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Visa requirements for Jordanian citizens

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Visa requirements for Jordanian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Jordan. As of 1 january 2021, Jordanian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 52 countries and territories, ranking the Jordanian passport 91st in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index.[1]

Visa requirements map

Visa requirements for Jordanian citizens
  Jordan
  Visa free access
  Visa on arrival
  eVisa
  Visa available both on arrival or online
  Visa required

Visa requirements

Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes (excluding departure fees)
 Afghanistan Visa required[2]
  • Visitors born in Afghanistan, born to Afghan parents or with parents born in Afghanistan are exempt from any visa requirements; a copy of the parent's passport is required.[3]
  • Visitors arriving via military air need to legalize their stay if they wish to leave via commercial airline.[4]
  • Visas on arrival are available at Hamid Karzai International Airport to  United Nations employees, Interpol employees, business visitors, journalists, athletes, airline staff and passengers in transit from countries that do not have a diplomatic mission of Afghanistan.[5]
  • All visitors are fingerprinted.[6]
 Albania Visa required[7]
  • Any visitor who holds a valid, multiple entry and previously used visa issued by a European Union Schengen Area country,  United States, or the  United Kingdom can enter Albania without a visa for 90 days. Visa must have been used at least once before arrival to Albania. The visa exemption also applies to valid Green Card holders and holders of resident permits issued by a Schengen country for a maximum allowed stay of 90 days.[8]
  • Visitors of Albanian ethnicity do not require a visa to enter Albania for a maximum allowed stay of 90 days within 180 days.[8]
 Algeria Visa required[9]
  • Visas are not required for visitors with a re-entry permit or a residence permit (or Carte Personelle) issued by Algeria.[10]
  • Persons may be denied entry if entering with a passport containing visas or stamps issued by  Israel.[11]
 Andorra Visa required[12]
  • Although no visa requirements exist, apply the relevant regulations of  France or  Spain, whichever must be transited to reach Andorra.[13]
 Angola Visa required[14]
  • An International Certificate of Vaccination is required.[15]
  • The personnel of oil companies established in Angola may obtain a visa on arrival, provided they are holding the necessary documents which includes a visa on arrival application that must be submitted by the oil company at least 2 weeks prior to arrival.[16]
 Antigua and Barbuda Electronic Entry Visa[17]
  • Permanent residents of the United States and Canada and holders of valid visas issued by the  United States,  Canada, European Union Schengen Area and the  United Kingdom do not require a visa for an allowed stay of up to 30 days. A visa waiver fee of US$100 (~71 JOD) is payable upon arrival.[18]
  • Visitors must have a printed e-visa confirmation.[18]
  • Antigua and Barbuda apply a stringent application of rules regarding proof of sufficient funds, a return ticket and accommodation.[19]
  • Antigua & Barbuda has a 70 XCD (~18 JOD) airport Departure tax.[20]
  • Cruise ship visitors who would normally require a visa do not require one provided that they arrive in Antigua and Barbuda in the morning and depart the same evening.[21]
 Argentina Visa required[22]
  • All visitors are fingerprinted and photographed upon entry.[23]
 Armenia eVisa / Visa on arrival[24] 120 days
 Australia Visa required[29][30]
  • Holders of confirmed onward tickets may stay in transit at Gold Coast Airport or any other international airport in Australia without a visa for a maximum time of 2 hours as long as they are arriving and departing on the same aircraft (excluding Gold Coast Airport). Holders of confirmed onward tickets may also stay in transit without a visa at any international airport in Australia (except for Gold Coast Airport) for a maximum time of 8 hours.[31]
 Austria Visa required[32]
  • Passengers entering Austria on a one-way ticket without sufficient funds to purchase a return/onward ticket could be refused entry.[33]
  • Valid visas in travel documents that are full and invalidated are accepted when accompanied by a new travel document.[33]
  • Visitors with a family member residence card issued by  Bulgaria,  Croatia,  Cyprus,  Ireland,  Romania or the  United Kingdom to family members of a national of   Switzerland or an European Union EEA Member State are visa exempt for a maximum allowed stay of 90 days within a 180-day period. This does not apply to visitors with a different type of residence permit.[33]
  • Visitors with a residence permit issued by  Monaco or a European Union Schengen Member State are visa exempt for a maximum allowed stay of 90 days within a 180-day period (residence permits issued by  Malta must be biometric).[33]
  • Visitors' means of subsistence during their stay are assessed on a case-by-case basis and may be refused entry if inadequate.[34]
 Azerbaijan ASAN Electronic Visa[35] 30 days[36]
  • Holders of confirmed onward tickets may stay in transit without a visa for a maximum time of 72 hours (3 days).[37]
  • If intending to stay in the Republic of Azerbaijan for more than ten days, the visitor must register at the State Migration Service of the Republic of Azerbaijan within three days upon arrival in Azerbaijan.[38]
  • Holders of diplomatic passports or official/service passports do not require a visa to visit Azerbaijan for up to 90 days.[39]
  • Due to a state of war with Armenia, the Government of Azerbaijan bans the entry of citizens from  Armenia, as well as citizens of any other country who are of Armenian descent, to the Republic of Azerbaijan[40] (though there have been exceptions, notably for Armenia's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan[41]).
  • The government of Azerbaijan strictly bans any visit of foreign citizens to the separatist region of  Nagorno-Karabakh (the de facto Nagorno-Karabakh Republic), its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki, Yuxarı Əskipara, Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia, without prior consent of the Government of Azerbaijan. Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories, will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan and will be included into the "list of persona non grata".[42]
  • ASAN Electronic Visa applications are also available directly at the ports of entry at any land border. The e-visa should be printed and presented together with the passport (that should be valid at least 3 months more than the validity period of the electronic visa) at the border checkpoint.[43]
  • Holders of an official invitation letter issued by the State Migration Service of Azerbaijan or any other Azerbaijani government authority can be granted a visa on arrival.[44]
 Bahamas Visa required[45]
 Bahrain eVisa[48] 14 days
  • Holders of diplomatic passports or official/service passports can obtain a visa on arrival.[49]
  • Holders of a pre-arranged Stopover Paid by Carrier (STPC) issued to those in transit for a minimum of 8 hours and a maximum of 24 hours are permitted to leave the Airport and proceed to their hotel, if holding passports valid for at least 3 months and subject to immigration approval.[49]
  • Passengers with a visa issued by  Saudi Arabia and permitted entry by land can obtain a 24-hour transit visa on arrival if continuing their journey by land using the King Fahd Causeway.[49]
  • Visitors may also apply for a multiple entry visa valid for one year for an allowed stay of 90 days or a multiple entry visa valid for three months for an allowed stay of one month.[50]
  • Residents of  Gulf Cooperation Council countries who have already stayed for more than six months in their country of residence and their professions are in an approved list are eligible for either a 72-hour or a 7-day visa upon their arrival at the airport.[51]
  • eVisa applicants must supply scanned copies of their air tickets, passports and hotel bookings and are valid for 30 days from the date of approval.[52]
 Bangladesh Visa required[53]
  • Crew members traveling for non-duty purposes can obtain a visa on arrival (Fee: ~US$50/~35 JOD) if holding Crew Member Identification Cards. Otherwise, the same regulations as for passengers apply.[54]
  • Passengers with a diplomatic passport and a return/onward ticket can obtain a visa on arrival for a maximum allowed stay of 30 days. They can apply to extend their stay.[54]
  • Passengers with a return/onward ticket and a confirmation letter issued by the Bangladesh Board of Investment (BOI) traveling on business can obtain a visa on arrival. The letter must contain a BOI registration number and the accredited inviting organization must notify the Immigration authorities prior to arrival.[54]
  • Passengers with an onward ticket can obtain a transit visa on arrival for a maximum allowed stay of 72 hours (3 days).[54]
  • Passengers with a return/onward ticket and proof of being of Bangladeshi origin can, along with their spouses and children obtain a visa on arrival for a maximum allowed stay of 30 days which can be extended if need be.[54]
  • Bangladeshi diplomatic missions provide a No Visa Required (NVR) seal for Bangladeshis holding a foreign passport/nationality, No Visa Required (NVR) seals are provided to non-Bangladeshis who are descendants or spouses of Bangladeshis as well.[55] This seal allows the passenger to travel to Bangladesh on multiple occasions without restrictions on duration within the validity of the visa. The No Visa Required (NVR) facility is valid until the validity of the passport ends and can be transferred to the new passport of the same person as required.[56]
 Barbados Visa not required[57] 90 days
 Belarus Visa required[58]
  • All visitors are required to have adequate health insurance which can be purchased on arrival at Minsk National Airport.[59]
  • The Foreign Admissions Division at Minsk National Airport of the Consular Directorate of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs issues visas on arrival if the support documents were submitted no later than 3 business days before the expected date of arrival.[60]
  • Registration upon arrival for stays longer than 5 days is mandatory.[61]
  • No transit without a visa under any circumstance.[62]
 Belgium Visa required[63]
  • Valid visas in travel documents that are full and invalidated are accepted when accompanied by a new travel document.[64]
  • Visitors with a family member residence card issued by  Bulgaria,  Croatia,  Cyprus,  Ireland,  Romania or the  United Kingdom to family members of a national of   Switzerland or an European Union EEA Member State are visa exempt for a maximum allowed stay of 90 days. This does not apply to visitors with a different type of residence permit.[64]
  • Visitors without the following means of subsistence during their stay may be refused entry: 45 EUR (~37 JOD) per day for aliens staying with a private individual; €95 (~78 JOD) per day for aliens staying at a hotel.[34]
 Belize Visa required[65]
 Benin eVisa / Visa on arrival[68][69] 30 days / 8 days
  • Must have an international vaccination certificate.
 Bhutan Visa required[70]
  • All foreigners must obtain a visa before visiting Bhutan. Foreign tourists must use a licensed Bhutanese tour operator or one of their international partners to pre-arrange their visa and book their holiday.[71][72]
  • A daily fee is charged for every day of stay.[73]
  • Upon entering Bhutan, all foreigners are issued a 7 or 14 days "Entry Permit" by default, valid for Thimphu and Paro only. The rest of Bhutan is considered a restricted area, and foreigners need a "Restricted-Area Permit" to enter.[74]
  • Foreigners wishing to visit Buddhist temples must obtain a "Temple Permit" from the Ministry of Culture.[74]
 Bolivia Visa on arrival[75] 90 days
  • 90 days within one year
  • Extension of stay is possible.
  • Holders of diplomatic and official/service passports do not require a visa for up to 90 days.[76]
  • Visitors may obtain a visa on arrival only when holding a hotel confirmation or an invitation letter issued by the Bolivian Immigration Authorities, as well as an outbound ticket.[77]
  • Alternatively, the visa may be obtained at any Bolivian embassy or consulate free of charge.[78]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa required[79]
  • Holders of diplomatic or official/service passports do not require a visa for a maximum allowed stay of 90 days.[80]
  • Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival in Bosnia and Herzegovina is mandatory.[81]
  • Valid multiple entry visa holders and residents of the European Union Schengen Area member states and  Monaco can enter Bosnia and Herzegovina without a visa for a maximum allowed stay of 15 days. They must arrive from one of the Schengen Area member states, Monaco or a third country that has a bilateral readmission agreement with Bosnia and Herzegovina.[82]
 Botswana Visa required[83] 90 days
  • Visitors wishing to stay in Botswana for more than 90 days should apply for an extension prior to arrival.[84]
 Brazil Visa required[85]
  • A valid visa in an expired passport is accepted if:[86]
    • the page containing the valid visa has not been invalidated or mutilated and the visa is clearly legible.
    • the passenger holds a valid passport of the same nationality.
    • a handwritten annotation does not appear in the passport.
  • Holders of diplomatic or official/service passports do not require a visa to visit Brazil for up to 30 days.[86]
  • Visas issued to Tourist Visa applicants are valid for first entry within 90 days, and the validity of the visa begins on the day of the first entry to Brazil.[86]
  • All foreigners staying in Brazil for more than 90 days must register with the Federal Police in Brazil and obtain an identity card.[87]
 Brunei Visa required[88]
  • Immigration offences, such as overstay of visa, have been punishable by caning since June 12, 2004. This punishment, often combined with a jail sentence, concerns business travelers to Brunei who overstay their work visas, as well as their work associates, and others who don't abide by immigration laws.[89]
  • Passengers transiting through Brunei International Airport for less than 24 hours (1 day) do not require a visa. Those traveling to a third country can obtain a transit visa on arrival for a maximum allowed stay of 72 hours (3 days).[90]
 Bulgaria Visa required[91]
  • Holders of short stay and transit visas issued by  Croatia,  Cyprus and  Romania can enter Bulgaria for the duration of their visa.[92]
  • National visas issued by Bulgaria or Schengen visas issued by a European Union Schengen Member State in expired, full or invalidated travel documents are accepted if accompanied by a new valid travel document of the same nationality.[92]
  • Visitors with a family member residence card issued by   Switzerland or another European Union EEA Member State are visa exempt and allowed a total stay of 90 days within a period of 180 days. The card must be issued to family members of a national of Switzerland or an EEA Member State. They must travel with or travel to join the national of Switzerland or an EEA Member State. This does not apply to visitors with a different type of residence permit.[92]
  • Visitors with a residence permit issued by Croatia, Cyprus, Romania or a Schengen Member State are visa exempt for a maximum allowed stay of 90 days within a 180-day period (residence permits issued by  Malta must be biometric).[92]
  • Holders of a European Union Schengen visa can enter Bulgaria for up to 90 days within a 180-day period during the validity of their Schengen visa (must hold a double or multiple entry C or D visa) without having to apply for a Bulgarian visa.[93]
 Burkina Faso Visa required[94]
  • Passengers holding confirmed onward tickets may transit through airports of Burkina Faso for up to 24 hours (1 day) without a transit visa. A transit visa can be obtained on arrival for a maximum allowed stay of 72 hours (3 days).[95]
  • Visa on arrival is available to holders of consular, diplomatic, special or official/service passports free of charge.[95]
  • An International Certificate of Vaccination is required.[96]
 Burundi Visa required[97]
  • Passengers with an Entry Authorization letter issued by the authorities of Burundi before departure are eligible for a visa on arrival at Bujumbura International Airport for a maximum allowed stay of 1 month. They can apply to extend their stay.[98]
  • All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival in Burundi.[99]
 Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival[100] 30 days
 Cameroon Visa required[101]
 Canada Visa required[102]
 Cape Verde Visa on arrival[103]
 Central African Republic Visa required[104]
 Chad Visa required[105]
 Chile Visa required[106]
 China Visa required[107]
 Colombia Visa required[108]
 Comoros Visa on arrival[109]
 Republic of the Congo Visa required[110]
 Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required[111]
 Costa Rica Visa required[112]
 Côte d'Ivoire eVisa[113] 3 months
 Croatia Visa required[114]
 Cuba Visa required[115]
  • Tourist card must be obtained in advance via travel agency, airline or at the embassy.
 Cyprus Visa required[116]
 Czech Republic Visa required[117]
 Denmark Visa required[118]
 Djibouti eVisa[119] 31 days
 Dominica Visa not required[120] 21 days
 Dominican Republic Visa required[121]
 Ecuador Visa not required[122] 90 days
 Egypt Visa not required[123] 3 months
  • Visitors must be holding a normal 5-year passport, provided passport does not contain a stamp from the Jordanian Registration Office on the reverse side cover of the passport.
 El Salvador Visa required[124]
 Equatorial Guinea Visa required[125]
 Eritrea Visa required[126]
 Estonia Visa required[127]
 Eswatini Visa required[128]
 Ethiopia eVisa[129] up to 90 days
 Fiji Visa required[130]
 Finland Visa required[131]
 France Visa required[132]
  • Visa exemption agreement has been signed for Jordanian Diplomatic passports.[133]
 Gabon eVisa[134]
 Gambia Visa required[135]
 Georgia Visa not required[136] 1 year[137]
 Germany Visa required[138]
 Ghana Visa required[139]
 Greece Visa required[140]
 Grenada Visa required[141]
 Guatemala Visa required[142]
 Guinea eVisa[143]
 Guinea-Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival[144] 90 days
 Guyana Visa required[145]
 Haiti Visa not required[146] 3 months
 Honduras Visa required[147]
 Hungary Visa required[148]
 Iceland Visa required[149]
 India e-Visa[150] 60 days
  • e-Visa holders must arrive via 31 designated airports[Note 1] or 5 designated seaports.[Note 2][151]
  • An Indian e-Tourist Visa may only be obtained twice within 1 calendar year.[citation needed]
  • Foreigners of Pakistani origin or who hold a Pakistani Passport are not eligible for an e-Visa. Foreigners who are not Pakistani nationals, but whose parents or grandparents (either paternal or maternal) were born in, or were permanent residents in Pakistan, are also not eligible for an e-Visa.[152]
 Indonesia Visa not required[153] 30 days
 Iran Visa required[154]
 Iraq Visa required[155]
 Ireland Visa required[156]
 Israel Visa required[157]
  • Confirmation from Israeli government is required before a visa is issued.[158]
 Italy Visa required[159]
 Jamaica Visa required[160]
 Japan Visa required[161]
 Kazakhstan Visa required[162]
 Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival[163] 3 months
 Kiribati Visa required[164]
 North Korea Visa required[165]
 South Korea Visa required[166]
 Kuwait Visa required[167]
 Kyrgyzstan eVisa[168]
 Laos Visa required[170]
 Latvia Visa required[171]
 Lebanon Visa not required[172][173] 3 months
 Lesotho eVisa[174][175]
 Liberia Visa required[176]
 Libya Visa not required[177] 1 month
  • Visitors must be holding a 5-year passport, which must be valid for at least one year on arrival.
 Liechtenstein Visa required[178]
 Lithuania Visa required[179]
 Luxembourg Visa required[180]
 Madagascar eVisa / Visa on arrival[181] 90 days
 Malawi eVisa / Visa on arrival[182]
 Malaysia Visa not required[183] 90 days
 Maldives Free visa on arrival[184] 30 days
 Mali Visa required[185]
 Malta Visa required[186]
 Marshall Islands Visa required[187]
 Mauritania Visa on arrival[188]
 Mauritius Visa on arrival[189] 60 days
 Mexico Visa required[190]
 Micronesia Visa not required[191] 30 days
 Moldova Visa required[192]
 Monaco Visa required[193]
 Mongolia Visa required[194]
 Montenegro Visa required[195]
 Morocco Visa required[196]
 Mozambique Visa on arrival[197] 30 days
 Myanmar eVisa[198] 28 days
 Namibia Visa required[199]
 Nauru Visa required[200]
   Nepal Visa on arrival[201]
 Netherlands Visa required[202]
 New Zealand Visa required[203]
 Nicaragua Visa on arrival[200] 90 days
 Niger Visa required[204]
 Nigeria eVisa[205]
 North Macedonia Visa required[206]
 Norway Visa required[207]
 Oman Visa not required [208] 10 days
 Pakistan Electronic Travel Authorization[209]
  • Electronic Travel Authorization to obtain a visa on arrival for tourism purposes.[210]
  • Electronic Travel Authorization to obtain a visa on arrival for business purposes.[211]
  • Online Visa eligible.[212]
 Palau Free visa on arrival[213] 30 days
 Panama Visa required[214]
 Papua New Guinea Visa required[215]
 Paraguay Visa required[216]
 Peru Visa required[217]
 Philippines Visa required[218]
 Poland Visa required[219]
 Portugal Visa required[220]
 Qatar eVisa[221]
 Romania Visa required[222]
 Russia Visa required[223]
 Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival[224] 30 days
 Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required[225] 3 months
 Saint Lucia Visa required[226]
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required[227]
 Samoa Visa not required[228] 60 days
 San Marino Visa required[229]
 São Tomé and Príncipe eVisa[230]
 Saudi Arabia Visa required[231]
 Senegal Visa on arrival[232] 30 Days
 Serbia Visa required[233]
 Seychelles Free Visitor's Permit on arrival[234] 3 months
 Sierra Leone Visa required[235]
 Singapore Visa required[236]
 Slovakia Visa required[237]
  • Visa exemption agreement has been signed for Jordanian Diplomatic passports.[238]
 Slovenia Visa required[239]
 Solomon Islands Visa required[240]
  • Visa on arrival if having pre-arranged visa
 Somalia Visa on arrival[241] 30 days
 South Africa Visa not required[242] 30 days
 South Sudan Electronic Visa[243]
  • Obtainable online[244]
  • Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel[245]
 Spain Visa required[246]
 Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival[247] 30 days
 Sudan Visa required[248]
 Suriname eVisa[249]
 Sweden Visa required[250]
  Switzerland Visa required[251]
 Syria Visa not required[252] 90 Days
 Tajikistan Visa on arrival[253] 45 days
 Tanzania eVisa / Visa on arrival[255] 3 months
 Thailand Visa required[256]
 Timor-Leste Visa on arrival[257] 30 days
 Togo Visa on arrival[258] 7 days
 Tonga Visa required[259]
 Trinidad and Tobago Visa required[260]
 Tunisia Visa not required[261] 90 days
 Turkey Visa not required[262] 90 days
 Turkmenistan Visa required[263]
 Tuvalu Visa on arrival[264] 1 month
 Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival[265]
 Ukraine Visa required[267]
 United Arab Emirates Visa required[268]
 United Kingdom Visa required[269]
 United States Visa required[270]
 Uruguay Visa required[271]
 Uzbekistan eVisa[272] 30 days
 Vanuatu Visa required[273]
 Vatican City Visa required[274]
 Venezuela Visa required[275]
 Vietnam Visa required[276]
 Yemen Visa on arrival[277] 90 days
 Zambia eVisa[278]
 Zimbabwe eVisa[279]

Dependent, Disputed, or Restricted territories

Visa requirements for Jordanian citizens for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognized countries not mentioned in the list above, and restricted zones:

Africa
Territory Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes
(excluding departure fees unless otherwise noted)
 Ascension Island eVisa[280][281] 3 months
  • 3 months within any year period
Sudan Darfur Travel permit required
  • Separate travel permit is required.[282]
 Eritrea outside Asmara Travel permit required
  • To travel in the rest of the country, a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required (20 Eritrean nakfa).[283]
France Mayotte Visa required[284][285]
France Réunion Visa required 90 days per 6-month period for up to 15 days at a time[286][287]
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Visa required
 Saint Helena eVisa[288][289]
 Somaliland Visa required 30 days[290]
 Sudan outside Khartoum Travel permit required
  • All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit.[282]
 Tristan da Cunha Permission required
Asia
Territory Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes
(excluding departure fees unless otherwise noted)
 Baikonur & Priozersk Special permission required
 Bhutan outside Thimpu or Paro Restricted-Area Permit required
  • All of Bhutan outside of the Paro and Thimphu valleys is classified as a restricted area. Tour operators obtain a 'road permit' for the places on your itinerary, and this permit is checked and endorsed by the police at immigration checkpoints strategically located at important road junctions. The tour operator must return the permit to the government at the completion of the tour, and it is scrutinized for major deviations from the authorized program.[294]
  • There are immigration checkpoints in Hongtsho (east of Thimphu), Chhukha (between Thimphu and Phuentsholing), Rinchending (above Phuentsholing), Wangdue Phodrang, Chazam (near Trashigang), Wamrong (between Trashigang and Samdrup Jongkhar) and in Samdrup Jongkhar. All are open from 5am to 9pm daily.[294]
  • Foreigners wishing to visit Buddhist temples must obtain a "Temple Permit" from the Ministry of Culture.[295]
  • May apply online.[296]
 British Indian Ocean Territory Special permit required
  • Special permit required.[297]
Tajikistan Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province OIVR permit required
China Hainan Visa required
 Hong Kong Visa not required 30 days[300]
 India PAP/RAP PAP/RAP required
 Iraqi Kurdistan Visa required 14 days
  • Passport holders with the country of birth being Iraq are exempt from the 14-day stay restrictions, even if a citizen of another country.[303][304]
 Jeju-do Visa not required 30 days[305][306]
Iran Kish Island Visa not required 14 days
United Nations Korean Demilitarized Zone Restricted zone
  • Visits to the Korean Demilitarized Zone must be done with a tour operator.[309]
 Macau Visa on arrival 30 days[310]
 Maldives outside Malé Permission required
  • Tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of the Maldives.[311]
Saudi Arabia Mecca and Medina Special access required
  • Non-Muslims and those following the Ahmadiyya religious movement are strictly prohibited from entry. However, many parts of Medina, notably the outskirts and the Medina Airport, are open to all.
 North Korea outside Pyongyang Special permit required
  • People are not allowed to leave the capital city, tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide (no independent moving).
India North Sentinel Island Restricted zone
 Palestine Visa not required
Vietnam Phú Quốc Visa not required 30 days[315][316][317]
Iran Qeshm Island Visa not required 14 days
Malaysia Sabah and Sarawak Visa not required
  • These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them, however the same visa applies.[320]
 Taiwan Visa required[321]
China Tibet Autonomous Region TTP required
Turkmenistan Closed cities of Turkmenistan Special permit required
United Nations UNDOF Zone and Ghajar Restricted zone
 Yemen outside Sana’a or Aden Special permission required
Caribbean and North Atlantic
Territory Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes
(excluding departure fees unless otherwise noted)
 Anguilla Visa required
  • Holders of a valid visa issued by the United Kingdom and holders of diplomatic passports do not require a visa.[325]
 Aruba Visa required 90 days within any 180 day period[326]
  • 90 days in Aruba, Caribbean Netherlands, Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined.
 Bermuda Visa required Visa free for a maximum stay of 3 months if transiting through the United Kingdom.
 British Virgin Islands Visa required[327][328]
 Caribbean Netherlands Visa required 90 days within any 180 day period (Caribbean Netherlands refers to Bonaire, Saba and St. Eustatius)[329][330]
  • 90 days in Aruba, Caribbean Netherlands, Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined.
 Cayman Islands Visa required[331][332]
 Curacao Visa required 90 days within any 180 day period[334][330]
  • 90 days in Aruba, Caribbean Netherlands, Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined.
France French West Indies Visa required 3 months (French West Indies refers to Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy)[335][336]
 Greenland Visa required[337]
Venezuela Margarita Island Visa required[338][339]
 Montserrat e-Visa[340][341]
 Navassa Island Special permit required[342][343]
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Visa required[344]
  • Visa not required if holding a valid multiple-entry visa issued by USA.
France Saint Pierre and Miquelon Visa required[345][346]
Colombia San Andrés and Leticia Tourist Card on arrival
 Sint Maarten Visa required 90 days within any 180 day period[348][330]
  • 90 days in Aruba, Caribbean Netherlands, Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined.
 Turks and Caicos Islands Visa required[349][350]
United States Virgin Islands U.S. Virgin Islands Visa required[351][352]
Europe
Territory Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes
(excluding departure fees unless otherwise noted)
 Abkhazia Visa required[353]
  • Tourists from all countries (except Georgia) can visit Abkhazia for a period not exceeding 24 hours as part of an organized tourist group.[354]
United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Visa not required
Mount Athos Special permit required
  • Special permit required (4 days: 25 euro for Orthodox visitors, 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors, 18 euro for students). There is a visitors' quota: maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed.[358][359]
Belarus Poland Augustów Canal Visa not required 5 days
  • Visitors to the Augustów Canal holding the relevant document (filled out by a travel agency, the form being different for individual and group visits)[360][361] are entitled to visit the areas listed as follows upon entry to Belarus via Rudawka–Liasnaja, Kuźnica–Bruzgi, Švendubrė–Pryvalka and Raigardas–Pryvalka border checkpoints:[362]
  • The visa exemption will remain in force until the end of 2017 unless prolonged.[364]
Belarus Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park Visa not required 3 days[365]
  • Visitors must first obtain an electronic pass.[366]
 Crimea Visa required
  • Visa issued by Russia is required.[367]
 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Visa not required 3 months[368][369]
United Nations UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus Access Permit required[370]
  • Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone, except Civil Use Areas.
 Faroe Islands Visa required[371]
 Gibraltar Visa required[372]
 Guernsey Visa required[374]
  • UK Visa covers entry.[375]
 Isle of Man Visa required[376]
  • UK Visa covers entry.[375]
Norway Jan Mayen Permit required[377] 24 hours
  • Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and a permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours.[378]
 Jersey Visa required[379]
  • UK Visa covers entry.[375]
 Kosovo Visa not required 90 days within any 6-month period in the Republic of Kosovo.[380]
 Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Visa required[381][382]
 Novorossiya Restricted area
  • Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine.[384]
Russia Closed cities of Russia Special authorization required
Principality of Sealand Principality of Sealand Visa required[386]
 South Ossetia Visa not required
  • Multiple entry visa to Russia and three-day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia.[387][388]
 Svalbard Visa not required[389] Unlimited (Svalbard Treaty)
  • No one requires a visa to enter Svalbard but it's practically impossible to board a flight/ferry to Svalbard without entering Norway. Hence a double entry Schengen visa would be required to go and come back from Svalbard to mainland Norway.[390]
 Transnistria Visa not required 24 hours
  • Registration required after 24h.[391]
Oceania
Territory Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes
(excluding departure fees unless otherwise noted)
American Samoa American Samoa Visa required[392]
Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands Special authorization required
  • A written authorization of the director of National Parks and Wildlife is required.[393]
 Christmas Island Online Visitor visa (e600) required (if arriving from outside of the Australian Mainland)
  • Passports and visas are not required when travelling from the Australian mainland. However, photographic identification must be produced for clearance through Customs and Immigration. Normal Australian Customs and Immigration procedures apply when entry is made from outside Australia.[394]
France Clipperton Island Special permit required
  • Special permit required.[395]
 Cocos (Keeling) Islands Online Visitor visa (e600) required (if arriving from outside of the Australian Mainland)
  • Passports and visas are not required when travelling from the Australian mainland. However, photographic identification must be produced for clearance through Customs and Immigration. Normal Australian Customs and Immigration procedures apply when entry is made from outside Australia.[396][397]
 Cook Islands Visa not required 31 days[398]
Australia Coral Sea Islands Special authorization required
  • A written authorization of the director of National Parks and Wildlife is required.[399]
 French Polynesia Visa required[400][401]
Guam Guam Visa required[402]
Fiji Lau Province Special permission required[403]
Tasmania Macquarie Island Special authorization required
  • A written authorization of the director of National Parks and Wildlife is required.[404][405]
 New Caledonia Visa required[406][407]
 Niue Visa not required 30 days[408]
 Norfolk Island Online Visitor visa (e600) required (if arriving from outside of the Australian Mainland)
  • As of 1 July 2016 all movements between Norfolk Island and Australian mainland are considered as domestic movements, however all passengers are still required to carry passports and pass Customs and Immigration.[409] Normal Australian Customs and Immigration procedures apply when entry is made from outside Australia.[410]
  • Passengers not carrying their passports are not eligible to purchase duty-free goods on Norfolk Island.[411]
Northern Mariana Islands Northern Mariana Islands Visa required[412]
 Pitcairn Islands Visa not required 14 days
  • Landing fee US$35 or tax of US$5 if not going ashore.[413][414]
 Tokelau Entry permit required
  • All visitors must obtain a permit to enter Tokelau from the Tokelau Apia Liaison Office in Apia, at least 2 weeks prior to travel. Tokelau can only be reached by boat from Samoa and a permit from the Samoan Immigration Authorities is required to leave and re-enter Samoa.[415]
United States United States Minor Outlying Islands Special permits required
France Wallis and Futuna Visa required[426][407]
South America
Territory Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes
(excluding departure fees unless otherwise noted)
France French Guiana Visa required[427][407]
Galápagos Pre-registration required
  • Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure.[428][429]
South Atlantic and Antarctica
Territory Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes
(excluding departure fees unless otherwise noted)
 Antarctica Special permits required
 Falkland Islands Visa required[446]
 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Permit required
  • Pre-arrival permit from the commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling).[447]

Non-visa restrictions

This section is transcluded from Non-visa travel restrictions. (edit | history)

Many countries have entry restrictions on foreigners that go beyond the common requirement of having either a valid visa or a visa exemption. Such restrictions may be health related or impose additional documentation requirements on certain classes of people for diplomatic or political purposes.

Blank passport pages

Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages to be available in the passport being presented, typically one or two pages.[448] Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted as being valid or available.

Vaccination

Main articles: Vaccination requirements for international travel, International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis, and Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic
Cover of the new International Certificate of Vaccination issued by the Bureau of Quarantine in the Philippines since 2021

Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo, South Sudan, Uganda, and Zambia, require all incoming passengers older than nine months to one year[449] to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis, as does the South American territory of French Guiana.[450]

Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has visited one recently or has transited for 12 hours in those countries: Algeria, Botswana, Cabo Verde, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Lesotho, Libya, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.[451][452]

Passport validity length

Very few countries, such as Paraguay, just require a valid passport on arrival.

However many countries and groupings now require only an identity card – especially from their neighbours. Other countries may have special bilateral arrangements that depart from the generality of their passport validity length policies to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other's citizens[453][454] or even accept passports that have already expired (but not been cancelled).[455]

Some countries, such as Japan,[456] Ireland and the United Kingdom,[457] require a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay.

In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain,[458] Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel,[459] Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Peru,[460] Philippines,[461] Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam.[462]

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

Countries requiring passports with a validity of at least 3 months beyond the date of intended departure include Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Honduras, Montenegro, Nauru, Moldova and New Zealand. Similarly, the EEA countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, all European Union countries (except Ireland) together with Switzerland also require 3 months validity beyond the date of the bearer's intended departure unless the bearer is an EEA or Swiss national.

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include Albania, North Macedonia, Panama, and Senegal.

Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the date of intended departure include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Macau, the Maldives[463] and South Africa.

Criminal record

Some countries, including Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand and the United States,[464] routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record, while others impose restrictions depending on the type of conviction and the length of the sentence.

Persona non grata

The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning them from entering the country or expelling them if they have already entered. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity.[465]

Israeli stamps

Israeli border control Entry Permit (issued as a stand-alone document rather than a stamp affixed in a passport)

Kuwait,[466] Lebanon,[467] Libya,[468] and Yemen[469] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel (unless the entry is for some work-related purposes). Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport. Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017) stamped at Erez when passing into and out of Gaza.[citation needed]

Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old.

Biometrics

See also: Countries applying biometrics

Several countries mandate that all travellers, or all foreign travellers, be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest travellers who refuse to comply. In some countries, such as the United States, this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to change planes rather than go landside.[470]

Fingerprinting countries/regions include Afghanistan,[471][472] Argentina,[473] Brunei, Cambodia,[474] China,[475] Ethiopia,[476] Ghana, Guinea,[477] India, Japan,[478][479] Kenya (both fingerprints and a photo are taken),[480] Malaysia upon entry and departure,[481] Mongolia, Saudi Arabia,[482] Singapore, South Korea,[483] Taiwan, Thailand,[484] Uganda,[485] the United Arab Emirates and the United States.

Many countries also require a photo be taken of people entering the country. The United States, which does not fully implement exit control formalities at its land frontiers (although long mandated by its own legislation),[486][487][488] intends to implement facial recognition for passengers departing from international airports to identify people who overstay their visa.[489]

Together with fingerprint and face recognition, iris scanning is one of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardised since 2006 by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for use in e-passports[490] and the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa.[491][492]

See also

References and Notes

References
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  448. ^ Baker, Vicky (20 June 2013). "Passport expiry dates and blank pages: what are the rules?". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 January 2024. The number of remaining blank pages a passport should have is also an issue. Some travellers have reported arriving with one or less than one full page left and waiting for hours at immigration, until an official reluctantly grants them entry. The FCO lists no hard and fast rules because, in many cases, there aren't any.
  449. ^ "Yellow Fever". Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC). African Union. Retrieved 23 August 2021. African countries that requires (sic) Yellow Fever vaccination certificate: Countries that require vaccination for all travellers older that 9 months or 1 year: Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameron, Central African Republic, Congo, Côte d'lvoire, DRC, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Niger, Togo.
  450. ^ "Fièvre jaune" (in French). September 2, 2018. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
  451. ^ "Yellow Fever". Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC). African Union. Retrieved 23 August 2021. African countries that requires Yellow Fever vaccination certificate: Countries that requires (sic) vaccination for travellers from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission or transit for 12 hours in those countries: Algeria, Botswana, Cabo Verde, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Lesotho, Libya, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
  452. ^ Country list - Yellow fever vaccination requirements and recommendations; and malaria situation; and other vaccination requirement
  453. ^ "Foreign Affairs Manual, 9 FAM 403.9-3(B)(2) f". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
  454. ^ "Visitor Visa". travel.state.gov. US Department of State. Retrieved 13 January 2024. Passport valid for travel to the United States – Your passport must be valid for at least six months beyond your period of stay in the United States (unless exempt by country-specific agreements). Each individual who needs a visa must submit a separate application, including any family members listed in your passport.
  455. ^ "Countries whose citizens are allowed to enter Turkey with their expired passports". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Republic of Turkey. Archived from the original on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2018. Countries whose citizens are allowed to enter Turkey with their expired passports: 1. Germany – Passports expired within the last year / ID's expired within the last year, 2. Belgium - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 3. France - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 4. Spain - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 5. Switzerland - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 6. Luxemburg - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 7. Portugal - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 8. Bulgaria – Valid ordinary passport
  456. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Embassy of Japan in Malaysia. Retrieved 13 January 2024. Q: Do I need at least 6 months passport validity in order to enter Japan? A: Japan does not have any regulations relating to passport validity, so long as your passport will be valid until after you leave Japan.
  457. ^ "Entering the UK". Gov.UK. Retrieved 17 March 2021. You're not from an EEA country: you must have a valid passport to enter the UK. It should be valid for the whole of your stay.
  458. ^ Bahrain government website
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  460. ^ "Government Of Peru Requires Six-Month Validity On Passports To Enter Peru". Traveling & Living in Peru. 2 January 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  461. ^ "Bureau of Immigration of the Republic of the Philippines". Retrieved 17 March 2021.
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  470. ^ Calder, Simon (24 April 2017). "Airline lobbying for a relaxation of draconian rules for London-Auckland travellers". The Independent. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2018. Travellers heading west from the UK to New Zealand may soon be able to avoid the onerous requirement to clear US border control during the refuelling stop at Los Angeles airport (LAX). Unlike almost every other country in the world, the US insists on a full immigration check even for passengers who simply intend to re-board their plane to continue onwards to a foreign destination. Air New Zealand, which flies daily from Heathrow via Los Angeles to Auckland, says there are currently "strict requirements for travellers" in transit at LAX. Through passengers to Auckland on flight NZ1 or Heathrow on NZ2 must apply in advance for an ESTA (online visa) even though they have no intention of staying in the US. They also have to undergo screening by the Transportation Security Administration.
  471. ^ "How to enter Afghanistan. The Entry Requirements for Afghanistan - CountryReports". Countryreports.org.
  472. ^ Nordland, Rod (19 November 2011). "In Afghanistan, Big Plans to Gather Biometric Data". The New York Times.
  473. ^ "Argentina strengthens migratory control". Archived from the original on 2 December 2013.
  474. ^ "Cambodia Foreign Entry Requirements". Us-passport-information.com. Archived from the original on 5 July 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  475. ^ "China to Start Fingerprinting Foreign Visitors". Air Canada. 31 Jan 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2018. Effective April 27, 2018, border control authorities at all of China's ports of entry, including its airports, will start collecting the fingerprints of all foreign visitors aged between 14 and 70. Diplomatic passport holders and beneficiaries of reciprocal agreements are exempted..
  476. ^ "Äthiopien: Reise- und Sicherheitshinweise". Auswaertiges-amt.de.
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  480. ^ "Immigration & Visas FAQs". Kenya Airports Authority. Retrieved 6 May 2019. Will visitors still have their digital photo and fingerprints taken at the immigration desk on arrival? Yes, the need to have photos and fingerprints taken upon arrival is to authenticate that the person who applied for the Visa is the same person at the port of entry
  481. ^ "Malaysia". CountryReports. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
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  484. ^ "National News Bureau of Thailand".
  485. ^ AfricaNews (2019-01-14). "Gemalto awarded Uganda's new e-Immigration solution with fast-track border crossing eKiosks at Entebbe Airport". Africanews. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
  486. ^ Brown, Theresa Cardinal (9 May 2016). "Biometric Entry-Exit Update: CBP Developing Land Border Process". Bipartisan Policy Center. Retrieved 25 April 2019. While a requirement for a biometric entry-exit system has been in law for over a decade, it is not yet a reality. Many reasons for the long gestating development have been documented in BPC's 2014 report Entry-Exit System: Progress, Challenges, and Outlook, including the technological, operational, and cost challenges of creating exit systems and infrastructure where none exist today. However, many critics, especially in Congress, simply accused the Department of Homeland security of dragging its feet... the major operational, logistical, and technical challenge in implementing exit capability at our ports has been the land borders. Unlike airports and seaports, the land border environment is not physically controlled, there is no means to get advance information on who is arriving, and the sheer volume of travel—both vehicular and pedestrian—creates challenges in any system to not further exacerbate delays. While biometric exit for land vehicular traffic is still in the "what if" stage, CBP is moving ahead and piloting systems and technology to use with the large population of pedestrian crossers at the U.S.-Mexico border.
  487. ^ Lipton, Eric (21 May 2013). "U.S. Quietly Monitors Foreigners' Departures at the Canadian Border". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2019. Long demanded by lawmakers in Congress, it is considered a critical step to developing a coherent program to curb illegal immigration, as historically about 30 percent to 40 percent of illegal immigrants in the United States arrived on tourist visas or other legal means and then never left, according to estimates by Homeland Security officials.
  488. ^ Lipton, Eric (15 December 2006). "Administration to Drop Effort to Track if Visitors Leave". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2019. Efforts to determine whether visitors actually leave have faltered. Departure monitoring would help officials hunt for foreigners who have not left, if necessary. Domestic security officials say, however, it would be too expensive to conduct fingerprint or facial recognition scans for land departures.
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  492. ^ "Iris Scanner Could Replace Emirates ID In UAE". SimplyDXB. 11 June 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2018. The breach of privacy is probably the biggest threat to the biometric technique of iris recognition. Secondly, a device error can false reject or false accept the identity which can also have some heinous consequences. Lastly, the method isn't the most cost-effective one. It is complex and therefore expensive. Furthermore, the maintenance of devices and data can also be relatively burdensome. However, thanks to the oil money and spending ability of Dubai, they are economically equipped to effectively embrace this system.
Notes
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