congo Gabon Mauritania Senegal French Sudan (as Soudan)
	15 October	The Malagasy Republic (Madagascar) gains autonomy within the French Community. Antananarivo is the capital.
	2 October	The Republic of Guinea gains independence from the French Republic. Conakry is the capital.
	1 October	Sovereignty over Christmas Island is transferred from the United Kingdom to Australia.
	14 July	The Republic of Iraq and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan are created from the dissolution of the Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan. Baghdad remains the capital of Iraq. Amman is again the capital of Jordan.
	10 April	Spanish West Africa is disestablished: The province of Ifni becomes a separate colony. The province of Cape Juby is ceded to Morocco. The provinces of Río de Oro and Saguia el-Hamra become Spanish Sahara.
	8 March	The United Arab States are created from Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (North Yemen) and the United Arab Republic.
	22 February	The Egyptian Republic and the Syrian Arab Republic unite to form the United Arab Republic. Damascus yields to Cairo as the capital.
		The French-administered United Nations Trust Territory of French Togoland is renamed Togo.
	14 February	The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan unite to form the Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan. Amman yields to Baghdad as the capital.
	12 January	Ifni is separated from Spanish West Africa.
	3 January	The United Kingdom establishes the West Indies Federation as a federation of most of the British West Indies, excluding the British Virgin Islands and the Bahamas. The de jure capital is Chaguaramas on Trinidad and the de facto capital is Port of Spain on Trinidad.
1957	31 August	The Federation of Malaya gains independence from the United Kingdom. Kuala Lumpur is the capital.
	14 August	The Sherifian Empire is renamed the Kingdom of Morocco.
	25 July	The Tunisian Realm is renamed the Tunisian Republic.
	6 March	The Republic of Ghana gains independence from the United Kingdom. Accra is the capital.
	1 January	Saar is given to West Germany as the state of Saarland.
1956	13 December	British Togoland is merged into the Gold Coast.
	29 October	The Tangier International Zone under joint administration of France, Spain, the United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal, and Belgium is reintegrated into Morocco.
	18 June	The Egyptian Republic declares its complete independence from the United Kingdom. Cairo remains the capital.
	7 April	Spanish Morocco becomes part of Morocco.
	23 March	Pakistan adopts a new constitution and changes its name to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Karachi remains the capital.
	20 March	The Tunisian Republic gains independence from the French Republic. Tunis is the capital.
	2 March	The Kingdom of Morocco gains independence from the French Republic. Rabat is the capital.
	1 January	The Republic of Sudan gains independence from the United Kingdom. Khartoum is the capital. Egypt relinquishes its claim to Sudan.
1955		The Kingdom of Bhutan makes Thimphu the sole capital.
	20 December	Cardiff is recognised as the official capital of Wales. From 1689-1955 the country did not have an official capital. Its last capital, Ludlow, had been the last administrative capital and seat of the Council of Wales and the Marches from 1472 and 1689.
	23 November	The United Kingdom gives the Cocos (Keeling) Islands to Australia.
	26 October	The State of Vietnam is renamed the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam).
	18 September	Rockall is officially claimed by the United Kingdom.
	6 August	The French overseas territory of Adélie Land and the Malagasy dependencies of the Crozet Islands, the Kerguelen Islands, and the Saint-Paul and Amsterdam merge to form the French Southern and Antarctic Lands
	15 May	The Republic of Austria regains its independence. Allied occupation ends. Vienna is the capital.
1954	20 December	The French Republic recognizes the independence of the Kingdom of Cambodia. Phnom Penh remains the capital.
	15 December	The Kingdom of the Netherlands makes the Netherlands Territory of Curaçao one of its three constituent countries as the Netherlands Antilles. Willemstad on Curaçao remains the capital.
		The Kingdom of the Netherlands makes the Netherlands Territory of Surinam one of its three constituent countries as Suriname. Paramaribo remains the capital.
	26 October	The Free Territory of Trieste is divided between Italy and Yugoslavia.
	11 August	The Republic of India annexes Dadra and Nagar Haveli from the Portuguese India.
	2 August	In the Free Dadra, the capital is moved from Dadra to Silvassa.
	27 July	The Free Dadra declared independence from Portugal, with recognition only from India.
	7 March	The Sultanate of Maldives supersedes the Republic of Maldives. Male remains the capital.
	20 July	The French Republic recognizes the independence of Vietnam divided between the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). Hanoi and Saigon are the respective capitals.
	15 April	The Geneva Accords grant independence to Vietnam, which is provisionally divided into North Vietnam and South Vietnam.
1953	9 November	The Kingdom of Cambodia declares its independence from the French Republic. Phnom Penh is the capital.
	22 October	The Kingdom of Laos (Laos) gains independence from the French Republic. Vientiane is the capital.
	1 August	The British colonies of Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, and Nyasaland merge to form Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
	27 July	The Korean Armistice Agreement is signed, establishing the Korean Demilitarized Zone along the border between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea).
	13 June	The Egyptian Republic supersedes the Kingdom of Egypt. Cairo remains the capital.
	15 April	The United States of Venezuela is renamed the Republic of Venezuela.
	12 January	The Estonian Government in Exile is established, in parallel to Estonian diplomatic legations abroad. They are later both declared as keepers of the legal continuity of the restored Republic of Estonia.
	1 January	The Republic of Maldives supersedes the Sultanate of Maldives. Male remains the capital.
1952	17 October	The unrecognized Republic of the South Moluccas is taken back over by Indonesia.
	15 September	Italian Eritrea is federated within the Ethiopian Empire.
	25 July	The Territory of Puerto Rico becomes the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico upon ratification of the Constitution of Puerto Rico, choosing free association with the United States of America. San Juan remains the capital.
	22 July	The Republic of Poland changes its name to the Polish People's Republic. Warsaw remains the capital.
	28 April	End of the Allied occupation of Japan.
1951	24 December	The United Kingdom of Libya gains independence from a United Nations trusteeship, previously having been divided into the independent Emirate of Cyrenaica, British-administered Tripolitania and the French Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames. Tripoli is the capital.
	11 June	Due to Portuguese colonies being reorganized as overseas provinces, Portuguese East Africa is renamed Mozambique and Portuguese West Africa is renamed Angola.
	23 May	The unrecognized state of Tibet is incorporated into the People's Republic of China.
	15 February	The Republic of Poland and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics exchange territory along their common border.
1950	5 December	The Kingdom of Sikkim signs a protectorate treaty with India, becoming a part of it.
	17 August	The Republic of the United States of Indonesia becomes a unitary state and changes its name back to the Republic of Indonesia. Jakarta remains the capital.
	25 April	The Republic of the South Moluccas declares independence from Indonesia with no recognition.
	26 January	India adopts a republican constitution and changes its name to the Republic of India. New Delhi remains the capital.

1940s

Year	Date	Event
1949	27 December	The Republic of Indonesia becomes a federation as the Republic of the United States of Indonesia and its independence is formally recognised by the Netherlands. The capital returns to Jakarta from Yogyakarta.
	8 December	The government of the Republic of China leaves Mainland China for Taiwan where the regime is based today. Taipei becomes the de facto capital.
	5 December	The State of Israel declares Jerusalem its official capital. Tel Aviv continues to serve as the de facto capital.
	21 November	The British administered protectorates of the Emirate of Cyrenaica, the occuptied territory of Tripolitania, and the French occupied territory of Fezzan merge to form a jointly administered Libya.
	8 November	The remains of French Indochina form the French-administered Kingdom of Cambodia.
	6 November	The Australian administered Territory of New Guinea and the Territory of Papua merge to form the Territory of Papua and New Guinea.
	November	The British-occupied territory of Italian Somaliland is transferred to Italy as the Trust Territory of Somalia.
	20 October	The Soviet-backed East Turkestan Republic is taken over by the People's Republic of China.
	7 October	The German Democratic Republic (East Germany) is established in occupied eastern Germany. East Berlin is the capital.
	1 October	Mao Zedong proclaims the People's Republic of China. Beijing is the capital.
	9 September	The Kingdom of Tripura merges with India.
	20 August	The Hungarian People's Republic supersedes the Hungarian Republic. Budapest remains the capital.
	8 August	The Indian protectorate of the Kingdom of Bhutan declares independence.
	19 July	The area of Laos in French Indochina becomes a separate entity under France as the Kingdom of Laos.
	20 June	The 1948 Arab–Israeli War ends, resulting in former mandate territory split among Israel, Jordan, and Egypt.
	14 June	The area of Vietnam in French Indochina becomes a separate entity under France as the State of Vietnam, though North Vietnam still claims independence.
	23 May	The Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and West Berlin are established in the U.S., British, and French occupation zones of Germany. Bonn is the capital.
	11 May	The Kingdom of Siam changes its name back to the Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok remains the capital.
	3 April	The Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan is renamed the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.
	31 March	The Dominion of Newfoundland joins Canada as the Province of Newfoundland following the Newfoundland referendums. St. John's yields to Ottawa as the capital.
	10 March	As a result of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Israel captures half of the land allotted to an Arab state under the Partition Plan, Jordan occupies the West Bank, and Egypt occupies the Gaza Strip.
	2 March	In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of Central Java is established.
	1 March	The Emirate of Cyrenaica is created from part of the British Military Administration of Libya. The capital is Benghazi.
1948	26 November	In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of East Java is established.
	20 September	The Dutch colony of Curaçao and Dependencies is renamed the Netherlands Antilles, as the dependencies gain equality in level of sovereignty.
	12 September	The State of Hyderabad is annexed by India.
	9 September	Korea is divided between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea). Pyongyang and Seoul are the respective capitals.
	30 August	In the Dutch East Indies, the State of South Sumatra is established.
	15 August	Establishment of the Republic of Korea out of British/American/United Nations occupied Korea (South Korea).
	17 July	The Republic of the Philippines moves its capital from Manila to Quezon City.
	14 May	The State of Israel is established upon the termination of the British Mandate for Palestine. Tel Aviv is the capital.
	25 April	In the Dutch East Indies, the State of West Java is renamed the Sundanese State.
	18 April	Ireland is declared a republic.
	1 April	The Faroe Islands becomes a self-governing dependency.
	27 March	Kalat State is integrated into the Dominion of Pakistan.
	26 February	In the Dutch East Indies, the State of West Java is created.
	4 February	The Crown Colony of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Dominion of Ceylon. Colombo remains the capital until 1982.
		In the Dutch East Indies, the Siak Besar Territory is renamed the Federation of East Kalimantan.
	30 January	In the United Kingdom, the Malayan Union is renamed the Federation of Malaya.
	23 January	In the Dutch East Indies, the states of Bangka Council, the Belitung Council, and the Riau Council are merged as the Bangka Belitung and Riau Federation.
		In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous State of Madura is created.
	14 January	In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of the Territory of Banjar is created.
	4 January	The Union of Burma gains independence from the United Kingdom. Yangon (British Rangoon) is the capital until 2005.
		The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (North Yemen) moves its capital from Sana'a to Taiz.
1947	30 December	The Romanian People's Republic supersedes the Kingdom of Romania. Bucharest remains the capital.
	26 December	Sovereignty over the Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands is transferred from the United Kingdom to Australia.
	25 December	In the Dutch East Indies, the Special Territory of East Sumatra is renamed the State of East Sumatra.
	15 December	France claims the Saar as a protectorate from occupied Germany.
	25 November	The Dominion of New Zealand ceases to be a dominion of the British Empire.
	1 November	The League of Nations Mandate of Nauru is transferred as a United Nations Trust Territory.
	27 October	The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir is divided between India and Pakistan.
	16 October	Seven of the Turtle Islands are ceded to the Philippines by the United Kingdom.
	8 October	In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of the Special Territory of East Sumatra is created.
	15 September	The Free Territory of Trieste is created in Central Europe.
	27 August	In the Dutch East Indies, the Siak Besar Territory is created.
	15 August	The Dominion of India gains independence from the United Kingdom. New Delhi is the capital.
	14 August	The Dominion of Pakistan gains independence from the United Kingdom. Karachi is the capital.
	12 August	Independence of the Balochistan (Kalat State) from the United Kingdom.
	18 July	The South Pacific (League of Nations) Mandate, governed by Japan, is transferred to the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, administered by the United States.
	12 July	In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous states of Bangka Council and Riau Council are created.
	12 May	In the Dutch East Indies, the Federation of West Kalimantan is renamed the Special Territory of West Kalimantan.
	3 May	The new Constitution of Japan is adopted, dissolving the Greater Japanese Empire.
	10 February	The Italian Republic returns its concession in Tientsin to the Republic of China.
	25 January	The New Zealand-administered League of Nations Mandate of Western Samoa is transferred as a United Nations Trust Territory.
	8 January	In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of the Federation of South Kalimantan is established.
1946	27 December	In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous State of Great East is renamed the State of East Indonesia.
	24 December	In the Dutch East Indies, the State of Great East is established.
	15 December	The Soviet-occupied area of the Republic of Mahabad is returned to Iran.
	10 December	In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous Belitung Council is established.
	8 December	The League of Nations Mandate of the Territory of New Guinea is transferred as a United Nations Trust Territory, administered by Australia.
	7 December	In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of Dayak Besar is established.
	December	Several League of Nations Mandates in Africa are transferred as United Nations Trust Territories: 16 December — British Cameroons and Cameroun (French-administered) 13 December — British Togoland, French Togoland, and the Belgian-administered Ruanda-Urundi 11 December — Tanganyika Territory is renamed Tanganyika (British-administered)
	November	The Soviet-occupied area of the Azerbaijan People's Government is returned to Iran.
	27 October	The French Republic elevates its unhabited possession of Adélie Land to an overseas territory.
		The French Republic elevates its colonies of French Equatorial Africa, French West Africa, and Madagascar to overseas territories; the French colony of Comoros is separated from Madagascar; and French Somaliland is renamed the Territory of French Somaliland.
		The French Republic elevates its French Establishments in India to an overseas territory.
		The French Establishments in Oceania are renamed the French Settlements in Oceania.
		New Caledonia and Dependencies is renamed the Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies.
		Saint Pierre and Miquelon is renamed the Territory of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
	22 October	In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of the Federation of West Kalimantan is established.
	14 October	The Provisional Government of the French Republic is renamed the French Republic. Paris remains the capital.
	15 September	The People's Republic of Bulgaria supersedes the Tsardom of Bulgaria. Sofia is the capital.
	26 July	The Spanish colonies of Ifni and Spanish Sahara merge to form Spanish West Africa.
	13 July	In Montenegro (then part of Yugoslavia), the city of Podgorica is renamed Titograd.
	4 July	The Republic of the Philippines gains independence from the United States of America. Manila is the capital until 1948.
		In the Soviet Union, the city of Königsberg is renamed Kaliningrad.
	2 June	The Kingdom of Italy is renamed the Italian Republic.
	25 May	The Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan gains independence from a British League of Nations Mandate. Amman is the capital.
	1 April	The colony of the Malayan Union is formed from the following protectorates: Federated Malay States State of Johor Darul Ta'zim State of Kedah Darul Aman State of Kelantan Darul State of Perlis Indera Kayangan State of Terengganu Darul Iman Straits Settlements (Singapore becomes a separate crown colony)
	19 March	The French Republic elevates its colonies of Algeria and Réunion to overseas departments.
		The French Republic elevates its colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique to overseas departments.
		The French Republic elevates its colony of Guyane (French Guiana) to an overseas department.
	28 February	The following French concessions are ceded to the Republic of China: Shanghai Tientsin Kouang-Tchéou-Wan (renamed Zhanjiang)
	1 February	The Hungarian Republic supersedes the Hungarian Kingdom. Budapest remains the capital.
	22 January	The Soviet Union occupies part of northwestern Iran, and that area forms the puppet state of the Republic of Mahabad.
	11 January	The People's Republic of Albania supersedes the Democratic Government of Albania. Tirana remains the capital.
	4 January	The Republic of Indonesia moves its capital from Jakarta to Yogyakarta.
1945	29 December	The Netherlands New Guinea is separated from the Dutch East Indies.
	26 December	The Republic of Poland becomes independent.
	2 December	The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia supersedes the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Belgrade remains the capital.
	29 November	The Democratic Federal Yugoslavia is renamed the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. Belgrade remains the capital.
	November	The Soviet Union invades northwest Iran and creates the puppet state of the Azerbaijan People's Government.
	25 October	Taiwan is returned to the Republic of China.
	17 October	The Soviet Union annexes northern East Prussia.
	16 October	The Japanese puppet state of the Kingdom of Cambodia is taken over by France and put back under French Indochina.
	10 October	In occupied Japan, Banaba Island is given back over by the Gilbert and Ellice Islands under the United Kingdom.
	7 October	In occupied Japan, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are given back to the British Raj.
	October	In occupied Japan, Christmas Island is given back to the United Kingdom.
	23 September	The Kingdom of Laos, which was under Japanese occupation, is taken back by France as part of French Indochina.
	16 September	The British occupation of the Faroe Islands ends and is handed back to Denmark.
	15 September	The Soviet Union's occupation of the People's Republic of Korea ends.
	13 September	Nauru is taken over by Allied forces and placed under a United Nations trusteeship administered by Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.
	12 September	Malaya is given back to the United Kingdom from occupied Japan and is split into the Federated Malay States and the State of Johor Darul Ta'zim.
		Syonan-to is taken back over by the United Kingdom from Japan as the Straits Settlements. Singapore is the capital.
	11 September	In occupied Japan, Timor is split between the Portuguese East Timor and the Dutch West Timor.
	10 September	Bourneo Kita and the occupation of the British protectorate of the Kingdom of Sarawak are taken back over by the United Kingdom as North Borneo.
	9 September	The Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China is taken over by the Republic of China.
	8 September	The Kingdom of Thailand changes its name back to the Kingdom of Siam. Bangkok remains the capital.
		The following states are freed from the Empire of Japan (which becomes occupied by Allied forces) and become their own states from Malaya: State of Kedah Darul Aman State of Kelantan Darul Naim State of Perlis Indera Kayangan State of Terengganu Darul Iman
	4 September	The United States occupies Wake Island from Japan.
	3 September	The United States occupies the Bonin Islands and Volcano Islands from Japan.
	2 September	The Democratic Republic of Vietnam declares its independence from the French Republic. Hanoi is the capital.
		The Empire of Japan surrenders to Allied Forces.
		The capital of the Republic of China is moved from Chungking back to Nanking.
	September	The concessions in Shanghai, Tientsin, and Kouang-Tchéou-Wan are re-controlled by France.
	30 August	Bảo Đại abdicates. End of the Nguyễn dynasty in Vietnam.
	28 August	British Hong Kong becomes a crown colony.
	22 August	The Kwantung Leased Territory is returned to the Republic of China.
	18 August	The Japanese create a separate political entity for the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
	17 August	The Republic of Indonesia declares its independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Jakarta is the capital.
		The Commonwealth of the Philippines takes over the Japanese-occupied independent Republic of the Philippines.
	16 August	Hong Kong is liberated from Japan by Allied forces and put under British rule.
	15 August	Korea gains independence from the Empire of Japan. Seoul is the capital.
		The Great Empire of Manchuria is taken over by the Soviet Union.
		French Indochina is recovered by France.
	11 August	The Japanese-occupied Empire of Vietnam is taken back over by France.
	29 June	A treaty is signed between the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia having the Soviet Union annex Subcarpathian Ruthenia.
	14 June	The State of Brunei is retaken by the United Kingdom and is classified as a protectorate.
	13 May	The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia is integrated back into Czechoslovakia.
	9 May	Reichskommissariat Norwegen (Norway) is liberated by Allied forces and its possessions are returned (Bouvet Island, Peter I Island, and Queen Maud Land).
		The Channel Islands are liberated from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom as the Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Bailiwick of Jersey.
	8 May	Nazi Germany surrenders to the Allied Forces.
		The Independent State of Croatia is taken over by Allied forces and given back to Yugoslavia.
	7 May	The Dodecanese Islands are taken over by Allied forces and given to Greece.
	5 May	The occupation of the Kingdom of Denmark by the Flensburg Government ends. Greenland is returned to Denmark from United States protection.
		The Reichskommissariat Niederlande (the Netherlands) is liberated and merged with the colonies loyal to the government-in-exile of Curaçao and Dependencies and the Surinam to form the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
	1 May	Following the death of Adolf Hitler and the Allied victory in the Battle of Berlin, the government of Nazi Germany is moved to Flensburg and the Flensburg Government is created.
	27 April	The second Republic of Austria is established in occupied Austria. Vienna is the capital. The independence is recognised by the Allied Forces.
	25 April	The Italian Social Republic is recovered from Nazi Germany and given to the Kingdom of Italy.
	8 April	The Kingdom of Laos declares independence under Japanese occupation, while Japanese Indochina ceases to exist as a political entity.
	4 April	The Slovak Republic is liberated and given to the Czechoslovak Republic.
	3 April	The Czechoslovak Republic is liberated from Nazi Germany.
		The United States takes over the Ryukyu Islands and administers it as the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands.
	27 March	The State of Burma is taken back over by Allied forces and becomes the British crown colony of Burma.
	20 March	France regains Alsace-Lorraine.
	18 March	The Kingdom of Cambodia declares independence from Japan under its occupation.
	11 March	The Empire of Vietnam declares independence from Japan under its occupation.
	8 March	The Kingdom of Hungary is liberated from Nazi Germany.
	17 January	The Polish area of the General Government is liberated from Nazi Germany by the Allied Forces.
1944	17 June	The Kingdom of Iceland ends its personal union with the Kingdom of Denmark and becomes a republic. Reykjavík remains the capital.
	31 December	The Republic of Poland gains independence.
	15 December	The Kingdom of Montenegro, a puppet state of the Italian Social Republic (itself a puppet state of Nazi Germany), is taken over by Allied forces.
	13 November	The Independent State of Macedonia is liberated from the Axis powers, and Yugoslavia takes it back.
	12 November	The East Turkestan Republic declares independence from the Republic of China.
	3 November	The Hellenic State is completely liberated from the Axis powers. The Kingdom of Greece takes over the rest of it.
	20 October	The Albanian Kingdom is liberated from the Axis powers as the Democratic Government of Albania.
		The Military Administration in Serbia is liberated from the Axis powers, and Yugoslavia resumes control of it.
	16 October	The Kingdom of Hungary becomes a puppet state of Nazi Germany, keeping the name of the Kingdom of Hungary.
	13 October	The Kingdom of Greece returns to power after Athens is recovered.
		The Reichskommissariat Ostland is completely taken over by Allied forces and integrated into the Soviet Union.
	11 October	The Soviet Union annexes the Tuvan People's Republic.
	11 September	The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is liberated from Nazi Germany.
	8 September	The Independent State of Macedonia is created in Bulgarian-controlled Macedonia.
	3 September	The Military Administration in Belgium and North France is liberated from Nazi Germany. The Kingdom of Belgium is reformed, as Belgian Congo is put under the Belgian government's control after having remained loyal to the government-in-exile.
	20 August	The French State (Vichy France) is renamed the Provisional Government of the French Republic. All of its colonies had remained loyal to the Free French Forces until Vichy France was disestablished, and Clipperton Island is returned.
	10 August	Omiya Jima is taken over by the United States from Japan.
	2 February	The Reichskommissariat Ukraine (Ukraine) is taken back over by the Soviet Union.
1943	1 December	The National Republic State of Italy is renamed the Italian Social Republic.
	22 November	The Mandate of Syria, made up of the State of Greater Lebanon and the Syrian Republic, are given independence as the Lebanese Republic and the Syrian Republic, respectively.
	23 October	The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are taken over by Allied forces.
	14 October	The Japanese-occupied Philippines is given independence as the Republic of the Philippines.
	23 September	The part of Italy under German occupation is made into a separate country as the National Republican State of Italy.
	11 September	The Dodecanese Islands becomes an occupied territory under Nazi Germany from Italy.
	10 September	The Kingdom of Montenegro becomes a protectorate under Nazi Germany from Italy.
	8 September	The Albanian Kingdom becomes a protectorate of Nazi Germany from Italy.
	September	The French Antilles and Guiana is split into French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Inini, Martinique, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
	15 August	Kiska is taken over by Allied forces.
	1 August	Burma is given independence under Japanese occupation as the State of Burma.
	30 July	The Shanghai French Concession and the Tientsin French Concession are taken over by Japan.
	26 June	The German Reich is officially renamed the Greater German Reich.
	30 May	Attu Island is reconquered by the United States.
	February	Kouang-Tchéou-Wan is conquered by Japan.
	January	The French Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames is created when Free French forces from Chad invade southern Italian Libya. Sabha is the capital.
1942	28 December	The Allied Forces take French Somaliland from Vichy France.
	14 December	The Allied Forces take Madagascar from Vichy France.
	28 November	The Allied Forces take Réunion from Vichy France.
	8 November	The Allied Forces take the Kingdom of Morocco from Vichy France.
	1 November	The Karafuto Prefecture is integrated into Mainland Japan.
	November	The British Military Administration of Libya begins when British forces invade Cyrenaica from Egypt.
		The Allied Forces take French West Africa from Vichy France.
	23 October	The Allied Forces take Tripolitania from Italy, and it becomes an occupied territory of the United Kingdom.
	9 October	The Commonwealth of Australia ceases to be a dominion within the British Empire.
	26 August	The Japanese occupy Banaba Island and Nauru from the United Kingdom.
	1 August	The Japanese occupy Burma from the United Kingdom.
	7 June	The Japanese occupy Atsuta Jima and Narukami Jima from the United States.
	31 March	The Japanese occupy Christmas Island and the Straits Settlements from the United Kingdom as part of Japanese Malaya.
	23 March	The Japanese occupy the Andaman and Nicobar Islands from the United Kingdom.
	8 March	The Japanese occupy the Netherlands East Indies from the Netherlands as Indonesia.
	20 February	The Japanese occupy Portuguese Timor and Dutch Timor as Timor.
	15 February	The Japanese occupy Singapore from the United Kingdom as Syonan-to.
	31 January	The Japanese occupy the State of Johor Darul Ta'zim and the Federated Malay States from the United Kingdom as part of Japanese Malaya.
	18 January	The Japanese occupy Bourneo Kita from the United Kingdom.
	6 January	The Japanese occupy the State of Brunei Darussalam from the United Kingdom.
	2 January	The Japanese occupy the Commonwealth of the Philippines from the United States as the Philippines.
1941	25 December	The Japanese occupy British Hong Kong as the Hong Kong Occupied Territory.
	24 December	The Japanese occupy the Kingdom of Sarawak as Sarawak.
	23 December	Wake Island is taken over by Japan from the United States as Otori Jima.
	22 December	Within British Malaya, the State of Kelantan Darul Naim is taken over by Japan.
	14 December	Within British Malaya, the State of Kedah Darul Aman is taken over by Japan.
	11 December	The Japanese occupy the State of Terengganu Darul Iman from the United Kingdom as part of Japanese Malaya.
	10 December	The Territory of Guam is taken over by Japan from the United States as Omiya Jima.
	8 December	The Japanese begin the invasion of Malaya in the State of Perlis Indera Kavangan and take it over as Japanese Malaya.
	28 November	Italian East Africa is taken over by the Allied Forces.
	17 July	After the invasion of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, Nazi Germany creates the Reichskommissariat Ostland.
		After the invasion of Ukraine, Nazi Germany creates the Reichskommissariat Ukraine.
	12 July	After Italy invades Montenegro, it creates the protectorate of the Kingdom of Montenegro.
	July	The French share French Indochina with Japan.
	19 May	Eritrea is taken over by the United Kingdom.
	5 May	The Ethiopian Empire is revived after being under Italian control.
	30 April	The Military Administration in Serbia is created after Nazi Germany invades it.
	17 April	The Kingdom of Yugoslavia is dissolved due to Axis invasions.
	9 April	Greenland and the Kingdom of Iceland are put under United States protection from the Danish government-in-exile.
	6 April	The Kingdom of Greece is taken over by Axis forces.
	16 March	The British Somaliland protectorate is taken over by Allied forces.
	26 February	Allied forces take over Italian Somaliland, which is placed under the protection of the United Kingdom.
	February	Cyrenaica is taken over by the United Kingdom.
1940	12 November	French Equatorial Africa is taken over by forces loyal to the Free French Forces (FFF).
	4 November	The international city of Tangier is taken over by Spain.
	22 September	New Caledonia and Dependencies are taken over by forces loyal to the Free French Forces (FFF).
	9 September	French India is taken over by forces loyal to the Free French Forces (FFF).
	2 September	French Oceania is taken over by forces loyal to the Free French Forces (FFF).
	19 August	British Somaliland is taken over by Italian forces and becomes a part of Italian East Africa.
	6 August	The Estonian SSR is illegally annexed into the Soviet Union as the 16th union republic. This move is not recognized by the United States, United Kingdom or the international community.
	5 August	The Latvian SSR is illegally annexed into the Soviet Union as the 15th union republic. This move is not recognized by the United States, United Kingdom or the international community.
	3 August	The Lithuanian SSR is illegally annexed into the Soviet Union as the 14th union republic. This move is not recognized by the United States, United Kingdom or the international community.
	2 August	The Moldavian SSR is created from a larger part of Bessarabia, a region annexed from Romania on 28 June, and integrated into the Soviet Union as the 13th union republic.
	31 July	The General Government for the Occupied Polish Territories is renamed the General Government.
	21 July	The Estonian, Latvian and the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republics are declared in Soviet-occupied Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Most of the international community will not recognize Soviet rule in these occupied countries and some will keep recognizing their diplomatic legations abroad.
	1 July	The Bailiwick of Jersey is taken over by Nazi Germany.
	30 June	The Bailiwick of Guernsey is taken over by Nazi Germany.
	28 June	The Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina regions of Romania.
	22 June	The French Republic is renamed the French State (Vichy France).
	17 June	The Soviet Union invades the Republic of Estonia and the Republic of Latvia.
	15 June	The Soviet Union invades the Republic of Lithuania. Many states
		Nazi Germany annexes Alsace-Lorraine.
	7 June	The Realm Commissariat for the Occupied Norwegian Territories is created when German forces invade the Kingdom of Norway and its possessions. Oslo is the capital.
	17 May	The Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France and the Realm Commissariat of Belgium and Northern France are created when German forces invade the Kingdom of Belgium. Brussels is the capital.
	14 May	The Reich Commissariat for the Occupied Dutch Territories is created when German forces invade the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Amsterdam is the capital.
	10 May	The Military Administration of Luxembourg and the Civil Administration Area of Luxembourg are created when German forces invade the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Luxembourg City is the capital.
	12 April	The Faroe Islands are put under British occupation.
	9 April	The Kingdom of Denmark is invaded by German forces, while Greenland is granted autonomy.
	30 March	The Provisional Government of the Republic of China and the Reformed Government of the Republic of China merge to form the Reorganized National Government of China.
	12 March	The Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic is formed when Soviet forces invade the Finnish Democratic Republic. Petrozavodsk is the capital.

World map of colonisation in 1945

The Axis-controlled territory in Europe at the time of its maximal expansion (1941–42)

1930s

Year	Date	Event
1939	1 December	The Finnish Democratic Republic is created after the invasion of Finland by the Soviet Union. Terijoki is the de facto capital.
	12 October	The General Government for the Occupied Polish Territories is created after the invasion of the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany.
	6 October	The former territory of the Republic of Poland is partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.
	28 September	The Republic of Poland falls as a government, inviting military occupation by Nazi Germany.
	14 September	The colonies of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Inini, Martinique, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon merge into the colony of the French Antilles and Guiana.
	2 September	The Free City of Danzig is annexed by Nazi Germany. Danzig yields to Berlin as the capital.
	1 September	World War II begins with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany.
		The Japanese-occupied Mengjiang is renamed the "Mengjiang United Autonomous Government".
	23 July	Turkey fully annexes the Republic of Hatay.
	10 July	Nazi Germany changes its name to the Greater German Empire. Berlin remains the capital.
	23 June	The Kingdom of Siam changes its name to the Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok remains the capital.
	12 April	Italy annexes the Albanian Kingdom.
	6 April	The islands of Canton and Enderbury are put under the Canton and Enderbury Islands condominium of the United States and the United Kingdom.
	1 April	The Spanish State supersedes the Second Spanish Republic. Madrid remains the capital.
	18 March	Carpatho-Ukraine is annexed by Hungary.
	15 March	Czechoslovakia is partitioned into the German protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, Slovakia, and Carpatho-Ukraine.
1938	30 September	The Munich Agreement transfers the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia to Germany and gives parts of Slovakia to Hungary.
		The Czechoslovak Republic is renamed the Czecho-Slovak Republic.
	7 September	The area known as Hatay gains independence from Syria as the Hatay State.
	29 July	The Australian Federal Capital Territory is renamed the Australian Capital Territory.
	28 March	The Reformed Government of the Republic of China is formed after Japan invades northeastern China.
	13 March	Nazi Germany absorbs the Federal State of Austria in Anschluss. Vienna yields to Berlin as the capital.
	8 March	The United States claims the Canton and Enderbury Islands.
	14 January	Norway lays claims in Antarctica as Queen Maud Land, which lies between 20° west and 45° east.
	12 January	Tristan da Cunha becomes a dependency of Saint Helena, a crown colony of the United Kingdom.
1937	29 December	The Irish Free State changes its name to Ireland. Dublin remains the capital.
	14 December	The Japanese invasion of China continues with the creation of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China.
	5 December	The Japanese invade Shanghai, creating the Dadao Municipal Government of Shanghai.
	22 November	The Mongol Military Government is renamed the Mongol United Autonomous Government.
	1 April	The Aden Settlement is separated from British India and changed into the Aden Colony and Protectorate. The city of Aden becomes the capital.
		British Burma is separated from the British Raj.
1936	22 December	The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 is ratified and all British troops are withdrawn from Egypt, except for the Suez Canal Zone.
	5 December	In the French Mandate of Syria, the Sanjak of Latakia is integrated into the Syrian Republic.
	2 December	In the French Mandate of Syria, the Jabal ad-Druze is integrated into the Syrian Republic.
	14 October	Spanish Guinea is taken over by Spanish Nationalist forces.
	September	Ifni and Spanish Sahara are taken over by Spanish Nationalist forces.
	6 August	The British reassert their claim to Kanton Island.
	23 July	The Spanish State proclaims itself the sole government of Spain.
	17 July	Spanish Nationalist forces take over Spanish Morocco, starting the Spanish Civil War.
	1 June	The Italian colonies of Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Italian Somaliland merge to form Italian East Africa.
	9 May	The Ethiopian Empire is taken over by Italy as Italian Ethiopia after the Second Italo-Abyssinian War.
		The former colony of Curaçao and Dependencies is renamed the Territory of Curaçao following the implementation of several laws resulting from the 1922 abolition of colonies in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Willemstad on Curaçao remains the capital.
1935	25 November	The East Hebei Autonomous Government is created in China after the invasion of eastern Hebei by the Empire of Japan. Tongzhou is the capital.
	15 November	The United States territory of the Philippines becomes the semi-independent Commonwealth of the Philippines.
	3 November	The Hellenic Republic is renamed the Kingdom of Greece after a coup d'état restores the monarchy.
	1 April	The Territory of the Saar Basin is taken over by Nazi Germany.
	26 March	Jarvis Island is transferred from the United Kingdom to the United States.
	21 March	Reza Shah Pahlavi changes the name of Imperial State of Persia to the Imperial State of Iran. Tehran remains the capital.
1934	15 October	The Chinese Soviet Republic is annexed by the Republic of China.
	7 October	The Catalan State is disestablished and is reabsorbed into the Spanish Republic. Barcelona yields to Madrid as the capital.
	6 October	The Catalan State proclaims itself independent of the Spanish Republic. Barcelona is the capital.
	1 March	Manchukuo is renamed to "Manchutikuo". Hsinking remains the capital.
	6 February	The Islamic Republic of East Turkistan is taken over by the Republic of China.
	1 January	Italy creates Italian Libya with the merger of the colonies of Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and Fezzan. The capital is Tripoli.
1933	12 November	An Uyghur independence movement creates the Islamic Republic of East Turkistan. Kashgar is the capital.
	13 June	The United Kingdom cedes Enderby Land and Victoria Land to Australia as the Australian Antarctic Territory.
	5 April	Erik the Red's Land in Greenland is ceded by Norway to Denmark.
	23 March	Nazi Germany supersedes the Weimar Republic. Berlin remains the capital.
1932	3 October	The Iraqi Kingdom (Iraq) gains independence from the United Kingdom. Baghdad is the capital.
	23 September	The personal union of the Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz unify to form the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
	13 September	The Socialist Republic of Chile changes its name back to the Republic of Chile. Santiago remains the capital.
	4 June	The Republic of Chile changes its name to the Socialist Republic of Chile. Santiago remains the capital.
	18 February	The Empire of Japan takes over northeastern China and establishes Manchukuo.
1931	11 December	By the Statute of Westminster 1931, Canada gains full control over its foreign policy and thus independence from the United Kingdom. Ottawa remains the capital.
	7 November	The Chinese Soviet Republic is established by the Communist Party of China as a group of discontiguous territories within the larger Republic of China.
	10 July	Norway claims territory in eastern Greenland as Erik the Red's Land.
	12 June	The Australian territories of North Australia and Central Australia merge to form the Northern Territory.
	28 April	The Catalan Republic is taken over by Spain.
	14 April	The Second Spanish Republic supersedes the Monarchy of Spain. Madrid remains the capital. The Catalan Republic subsequently declares independence from Spain.
	28 January	France officially annexes Isla de la Pasión as Clipperton Island.
	15 January	The Belgian concession within the city of Tientsin is returned to China.

1920s

Year	Date	Event
1929	3 October	The Kingdom of Yugoslavia supersedes the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Belgrade remains the capital.
	October	The Kingdom of Afghanistan supersedes the Emirate of Afghanistan. Kabul remains the capital.
	3 June	Tacna is returned to Peru by Chile.
	2 February	Norway claims Peter I Island.
	February	Vatican City gains independence from the Kingdom of Italy. Vatican City itself is the capital.
	6 January	The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
	January	The Emirate of Afghanistan supersedes the Kingdom of Afghanistan. Kabul remains the capital.
1928	29 December	The Republic of China establishes Nanking as its official capital, later codified in the Constitution of the Republic of China.
	1 September	The Kingdom of Albania supersedes the Republic of Albania. Tirana remains the capital.
1927	28 October	The Republic of Ararat declares independence from Turkey.
	9 May	The Commonwealth of Australia moves its capital from Melbourne to Canberra.
	12 April	The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland changes its name to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. London remains the capital.
	29 January	Within the Nejd and Hejaz, the Sultanate of Nejd is renamed the Kingdom of Nejd and its Dependencies.
		In French Syria, the State of Souaida is renamed the Jabal Druze State.
1926	30 June	Oltre Giuba is incorporated into Italian Somaliland.
	9 June	Afghanistan becomes the Kingdom of Afghanistan. Kabul remains the capital.
	27 May	The Rif Republic is dissolved by Spanish and French occupation forces in Morocco.
		The Kingdom of Belgium moves the capital of its colony of the Congo from Boma to Leopoldville.
1925	6 December	Britain adjusts the Egyptian border in favor of Italian Libya, giving it the Jarabub and Kufra oases.
	1 July	The Republic of China relocates its provisional capital from Nanking to Canton.
	29 June	Britain transfers control of northern Jubaland to Italy, becoming the Italian colony of Oltre Giuba.
	22 January	The Republic of Albania supersedes the Principality of Albania. Tirana remains the capital.
	1 January	The Kingdom of Norway changes the name of its capital from Kristiania to Oslo.
1924	26 November	The Mongolian People's Republic is established. Ulan Bator is the capital.
1923	29 October	The Republic of Turkey is established following the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Ankara is the capital.
1922	30 December	The Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic unite to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Tbilisi, Kharkov, and Smolensk yield to Moscow as the capital.
	8 December	Northern Ireland secedes from the Irish Free State to again form a region of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
	6 December	The Irish Free State is constituted as an independent dominion formed through the secession of the island of Ireland from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Dublin is the capital.
	17 November	The Ottoman Empire is dissolved. Its territories are mostly made protectorates of the victorious Allies of World War I.
	15 November	The Far Eastern Republic is disestablished and merged with the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic.
	12 March	The Socialist Conciliar Republic of Georgia, Azerbaijani Socialist Conciliar Republic, and the Armenian Socialist Conciliar Republic unite to form the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. Baku and Yerevan yield to Tbilisi as the capital.
	28 February	The Kingdom of Egypt gains independence from the United Kingdom. Cairo is the capital.
1921	22 November	The United Kingdom recognizes the independence of Afghanistan. Kabul remains the capital.
	13 October	In the Treaty of Kars, Turkey relinquishes claims to Armenia but gains the area around Kars and southern Achara.
		Niger is established as a separate French colony. Zinder becomes the capital.
	12 October	Upper Silesia is divided between Poland and Germany.
	18 September	The Rif Republic is declared in Spanish Morocco with no recognition.
	14 August	The Tuvan People's Republic supersedes Tannu Uriankhai and changes the name of its capital from Belotsarsk to Kyzyl.
	1 June	France reorganizes French West Africa and the colony of Mauritania is established.
	18 March	The Peace of Riga defines new borders between Poland and Soviet Russia, Soviet Ukraine and Soviet Belarus.
	25 February	The Socialist Conciliar Republic of Georgia supersedes the Democratic Republic of Georgia. Tbilisi remains the capital until 1922.
1920	29 November	The Armenian Socialist Conciliar Republic supersedes the Democratic Republic of Armenia. Yerevan remains the capital until 1922.
	9 July	Denmark officially incorporates Northern Schleswig following a plebiscite held earlier in the year.
	4 June	The Treaty of Trianon is signed by Hungary. Its terms include: The union of Transylvania and parts of Banat, Crişana, Szatmár and Maramureş with the Kingdom of Romania (declared on 1 December 1918) is recognized. Czechoslovakia is recognized. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and Banat, Bačka and Baranja are recognized.
	Late April	Western Thrace is granted to Greece by the Entente.
	28 April	The Azerbaijani Socialist Conciliar Republic supersedes the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. Baku remains the capital until 1922.
	6 April	The Far Eastern Republic is established. Chita becomes the capital.
	29 February	The Hungarian Kingdom supersedes the Hungarian Republic. Budapest remains the capital.
	2 February	The Estonian War of Independence ends with the Treaty of Tartu, which awards areas around Ivangorod (Jaanilinn) and Pechory (Petseri) from Soviet Russia to Estonia.
	10 January	The United Kingdom officially takes over administration of German East Africa and changes its name to Tanganyika.

Map of Europe from the 1920s

1910s

Year	Date	Event
1919	27 November	Bulgaria signs the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine, by the terms of which: Western Thrace is ceded to the Entente. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is recognized and a small amount of land along the western border is ceded to it. Dobruja is returned to Romania.
	25 September	Spitsbergen is awarded to Norway.
	12 September	The Bonin–Pichon agreement transfers two desert strips from French control to Italian Libya.
	10 September	Austria signs the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, by the terms of which: Eastern Galicia is ceded to Poland. South Tyrol, Trentino, Trieste and Istria are ceded to Italy. The Romanian sovereignty over Bukovina is recognized (union declared on 28 November 1918). The independence of Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes is recognized.
	14 August	The Weimar Republic supersedes the German Empire. Berlin remains the capital.
	8 August	Afghanistan declares its independence from the United Kingdom. Kabul is the capital.
		The Hungarian Republic supersedes the Hungarian People's Republic. Budapest remains the capital.
	2 August	The Hungarian People's Republic supersedes the Hungarian Soviet Republic. Budapest remains the capital.
	10 July	France and the United Kingdom agree on a frontier between their mandates in the Cameroons.
	28 June	In the aftermath of World War I, the Treaty of Versailles and the Little Treaty of Versailles are signed, by the terms of which: Eupen-Malmedy and Neutral Moresnet are ceded to Belgium. Alsace-Lorraine is officially ceded to France. The Second Polish Republic is established in place of the puppet Kingdom of Poland. Most of Posen and West Prussia are ceded to Poland by Germany. Memel and Saarland are put under international administration. Plebiscites are provided for in Schleswig and Upper Silesia. Danzig and the surrounding area are superseded by the Free City of Danzig, which is administered by the League of Nations.
	30 May	Ruanda and Urundi (minus Kisaka district) are assigned to Belgium as a mandate.
	7 May	German New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago are assigned to Australia as a mandate.
		German Southwest Africa is assigned to South Africa as a mandate.
		German Samoa is assigned to New Zealand as a mandate.
		The German Northern Pacific Islands are assigned to Japan as a mandate.
		Nauru is assigned to the British Empire (eventually the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand) as a mandate.
	6 May	The Kionga Triangle is assigned to Portugal as a mandate.
		Kamerun and Togoland are assigned to France and the United Kingdom as mandates, respectively.
	3 May	The Free State of Bavaria supersedes the Bavarian Soviet Republic. Munich remains the capital.
	19 April	Poland occupies Vilnius, which is disputed by the Lithuanians.
	6 April	The Bavarian Soviet Republic supersedes the People's State of Bavaria. Munich remains the capital.
	21 March	The Hungarian Soviet Republic supersedes the Hungarian People's Republic. Budapest remains the capital.
	1 March	The Oriental State of Uruguay changes its name to the Oriental Republic of Uruguay. Montevideo remains the capital.
		French West Africa is reorganized, with Upper Volta as a separate colony.
	27 February	The Lithuanian-Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic supersedes the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. Vilnius is the capital.
	1 February	The Soviet puppet state Commune of the Working People of Estonia loses all territory to the Republic of Estonia.
	1 January	The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic supersedes the Belarusian People's Republic. Minsk and Smolensk remain joint capitals.
1918	1 December	Iceland, a dependent territory of the Kingdom of Denmark with home rule, becomes the fully sovereign state Kingdom of Iceland in personal union with Denmark. Reykjavík is the capital.
		The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and the Kingdom of Serbia unite to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Zagreb yields to Belgrade as the capital.
		The Union of Transylvania with Romania is proclaimed.
	29 November	The puppet state Commune of the Working People of Estonia is established in Soviet-occupied Estonia.
	28 November	The Kingdom of Serbia annexes the Kingdom of Montenegro.
		The Union of Bukovina with Romania is proclaimed.
	25 November	Vojvodina, formerly part of Austria-Hungary, unites with the Kingdom of Serbia.
	18 November	The Republic of Latvia gains independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Riga is the capital.
	16 November	The Hungarian People's Republic supersedes the Hungarian Kingdom. Budapest remains the capital.
	15 November	The Kingdom of Serbia invades the short-lived Banat Republic and divides it between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes and Romania.
	14 November	The Republic of Poland supersedes the Kingdom of Poland. Warsaw remains the capital.
	12 November	The Republic of German-Austria is proclaimed.
	2 November	The Republic of Lithuania supersedes the Kingdom of Lithuania. Vilnius remains the capital.
	1 November	The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (North Yemen) gains independence from the Ottoman Empire. Sana'a is the capital.
		The Banat Republic is proclaimed.
		The short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic is proclaimed.
	31 October	The Hungarian Kingdom declares its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Budapest is the capital.
	29 October	The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs gains independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Zagreb is the capital.
	25 July	The Kingdom of Belgium reabsorbs the Independent State of Flanders.
	10 July	The Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic supersedes the Soviet Russian Republic. Petrograd remains the capital.
	9 July	The Kingdom of Lithuania supersedes the State of Lithuania. Vilnius remains the capital.
	30 May	Armenia changes its name to the Democratic Republic of Armenia. Yerevan remains the capital.
	28 May	Armenia and Azerbaijan Democratic Republic dissolve the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. Yerevan and Baku are the respective capitals.
	26 May	The Democratic Republic of Georgia secedes from the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. Tbilisi is the capital.
	11 May	The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus annexes the Emirate of Chechenia.
	22 April	The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic gains independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Tbilisi is the capital.
	19 April	The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic annexes the Abkhazian Republic (Abkhazia).
	27 March	The Union of Bessarabia with Romania is proclaimed (Treaty of Paris (1920)).
	25 March	The Abkhazian Republic (Abkhazia) gains independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Sukhumi is the capital.
	25 March	The Belarusian People's Republic declares its independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Minsk and Hrodna are named the joint capitals.
	12 March	The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic moves its capital from Petrograd to Moscow.
	3 March	The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk creates many new states out of the western Russian Empire.
	24 February	The Republic of Estonia declares independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Tallinn is the capital.
	16 February	The State of Lithuania declares its independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Vilnius is named the capital despite occupation by the Kingdom of Poland.
	22 January	The Ukrainian People's Republic gains independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Kiev is the capital.
1917	22 December	The Independent State of Flanders declares its independence from the Kingdom of Belgium. Brussels is the capital.
	6 December	The Republic of Finland gains independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Helsinki is the capital.
	2 December	The Emirate of Chechenia declares its independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Vedeno is the capital.
	7 November	The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic supersedes the Russian Republic. Petrograd remains the capital.
	14 September	The Russian Republic supersedes the Provisional Government of Russia. Petrograd remains the capital.
	12 July	End of the Manchu Restoration.
	1 July	Xuantong reinstalled as the Emperor of China in an event now called the "Manchu Restoration".
	12 April	The Autonomous Governorate of Estonia is created from the Governorate of Estonia and some of the Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire.
	31 March	The United States takes possession of the United States Virgin Islands (Danish West Indies) according to the terms of the Treaty of the Danish West Indies.
	15 March	The Provisional Government of Russia supersedes the Russian Empire in the wake of the February Revolution. Petrograd remains the capital.
1916	5 November	Germany and Austria-Hungary proclaim the establishment of the Kingdom of Poland. Warsaw is the capital.
	22 March	The Empire of China is abolished.
1915	12 December	Hongxian proclaims the Empire of China. Beijing is the capital.
1914	17 April	Tannu Uriankhai is officially made a protectorate of the Russian Empire.
	7 March	Albania becomes the Principality of Albania. Tirana remains the capital.
		The Kingdom of Kongo is annexed to Portuguese Angola.
1913	29 September	Following the Second Balkan War, the Treaty of Constantinople is signed, by the terms of which: The Ottoman Empire regains the portions of Eastern Thrace it lost in the First Balkan War. The Balkan League gains all Ottoman territory west of the line joining Enez and Kıyıköy (thus the Ottomans lose all their European territory, except for what is roughly the southeastern half of Turkey's present-day European territory).
	10 August	Following the Second Balkan War, the Treaty of Bucharest is signed, by the terms of which: Bulgaria gains Western Thrace and the southern portions of what are now Blagoevgrad Province and Burgas Province. Romania gains Southern Dobruja. Serbia gains Kosovo, most of what is now the Republic of Macedonia, and some new land to the west of its previous borders. Greece gains Epirus, West Macedonia, Central Macedonia, and most of the islands in the Aegean Sea that it did not control before the war. Albania gains southern, eastern, and northern lands that bring it to its current borders. Albania becomes officially independent, though a large portion of its lands are disputed. Montenegro gains most of what is now its Northern Region.
	13 February	Tibet declares independence from the Republic of China.
1912	28 November	Albania declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire. Tirana is the capital.
	27 November	The Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco assigns the northern and southern strips of Morocco to Spain.
	30 March	The Treaty of Fez formally re-establishes Morocco as a French Protectorate.
	1 January	The Republic of China overthrows the Qing dynasty of China in the Xinhai Revolution. Nanking is the provisional capital.
		The Wadai Empire is disestablished and annexed into French Chad.
1911	29 December	The Bogd Khanate of Mongolia declares independence from the Qing dynasty of China. Niislel Khüree is the capital.
	4 November	In the Morocco–Congo Treaty, Germany acquires the Neukamerun region from France in exchange for dropping German claims in Morocco.
1910	5 October	The first Portuguese Republic supersedes the Kingdom of Portugal. Lisbon remains the capital.
	22 August	The Korean Empire capitulates and is annexed by the Empire of Japan.
	31 May	The Cape Colony, the Colony of Natal, the Transvaal, and the Orange River Colony unite as the Union of South Africa to gain independence from the United Kingdom.
	15 January	The French Republic creates French Equatorial Africa from its colonies of Gabon, Middle Congo, and Oubangui-Chari. Libreville and Bangui yield to Brazzaville as the capital.
		The Kasanje Kingdom is annexed to Portuguese Angola.

Territory ceded by Bulgaria in the 1919 Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine

New borders of the states formed by the dissolution of Austria-Hungary

German losses as a result of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles

Poland and the Baltic states after the Treaty of Versailles

1900s

Year	Date	Event
1909	9 July	The Kingdom of Siam transfers its southernmost provinces to British Malaya in the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909.
1908	15 November	King Leopold II of Belgium sells his private Congo Free State to the Kingdom of Belgium. The colony is renamed the Belgian Congo. Boma remains the capital.
	6 October	Austria-Hungary formally annexes the Ottoman Vilayet of Bosnia (under de facto Austro-Hungarian rule since the Treaty of Berlin 1878) as the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina (causing the Bosnian crisis)
	5 August	The Kingdom of Bulgaria gains independence from the Ottoman Empire. Sofia is the capital.
1907	17 December	Ugyen Wangchuck establishes the Kingdom of Bhutan. Punakha is the winter capital and Thimphu is the summer capital.
	26 September	New Zealand gains independence from the United Kingdom. Wellington is the capital.
	24 April	The border between the Republic of the United States of Brazil and the Republic of Colombia is defined by the Bogotá Treaty. Brazil gains lands on the margins of the Solimoes River at the area known as Cabeça de Cachorro ("The Dog's Head").
	23 March	The Kingdom of Siam concedes territory to French Indochina in exchange for Trat.
1906		The French Republic divides its colony of French Congo into the colonies of Gabon and Middle Congo. Libreville remains the capital of Gabon. Brazzaville becomes the capital of Middle Congo.
1905	26 October	The Kingdom of Sweden recognizes the union dissolution and the independence of Kingdom of Norway.
	5 September	The Liaodong Peninsula and the Russian railway in south Manchuria are leased to the Empire of Japan following the Treaty of Portsmouth.
		The Empire of Japan annexes Sakhalin Island south of 50° N following the Treaty of Portsmouth.
	7 June	The Kingdom of Norway declares its independence from the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway through dissolution of the personal union with Kingdom of Sweden. Kristiania remains the capital.
1904	4 October	The Franco-Spanish Convention of Paris acknowledges formal control of Saguia el-Hamra (later northern Spanish Sahara) by the Kingdom of Spain.
	13 February	Following the Franco-Siamese Convention, the Kingdom of Siam concedes border territories to French Indochina in exchange for French-occupied Chantaburi.
		The border between the Republic of the United States of Brazil and British Guiana is defined by arbitration. Approximately half of the disputed land goes to each side.
1903	18 November	The new Republic of Panama grants the United States of America control of the Panama Canal Zone. Balboa is the administrative center.
	11 November	The Republic of Bolivia and the Republic of the United States of Brazil sign the Treaty of Petrópolis. Bolivia receives land in Mato Grosso from Brazil, and Brazil absorbs the Republic of Acre.
	3 November	The Republic of Panama secedes from the Republic of Colombia. Panama City is the capital.
	29 July	The Adamawa Emirate is annexed into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate and Kamerun.
	12 May	Mauritania becomes a protectorate of the French Republic. Saint-Louis is the capital.
	27 January	The third Republic of Acre declares its independence from Bolivia. The capital is Antimary.
1902	20 November	King Edward VII of Britain adjusts borders in the Cordillera of the Andes Boundary Case 1902 (Argentina, Chile).
	31 May	The United Kingdom creates the Orange River Colony from the Orange Free State and the Transvaal Colony from the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal). Bloemfontein and Pretoria remains the respective capitals.
	20 May	The Republic of Cuba gains independence from the United States of America. Havana is the capital.
		The Zaria Emirate and the Abuja Emirate are annexed into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
		The Mandara Kingdom is annexed into Kamerun.
1901	1 January	The Commonwealth of Australia is established by federation of the British colonies of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania. Melbourne is the capital until 1927.
1900	5 September	The colony of French Chad is established. Fort-Lamy is the capital.
	28 May	The United Kingdom occupies the Orange Free State. Bloemfontein remains the capital.
	March	The first Republic of Acre capitulates and is reabsorbed by the Republic of Bolivia. Later the same year, the second Republic of Acre is declared with Antimary as its capital, and it is again reabsorbed by Bolivia.
		The border between the Republic of the United States of Brazil and the French colony of Guyane (French Guiana) is defined by arbitration. The French troops that advanced to the margins of the Araguari River repair to the Oiapoque River.

19th century

1890s

Year	Date	Event
1899	2 December	Following the Tripartite Convention: The Kingdom of Samoa is partitioned between German Samoa and American Samoa. The islands east and southeast of Bougainville belonging to German New Guinea are ceded to the British Solomon Islands. The neutral zone in West Africa is split between British Gold Coast and German Togoland.
	14 July	The first Republic of Acre declares independence from Bolivia. The capital is Antimary.
1898	10 December	The Monarchy of Spain cedes the Captaincy General of Cuba and the Captaincy General of Puerto Rico to the United States of America with the Treaty of Paris at the conclusion of the Spanish–American War. Havana and San Juan are the respective capitals.
		The Monarchy of Spain cedes the Island of Guam to the United States of America with the Treaty of Paris at the conclusion of the Spanish–American War.
		The Monarchy of Spain cedes the Captaincy General of the Philippines to the United States of America with the Treaty of Paris at the conclusion of the Spanish–American War. Manila is the Spanish capital. The Philippine Republic maintains its sovereignty with Malolos as its capital.
	2 November	The Puna de Atacama dispute is defined by arbitration, of the 75,000 km2 in dispute 64,000 (85%) were awarded to the Argentine Republic and 11,000 (15%) to the Republic of Chile.
	12 August	The United States of America annexes the Republic of Hawaii as the Territory of Hawaii. Honolulu remains the capital.
	25 July	The United States of America seizes control of Puerto Rico from the Spanish Empire during the Spanish–American War. San Juan remains the capital.
	12 June	The Philippine Republic declares independence from Kingdom of Spain. Malolos is the capital.
		The Republic of Bolivia moves its administrative capital from Sucre to La Paz. Sucre remains the constitutional and judicial capital.
1897		The Joseon Dynasty becomes the Korean Empire. Hanseong remains the capital.
1895	16 November	The United Kingdom annexes the Crown Colony of British Bechuanaland to the Cape Colony. Vryburg yields to Cape Town as the capital.
	23 October	The Empire of Japan conquers the Republic of Formosa. Taiwan becomes a Japanese colony under the name "Takasago Koku". Taihoku is the capital.
	June	The Republic of Formosa moves its capital from Taipei to Tainan.
	23 May	The Republic of Formosa declares independence upon its annexation by the Empire of Japan. Taipei is the capital.
	17 April	The Qing dynasty of China cedes Taiwan to the Empire of Japan by the Treaty of Shimonoseki.
	5 February	The border between the Republic of the United States of Brazil and the Argentine Republic is defined by Grover Cleveland.
1894	4 July	The Republic of Hawaii supersedes the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. Honolulu remains the capital.
1891		Pratap Singh defeats the ruler of Chitral and forces Hunza and Nagar to accept the suzerainty of Kashmir and Jammu state.
1890	29 November	The end of the personal union between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

1880s

Year	Date	Event
1889	15 November	The Republic of the United States of Brazil supersedes the Empire of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro remains the capital.
	9 March	Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia moves his capital to Addis Ababa.
		The Kingdom of Luba is annexed to Congo Free State.
1888		The Republic of Honduras moves its capital from Comayagua to Tegucigalpa, ending a century of indecision as to the country's capital.
1887	16 December	The Sultanate of Maldives becomes a British Protectorate. Male remains the capital.
		The Kingdom of Lunda is disestablished.
1886	1 May	King Leopold II of Belgium selects Boma as the capital of his Congo Free State.
		The United States of Colombia becomes the Republic of Colombia
1885	6 September	The Principality of Bulgaria annexes Eastern Rumelia. Sofia remains the capital.
	1 September	The United Kingdom establishes the Crown Colony of British Bechuanaland. Vryburg is the capital.
	2 May	King Leopold II of Belgium establishes his Congo Free State, a private government run by the International African Association.
1884	18 October	Argentina ends the conquest campaign of Eastern Patagonia, subduing the remaining Amerindian resistance (modern Provinces of Chubut and Santa Cruz)
	3 August	The British suzerainty in the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) ends. Pretoria remains the capital.
	4 April	Chile gains Antofagasta as part of the truce ending the (War of the Pacific) (made permanent in 1904)
		The Greenwich prime meridian becomes the international standard reference for cartographers
		German South-West Africa created
		German East Africa created
		Togo created
		Cameroon created
		The United Kingdom establishes the Crown Colony of the Territory of Basutoland. Maseru is the capital.
1883	20 October	Chile gains Tarapacá, Arica, and Tacna (Treaty of Ancón)
		Argentina incorpores the Patagonian lands of modern Neuquén Province, until the Limay River
		The Kingdom of Loango is annexed to French Congo.
1882	6 March	The Kingdom of Serbia supersedes the Principality of Serbia. Belgrade remains the capital.
1881	3 August	The South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) regains independence under British suzerainty. Pretoria remains the capital.
	23 July	The border between the Republic of Chile and the Argentine Republic is defined.
	14 March	The Kingdom of Romania is proclaimed. Bucharest is the capital.
		Tunisia becomes a French protectorate
1880		The French Republic establishes the protectorate of French Congo. Brazzaville is the capital.
	6 December	Federalization of Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires is declared the official capital of the Argentine Republic.

1870s

The Principality of Bulgaria according to the terms of the Treaties of San Stefano (black outline) and Berlin (green). Eastern Rumelia is shown in red.

Year	Date	Event
1878	12 November	The territories between the Pilcomayo River and Verde River, claimed by Argentina and Paraguay, are awarded to Paraguay in an arbitration by Rutherford B. Hayes.
	13 July	The Principality of Bulgaria moves its capital from Plovdiv to Sofia. (Treaty of Berlin)
		The Principality of Bulgaria is shrunk significantly (Treaty of Berlin)
		Eastern Rumelia is created as an autonomous province of the Ottoman Empire (Treaty of Berlin)
		Austro-Hungarian occupation of the Vilayet of Bosnia (Bosnia and Herzegovina) is recognized; De facto under Austro-Hungarian rule. (Treaty of Berlin)
		The Ottoman Empire cedes Thessaly and small parts of Epirus to Greece (Treaty of Berlin)
		Alashkerd and Bayazid are returned to the Ottoman Empire (Treaty of Berlin)
	21 May	The Principality of Romania gains independence from the Ottoman Empire. Bucharest is the capital.
	3 March	The Principality of Bulgaria is established by the Treaty of San Stefano. Plovdiv is the capital.
		The Ottoman Empire recognizes Montenegro and cedes it territory including Nikšić, Podgorica and Antivari (Treaty of San Stefano)
		Serbia gains independence and annexes Niš and Leskovac (Treaty of San Stefano)
		The Ottoman Empire recognizes Romanian independence (Treaty of San Stefano)
		Russia cedes Northern Dobruja to Romania (ceded to Russia by the Ottoman Empire) (Treaty of San Stefano)
		Romania cedes Southern Bessarabia to Russia (Treaty of San Stefano)
		The Ottoman Empire cedes Armenian and Georgian territories in the Caucasus to Russia, including Ardahan, Artvin, Batum, Kars, Olti, Beyazit, and Alashkert. (Treaty of San Stefano)
		The Vilayet of Bosnia becomes an autonomous province (Treaty of San Stefano)
		Crete, Epirus and Thessaly receive limited self-government (Treaty of San Stefano)
		The Argentine campaign to take control of Patagonic territories start. By the end of 1879 Argentina's control would go as far as the Negro River (modern Provinces of Río Negro and La Pampa, as well as southern Mendoza, San Luis, Córdoba and Buenos Aires Provinces).
1877	12 April	The United Kingdom annexes the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) as the Transvaal Colony. Pretoria remains the capital.
1876	3 February	Limits between Paraguay and Argentina are established, following the Paraguayan War. Argentina is awarded the Central Chaco (current Formosa Province) and some territories in Misiones. The territories between the Pilcomayo River and Verde River are pending arbitration.
1875	7 May	Japan cedes southern Sakhalin Island to Russia in exchange for the Kuril Islands north of Iturup (Treaty of Saint Petersburg)
1874	29 December	The restored Monarchy of Spain supersedes the first First Spanish Republic. Madrid remains the capital.
1873	17 November	With the unification of Buda, Óbuda and Pest, Budapest becomes the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom.
	1 July	Prince Edward Island joins Canada.
	11 February	The First Spanish Republic supersedes the Monarchy of Spain. Madrid remains the capital.
1871	9 January	Limits between Paraguay and the Brazilian Empire are established, following the Paraguayan War. Brazil enlarges its Mato Grosso region.
1871	20 July	British Columbia joins Canada.
	10 May	Germany annexes Moselle and most of Alsace from France following the Franco-Prussian War, which becomes the Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine.
	1 January	The German Empire supersedes the North German Confederation. Berlin remains the capital. (Unification of Germany)
		Rome replaces Florence as the capital city of Italy.
1870	20 September	Italy annexes the area around Rome, ending the Papal States, succeeded by the States of the Church.
	4 September	The third French Republic supersedes the second French Empire. Paris remains the capital.
	20 July	The Crown Colony of British Columbia joins the Dominion of Canada.
	15 July	Hudson's Bay Company transfers North-Western Territory to Canada.

1860s

Year	Date	Event
1868	1 October	The Bolivian Republic changes its name to the Republic of Bolivia. Sucre remains the capital until 1898.
	3 January	Japan becomes the Empire of Greater Japan. The capital is moved from Kyoto to Edo, which is renamed Tokyo.
1867	18 October	The Russian Empire sells Alaska to the United States of America. New Archangel (Novoarkhangelsk now Sitka) is the capital.
	1 July	The United Kingdom unites its colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada as Canada. Ottawa is the capital.
		The North German Confederation supersedes the German Confederation. Berlin remains the capital.
	19 June	The United Mexican States supersedes the Mexican Empire. México remains the capital.
	29 May	Austria-Hungary supersedes the Austrian Empire. Vienna remains the capital.
1866	22 October	The Kingdom of Italy annexes the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia. Venice yields to Florence as the capital.
	6 August	The United Kingdom unites the colonies of British Columbia and the Island of Vancouver and its Dependencies as the Crown Colony of British Columbia. New Westminster yields to Victoria as the capital.
		The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from the city of Québec to Ottawa.
1865	11 April	The Confederate States of America capitulates and is reabsorbed by the United States of America. The USA will readmit the 11 CSA states to full statehood between 24 July 1866, and 15 July 1870.
	3 April	The Confederate States of America moves its capital to Danville, Virginia.
	3 March	The Dominican Republic regains its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Santo Domingo is the capital.
		The Kingdom of Italy moves its capital from Turin to Florence.
1864	July	The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is conquered by the Qing dynasty in China.
	21 May	Britain transfers the Ionian Islands to Greece
	10 April	The Mexican Empire supersedes the United Mexican States. México remains the capital.
1863	20 June	The Union-occupied northwestern counties of the Commonwealth of Virginia (which considered itself a part of the Confederate States of America) secede from the state and are admitted to the United States of America as the State of West Virginia.
	6 July	The Northern Territory is annexed by the British colony of South Australia from the colony of New South Wales
	8 May	The Granadine Confederation becomes the United States of Colombia
1862	12 October	The State of Buenos Aires reunites with the Argentine Republic.
	8 October	Buenos Aires is declared provisional capital of the Argentine Republic.
	12 April	The British colony of Queensland's western border is shifted from 141°E to 138°E
		The United Kingdom creates the Crown Colony of British Honduras at the Settlement of Belize in the Bay of Honduras. The capital is Belize City.
1861	12 December	The Argentine Republic supersedes the Argentine Confederation.
	10 December	The splinter government of Kentucky is admitted to the Confederate States of America
	2 December	Paraná is no longer the capital of the Argentine Confederation.
	28 November	The splinter government of Missouri is admitted to the Confederate States of America
	20 November	A splinter government of Kentucky declares the state's secession from the United States of America
	31 October	A splinter government of Missouri declares the state's secession from the United States of America
	17 September	After the Battle of Pavón the Capital city of Argentina is moved to Buenos Aires
	10 December	Arizona Territory is annexed by the Confederate States of America
	29 May	The Confederate States of America moves its capital from Montgomery, Alabama, to Richmond, Virginia.
	20 May	The State of North Carolina secedes from the United States of America and joins the Confederate States of America.
	7 May	The State of Tennessee secedes from the United States of America and joins the Confederate States of America.
	6 May	The State of Arkansas secedes from the United States of America and joins the Confederate States of America.
	17 April	The Commonwealth of Virginia secedes from the United States of America and joins the Confederate States of America.
	28 March	Arizona Territory secedes from the United States of America
	17 March	The Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed in place of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
	13 February	Gaeta surrenders to Sardinia-Piedmont
	4 February	The Confederate States of America, formed from the seven seceding states, declare their independence from the United States of America. Montgomery, Alabama, is the capital for three months. Four more slave states will join by 20 May.
	1 February	The State of Texas secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Republic of Texas. Austin remains the capital.
	26 January	The State of Louisiana secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Republic of Louisiana. Baton Rouge remains the capital.
	19 January	The State of Georgia secedes from the United States of America, as the independent State of Georgia. Milledgeville remains the capital.
	11 January	The State of Alabama secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Alabama Republic. Montgomery remains the capital.
	10 January	The State of Florida secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Republic of Florida. Tallahassee remains the capital.
	9 January	The State of Mississippi secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Republic of Mississippi. Jackson remains the capital.
		The Dominican Republic returns to Spanish rule.
		The Principality of Monaco declares independence from the Second French Empire. Monaco itself is the capital.
1860	20 December	The State of South Carolina secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Republic of South Carolina. Columbia remains the capital. Six more slave states will secede by 1 February 1861.
	4 November	Sardinia-Piedmont annexes the Papal States of Umbria and The Marches
	21 October	The Kingdom of Two Sicilies is annexed to Sardinia-Piedmont, except for the Fortress of Gaeta
	8 October	The Argentine Nation becomes the Argentine Republic
	14 June	France annexes the Duchy of Savoy (Treaty of Turin)
	12 June	France annexes the County of Nice (Treaty of Turin)
	22 March	The United Provinces of Central Italy are annexed by Sardinia-Piedmont
		The British colony of South Australia's western border is changed from 132°E to 129°E
		Kashmir and Jammu annexes Gilgit

1850s

Year	Date	Event
1859	8 December	The Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Modena and Reggio, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, and the Papal Legations combine to form the Sardinian client state of the United Provinces of Central Italy
	11 November	After the Battle of Cepeda, the State of Buenos Aires rejoins the Argentine Confederation
	10 November	Austria cedes Lombardy from Lombardy-Venetia to France (Treaty of Zürich)
		France immediately cedes Lombardy to Sardinia-Piedmont (Treaty of Zürich)
	6 June	Queen Victoria signs the Proclamation separating the colony of Queensland from British New South Wales
	24 January	Moldavia unites with Wallachia to form the Romanian United Principalities (later Romania)
		The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from the city of Québec back to Toronto.
1858	2 August	The continental portion of Canada's part of Oregon Country organized as the Colony of British Columbia
	28 May	The Qing dynasty of China cedes Outer Manchuria to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Aigun.
	22 May	The Republic of New Granada becomes the Granadine Confederation
		The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from Toronto back to the city of Québec.
1857		The Kingdom of Kongo becomes a vassal of the Kingdom of Portugal.
1856	30 March	Part of the territory (Southern Bessarabia) annexed by the Russian Empire in 1812 returns to Moldavia by the Treaty of Paris (1856)
	1 January	The British colony Van Diemen's Land changes its name to Tasmania
		The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from the city of Québec back to Toronto.
1855	7 February	Russians in north of Sakhalin Island, Japanese in south, with no defined border between (Treaty of Shimoda)
		Russia recognizes Japanese sovereignty of the Kuril Islands from Iturup on southwards (Treaty of Shimoda)
1854	24 March	The Argentine Confederation moves its capital to Paraná.
	23 February	The Orange Free State is established. Bloemfontein is the capital.
1853	24 June	The Gadsden Purchase gives a portion of southern Arizona and New Mexico from Mexico to the United States
	1 May	The Argentine Confederation becomes a Federal Republic, renamed the Argentine Nation
	March	The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom establishes its capital at Tianjing.
1852	2 December	The second French Empire supersedes the second French Republic. Paris remains the capital.
	11 September	The Province of Buenos Aires secedes from the Argentine Confederation as the State of Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires remains the capital, the Confederation is without capital until 1854.
	3 February	The Battle of Caseros ends the Argentine Civil War. Entre Ríos and Corrientes rejoin the Argentine Confederation. The Capital city is moved to Paraná
	17 January	The South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) is established. Pretoria is the capital.
		The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from Toronto to the city of Québec.
1851	1 July	The colony of Victoria is split off from the British colony of New South Wales
	1 May	The Argentine Provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes secede from the Argentine Confederation
	11 January	Hong Xiuquan establishes the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in China.

1840s

Year	Date	Event
1849	13 August	The Hungarian State capitulates and is reabsorbed by the Austrian Empire.
	2 July	The Papal States are restored as Rome falls
	14 April	The Hungarian State declares its independence from the Austrian Empire. Debrecen is the temporary capital.
	29 March	The Sikh Empire falls after the Sikh defeat in Anglo-Sikh wars and is merged in British India
	9 February	Rebels under Giuseppe Garibaldi take over the area of the Papal States and create the Roman Republic
		The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from Montréal to Toronto.
1848	24 February	The second French Republic supersedes the Kingdom of France. Paris remains the capital.
	2 February	The United Mexican States surrenders its northern territory to the United States of America with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo at the conclusion of the Mexican–American War.
1847	26 July	The African American colony of Liberia declares its independence as the Republic of Liberia. Monrovia is the capital.
1846	28 November	The British colony of North Australia is reincorporated back into the colony of New South Wales
	22 August	The United Mexican States supersedes the Mexican Republic. México remains the capital.
	18 June	The Oregon Treaty establishes the 49th parallel north west of the Lake of the Woods as the continental border between the Province of Canada and the United States.
	17 February	The colony of North Australia is separated from the British colony of New South Wales
		The princely state of Kashmir and Jammu, ruled by the Dogra Dynasty, is created after the first Anglo-Sikh war, as per the Treaty of Amritsar.
1845	29 December	The Republic of Texas joins the United States of America as the State of Texas. Austin yields to Washington as federal capital while remaining capital of the state.
		The Netherlands splits its colonial possessions in the Americas into two parts: Suriname and Curaçao and Dependencies. Paramaribo remains the capital of Suriname, while Willemstad on Curaçao becomes the capital of the six Caribbean islands.
		The Kingdom of Hawaiʻi moves its capital from Lāhainā to Honolulu.
		The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Falkland Islands from Port Louis to Stanley.
	1 March	The Riograndense Republic is reabsorbed by the Brazilian Empire as the province of Rio Grande do Sul again.
1844		The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from Kingston to Montréal.
	27 February	The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti. Santo Domingo is the capital.
1841	10 February	The United Kingdom unites Upper Canada and Lower Canada as the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada. Kingston is the capital.
	2 February	The sole remnant of the Federal Republic of Central America changes its name back to the Republic of El Salvador. San Salvador remains the capital.
1840	16 November	The colony of New Zealand is separated from the British colony of New South Wales

1830s

Year	Date	Event
1839	17 November	The Republic of Guatemala secedes from the Federal Republic of Central America. Guatemala City becomes the capital.
	17 October	The Republic of Texas establishes its permanent capital at Austin.
	25 August	The Peruvian Republic and the Bolivian Republic are formed from the dissolution of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. Lima and Sucre (previously Chuquisaca) are the respective capitals.
	24 July	The Juliana Republic declares independence from Brazil. Laguna is the capital. The Republic capitulates and is reabsorbed later in the year.
	19 April	The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg becomes independent, but remains in the personal Union with the Netherlands as a result of the Treaty of London.
		The Principality of Serbia moves its capital from Kragujevac to Belgrade.
1838	5 November	The Republic of Costa Rica, the Republic of Nicaragua, and the Republic of Honduras secede from the Federal Republic of Central America. San José, Managua, and Comayagua are the respective capitals.
1836	28 December	The colony of South Australia is separated from the British colony of New South Wales.
	28 October	The Republic of North Peru, the Republic of South Peru, and the Bolivian Republic unite to form the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. Tacna is the capital.
	6 September	The Riograndense Republic declares independence from Brazil. Piratini is the first of five provisional capitals.
	11 August	The Republic of North Peru supersedes the Peruvian Republic. Lima remains the capital.
	17 March	The Republic of South Peru secedes from Peruvian Republic. Cusco is the capital.
	2 March	The Republic of Texas declares its independence from México. Washington is the first of six cities that will serve as temporary capital until 1839.
1835	23 October	The Mexican Republic supersedes the United Mexican States. México remains the capital.
1834		The Federal Republic of Central America moves its capital from Guatemala City to San Salvador.
		The Kingdom of Greece moves its capital from Nafplio to Athens.
1833	3 January	The United Kingdom removes a garrison installed by the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata in October 1832 reasserting its sovereignty claim over the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas). Port Louis becomes the capital.
1832	3 September	The province of Catamarca joins the Federal Pact. End of the Unitarian League.
	8 July	The province of Tucumán joins the Federal Pact.
	4 July	The province of Salta joins the Federal Pact.
	May	The Kingdom of Greece supersedes the First Hellenic Republic. Nafplio remains the capital.
		The province of San Juan joins the Federal Pact.
	13 April	The province of San Luis joins the Federal Pact.
		The colony of Western Australia supersedes the British Swan River Colony in Australia.
1831	20 October	The Republic of New Granada supersedes Gran Colombia. Bogotá remains the capital.
	12 October	The province of La Rioja joins the Federal Pact.
	20 August	The province of Córdoba and the province of Santiago del Estero join the Federal Pact.
	19 August	The province of Corrientes joins the Federal Pact.
	9 August	The province of Mendoza joins the Federal Pact.
	21 July	Belgium becomes the Kingdom of Belgium. Brussels remains the capital.
	4 January	The United Kingdom combines Essequibo-Demerara and Berbice as the Crown Colony of British Guiana. Georgetown is the capital.
		Signing of the Federal Pact by the province of Buenos Aires, the province of Entre Ríos, and the province of Santa Fe. Beginning of the Argentine Confederation.
1830	4 October	Belgium declares its independence from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Brussels is the capital.
	28 June	The Oriental State of Uruguay is created from the Government and Provisional General Captaincy of the Oriental State of Uruguay. Montevideo remains the capital.
	13 May	The Republic of Ecuador, and the Republic of Venezuela declare independence from Gran Colombia. Quito, and Caracas are the respective capitals.
	3 February	The Ottoman Empire recognizes the independence of Greece. Nafplio is the capital.
	5 July	The Unitarian League is created among the Argentine provinces of San Luis, La Rioja, Catamarca, Mendoza, San Juan, Tucumán, Córdoba, Salta and Santiago del Estero.

1820s

Year	Date	Event
1829		The British Swan River Colony is established in the west of Australia
1828	27 August	The Banda Oriental gains independence from the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata as Government and Provisional General Captaincy of the Oriental State of Uruguay. Montevideo is the capital.
		Misiones Orientales are awarded to Brazil
1827	18 August	The centralist and unitary state of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata is dissolved. The Argentine Provinces resume their sovereignty delegating the foreign affairs on the Province of Buenos Aires.
1826	9 July	The Republic of Chile supersedes the State of Chile. Santiago remains the capital.
	8 February	The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata is proclaimed as a centralist and unitary state.
1825	3 December	Van Diemen's Land is declared a separate British colony to New South Wales
	15 November	The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves changes its name back to the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves. Lisbon remains the capital.
	29 August	The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves recognizes the independence of the Empire of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro remains the capital.
	25 August	Cisplatina declares its independence from the Empire of Brazil and reunites with the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata.
	6 August	The Bolivian Republic gains independence from the Monarchy of Spain at the conclusion of the Bolivian War of Independence. Chuquisaca (later Sucre) is the capital.
	16 July	The border of the British colony of New South Wales is extended from 133°E to 129°E
		The Netherlands administratively combines its three colonies of Suriname, Curaçao and Dependencies (the ABC islands), and Sint Eustatius and Dependencies (the SSS islands). The capital is Paramaribo.
1824	9 December	The Battle of Ayacucho end the Spanish American wars of independence in South America
	4 October	The United Mexican States supersedes the Mexican Empire upon the execution of Emperor Maximilian I. México remains the capital.
	6 August	Bolivia declares independence from Spain, and refuses to join either Peru or the United Provinces of South America
	2 July	The Confederation of the Equator declares independence from Brazil. Recife is the capital, but the Confederation capitulates and is reabsorbed at the same year.
1823	July	The Republic of Guatemala, the Republic of El Salvador, the Republic of Nicaragua, the Republic of Honduras, and the Republic of Costa Rica unite to form the Federal Republic of Central America. Guatemala City is the capital.
	16 May	The Republic of Costa Rica moves its capital from Cartago to San José.
1822	19 December	The Peruvian Republic supersedes the State of Peru. Lima remains the capital.
	12 October	The Empire of Brazil supersedes the Independent Kingdom of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro remains the capital.
	7 September	The Independent Kingdom of Brazil declares its independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Rio de Janeiro is the capital.
	9 February	Haiti annexes the Republic of Spanish Haiti. Santo Domingo yields to Port-au-Prince as the capital.
1821	1 December	The Republic of Spanish Haiti gains independence from Monarchy of Spain. Santo Domingo is the capital.
	28 November	Independence of Panama from Spain
	21 September	The Republic of Costa Rica gains independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Cartago is the capital.
	15 September	The Republic of Guatemala, the Republic of Honduras, the Republic of Nicaragua and the Republic of El Salvador become independent from the Monarchy of Spain. Guatemala City, Comayagua, Managua, and San Salvador are the respective capitals.
	24 August	The Monarchy of Spain recognizes the independence of the Mexican Empire. México remains the capital.
	3 August	Peru becomes the State of Peru. Lima remains the capital.
	28 July	Peru declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Lima is the capital.
	18 July	Cisplatina formally declares itself as part of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
	3 July	The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves returns the capital from exile in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to Lisbon.
	25 March	Greece declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire. Nafplion is the capital.
	19 February	The United States of America receives Florida from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty
		Alaska Boundary Dispute with Russia and Great Britain begins
1820	8 October	The Kingdom of Haiti collapses upon the suicide of King Henri I. Haiti is unified under the Republic of Haiti with its capital at Port-au-Prince.
	1 February	Federal League defeats the central government of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in the Battle of Cepeda. The Federal League is dissolved and the Argentine Provinces resume their sovereignty, delegating the foreign affairs on the Province of Buenos Aires.
		The Kingdom of Hawaiʻi establishes its capital at Lāhainā.

1810s

Retreat of European colonialism and change of political borders in South America, 1700–present

Year	Date	Event
1819	17 December	Gran Colombia is established from the previous Second Republic of Venezuela, United Provinces of New Granada, and the Presidency of Quito
	7 August	The United Provinces of New Granada gains independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Bogotá is the capital.
1817	5 April	The Battle of Maipú secures Chilean independence from Spain
	12 February	The State of Chile again declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Santiago is the capital.
	20 January	The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves occupies the Banda Oriental (Uruguay) as Cisplatina.
1816	9 July	The United Provinces in South America (Argentina, Bolivia, and Uruguay) declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Buenos Aires remains the capital.
	6 May	Spanish reconquest of New Granada ends the early Colombian independent governments
1815	16 December	The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves supersedes the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves. Rio de Janeiro remains the capital-in-exile.
	21 November	Miloš Obrenović establishes the Principality of Serbia. Kragujevac is the capital.
	29 June	The Federal League, an alliance of several Argentine Provinces and modern-day Uruguay, is established.
	8 July	The restored Kingdom of France supersedes the first French Empire. Paris remains the capital.
	9 June	The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia is formed from the Milanese and Venetian portions of the Kingdom of Italy and becomes a crown land of the Austrian Empire (Congress of Vienna)
		Austria gains the territory of the former Republic of Ragusa (Congress of Vienna)
		Grand Duchy of Tuscany is re-established and is given Piombino (Congress of Vienna)
		The Duchy of Lucca is created in place of the former Republic of Lucca (Congress of Vienna)
		The Duchy of Warsaw is partitioned into the Grand Duchy of Posen (Prussia), Congress Poland (Russia) and the Free City of Kraków (jointly controlled by Prussia, Russia, and Austria) (Congress of Vienna)
		Prussia is awarded Danzig, much of the Kingdom of Saxony, Westphalia and the Rhineland. (Congress of Vienna)
		The United Kingdom of the Netherlands is created from the former Dutch Republic and Austrian Netherlands, with Luxembourg in a personal union. (Congress of Vienna)
		Swedish Pomerania is ceded to Prussia. (Congress of Vienna)
		The Duchy of Lauenburg is ceded by Hanover to Denmark (Congress of Vienna)
		Hanover becomes a Kingdom annexes the former territories of the Bishop of Münster and East Frisia (Congress of Vienna)
		Bavaria gains the Palatinate and parts of the Duchy of Würzburg and Grand Duchy of Frankfurt (Congress of Vienna)
		Hesse-Darmstadt gains Rhenish Hesse (Congress of Vienna)
		British control of various colonies, including the Cape Colony, Tobago, and Ceylon, is recognized (Congress of Vienna)
		The United States of the Ionian Islands is formed as a British protectorate (Congress of Vienna)
		German Confederation established. Frankfurt is the capital. (Congress of Vienna)
	20 March	The first French Empire supersedes the Kingdom of France. Paris remains the capital.
	16 March	The United Kingdom of the Netherlands supersedes the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands. Amsterdam and Brussels are the joint capitals.
		Sir Robert Brownrigg establishes the Crown Colony of Ceylon. Colombo becomes the capital.
		The capital of Bermuda is moved from St George to Hamilton
1814	4 November	The Kingdom of Norway joins a personal union with the Kingdom of Sweden. Stockholm and Christiania are the capitals.
	2 October	The Monarchy of Spain reconquers Chile.
	17 May	Norway declares full independence, electing its own king and adopting its own constitution.
	11 April	Napoleon abdicates from the Italian throne, effectively dissolving the Kingdom.
	6 April	The restored Kingdom of France supersedes the First French Empire. Paris remains the capital.
	29 March	The Netherlands are reestablished from France as the Sovereign Princedom of the Netherlands.
	17 May	Denmark cedes Norway to Sweden through the peace of Kiel.
		Various Italian states are reinstated, including the Duchy of Modena and Reggio and the Papal States.
	17 May	The Kingdom of Sardinia reclaims its mainland territory and annexes the land of the former Republic of Genoa. (Ratified by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.)
	14 January	The Kingdom of Norway secedes Denmark–Norway. Christiania is the capital.
		The Principality of Andorra declares independence from the First French Empire. Andorra la Vella is the capital.
1813	11 December	The Treaty of Valençay ends formally the Peninsular War, with the restoration of Ferdinand VII of Spain and releasing the country from being a client state of the Napoleonic French Empire.
	2 December	The Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands is created from the ruins of the first French Empire. Amsterdam is the capital.
	19 October	The Confederation of the Rhine dissolves.
	12 October	Paraguay becomes the Republic of Paraguay. Asunción remains the capital.
	7 August	The Second Republic of Venezuela is declared
	23 July	The British Malta Colony supersedes the Malta Protectorate. Valletta remains the capital.
1812	28 July	The First Republic of Venezuela is crushed by the Spanish Empire
	28 May	The eastern portion of the Principality of Moldavia (Bessarabia) is ceded to the Russian Empire by the Ottoman Empire in the Treaty of Bucharest
	14 May	France annexes Catalonia from Spain, creating the départements of Bouches-de-l'Èbre, Montserrat, Sègre and Ter. Andorra is also annexed and incorporated into the département of Sègre.
1811	27 November	The United Provinces of New Granada (modern Colombia) are established
	5 July	Venezuela declares independence from Spain
	14 May	Paraguay gains independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Asunción is the capital.
	28 March	The Kingdom of Haiti supersedes the State of Haiti. Cap-Haïtien is the capital.
1810	13 December	France annexes northern Germany (Hamburg, Bremen, Lübeck, Salm, Arenberg, Oldenburg, parts of Westphalia and Berg)
	18 September	Chile declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Santiago is the capital.
	16 September	México declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain.
	20 July	Colombia declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain.
	13 July	The Kingdom of Holland (Netherlands) is annexed by the first French Empire.
	25 May	May Revolution. The Spanish viceroy in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay) is replaced by the Primera Junta. Creation of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. Buenos Aires remains the capital.
	22 May	By the terms of the Treaty of Paris, the Principality of Regensburg is formally incorporated into the Kingdom of Bavaria
	19 April	The First Republic of Venezuela is established, starting the Venezuelan War of Independence from Spain
	April	Kamehameha I unifies the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi.
		The Rhodanic Republic is annexed by France and becomes the département of Simplon

1800s

Year	Date	Event
1809	14 October	Salzburg is ceded to Bavaria (Treaty of Schönbrunn)
		West Galicia is ceded to the Duchy of Warsaw (Treaty of Schönbrunn)
		Tarnopol is ceded to the Russian Empire (Treaty of Schönbrunn)
		Trieste and Croatia south of the Sava are ceded to France; these become the Illyrian provinces (Treaty of Schönbrunn)
	17 September	Sweden officially cedes Finland to Russia through the peace of Hamina
	29 March	The Russian Tsar is declared Grand-duke of Finland, effectively separating Finland from Sweden and turning it into a Russian autonomous duchy
		Napoleon dissolves the Teutonic Knights; their lands are redistributed between neighboring states of the Holy Roman Empire, mostly to Württemberg.
1808	7 March	The Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves removes the capital from Lisbon to exile in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
		Spain becomes a client state of the First French Empire after the country was partially occupied by French forces and Joseph I set as king by Napoleon.
1807	July	Napoleon creates the Duchy of Warsaw from land ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia by the Treaties of Tilsit
1806	17 October	The Empire of Haiti collapses upon the assassination of Emperor Jacques I. Haiti splits in two with the State of Haiti in the north with its capital at Milot, and the Republic of Haiti in the south with its capital at Port-au-Prince.
	6 August	Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, dissolves the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.
	25 July	Napoleon I of France establishes the Confederation of the Rhine. Frankfurt is the capital.
	5 June	The Kingdom of Holland (Netherlands) supersedes the Batavian Republic. Amsterdam remains the capital.
	8 January	The United Kingdom establishes the Cape Colony. Cape Town is the capital.
1805	July	France annexes the Principality of Piombino and the Republic of Lucca and reconstitutes them as the Principality of Lucca and Piombino
1804	22 September	Jean-Jacques Dessalines establishes the Empire of Haiti. Port-au-Prince remains the capital.
	11 August	Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, establishes the Austrian Empire. Vienna is the capital.
	18 May	The first French Empire supersedes the first French Republic. Paris remains the capital.
	4 March	The French Republic sells Louisiane to the United States of America. New Orleans (Nouvelle-Orléans) is the capital of the unorganized territory.
	1 January	The French colony of Saint-Domingue on Hispaniola declares its independence from the French Republic as Haiti. Port-au-Prince remains the capital.
1803	27 April	As a result of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, all but three (Archbishopric of Regensburg, and the lands of the Teutonic Knights and Knights of Saint John) ecclesiastical states of the Holy Roman Empire are either secularized or annexed by other states. The Duchy of Salzburg (formerly the Archbishopric of Salzburg) is also raised to an electorate.
	19 February	The Act of Mediation converts the Helvetic Republic into the Swiss Confederation
1802		Napoleon separates the Canton of Valais from the Helvetic Republic to form the Rhodanic Republic
		Gia Long establishes the Nguyễn dynasty in Vietnam. Huế is the capital.
1801	20 August	The Gozitan Nation is annexed by the British protectorate of Malta.
	6 June	The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal signs the Treaty of Badajoz. Spain cedes the South American Misiones Orientales to Portugal.
		The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal signs the Treaty of Badajoz. Portugal cedes Olivenza to Spain.
	1 January	The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland unite to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Dublin yields to London as the capital.
1800	17 November	The United States of America moves its capital from Philadelphia to its permanent location at Washington in the District of Columbia.
	5 September	French forces in Malta surrender to the British. The island becomes the British protectorate of Malta with Valletta as capital.
	1 October	After a secretly negotiated treaty between France and Spain, Spain returns the colony of Louisiana to France
1800	17 February	The French département of Mont-Terrible is merged into the département of Haut-Rhin5

18th century

1790s

Year	Date	Event
1799	7 July	Establishment of the Sikh Empire after capture of Lahore by Maharaja Ranjit Singh and unification of the Sikh Confederacy under him.
1798	28 October	The Gozitan Nation gains de facto independence from Malta with Rabat as its capital.
	11 June	The Order of Saint John capitulates to French forces and Malta is under French occupation with Valletta remaining the capital.
	12 April	The Napoleonic Helvetic Republic is declared
	4 January	France annexes Mulhouse
1797	17 April	The House of Habsburg annexes the Republic of Venice.
	18 October	The Austrian Netherlands and various Mediterranean islands, including Corfu, are ceded to France. (Treaty of Campo Formio)
		The Republic of Venice is dissolved. Venetia (the eastern portion of Domini di Terraferma, roughly modern Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia), Istria and Dalmatia are annexed by Austria (Treaty of Campo Formio)
		Austria recognizes the Cisalpine Republic and Ligurian Republic (Treaty of Campo Formio)
		The Kingdom of Italy is recognized as defunct and all subordinate territories are formally released from the Holy Roman Empire (Treaty of Campo Formio)
1795	19 January	The Batavian Republic supersedes the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. Amsterdam is the capital.
	24 October	The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is partitioned. Its vassal state Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and the former Bishopric of Courland, until then in personal union with Poland-Lithuania, are annexed to the Russian Empire together as its Courland Governorate.
		France annexes Southern Netherlands
1793	25 June	Avignon is transferred from the Papal States to France
	23 March	The Rauracian Republic is annexed by France to form the département of Mont-Terrible
	2 March	France annexes the Principality of Salm-Salm
1792	17 December	Most of the Prince-Bishopric of Basel becomes the Napoleonic Rauracian Republic, retaining only Schliengen
	21 September	The first French Republic supersedes the Kingdom of France. Paris remains the capital.
	23 January	Second partition of Poland
1791	4 March	The Vermont Republic joins the United States of America as the State of Vermont. Windsor yields to Philadelphia as the federal capital.
1790	7 December	The United States of Belgium capitulates to the House of Habsburg.
	6 December	The United States of America moves its temporary capital from New York City to Philadelphia pending the construction of the new capital permitted by the new United States Constitution.
	11 January	The United States of Belgium declares its independence from the House of Habsburg. Brussels is the capital.

1780s

Year	Date	Event
1789		The Later Lê dynasty of Vietnam collapses.
1788	26 January	British colony of New South Wales is established
1785	11 January	The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Trenton to New York City.
1784	1 November	The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Annapolis to Trenton.
		King Joseph II moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom back to Buda.
1784	1 July	King Gustav III of Sweden acquires the island of Saint Barthélemy in the Caribbean from France. It becomes a Swedish colony for nearly a century, until it is sold back to France in 1878.
		Russian seafarer and merchant Grigory Ivanovich Shelikhov arrives in Three Saints Bay in Alaska
1783	26 November	The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Princeton to Annapolis.
	3 September	The Kingdom of Great Britain signs the Treaty of Paris, recognizing the independence of the United States of America. Princeton remains the temporary capital.
	26 November	The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Philadelphia to Princeton.
	20 January	Great Britain surrenders East Florida and West Florida to Spain
	19 April [O.S. 8 April]	The Crimean Khanate is annexed by the Russian Empire and incorporated as the Taurida Governorate
		Province of Trinidad moves its capital from San José de Oruña to Puerto de España, its present location.
1782	21 April	Siam moves its capital from Thonburi to Bangkok, its present location.

1770s

Year	Date	Event
1778		Thái Đức establishes the Tây Sơn dynasty in Vietnam.
1778	27 July	The United States of America moves its temporary capital from York back to Philadelphia.
1777	1 October	The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal sign the First Treaty of San Ildefonso, confirming almost all the borders defined by the Treaty of Madrid, with the exception that Spain would rule both Colonia del Sacramento and the Misiones Orientales.
	30 September	The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Lancaster to York.
	27 September	United States of America moves its temporary capital from Philadelphia to Lancaster for one day, following the capture of Philadelphia by British forces.
	8 July	The Republic of New Connecticut changes its name to the Vermont Republic. Windsor remains the capital.
	4 June	The Republic of New Connecticut moves its capital to Windsor.
	4 March	The United States of America moves its temporary capital back from Baltimore to Philadelphia.
	15 January	The Republic of New Connecticut declares its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Westminster is the temporary capital.
1776	20 December	The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Philadelphia to Baltimore.
	4 July	The United States of America (including the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations) declares its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Philadelphia is the first of eight cities that will serve as a temporary capital until 1800.
	4 May	Rhode Island and Providence Plantations declares its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Providence is the capital.
1775		The Kingdom of Portugal reunites its South American colonies of the State of Brazil, the State of Great-Pará, and the State of Maranhão into the Colony of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro is the capital.
		The Habsburg Monarchy annexes the northwestern part of Moldavia (which became known as Bukovina).
1772		The Kingdom of Portugal divides its colony of the State of Great-Pará and Maranhão into the State of Great-Pará (capital, Belém) and the State of Maranhão (capital, São Luis).
		Ayutthaya having been destroyed in 1767, the new capital of Siam is created in Thonburi.
	5 August	First partition of Poland

1760s

Year	Date	Event
1768	21 December	Prithvi Narayan Shah unifies the Kingdom of Nepal. Kathmandu is the capital.
	15 May	Genoa sells to France its rights to Corsica
1763	12 February	The Kingdom of Portugal moves the capital of its colony of the State of Brazil from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro.
	10 February	The Treaty of Paris creates a number of territory transfers between Great Britain, France, and Spain. New France (Canada) now belongs to the British.
1762		The Louisiana Territory is transferred from France to Spain in the Treaty of Fontainebleau
1761	12 February	The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal sign the Treaty of El Pardo, nullifying the Treaty of Madrid.

1750s

Year	Date	Event
1758		The Dzungar Khanate is annexed by the Qing dynasty of China.
1751		The Kingdom of Portugal changes the name of its colonial State of Maranhão to State of Great-Pará and Maranhão.
	21 September	Through the Treaty of Strömstad, the border between Sweden and Norway is finally settled, from the beginning of the land border in Iddefjord until Norway's border on Russia at Varanger (since Finland was part of Sweden at this time, the border between the two countries continued beyond the present end point of the border between Norway and Sweden).
1750	13 January	The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal signs the Treaty of Madrid. Based on the uti possidetis concept, Portugal gains lands on the actual south, central and north regions of Brazil. The treaty also stipulated that Spain would receive the Colonia del Sacramento and Portugal the Misiones Orientales.

1740s

Year	Date	Event
1747		Safavid Empire collapses
	October	The Durrani Empire is founded near Kandahar on a Loya jirga, when Ahmad Shah Abdali is chosen as the king of the newly independent empire. He is later regarded as the founder of modern Afghanistan.
1744		The Kingdom of Matamba is annexed to Portuguese Angola.
1740		Prussia annexes Silesia from Austria

1730s

Year	Date	Event
1739	18 September	The Habsburg Monarchy cedes the Kingdom of Serbia, the southern part of the Banat of Temeswar and northern Bosnia to the Ottoman Empire (Treaty of Belgrade)
		The Habsburg Monarchy returns Lesser Walachia (Oltenia) to Wallachia (Treaty of Belgrade)
	1 January	Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier discovers Bouvet Island in the South Atlantic Ocean
1737		The Kingdom of Portugal moves the capital of its colonial State of Maranhão from São Luís to Belém.
1732		Georgia Colony is founded. Savannah is the capital.

1720s

Year	Date	Event
1728		On Greenland (then part of Denmark-Norway), Hans Egede founds the colony of Godthåb
1721	22 October	Peter the Great proclaims the Tsardom of Russia an Empire
	30 August	Swedish Estonia, Ingria, Livonia, and most of Karelia is ceded by Sweden to the Tsardom of Russia according to the terms of the Treaty of Nystad.
1720	21 January	Sweden cedes the portion of Swedish Pomerania south of the Peene and east of the Peenestrom to Prussia

1710s

Year	Date	Event
1719	9 November	Sweden cedes Bremen-Verden to the Electorate of Hanover
1718	21 July	The Ottoman Empire cedes to the Habsburg Monarchy the Banat, southeastern Syrmia, central Serbia, and part of northern Bosnia, while part of Wallachia (an Ottoman vassal) known as the Lesser Wallachia (Oltenia) is also ceded to the Habsburg Monarchy (Treaty of Passarowitz)
		The Kingdom of Serbia is established as a Habsburg crown land (Treaty of Passarowitz)
		The Banat of Temeswar is established as a Habsburg crown land (Treaty of Passarowitz)
		Venice return Morea (gained by the Treaty of Karlowitz) and its Cretan holdings to the Ottomans.
		The Ottoman Empire cede parts of Dalmatia (Imotski, Sinj, and Vrgorac).
1717		The former Bishopric of Courland, until then in personal union with the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, it in turn a vassal state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, comes into personal union directly with Poland-Lithuania.
1715		The Kingdom of Spain returns Colonia del Sacramento to the Kingdom of Portugal.
	28 November	Kingdom of Castile integrates the Kingdom of Majorca, the last part of the Crown of Aragon, through invasion
1714	11 September	Fall of the Crown of Aragon invaded by Kingdom of Castile marked by the invasion of the City of Barcelona (Siege of Barcelona). Creation of a unified Kingdom of Spain through the Nueva Planta decrees.
	7 September	The Duchy of Milan is ceded to the Habsburg Monarchy
1713	March and April	The Treaty of Utrecht is signed. The United Kingdom takes sovereignty over Gibraltar and Menorca from the Kingdom of Spain. Spain also ceded: Sicily and parts of the Duchy of Milan to Savoy; Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, Sardinia, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan to Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor; lands in South America between Amazon River and Oiapoque River to the Kingdom of Portugal.
		Gibraltar passes from Spain to Great Britain
1712		Carolina Colony is split into North Carolina Colony and South Carolina Colony.
1711	21 July	The Russian Empire returns Azov to the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of the Pruth.
		The Principality of Transylvania is integrated de jure into the Habsburg Monarchy as a crown land (Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867))

1700s

Year	Date	Event
1707	1 May	The Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland unite to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. Edinburgh yields to London as the capital for all but judicial functions.
	25 April	Kingdom of Castile integrates the Kingdom of Valencia part of the Crown of Aragon through invasion (Battle of Almansa)
	1 May	The creation of the Kingdom of Great Britain through the Acts of Union

17th century

Year	Date	Event
1700		The Ottoman Empire cedes Azov to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Constantinople
1699	26 January	The Ottoman Empire cede the Eğri Eyalet, the Varat Eyalet, northern parts of the Temeşvar Eyalet, most of the Budin Eyalet and parts of the Bosnia Eyalet to the Habsburg Monarchy. This territory plus the Principality of Transylvania corresponds to most of the territory of mediaeval Hungary previously lost to the Ottomans (Ottoman Hungary). (Treaty of Karlowitz)
		The Principality of Transylvania, while nominally independent, becomes de facto under Habsburg rule. (Treaty of Karlowitz)
		The Ottoman Empire returns Podolia to Poland-Lithuania. (Treaty of Karlowitz)
		The Ottoman Empire cedes Morea and most of Dalmatia to the Republic of Venice. (Treaty of Karlowitz)
1695		The capital of Maryland Colony is moved from St. Mary's City to Annapolis.
1692		Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony are reorganized as Province of Massachusetts Bay.
1689		Ludlow ceases to be the administrative capital of Wales following the end of Council of Wales and the Marches. Wales ceases to have an official or administrative capital.
1684		The English Crown Colony of Bermuda supersedes the Somers Isles Company. Hamilton is the capital.
1682		Robert de La Salle sails down the Mississippi River
1681		The Pennsylvania Colony is founded. Philadelphia is the capital.
1680		The Kingdom of Burundi is established.
1677		The Mạc dynasty of Vietnam collapses.
1674		Shivaji founded Maratha Empire in Maharashtra
1665		The Kingdom of Lunda is established.
1664		The Dutch Republic signs the Treaty of Breda, which cedes New Netherland to the Kingdom of England.
		Delaware Colony is founded. New Castle is the capital.
		New Jersey Colony is founded.
		New York Colony is founded. New York City is the capital.
		New Haven Colony is merged into Connecticut Colony.
1661	25 February	The former Bishopric of Courland, a vassal state of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, it in turn a vassal state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, comes into personal union with Courland and Semigallia.
		Aurangzeb of the Mughal Empire gives the port of Bombay to the British
1660	27 May	The Kingdom of Sweden cedes Trøndelag and Bornholm to Denmark-Norway as part of the Treaty of Copenhagen.
	3 May	The Treaty of Oliva cedes Runö Island in Estonia from the Polish-Lithuanian vassal state Duchy of Courland and Semigallia to Sweden.
	4 April	The restored Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland, and Kingdom of Ireland supersede the republican Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. London, Edinburgh, and Dublin are the respective capitals.
1658	16 December	The Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland supersedes the Commonwealth of England, the Kingdom of Scotland, and the Kingdom of Ireland. Edinburgh and Dublin yield to London as the capital.
	26 February	Denmark-Norway cedes Skåne, Blekinge, Halland, Bornholm, Båhus and Trøndelag to the Kingdom of Sweden as part of the Treaty of Roskilde.
1656		The former Bishopric of Courland, until then in personal union with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, is sold to the Polish-Lithuanian vassal state Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and becomes its vassal state instead.
1653	4 May	The precise borders between Swedish Pomerania and Farther Pomerania (Brandenburg-Prussia) are determined in the Treaty of Stettin
1649	19 May	The republican Commonwealth of England supersedes the Kingdom of England. London remains the capital.
1648		The Netherlands, Switzerland, and many Italian city-states are made independent of the Holy Roman Empire
		The Duchy of Pomerania is divided between Sweden (Swedish Pomerania) and Brandenburg-Prussia (Farther Pomerania), although the precise borders would not be determined until 1653
1645	13 August	The Kingdom of Denmark and Norway, the Wends and the Goths cedes Jämtland, Härjedalen, Idre & Särna, Gotland, Ösel and Halland, the latter for a period of 30 years, to the Kingdom of Sweden as part of the Treaty of Brömsebro.
1644	30 October	The Qing dynasty supersedes the Ming dynasty as the legitimate dynasty of China.
		Hongguang establishes the Southern Ming dynasty in China.
		Saybrook Colony sold to Connecticut Colony.
1640	1 December	Portugal separates from personal union with Spain
		The Emirate of Trarza is established.
1638		New Haven Colony is founded. New Haven is the capital.
1636	3 March	Connecticut Colony is founded. Hartford is the capital.
		Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations is founded.
		Taizong establishes the Qing dynasty in China.
1635		Fasilides makes Gondar the first permanent capital of Ethiopia since the fall of the Zagwe Dynasty
		Saybrook Colony is founded. Old Saybrook is the capital.
1632		Maryland Colony is founded. St. Mary's City is the capital.
1631		The Kingdom of Matamba is established.
1629	26 September	The Truce of Altmark cedes most of the Duchy of Livonia in real union with Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to Sweden as Swedish Livonia. The eastern part of the duchy is retained by Poland-Lithuania and is annexed as the Inflanty Voivodeship.
		Massachusetts Bay Colony is founded.
		New Hampshire Colony is founded.
	Carolina Colony is founded.
1628		The Colony of Barbados moves its capital from Saint James Town to Bridgetown.
1627		The Kingdom of England establishes the Colony of Barbados with its capital at Saint James Town.
1626		Dutch purchase Manhattan
1621		The Kingdom of Portugal divides the Colony of Brazil into the State of Brazil (capital, Salvador) and the State of Maranhão (capital, São Luis).
1620		Plymouth Colony is founded.
		The Kasanje Kingdom is founded.
1617	9 May	The Polish-Lithuanian vassal state Bishopric of Courland comes into personal union with Poland-Lithuania.
1617	27 February	In the treaty of Stolbovo Sweden gained the Russian province and fortress of Kexholm (Käkisalmi, now Priozersk) and the province of Ingria including the fortress of Nöteborg (now Shlisselburg, Russia)
1616	30 October	Taizu establishes the Later Jin dynasty in China.
1612		The Kingdom of Portugal reunites North Brazil and South Brazil into the Colony of Brazil. The capital is Salvador.
1610		Henry Hudson discovers Hudson Bay
1608		The Kingdom of Portugal divides the Colony of Brazil into North Brazil (capital, Salvador) and South Brazil (capital, Rio de Janeiro) for the second time.
1607		Virginia Colony is founded.
1601	17 January	France gains Bresse, Bugey, and Gex from Savoy, and cedes Saluzzo to Savoy in exchange

16th century

Year	Date	Event
1598		Kuchum, Khan of Sibir is killed in battle with Russian forces, thus completing the Russian conquest of Siberia.
1596		Willem Barentsz makes the first indisputable discovery of the Svalbard archipelago
1594		Virmadhalasuriya I of Sri Lanka moves the capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka to Kandy
1591		*Moroccans conquer Timbuktu
1585		The Treaty of Kronborg cedes the nominally Danish, but Polish-Lithuanian-controlled former Bishopric of Courland formally to Poland-Lithuania.
		The Kingdom of Luba is established.
1584	20 March	Areas under Swedish control in Northern Estonia are annexed as the Duchy of Estonia.
1583	10 August	The Treaty of Plussa cedes all the remaining Russian-controlled areas in former Livonia to Sweden.
1582	15 January	The Truce of Yam-Zapolsky cedes the Russian-controlled areas in former Central and Southern Livonia to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1581	26 July	The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain.
1581	14 January	The Treaty of Drohiczyn cedes the free imperial city of Riga into the Polish-Lithuanian Duchy of Livonia.
1580	July	Yermak Timofeyevich invades the territory of the Voguls, beginning the Russian conquest of Siberia.
1580	July	Personal union of Spain and Portugal
1578		The Kingdom of Portugal reunites North Brazil and South Brazil into the Colony of Brazil. The capital is Salvador.
1578		The Danish-controlled Bishopric of Courland becomes a vassal state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1577		The Russian vassal state Kingdom of Livonia is disestablished.
1575		The capital of Chile is moved from Concepción to Santiago
1573		The Kingdom of Portugal divides the Colony of Brazil into North Brazil (capital, Salvador) and South Brazil (capital, Rio de Janeiro).
1572	9 May	The Danish-controlled former Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek is annexed as Danish Ösel.
1571	18 March	The Order of Saint John moves the capital of Malta from Birgu to Valletta.
1570	13 December	Denmark cedes its nominal rights over Dagö and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth its nominal rights over Harrien-Wierland (including Reval), Jerwen and Wiek to Sweden.
1570	10 June	The Kingdom of Livonia is established as a vassal state of Russia in some of its conquered lands in Livonia.
1569	1 July	The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania unite to form the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Vilnius yields to Kraków as the capital.
1566	25 December	The Union of Grodno turns the personal union between the Principality of Livonia and Grand Duchy of Lithuania into a real union and the former is reorganized as the Duchy of Livonia. The Lithuanian vassal state Archbishopric of Riga is annexed to the Duchy of Livonia.
1564		The Bailiff of Soneburg of the former Livonian Order, now the Principality of Livonia (later Duchy of Livonia), sells its bailiwick in the West Estonian archipelago to the Danish-controlled former Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek. In return, Denmark cedes its nominal rights over Swedish-controlled Wiek to the Lithuanian Principality of Livonia.
1563		Sweden conquers from Denmark the former Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek areas in Wiek and Dagö, leaving Denmark only with its possessions in Ösel.
1561	28 November	The Treaty of Vilnius dissolves the Livonian Order, which is in part organized as the Principality of Livonia in personal union with Lithuania, and in part organized as the Lithuanian vassal state Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, taking effect on 5 March 1562. The Archbishopric of Riga also becomes a vassal state of Lithuania and the former condominium town of Riga becomes a free imperial city.
1561	6 June	The northern Livonian Order town Reval pledges allegiance to Sweden.
1561	4 June	The northern Livonian Order regions of Harrien-Wierland (without Reval) and Jerwen pledge allegiance to Sweden.
1560	20 May	The Bishopric of Courland in Western Latvia is sold to Denmark.
1559	November	The Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek in Western Estonia is sold to Denmark.
1558	18 July	Russia conquers the Bishopric of Dorpat in Estonia.
1558		The Nguyễn lords establishes de facto control over Central and Southern Vietnam.
1550		The Kingdom of Loango is established.
1549		The Kingdom of Portugal establishes a central government for its Colony of Brazil, with Salvador as the capital.
1545		The Trịnh lords establishes de facto control over Northern Vietnam.
1542		The Kingdom of Ireland supersedes the feudal Lordship of Ireland. Dublin remains the capital.
		The Kingdom of England annexes the Principality of Wales.
1536		King Ferdinand I moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Pozsony.
1534		The Kingdom of Portugal divides its Colony of Brazil into 15 independent captaincies.
1533		The Later Lê dynasty in Vietnam is restored under Trang Tông.
1532		The Kingdom of France annexes the Duchy of Brittany.
1532		Francisco Pizzaro conquers the Inca.
1530	26 October	The Order of Saint John annexes Malta and moves the capital from Mdina to Birgu.
1529	22 April	Representatives of the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of Spain sign the Treaty of Zaragoza, settling the countries' boundary of conquest in Asia and Oceania at a meridian about 144°40' west of Greenwich.)
1527		Thái Tổ establishes the Mạc dynasty in Vietnam.
1526		Babur of the Mughal Empire defeats the sultan of Delhi
		Archduke Ferdinand of Austria is elected the next King of Bohemia and Hungary following the death of Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia, uniting the lands which would come to be known as the Habsburg Monarchy under a single ruler.
1525	14 January	The Teutonic Order relinquishes its rights over its autonomous Livonian Order.
1523		The Kalmar Union is dissolved.
1522		Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigates the Earth
1521	13 August	The combined forces of Hernán Cortés conquer Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire. The Kingdom of Spain subsequently renames the region New Spain. The destroyed capital is rebuilt and renamed México.
		King Mayadunne I moves the capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka to Sitawaka.
1513		Juan Ponce de León claims Florida for Spain.
		Vasco Núñez de Balboa crosses the Isthmus of Panama.
1504		The Kingdom of Naples is ceded to the Crown of Aragon.
1501		João da Nova discovers Ascension Island.
		The Wadai Sultanate is established.
1500	22 April	Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral arrives at the coast of Brazil and claims all land in South America east of the Tordesillas Meridian for the Kingdom of Portugal, thus establishing the Portuguese Colony of Brazil.

15th century

Year	Date	Event
1499-1501		Safavids conquer Persia
1495	7 June	Representatives of the Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas, settling the countries' boundary of conquest in the Americas (and Africa and Asia) at a meridian about 46°0' west of Greenwich.
1493	4 May	Spanish Pope Alexander VI issues the papal bull Inter caetera granting to the Crowns of Castile and Aragon (Spain) all newly discovered lands west of the meridian 100 leagues west of any of the islands of the Azores (approximately 38°11' west of Greenwich.)
1492	12 October	While seeking a route to the East Indies, Genoese navigator Cristoforo Colombo (Christopher Columbus) lands on the island of Guanahani in the Lucayan Archipelago, which he mistakes for the Japanese Archipelago. Columbus claims the archipelago for his patrons the Crowns of Castile and Aragon (Spain), and subsequently explores and claims Cuba and Hispaniola.
	3 May	Christopher Columbus arrives at Xamayca.
1490		King Vladislaus II moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom back to Buda.
	20 May	Vasco da Gama discovers the sea route to India
	2 January	The combined forces of Castile and Aragon captured the Emirate of Granada, completing the Spain's Reconquista.
1488		Bartolomeu Dias rounds the Cape of Good Hope
1485		King Matthias I moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Bécs.
1482		The Burgundian Netherlands are disestablished
1481		France gains the County of Provence
1480		According to temple records, a cyclone destroys the landbridge connecting the Kingdom of Kandy and Mainland India (Adam's Bridge).
1478		Commenced the completion of the conquest of the Canary Islands by Catholic Monarchs' Spain.
1472		Ludlow becomes the administrative capital of Wales, as the site of the Council of Wales and the Marches
1472		The Kingdom of Scotland annexes Orkney and Shetland.
1469		The crowns of the Iberian Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were united by the marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, the Catholic Monarchs.
1459		The Teutonic Order cedes its already leased-out former Danish Estonia over to its autonomous Livonian Order.
1453	29 May	The Byzantine Empire falls to the Ottoman Empire. The capital of the Ottoman Empire is moved to Constantinople, present day Istanbul. Silk Road closed to trade causing European merchants to seek sea routes to Asian markets thus opening the "age of discovery."
1452		The Archbishopric of Riga and the autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order agree with a condominium over the nominally free town of Riga, until then de facto controlled by the Livonian Order.
1444	March	The Albanian Principalities are unified to form the Albanian Confederate of League of Lezhe.
1435	1 September	The Archbishopric of Riga, the bishoprics of Courland, Dorpat and Ösel-Wiek, the autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order, and the town of Riga form the Livonian Confederation.
1434		The Archbishopric of Riga sells its Dondangen Parish to the Bishopric of Courland.
1432	March	Burgundy acquires the County of Hainaut
1428		Thái Tổ establishes the Later Lê dynasty in Vietnam. Đông Kinh is the capital.
1427		End of the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam.
1415	21 August	The Conquest of Ceuta marks the beginning of the Portuguese Empire.
1413	7 June	The autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order becomes de facto independent from its parent order.
		The Ming dynasty of China defeats the Later Trần dynasty of Vietnam.
1412		Glyndŵr in 1409 loses Harlech Castle and his ally Edmund Mortimer dies. By 1412 English rule spreads and Machynlleth ceases to assert any claim to be Wales' capital.
		King Parakramabahu VI moves the capital of Kingdom of Sri Lanka to Kotte.
1408		King Zsigmond of Luxemburg moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom back to Buda.
1407		The Ming dynasty of China conquers the Hồ dynasty of Vietnam. Start of the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam.
		Giản Định establishes the Later Trần dynasty in Vietnam.
1404		Owain Glyndŵr is crowned Prince of Wales, holding his Parliament at the capital, Machynlleth.
1400		Hồ Quý Ly establishes the Hồ dynasty in Vietnam. Tây Đô is the capital.

14th century

Year	Date	Event
1397		The Kalmar Union between the Kingdom of Denmark, Kingdom of Norway and Kingdom of Sweden is established.
1392		The Joseon Dynasty succeed the Goryeo Dynasty of Korea. Hanseong is the capital.
1390		The Kingdom of Kongo is established.
1384		The Burgundian Netherlands are established.
1368		Hongwu establishes the Ming dynasty in China. Yingtian and Shuntian are the capitals.
		Huizong establishes the Northern Yuan dynasty in what is now Northern China and Mongolia.
1366		Liège annexes the County of Loon
1358		Duke Rudolf IV of Austria has the Privilegium Maius forged, a set of documents which purports to elevate the Duchy of Austria to the status of "Archduchy". This status remains unrecognised.
1350		With the foundation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, its capital is created in Ayutthaya, instead of the former Sukhothai.
1349		Dauphiné sold to France
1347	7 June	The Teutonic Order leases the former Danish Estonia to its autonomous Livonian Order.
1346	1 November	Denmark sells and hands the Duchy of Estonia over to the Teutonic Order
1341		King Magnus Eriksson of Sweden buys the county of Halland from Denmark.
1330	March	The autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order gains control over the nominally free town of Riga.
1326		The Crown of Aragon conquers Sardinia, creating the Kingdom of Sardinia
1325	13 March	The Mexicas (Aztecs) founded Tenochtitlan, the foundation of México. It is the oldest continuous capital in the Americas.
1323		King Charles I moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Visegrád.
1323	12 August	The treaty of Nöteborg is signed between Sweden and Novgorod, resulting in the first true border regulation in Swedish Finland.
1316		France gains the Counties of Valentinois and Diois
1315		King Charles I moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Temesvár.
1305		France gains the County of Vivarais
1301		France gains Barrois mouvant (County of Bar west of Meuse River)

13th century

Year	Date	Event
1299		Ottoman Empire founded
1293	10 March	Sweden conquers the southeastern parts of Finland.
1290	February	The Archbishopric of Riga and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword conquer Semigallia, the last independent Latvian territory.
1287		King Parakramabahu III moves the capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka back to Polonnaruwa.
1279	19 March	The Song dynasty is conquered by the Yuan dynasty in China.
1279		The Kingdom of Majorca becomes a vassal of the Crown of Aragon
1278	8 September	The Paréage of Andorra is signed, establishing a condominium between the Count of Foix and the Bishop of Urgell in the territory of Andorra.
1278		Andorra granted independence from the Crown of Aragon
1276		Kingdom of Majorca is split from the Crown of Aragon, which are inherited by different sons of James I of Aragon
1272		The Yuan dynasty of China moves its capital from Shangdu to Dadu.
	1 February	The Kingdom of Albania (medieval) established.
	10 August	Yekuno Amlak overthrows the Zagwe dynasty, establishing the Solomonic dynasty of Ethiopia. Lalibela ceases to be the capital, and the Emperor of Ethiopia rules from a continually moving encampment around his domains for the following centuries.
1271		Shizu establishes the Yuan dynasty in China.
1266	2 July	Caithness and the territory of the Kingdom of the Isles (the Hebrides and Mann) is ceded to the Kingdom of Scotland by the Treaty of Perth
1260	2 July	Mongol Empire splits
1258	11 May	The Treaty of Corbeil formally ends French feudal overlordship of the counties in the Spanish March and Catalan counties in the March of Gothia
1258		Mongols occupy Baghdad
1256		King Béla IV moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Buda.
1255	20 January	The Bishopric of Riga is elevated to the Archbishopric of Riga.
1253		The Bishopric of Courland cedes some of its land to the autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order.
1245		The Crown of Aragon completes the reconquest of what would become the Kingdom of Valencia up to the limits agreed upon in the Treaty of Almizra
1238	7 June	The Treaty of Stensby returns Danish Estonia from the Livonian Order back to Denmark, while the order retains Jerwen.
1238		Sweden conquers central Finland.
1238		The Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek cedes some area in and around Leal in Western Estonia to the autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order.
1237	12 May	The Livonian Brothers of the Sword are incorporated into the Teutonic Order as the autonomous Livonian Order.
1236		Mongols invade Northern Korea
1235		Aragon conquers Ibiza, which becomes part of the Kingdom of Majorca
1235	September	Kingdom of Mali established
1234	24 July	The Bishopric of Courland is established from the Western Latvian territory of the Bishopric of Riga.
1231		Aragon completes the Conquest of Majorca and Menorca, establishing the Kingdom of Majorca as part of the Crown of Aragon
1228	August	The Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek is established from the Western Estonian territory of the Bishopric of Riga. Some of its land is ceded to the Livonian Brothers of the Sword.
1227	February	The Bishopric of Riga and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword subjugate Saaremaa, the last independent Estonian county and the Sword Brothers conquer Danish Estonia.
1225		Thái Tông establishes the Trần dynasty in Vietnam.
1225		The town of Riga gains independence from the Bishopric of Riga.
1224	August	The Bishopric of Estonia is renamed the Bishopric of Dorpat.
1224	24 July	The Bishopric of Estonia cedes Wiek to the Bishopric of Riga.
1224	21 July	The Livonian Brothers of the Sword cede Southern Estonia to the Bishopric of Estonia (established in 1211). The bishopric returns some of the lands to the Sword Brothers.
1223		Mongols defeat East Slavic warriors
1220		King Vijayabahu III moves the capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka to Dambadeniya.
1219		Denmark annexes the Northern Estonian counties of Revala, Harju County, Viru County and Järva County as the Duchy of Estonia.
1218		The Principality of Wales is recognized in the Treaty of Worcester.
1217		Serbian Kingdom established.
1216		The Principality of Wales is founded at the Council of Aberdyfi.
1216		The Livonian Brothers of the Sword establish first presence in Southern Estonia.
1210		The Mongol Empire captures much of the Western Liao dynasty.
1207	August	The Bishopric of Riga cedes one third of its lands to the Livonian Brothers of the Sword (established in 1202).
1206		Genghis Khan establishes the Mongol Empire.
1202		The Bishopric of Livonia is renamed the Bishopric of Riga.

12th century

Year	Date	Event
1199		The Principality of Galicia–Volhynia is established.
1197		The Kingdom of Deheubarth is disestablished.
1190		The Principality of Arbanon is established.
1186		The Bishopric of Livonia establishes its first presence in modern Latvia.
1185		The Second Bulgarian Empire gains independence from the Byzantine Empire under Peter IV of Bulgaria.
1172		Jämtland is conquered by the Kingdom of Norway.
1162		The Viking Kingdom of Dublin is conquered by England.
		Alfonso II/I ascends to the thrones of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona, establishing the Crown of Aragon.
1154		Al-Idrisi creates an early world map named Tabula Rogeriana, which describes the Eurasian continent and the northern half of Africa.
1156		King Erik den helige of Sweden leads the first crusade to Finland and incorporates it with Sweden.
1139		The Kingdom of Portugal gains independence from the Kingdom of León.
1139		The County of Portugal declares independence from the Kingdom of León, as the Kingdom of Portugal.
1130	25 December	The Norman Kingdom of Sicily is established; the Duchy of Apulia and Calabria is disestablished
1127		Gaozong establishes the Southern Song dynasty in China. Lin'an is the capital.
1124		Dezong establishes the Western Liao dynasty in what is now Northwest China and Central Asia. Balasagun is the capital.
1115		Taizu establishes the Jin dynasty in China.

11th century

Year	Date	Event
1097		King William II moves the capital of the Kingdom of England to London.
1092		William Rufus, son of William the Conqueror, invades Cumberland (then part of Scotland) and incorporates it into England.
1091		Noto, Sicily is conquered by the County of Sicily, ending the Muslim Emirate of Sicily
1088		The Principality of Taranto is established
1076		Muslim Almoravids conquer Ghana.
1076		The kingdoms of Pamplona and Aragon are reunited (in a personal union) under Sancho Ramírez, who styled himself "King of the Aragonians and Pamplonese". The two kingdoms are now de jure separate entities
1076		Muslims conquer Syria
1076		Palermo, the capital of the Emirate of Sicily is taken by the Normans. The Norman County of Sicily is established.
1066		England is conquered by William, Duke of Normandy, thus bringing England and the Duchy of Normandy into a personal union
1065		The kingdoms of Castile and Galicia are split from the Kingdom of León
1065		The Duchy of Limburg is established
1061		Estonians reconquer Ugandi County from the Kievan Rus'
1061		Messina, Sicily is captured from the Muslims by the Normans
1059		The County of Apulia and Calabria is raised to a Duchy by the Pope
1055		King Vijayabahu I moves the capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka to Polonnaruwa.
1018-1054		At some point between 1018 and 1054 the Kingdom of Strathclyde is conquered by Scotland
1043		Kingdom of Aragon becomes de facto independent from the Kingdom of Pamplona
1042		The Norman County of Apulia and Calabria is established
1038		Jingzong establishes the Western Xia dynasty in China. Xingqing is the capital.
1035		The territory that would come to be the Kingdom of Aragon is united under Ramiro I of Aragon
1032		Kingdom of Arles is inherited by Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor and incorporated in the Holy Roman Empire.
1030		Kievan Rus' conquers Ugandi County in Southeastern Estonia.
1018		English (Northumbrian) land north of the Tweed is ceded to Scotland
1009		Thái Tổ establishes the Lý dynasty in Vietnam.
1000		King Stephen I establishes the Hungarian Kingdom. Esztergom and Székesfehérvár are the official capitals.
1000		Gunnbjörn Ulfsson spots islands off the coast of Greenland. European discovery of the island itself is dated to the 980s, when explorers arrived from Iceland and Norway.
1000		Leif Ericson discovers Newfoundland and establishes a short-lived colony at L'Anse aux Meadows.

1st Millennium CE

10th century

Year	Date	Event
987		Hughe Capet confirmes Paris as the capital of the Kingdom of the West Franks (soon to become the Kingdom of France).
980		Lê Hoàn establishes the Early Lê dynasty in Vietnam. Hoa Lư is the capital.
975		Erik Segersäll becomes first king of Sweden
968		Đinh Bộ Lĩnh establishes the Đinh dynasty in Vietnam. Hoa Lư is the capital.
965		The Ngô dynasty of Vietnam collapses.
962	2 February	Otto the Great re-establishes the Holy Roman Empire. Rome is the official capital.
960	3 January	Taizu establishes the Northern Song dynasty in China. Bianjing is the capital.
ca. 965		The Byzantine Empire establishes the theme of Lucania.
ca. 965		The Byzantine Empire establishes the Catepanate of Italy.
ca. 965		The Kalbids take the last remaining Byzantine territory in Sicily.
962		King Otto I of Germany and Italy has himself crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope, thereby forming the Holy Roman Empire.
961		King Otto I of Germany invades the Kingdom of Italy (of which his wife Adelaide of Italy was already queen) and is crowned King.
		The Kingdom of Nri is established
959		Lower Lorraine is established
954		The Viking Kingdom of Jórvík (the Viking-ruled portion of the Kingdom Northumbria) is conquered by England, thus ending the Danelaw
951		Taizu establishes the Later Zhou dynasty in China. Kaifeng is the capital.
		Shizu establishes Northern Han in China. Taiyuan is the capital.
948		The first Emirs of Sicily, the Kalbids, are appointed, establishing the Emirate of Sicily
947		Gaozu establishes the Later Han dynasty in China. Bianzhou is the capital.
942		England re-takes the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw
941		Jórvík reoccupies the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw for the Danes
939		Ngô Quyền establishes the Ngô dynasty in Vietnam. Cổ Loa is the capital.
938		Vietnam declares independence from the Southern Han of China. End of the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam.
937		Liezu establishes Southern Tang in China. Jinling is the capital.
		Taizu establishes Dali in what is now Southwest China.
936		Gaozu establishes the Later Jin dynasty in China.
		Goryeo Dynasty unified the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea.
934		Gaozu establishes Later Shu in China. Chengdu is the capital.
927	12 July	King Athelstan of Wessex establishes the Kingdom of England. Winchester is the capital.
927		The Kingdom of Northumbria is conquered by Wessex, thus uniting all of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms under one ruler and forming what would come to be known as the Kingdom of England
924		Wuxin establishes Jingnan in China. Jingzhou is the capital.
923		Zhuangzong establishes the Later Tang dynasty in China. Luoyang is the capital.
922		The County of Aragon falls under the control of the Kingdom of Pamplona
920		The Kingdom of Seisyllwg unites with the Kingdom of Dyfed to form the Kingdom of Deheubarth
920		The County of Horne is established
918		King Taejo establishes Goryeo Dynasty on the Korean Peninsula. Gaegyeong is the official capital.
918		The Kingdom of East Anglia is conquered by Wessex
918		The Kingdom of Mercia is absorbed into Wessex
917		Gaozu establishes Southern Han in China. Xingwang is the capital.
916-917		Mercia and Wessex reconquer the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw from the Danes
916		Taizu establishes the Liao dynasty in China.
910	10 December	The Kingdom of Asturias moves its capital to León and becomes the Kingdom of León
907		Taizu establishes Min in China. Changle is the capital.
		The Fatimids take Raqqada from the Aghlabid Emirate of Ifriqiya, establishing the Fatimid Caliphate
907		Taizu establishes the Later Liang dynasty in China. Luoyang and Kaifeng are the capitals.
		Gaozu establishes Former Shu in China.
		Liezu establishes Yang Wu in China.
		Wumu establishes Ma Chu in China.
		Taizu establishes Wuyue in China.
905		The Khúc clan establishes de facto rule over Vietnam.
902		The Byzantine city of Taormina, Sicily falls to the Emirate of Ifriqiya

9th century

Year	Date	Event
895		Grand Prince Árpád establishes the Principality of Hungary.
891		The Byzantine Empire conquers Benevento and establishes the Theme of Longobardia.
891		Harald Fairhair unifies the Petty kingdoms of Norway and establishes the Kingdom of Norway. Stavanger becomes the capital.
880's		Byzantine control in southern Italy is extended over most of Apulia and Calabria.
880		Frankish kingdoms in 888 The Kings of West Francia cede their portion of Lotharingia to East Francia by the Treaty of Ribemont.
878		The Emirate of Ifriqiya takes Syracuse, Sicily from the Byzantine Empire.
876		The Byzantine Empire re-conquers Bari.
873		The Byzantine Empire re-conquers Otranto from the Saracens.
872		The Kingdom of Norway is unified.
870		As a result of the Treaty of Meerssen, Lotharingia is divided between East and West Francia, and Provence is divided between East Francia, West Francia and the Kingdom of Italy.
860		Æthelberht succeeds his brother Æthelbald as king of Wessex, thus uniting it with Sussex and Kent.
858		Æthelberht is crowned king of Sussex and Kent.
855		Middle Francia is partitioned into the Kingdom of Italy, Lotharingia and the Kingdom of Provence by the Treaty of Prüm.
851		The Principality of Salerno is partitioned from the Principality of Benevento.
843		Partitions of Francia by the Treaty of Verdun Charles the Bald, grandson of Emperor Charlemagne, made Paris the capital of the Kingdom of the West Franks, established as the result of the Treaty of Verdun.
843		The Kingdom of Scotland (Kingdom of Alba) is unified.
843		The Carolingian Empire (Francia) is partitioned into three by the Treaty of Verdun, forming West, Middle and East Francia.
831	September	Palermo, Sicily is captured by the Aghlabid Emirate of Ifriqiya, is renamed al-Madinah, and becomes the capital of Muslim Sicily.
825		The Kingdom of Essex is ceded to Wessex.
825		The Kingdom of Sussex becomes subject to Wessex.
824		The Kingdom of Pamplona (later Navarre) is established.
820		The title Count of Aragon is usurped and Aragon ceases to be a vassal of the Franks.
814		Cornwall loses its independence to Wessex, possibly becoming a sub-kingdom.
804		Charlemagne establishes the Holy Roman Empire. While Rome is the official capital of the empire, Aix-la-Chapelle is the de facto capital.
800		Saxony is integrated into the Frankish Kingdom as the Duchy of Saxony.

8th century

Year	Date	Event
795		The Franks create the Marca Hispanica as a buffer against the Moors
788		The Franks conquer Bavaria
788		The Franks annex Chieti from the Principality of Benevento to the Duchy of Spoleto
787		Benevento submits to Frankish overlordship but retain effective autonomy
785		Franks defeat Widukind thereby conquering the remaining Frisian lands east of the Lauwers and vassalizing Saxony.
774		Franks conquer the Kingdom of the Lombards (Italy)
774		The Lombard Duchy of Benevento in the south of Italy effectively becomes independent and becomes the Principality of Benevento
769		Franks conquer Gascony
768-769		Franks conquer Aquitania
759		Franks conquer Septimania
754		The Papal States is established
751		The Exarchate of Ravenna, the center of Byzantine power in Italy, is disestablished after the Lombards invade
744		Franks conquer Alemannia
734		Franks annexed the Frisian lands between the Vlie and the Lauwers
718		Kingdom of Asturias established
717		Córdoba becomes the capital of Muslim Al-Andalus.
711		A Berber force under the Berber general Tariq ibn Ziyad, loyal to the Emir of Damascus, enters the Iberian peninsula from North Africa, thus starting the foundation of Al-Andalus.
705		The Tang dynasty in China is restored under Zhongzong.

7th century

Year	Date	Event
690		King Go establishes Balhae in Manchuria and northern Korean Peninsula.
		Wu Zhao establishes Wu Zhou in China. Shendu is the capital.
		Muslims conquer North Africa
681		Khan Asparukh crosses the Danube Delta and settles in the Ongal area (Southern Bessarabia or northern Dobruja). Asparukh, with his Slav allies, defeats Byzantine Emperor Constantine IV and establishes the First Bulgarian Empire. Pliska is the capital.
680		The Kingdom of Ceredigion changes its name to the Kingdom of Seisyllwg.
676		Silla unified the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
634		The Anglian kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira unite to form Northumbria.
630	11 January	The Islamic prophet, Muhammad (Muhammad ibn ‘Abdullāh) conquers Mecca and unites Arabia. Medina is the capital.
628		Hwicce becomes a client or sub-kingdom of Mercia.
618	18 June	Gaozu establishes the Tang dynasty in China. Chang'an and Luoyang are the capitals.
602		The Early Lý dynasty of Vietnam is conquered by the Sui dynasty of China. Start of the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam.

6th century

Year	Date	Event
581		Wen establishes the Sui dynasty in China.
557		Xiaomin establishes the Northern Zhou dynasty in China.
		Wu establishes the Chen dynasty in China.
555		Xuan establishes the Western Liang dynasty in China.
553		The Ostrogothic Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantine Empire
550		Wenxuan establishes the Northern Qi dynasty in China.
544		Lý Nam Đế establishes the Early Lý dynasty in Vietnam. End of the Second Chinese domination of Vietnam.
538		The Baekje of Korea moves its capital from Ungjin to Sabi.
538		The Vandal Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantine Empire
534		Wen establishes the Western Wei dynasty in China.
534		Xiaojing establishes the Eastern Wei dynasty in China.
508		Frankish King Clovis the Frank makes Paris the capital of the Frankish Kingdom.
502		Wu establishes the Liang dynasty in China.

5th century

Year	Date	Event
493		Ostrogoths establish a kingdom in Italy
490		Odoacer is defeated at the river Adda by the Goths and flees
486		The Kingdom of Soissons, a Roman rump state ruled by Syagrius, is conquered by the Franks
480		A Roman rump state, Roman Dalmatia, is disestablished after Julius Nepos is murdered
479		Gao establishes the Southern Qi dynasty in China. Jiankang is the capital.
476	4 September	Germanic General Odoacer forces Roman Emperor Romulus Augustus to abdicate, bringing the Western Roman Empire to an end.
475		The Baekje of Korea moves its capital from Wirye to Ungjin by pressure of Goguryeo.
469		The Hunnic Empire is disestablished after Dengizich dies
457-461		Western Roman Emperor Majorian makes a concerted effort to try to restore the Empire, and reconquers most of Hispania and southern Gaul
451-453		Huns attack the Western Roman Empire
435		The Vandals establish a kingdom in North Africa
429		Vandals enter Africa
427		The Goguryeo of Korea moves its capital from Gungnae City to Pyongyang.
426		Alans leave Hispania
420		Wu establishes the Liu Song dynasty in China. Jiankang is the capital.
418		The Visigoths establish a kingdom in southern Gaul
411		The Burgundians establish a kingdom in the western bank of the Rhine
405		A mixed group of barbarians including Vandals, Alans, and Suebi enter the Western Roman Empire in the Crossing of the Rhine
402		Western Roman Empire capital moved to Ravenna

4th century

Year	Date	Event
407		Wulie establishes Hu Xia in China.
		Huiyi establishes Northern Yan in China.
400		Wuzhao establishes Western Liang in China.
398		Xianwu establishes Southern Yan in China.
397		Wu establishes Southern Liang in China.
		Duan Ye establishes Northern Liang in China.
395	17 January	At his death, Roman Emperor Theodosius I (Flavius Theodosius) permanently splits the Roman Empire between his two sons. Arcadius (Flavius Arcadius) rules the Eastern Roman Empire from Constantinopolis (now Istanbul, Turkey), and Honorius (Flavius Honorius) rules the Western Roman Empire from Mediolanum (now Milan, Italy).
386		Yiwu establishes Later Liang in China. Guzang is the capital.
		Daowu establishes the Northern Wei dynasty in China.
385		Xuanlie establishes Western Qin in China.
384		Chengwu establishes Later Yan in China.
		Wuzhao establishes Later Qin in China. Chang'an is the capital.
		Liewen establishes Western Yan in China.
370		The Bosporan Kingdom is disestablished
370		Huns appear north of the Black Sea
358		Franks allowed to settle in Toxandria (present-day Belgium)
351		Jingming establishes Former Qin in China.
337		Wenming establishes Former Yan in China.
330	11 May	Roman Emperor Constantine the Great builds a new capital for the Roman Empire at Byzantium which he renames Constantinopolis (now Istanbul, Turkey).
324	18 September	Constantine the Great (Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus) reunites the Roman Empire. Nicomedia (now İzmit, Turkey) becomes the capital.
320		Ming establishes Former Liang in China.
319		Ming establishes Later Zhao in China.
317		Yuan establishes the Eastern Jin dynasty in China. Jiankang is the capital.
304		Guangwen establishes Han Zhao in China.
		Wu establishes Cheng Han in China. Chengdu is the capital.
301	3 September	Saint Marinus establishes the Most Serene Republic of San Marino, declaring independence from the Roman Empire. The City of San Marino is the capital.

3rd century

Year	Date	Event
293		Roman co-emperors Diocletian and Maximian split the Roman Empire into a tetrarchy with capitals at Mediolanum (now Milan, Italy), Augusta Treverorum (now Trier, Germany), Nicomedia (now İzmit, Turkey), and Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia).
286	1 April	Roman Emperor Diocletian (Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus) appoints Maximian (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Herculius) co-emperor, splitting the Roman Empire into a dyarchy with capitals at Mediolanum (now Milan, Italy) and Augusta Treverorum (now Trier, Germany).
274		Roman Emperor Aurelian conquers the Palmyrene Empire which is subsumed back into the Roman Empire.
273		Roman Emperor Aurelian (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus) conquers the Gallic Empire which is subsumed back into the Roman Empire.
271		Roman Dacia is abandoned
269		The Palmyrene Empire conquers the Roman Province of Egypt.
		Roman Emperor Claudius II recovers Hispania from the Gallic Empire
266		Wu establishes the Western Jin dynasty in China. Luoyang and Chang'an are the capitals.
260		Syrian Queen Zenobia breaks from the Roman Empire and establishes the Palmyrene Empire. Palmyra is the capital.
		Postumus (Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus) breaks from the Roman Empire and establishes the Gallic Empire. Colonia Agrippina (now Cologne, Germany) is the capital.
240		Gupta Empire forms in India
222		Da establishes Eastern Wu in China. Wuchang and Jianye are the capitals.
221		Zhaolie establishes Shu Han in China. Chengdu is the capital.
220		Wen establishes Cao Wei in China. Xuchang and Luoyang are the capitals.

1st century

World in year 1.

Year	Date	Event
3 CE		The Goguryeo of Korea moves its capital from Jolbon to Gungnae.
5 CE		Romans conquer much of the Middle East
9 CE		Wang Mang establishes the Xin dynasty in China.
25 CE		Guangwu establishes the Eastern Han dynasty in China.
40 CE		The Trưng Sisters rebel against Chinese rule in Vietnam.
43 CE		Start of the Second Chinese domination of Vietnam.
43-47 CE		The Romans found Londinium, a town that will with time become modern London
71-84 CE		Conquest of Wales and Scotland by Romans

Before the Common Era

First Millennium BCE

Year	Date	Event
18 BCE		Onjo establishes Baekje on the central Korean Peninsula. Wiryeseong is the capital.
27 BCE	16 January	The Roman Senate grants Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus the title Augustus. This effectively ends the Roman Republic and establishes the Roman Empire. The city of Rome remains the capital.
30 BCE	1 August	Roman consul Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus conquers the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. Octavianus organizes Egypt as a province under his personal control.
35 BCE		The Romans conquer the city of Sirmium, modern Sremska Mitrovica
37 BCE		Dongmyeong establishes Goguryeo on the northern Korean Peninsula. Jolbon is the capital.
58-50 BCE		Romans conquer Gaul
57 BCE		Hyeokgeose establishes Silla on the southeast Korean Peninsula. Gyeongju is the capital.
63 BCE		Romans conquer Jerusalem
63 BCE		Romans annex western Pontus and create a client state out of the Eastern portion under Pharnaces II.
111 BCE		By this date, the Han dynasty under Wu had conquered much of what is today Southern China and Northern Vietnam from Nanyue. Start of the First Chinese domination of Vietnam.
133 BCE		Upon the death of Attalus III, he wills his kingdom of Pergamon to the Roman Republic.
133 BCE		Romans conquer Celtiberia following the Siege of Numantia
135 BCE		Western half of Minyue conquered by the Han dynasty.
146 BCE		Romans conquer Iberia
146 BCE		Ancient Carthage is disestablished
146 BCE		Romans conquer Corinth and dissolve the Achaean League
146 BCE		Roman provinces of Macedon and Achaea formed
148 BCE		Mithridates I of Parthia conquers Ectebana
168 BCE		Romans dissolve the Kingdom of Macedon after the Battle of Pydna.
180 BCE		Demetrius I of Bactria invades India, forming the Indo-Greek Kingdom.
187 BCE		The Shunga Empire is formed after the Mauryan Empire is destroyed
194 BCE		Wanggeom-seong becomes the capital of Wiman Joseon on the Korean Peninsula.
194 BCE		Seleucids take control of Coele Syria and Judea from Ptolemaic Egypt
194 BCE		Romans force Philip of Macedon to abandon Greece in the Peace of Flamininus, while allowing him to maintain Macedon itself.
202 BCE	28 February	Gaozu establishes the Western Han dynasty in China. Chang'an is the capital.
204 BCE		Wu establishes Nanyue in what is now Southern China. Panyu is the capital.
209 BCE		The Romans conquer Cartagena from the Carthaginians, bringing Carthaginian Spain under Roman control
211 BCE		Romans capture Syracuse
221 BCE		Qin Shi Huang unifies ancient China and establishes the Qin dynasty in China. Xianyang is the capital.
230 BCE		Han conquered by Qin.
238 BCE		Arsaces I of Parthia establishes the Arsacid Dynasty of Parthia. Hecatompylus becomes the capital.
238 BCE		Sardinia and Corsica become Roman provinces
238 BCE		Sicily becomes first Roman province
266 BCE		Ashoka unifies most of South Asia
281 BCE		Lysimachus dies at the Battle of Corupedium, his empire falling to the Seleucids
291 BCE		Demetrius Poliorcetes captures Thebes after a successful siege.
294 BCE		Demetrius I of Macedon kills Alexander V of Macedon, and in claiming the throne loses Thebes to a revolt.
301 BCE		The death of Antigonus I Monophthalmus at the Battle of Ipsus results in his kingdom being divided between the remaining Diadochi, namely Ptolemy I Soter, Seleucus I Nicator, Lysimachus, and Cassander.
305 BCE		Macedonian general Ptolemy establishes the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt as King Ptolemy I Soter. Alexandria remains the capital.
306 BCE		Following the death of Alexander IV of Macedon, Antigonus I Monophthalmus declares himself an independent king, soon to by followed by his fellow Diadochi Ptolemy I Soter, Seleucus I Nicator, Lysimachus, and Cassander.
309 BCE		Seleucus I Nicator forms the Seleucid Empire after conquering Babylonia, Media, and Elam from Antigonus I Monophthalmus in the Babylonian War, leaving him with one third of his empire.
312 BCE		Macedonian general Seleucus establishes the Seleucid Empire. Babylon is the capital.
316 BCE		The states of Shu and Ba are conquered by King Huiwen of Qin.
322 BCE		Chandragupta establishes the Maurya Empire of ancient India. Pataliputra (now Patna) is the capital.
323 BCE		Alexander dies and his empire splits
329 BCE		Alexander conquers Samarkand
330 BCE		Alexander the Great of Macedon conquers Persia. Alexander makes Babylon the capital.
332 BCE		Alexander the Great of Macedon conquers Persian-occupied Egypt and establishes the Argead Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Alexander III. Alexander builds a new capital at Alexandria.
338 BCE		Phillip II of Macedon unites Greece
343 BCE		Artaxerxes III of Persia reconquers Egypt and establishes the Persian Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Artaxerxes III.
375 BCE		Zheng annexed by Han
380 BCE	November	Pharaoh Nectanebo I establishes the Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt. Sebennytos becomes the capital.
387 BCE		The Peace of Antalcidas imposes Persian rule on the Greek cities of Asia and Cyprus.
399 BCE	autumn	Pharaoh Nefaarud I establishes the Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt. Mendes becomes the capital.
404 BCE		Amyrtaeus expels the Persians from Egypt and establishes the Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Amyrtaeus. Sais is the capital.
404 BCE		Athens surrenders to Sparta and her allies, resulting in the dismemberment of the Delian League and a temporary Spartan hegemony
405 BCE		Gela and Camarina in Sicily are abandoned by the Greeks and sacked by Carthage
406 BCE		Akragas in Sicily is abandoned by the Greeks and sacked by Carthage
409 BCE		Selinus and Himera in Sicily are destroyed by Carthage
479 BCE		Delian League established
504 BCE		King Panduvasudeva moves the capital of the Kingdom of Lanka to Upatissa Nuwara.
509 BCE		The Roman Republic supersedes the Kingdom of Rome. The city of Rome remains the capital.
515 BCE		Darius the Great moves the capital of the Persian Empire to Persepolis.
525 BCE	May	Cambyses II of Persia conquers Egypt and establishes the Persian Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Cambyses II.
535 BCE		Cyrus the Great conquers the Gandhara Kingdom
539 BCE		Cyrus the Great conquers the Neo-Babylonian Empire
543 BCE		King Vijaya establishes the Kingdom of Lanka and makes Tambapanni the new capital.
546 BCE		Cyrus the Great conquers the Lydian Empire
546 BCE		Cyrus the Great establishes the Persian Empire and makes Pasargadae the new capital.
586 BCE		Traditional date for the destruction of the Kingdom of Judah at the hands of the Babylonians.
605 BCE		With the Battle of Carchemish, the Assyrian Empire is destroyed and replaced by a balance of power between Babylon, Media, Lydia and Egypt.
609 BCE		Harran, the new capital of Assyria, is destroyed by the Medes and Babylonians
612 BCE		Nineveh falls to a coalition of the Medes and Babylonians
650 BCE		Ancient Carthage is established
653 BCE		After the Battle of Ulai, Elam is vassalized by the Assyrians
657 BCE		Byzantium is settled by colonists from Megara
660 BCE	11 February	Emperor Jimmu establishes the Empire of Japan.
about 664 BCE		Pharaoh Necho I establishes the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt. Sais is the capital.
671 BCE		Esarhaddon captures Memphis and drives the Kushites out of Lower Egypt, and establishes local rulers in the delta region.
694 BCE		Deioces is elected the first King of the Medes. Ecbatana (now Hamadan) is the capital.
695 BCE		Gordium, capital of Phrygia, is destroyed by the Cimmerians, resulting in Phrygia being ruled by the Lydians
about 700 BCE		Phoenicians establish a colony in Malta with Maleth as capital.
705 BCE		The capital of Assyria moves from Dur-Sharrukin to Nineveh.
706 BCE		The capital of Assyria moves from Nimrud to Dur-Sharrukin.
713 BCE		The Neo-Hittite states of Tabal and Hilakku fall to the Assyrians
717 BCE		The Neo-Hittite state of Carchemish falls to the Assyrians
720 BCE		Traditional date for the destruction of the Kingdom of Israel at the hands of the Assyrians
about 728 BCE		Pharaoh Tefnakhte establishes the Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt. Sais becomes the capital.
732 BCE		The Assyrians conquer Damascus, ending the kingdom of Aram-Damascus.
733 BCE-734 BCE		The city of Syracuse, Sicily is founded by settlers from Corinth and Tenea.
about 740 BCE		Nubian King Piye establishes the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt and rules Egypt from Napata in Nubia.
745 BCE		Tiglath-Pileser III founds the Neo-Assyrian Empire, annexing the city of Babylon
753 BCE	21 April	Romulus establishes the Kingdom of Rome. The new city of Rome becomes the capital.
770 BCE		Ping establishes the Eastern Zhou dynasty in China. Wangcheng is the capital.
808 BCE		Karanus establishes the Argead Dynasty of Macedon and builds Aigai to be the capital.
about 875 BCE		Pharaoh Pedubast I establishes the Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes is the capital of Upper Egypt.
879 BCE		Ashurnasirpal II moves the capital of the New Assyrian Empire to Kalhu.
911 BCE		Adad-nirari II establishes the New Assyrian Empire. Assur remains the capital.
about 930 BCE		The Kingdom of Israel under Jeroboam I separates from the Kingdom of Judah under Rehoboam. Samaria becomes the capital of Israel, Jerusalem remains the capital of Judah.
about 945 BCE		Pharaoh Shoshenq I establishes the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt. Tanis remains the capital.

Second Millennium BCE

Year	Event
about 1004 BCE	King David conquers the city of Jebus and makes the renamed City of David (now Jerusalem) the capital of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah.
about 1046 BCE	Wu establishes Western Zhou dynasty in China. Fenghao is the capital.
about 1047 BCE	Shaul ben Qysh establishes the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah. Gibeah is the capital.
about 1070 BCE	Pharaoh Nesbanebdjed I establishes the Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt. Tanis becomes the capital.
about 1077 BCE	The New Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
about 1184 BCE	Greeks destroy the city-state of Troy.
about 1188 BCE	Pharaoh Setnakhte establishes the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt. Pi-Ramesses Aa-nakhtu remains the capital.
about 1230 BCE	Pharaoh Ramesses II builds a new capital for the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt at the site of Avaris and names it Pi-Ramesses Aa-nakhtu.
about 1243 BCE	Ashur-nadin-apli of the Middle Assyrian Empire moves capital back to Assur.
	Tukulti-Ninurta I of the Middle Assyrian Empire moves capital to Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta.
about 1272 BCE	Mursili III of the Hittite empire moves capital back to Hattusa.
about 1293 BCE	Pharaoh Ramesses I establishes the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
about 1295 BCE	Pharaoh Muwatalli II of the Hittite empire moves capital to Tarhuntassa.
about 1332 BCE	Pharaoh Tutankhamun of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt moves capital to Memphis.
about 1340 BCE	Ashur-uballit I establishes the Middle Assyrian Empire. Assur is the capital.
about 1345 BCE	Pharaoh Akhenaten of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt moves capital to Amarna (Akhetaton).
about 1400 BCE	Kurigalzu I a Kassite king in Mesopotamia moves the capital to Dur-Kurigalzu.
about 1534 BCE	Agum II establishes the rule of the Kassites in Mesopotamia. Babylon becomes the capital.
	Pharaoh Ahmose I establishes the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes remains the capital.
about 1550 BCE	The New Kingdom of Egypt is established
about 1600 BCE	Tang establishes the Shang dynasty in China. Yin is the capital.
about 1619 BCE	Rahotep Sekhenrewahkhaw establishes the Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes remains the capital.
about 1620 BCE	Djehuti establishes the Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes is the capital.
about 1624 BCE	Salitis establishes the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Avaris is the capital.
about 1650 BCE	The Middle Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
about 1710 BCE	Nehesy establishes the Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Xois is the capital.
about 1763 BCE	Hammurabi establishes the Babylonian Empire. Babylon remains the capital.
about 1778 BCE	Wegaf Khutawyre establishes the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Amenemhat-itj-tawy remains the capital.
about 1810 BCE	Sumu-Epuh first attested king of the empire of Yamhad. Aleppo is the capital.
about 1894 BCE	Sumu-abum establishes the First Babylonian dynasty. Babylon is the capital.
about 1900 BCE	Zulilu establishes the Old Assyrian Empire. Assur is the capital.
about 1940 BCE	The Third Dynasty of Ur falls after an Elamite invasion
about 1983 BCE	Amenemhat I establishes the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt and builds Amenemhat-itj-tawy to be the new capital.

Third Millennium BCE

Year	Event
about 2047 BCE	Ur-Nammu establishes the Sumerian Third Dynasty of Ur. Ur is the capital.
about 2055 BCE	The Middle Kingdom of Egypt is established.
about 2070 BCE	Yu the Great establishes the Xia dynasty in China. Yangcheng and Zhenxun are the capitals.
about 2112 BCE	Utu-hengal defeats the Gutians and establishes the Third Dynasty of Ur.
about 2130 BCE	Mentuhotep I establishes the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes becomes the capital of Upper Egypt.
	Meryhathor establishes the Tenth Dynasty of Egypt. Henen-nesut remains the capital of Lower Egypt.
about 2160 BCE	Meryibre Khety establishes the Ninth Dynasty of Egypt. Henen-nesut becomes the capital of Lower Egypt.
about 2165 BCE	Neferkare Pepiseneb establishes the Eighth Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
about 2175 BCE	Netjerkare establishes the Seventh Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
about 2181 BCE	The Old Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the First Intermediate Period of Egypt.
about 2193 BCE	The Akkadian Empire collapses after an invasion by the Gutian people.
about 2270 BCE	Sargon of Akkad establishes the Sumerian First Dynasty of Akkad after defeating Lugal-zage-si at the Battle of Uruk. Akkad is the capital.
about 2333 BCE	Dangun Wanggeom establishes Gojoseon on the Korean Peninsula.
about 2380 BCE	Ur-Nanshe establishes the Sumerian First Dynasty of Lagash. Lagash is the capital.
about 2336 BCE	Teti establishes the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
about 2494 BCE	Userkaf establishes the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
about 2580 BCE	Mesannepada establishes the First Dynasty of Ur. Ur becomes the de facto capital of Sumer.
about 2655 BCE	Sneferu establishes the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
about 2686 BCE	The Old Kingdom of Egypt is established. Memphis remains the capital. This era sees the building of the Egyptian pyramids.
about 2727 BCE	Djoser establishes the Third Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis becomes the capital.
about 2860 BCE	Hotepsekhemwy establishes the Second Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
about 2879 BCE	Dương Vương establishes the Hồng Bàng dynasty in Vietnam.

Fourth Millennium BCE

Year	Event
about 3080 BCE	Narmer (or Menes) unites Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt under the First Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis becomes the capital of all Egypt.
about 3200 BCE	The regional power centers of Thinis, Naqada, and Nekhen dominate Upper Egypt.
	The city-states of Eridu, Bad-tibira, Larsa, Sippar, and Shuruppak rise to prominence in Sumer.

Tenth Millennium BCE

Year	Event
about 9000 BCE	First stone structures at Jericho are built.
about 9500 BCE	Building begins at Göbekli Tepe.

See also

• List of sovereign states by date of formation
• List of former sovereign states
• Blank maps of the world for historical use
• List of administrative division name changes
• List of city name changes
• List of national border changes since World War I