Bangalore: Difference between revisions
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#REDIRECT [[Bengaluru]] |
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{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}} |
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{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}} |
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{{Infobox settlement |
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| name = Bangalore |
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| official_name = Bengaluru |
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| native_name = {{nobold|ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು}} |
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| native_name_lang = kn |
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| other_name = |
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| settlement_type = [[Megacity]] |
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| image_skyline = BangaloreMontage.png |
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| image_alt = |
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| image_caption = Clockwise from top: [[UB City]], [[Infosys]], Glass house at [[Lal Bagh]], [[Vidhana Soudha]], [[Shiva]] statue, [[Bagmane Tech Park]] ii |
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| nickname = [[Silicon Valley of India]]<br />Garden City |
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| map_alt = |
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| map_caption = |
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| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India |
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| pushpin_label_position = left |
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| pushpin_map_alt = |
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Karnataka]] |
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| latd = 12 |
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| latm = 58 |
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| latNS = N |
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| longd = 77 |
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| longm = 34 |
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| longEW = E |
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| coordinates_display = inline,title |
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| subdivision_type = Country |
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| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} |
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| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]] |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]] |
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| subdivision_type2 = Region |
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| subdivision_name2 = [[Bayaluseeme|Bayaluseemē]] |
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| subdivision_type3 = District |
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| subdivision_name3 = [[Bangalore Urban]] |
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| established_title = Established |
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| established_date = 1537 |
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| founder = [[Kempegowda]] I |
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| named_for = |
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| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–Council]] |
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| governing_body = [[Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike|BBMP]] |
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| leader_title1 = [[Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike|Mayor]] |
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| leader_name1 = Padmavathi G<ref>{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/g-padmavathi-elected-mayor/article9159147.ece |
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| title = G. Padmavathi elected Bengaluru mayor |
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| work = The Hindu |
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}}</ref> |
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| leader_title2 = Commissioner |
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| leader_name2 = G Kumar Nayak<ref name=bbmp-commr>{{cite web |
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| title = Commissioner |
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| url = http://bbmp.gov.in/commissioner |
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| website = Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike |
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| accessdate = 3 May 2015 |
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}}</ref> |
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| unit_pref = Metric |
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| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite news |
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| author1 = K. V. Aditya Bharadwaj |
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| title = Bengaluru is growing fast, but governed like a village |
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| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-is-growing-fast-but-governed-like-a-village/article7473604.ece |
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| accessdate = 20 August 2015 |
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| work = The Hindu |
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| date = 28 July 2015 |
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| location = Bengaluru |
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}}</ref> |
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| area_rank = |
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| area_total_km2 = |
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| area_urban_km2 = 709 |
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| area_metro_km2 = |
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| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="iisc_profile">{{Cite journal |
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| author1 = H.S. Sudhira |
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| author2 = T.V. Ramachandra |
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| author3 = M.H. Bala Subrahmanya |
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| title = City Profile — Bangalore |
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| journal = Cities |
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| volume = 24 |
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| issue = 5 |
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| publisher = Environmental Information System (Centre of Ecological Sciences), [[Indian Institute of Science]] |
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| place = Bangalore |
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| pages = 382 |
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| year = 2007 |
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| doi = 10.1016/j.cities.2007.04.003 |
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| url = http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/pubs/ces_pubs/pubs_2007/theme4_42.pdf |
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| format = PDF |
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}}</ref> |
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| elevation_m = 920 |
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| population_as_of = 2011 |
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| population_total = 8443675 |
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| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 pp tableA2">{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-karnataka.php |
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| title = Karnataka (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts |
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| publisher = |
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}}</ref> |
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| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|3rd]] |
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| population_density_km2 = |
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| population_metro = 8728906 |
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| population_blank1_title = Rank |
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| population_blank1 = [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|5th]] |
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| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="ua_2011">{{cite web |
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| title = INDIA STATS : Million plus cities in India as per Census 2011 |
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| url = http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 |
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| website = Press Information Bureau, Mumbai |
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| publisher = National Informatics Centre |
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| accessdate = 20 August 2015 |
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}}</ref> |
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| population_demonym = Bangalorean |
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| blank1_info = |
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| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] |
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| utc_offset1 = +5:30 |
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| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]] |
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| postal_code = 560 xxx |
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| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-(0)80]] |
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| registration_plate = KA-01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 41, 50, 51, 52, 53, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 |
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| blank2_name = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}} |
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| blank2_info = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]<ref>http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf</ref> |
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| website = {{URL|www.bbmp.gov.in/}} |
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| footnotes = |
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}} |
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'''Bangalore''' {{IPAc-en|b|æ|ŋ|ɡ|ə|ˈ|l|ɔː|r}}, [[List of renamed Indian cities and states|officially]] known as '''Bengaluru'''<ref>{{cite web |
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| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/It-is-official-Bangalore-becomes-Bengaluru/articleshow/45000684.cms |
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| title = It is official: Bangalore becomes Bengaluru |
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| work = The Times of India |
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}}</ref> ({{IPA-kn|ˈbeŋɡəɭuːɾu||Bengaluru-Kannada-Pronunciation.ogg}}), is the [[Capital city|capital]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Karnataka]]. It has a population of about {{nowrap|8.42 million}} and a [[metropolitan area|metropolitan]] population of about {{nowrap|8.52 million}}, making it the [[List of most populous cities in India|third most populous city]] and [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|fifth most populous urban agglomeration]] in India.<ref name="2011 pp tableA2" /> Located in [[southern India]] on the [[Deccan Plateau]], at a height of over {{convert|3000|ft|m|sigfig=1|disp=flip|abbr=on}} above sea level, Bangalore is known for its pleasant climate throughout the year. Its elevation is the highest among the major cities of India.<ref>{{cite book |
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| last1 = Swaminathan |
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| first1 = Jayashankar M. |
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| title = Indian Economic Superpower: Fiction Or Future? |
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| volume = Volume 2 of World Scientific series on 21st century business, ISSN 1793-5660 |
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| publisher = World Scientific |
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| year = 2009 |
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| isbn = 9789812814661 |
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| page = 20 |
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}}</ref> |
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A succession of South Indian dynasties, the [[Western Ganga Dynasty|Western Gangas]], the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] and the [[Hoysalas]], ruled the present region of Bangalore until in 1537 CE, [[Kempe Gowda|Kempé Gowdā]] – a feudal ruler under the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] – established a [[Bengaluru Pete|mud fort]] considered to be the foundation of modern Bangalore. In 1638, the [[Maratha Empire|Marāthās]] conquered and ruled Bangalore for almost 50 years, after which the [[Mughals]] captured and sold the city to the [[Mysore Kingdom]] of the [[Wadiyar dynasty]]. It was captured by the [[British East India Company|British]] after victory in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1799), who returned administrative control of the city to the [[Maharaja of Mysore]]. The old city developed in the dominions of the [[Maharaja of Mysore]] and was made capital of the [[Princely State of Mysore]], which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the [[British Raj]]. In 1809, the British shifted their [[Bangalore Cantonment|cantonment]] to Bangalore, outside the old city, and a town grew up around it, which was governed as part of [[British India]]. Following [[independence of India|India's independence]] in 1947, Bangalore became the capital of [[Mysore State]], and remained capital when the new Indian state of Karnataka was formed in 1956. The two urban settlements of Bangalore – city and cantonment – which had developed as independent entities merged into a single urban centre in 1949. The existing [[Kannada]] name, ''Bengalūru'', was declared the [[official name]] of the city in 2006. |
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Bangalore is sometimes referred to as the "[[Silicon Valley of India]]" (or "IT capital of India") because of its role as the nation's leading [[information technology]] (IT) exporter.<ref>{{cite news |
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| url = http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/06/tech/bangalore-india-internet-access |
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| title = How the 'Silicon Valley of India' is bridging the digital divide |
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| last = Canton |
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| first = Naomi |
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| publisher = CNN |
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| accessdate = 6 December 2012 |
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| date = 6 December 2012 |
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |
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| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/20/business/worldbusiness/20bangalore.html |
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| title = Is the Next Silicon Valley Taking Root in Bangalore? |
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| last = RAI |
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| first = SARITHA |
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| work = [[The New York Times]] |
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| accessdate = 20 March 2006 |
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| date = 20 March 2006 |
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |
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| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20201666 |
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| title = Can the 'American Dream' be reversed in India? |
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| last = Vaidyanathan |
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| first = Rajini |
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| publisher = [[BBC World News]] |
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| accessdate = 5 November 2012 |
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| date = 5 November 2012 |
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}}</ref> Indian technological organisations [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]], [[Infosys]], [[Wipro]] and [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] are headquartered in the city. A demographically diverse city, Bangalore is the second fastest-growing major metropolis in India.<ref>{{cite web |
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| url = http://us.rediff.com/money/2008/feb/06sld2.htm |
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| work = Rediff News |
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| date = 6 February 2008 |
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| title = India's 10 fastest growing cities |
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| accessdate = 7 April 2009 |
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| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090324171237/http://us.rediff.com/money/2008/feb/06sld2.htm |
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| archivedate = 24 March 2009 |
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| deadurl = no |
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}}</ref> It is home to many educational and research institutions in India, such as [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc), [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore|Indian Institute of Management (Bangalore)]] (IIMB), [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]], Bangalore, [[National Institute of Design, Bangalore]] (NID R&D Campus), [[National Law School of India University]] (NLSIU) and [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]] (NIMHANS). Numerous state-owned [[aerospace]] and [[defence industry|defence organisations]], such as [[Bharat Electronics]], [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|Hindustan Aeronautics]] and [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] are located in the city. The city also houses the [[Kannada film industry]]. With a gross domestic product (GDP) of $83 billion, Bangalore is ranked fourth in India by overall GDP contribution, after only [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]] and [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web |
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| url = http://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807049.html |
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| title = India's top 15 cities with the highest GDP Photos Yahoo! India Finance |
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| publisher = Yahoo! Finance |
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| date = 28 September 2012 |
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| accessdate = 3 November 2012 |
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}}</ref> |
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==Etymology== |
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The name "Bangalore" represents an [[Anglicization|anglicised]] version of the [[Kannada language]] name, "Bengalūru" [[ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು]] {{IPA-kn|ˈbeŋɡəɭuːru||Bengaluru-Kannada-Pronunciation.ogg}}. The earliest reference to the name "Bengalūru" was found in a ninth-century [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] stone inscription on a "''vīra gallu''" ({{lang|kn|ವೀರಗಲ್ಲು}}) (literally, "[[hero stone]]", a rock edict extolling the virtues of a warrior). In this inscription found in [[Begur, Bangalore|Begur]], "Bengalūrū" is referred to as a place in which a battle was fought in 890 [[Common Era|CE]]. It states that the place was part of the [[Western Ganga Dynasty|Ganga Kingdom]] until 1004 and was known as "''Bengaval-uru''", the "City of Guards" in [[Halegannada]] (Old Kannada).<ref name="OtherNames">{{cite news |
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| first = K |
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| last = Chandramouli |
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| url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm |
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| title = The city of boiled beans |
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| newspaper = [[The Hindu]] |
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| date = 25 July 2002 |
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| accessdate = 10 June 2012 |
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| location = Chennai, India |
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}}</ref><ref name=TheHinduinscription>{{cite news |
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| url = http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm |
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| title = Inscription reveals Bangalore is over 1,000 years old |
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| newspaper = The Hindu |
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| date = 20 August 2004 |
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| accessdate = 10 June 2012 |
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| location = Chennai, India |
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}}</ref> |
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An [[apocryphal]] story recounts that the 12th century [[Hoysala]] king [[Veera Ballala II]], while on a hunting expedition, lost his way in the forest. Tired and hungry, he came across a poor old woman who served him boiled beans. The grateful king named the place "benda-kaal-uru" (literally, "town of boiled beans"), which eventually evolved into "Bengalūru".<ref name="OtherNames" /><ref name="Bendakaaluru">{{cite web |
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| url = http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Oct302006/index20581420061029.asp |
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| title = Many miles to go from Bangalore to Bengalūru |
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| author = Vijesh Kamath |
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| work = Deccan Herald |
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| date = 30 October 2006 |
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| accessdate = 10 June 2012 |
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}}</ref><ref name=gandubhoomi /> [[Suryanath U. Kamath|Suryanath Kamath]] has put forward an explanation of a possible floral origin of the name, being derived from ''benga'', the Kannada term for ''[[Pterocarpus marsupium]]'' (also known as the [[Indian Kino Tree]]), a species of dry and moist [[deciduous tree]]s, that grew abundantly in the region.<ref name="Aditi6" /> |
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On 11 December 2005, the [[Government of Karnataka]] announced that it had accepted a proposal by [[Jnanpith Award]] winner [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]] to [[Renaming of cities in India|rename]] Bangalore to ''Bengalūru''.<ref name="rename2">{{Cite news |
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| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-11/india/27862209_1_bengaluru-classical-language-kannada |
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| title = Bangalore to be renamed Bengaluru |
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| date = 11 December 2005 |
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| newspaper = [[The Times of India]] |
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| accessdate = 19 April 2009 |
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}}</ref> On 27 September 2006, the [[Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike]] (BBMP) passed a resolution to implement the proposed name change.<ref>{{Cite news |
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| title = It will be 'Bengaluru', resolves BMP |
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| newspaper = The Hindu |
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| date = 28 September 2006 |
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| url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/28/stories/2006092824250300.htm |
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| accessdate = 16 May 2007 |
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| location = Chennai, India |
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}}</ref> The government of Karnataka accepted the proposal, and it was decided to officially implement the name change from 1 November 2006.<ref>{{Cite news |
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| title = It'll be 'Bengaluru' from November 1 |
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| newspaper = Deccan Herald |
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| date = 8 October 2006 |
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| url = http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct82006/index2044162006107.asp |
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| accessdate = 10 June 2012 |
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}}</ref><ref name="rename1">{{Cite news |
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| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-01/bangalore/27809461_1_bengalooru-skywalks-helmets |
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| title = From today, Bangalore becomes Bengalooru |
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| date = 1 November 2006 |
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| newspaper = The Times of India |
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| accessdate = 19 April 2009 |
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}}</ref> The Union government have approved (along with other 12 cities) this request in October 2014 and Bangalore was renamed to "Bengaluru" on 1 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news |
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| last1 = Renaming |
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| first1 = Cities |
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| title = Bangalore, Mysore, Other Karnataka Cities to be Renamed on 1 November |
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| url = http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bangalore-mysore-other-karnataka-cities-be-renamed-1-november-611683 |
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| issue = ibtimes.co.in |
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| publisher = ibtimes.co.in |
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| date = 18 October 2014 |
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |
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| last1 = Renaming |
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| first1 = Cities |
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| title = Centre nod for Karnataka's proposal on renaming cities |
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| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/centre-nod-for-karnatakas-proposal-on-renaming-cities/article6514079.ece |
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| publisher = The Hindu |
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| date = 18 October 2014 |
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}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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{{Main article|History of Bangalore}} |
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===Early and medieval history=== |
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{{Multiple image |
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|align=left |
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|direction=vertical |
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|image1=Naganatheshvara Temple (9th century) at Begur, Bengaluru.JPG |
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|caption1=The Begur [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Nageshwara Temple]] was built in Bangalore around c. 860, during the reign of the [[Western Ganga Dynasty]]. |
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|image2=Halasuru Someshwara Temple.jpg |
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|caption2=Someshwara Temple dates from the [[Chola]] era |
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}} |
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A discovery of [[Stone Age]] artefacts during the [[2001 census of India]] at [[Jalahalli]], Sidhapura and Jadigenahalli, all of which are located on Bangalore's outskirts today, suggest probable human settlement around 4,000 BCE.<ref>{{cite news |
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| title = Bangalore dates from 4,000 BC |
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| date = 11 October 2001 |
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| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-11/bangalore/27237242_1_bangalore-mysore-municipal-bodies |
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| work = [[The Times of India]] |
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| accessdate = 7 September 2013 |
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}}</ref> Around 1,000 BCE ([[Iron Age]]), burial grounds were established at [[Koramangala]] and [[Chikkajala]] on the outskirts of Bangalore. Coins of the [[Roman emperor]]s [[Augustus]], [[Tiberius]], and [[Claudius]] found at [[Yeswanthpur]] and [[HAL Bangalore International Airport|HAL]] indicate that Bangalore was involved in trans-oceanic trade with ancient civilisations in 27 BCE.<ref name="banghist">{{cite news |
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| first = T.S. |
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| last = Ranganna |
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| title = Bangalore had human habitation in 4000 B.C. |
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| date = 27 October 2001 |
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| url = http://hindu.com/2001/10/27/stories/0427402p.htm |
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| work = [[The Hindu]] |
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| accessdate = 7 September 2013 |
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}}</ref> |
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The region of modern-day Bangalore was part of several successive [[South India]]n kingdoms. Between the fourth and the tenth centuries, the Bangalore region was ruled by the [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] of Karnataka, the first dynasty to set up effective control over the region.<ref name="banghist3">{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=69|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> According to Edgar Thurston<ref name='Edgar Thurston'>{{cite book |
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| author = Edgar Thurston and K. Rangachari |
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| title = Castes and Tribes of Southern India |
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| year = 1909 |
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| publisher = Government Press, Madras |
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}}</ref> there were twenty eight kings who ruled Gangavadi from the start of the Christian era till its conquest by the Cholas. These kings belonged to two distinct dynasties: the earlier line of the ''Solar race'' which had a succession of seven kings of the Ratti or Reddi tribe, and the later line of the Ganga race. The [[Western Gangas]] ruled the region initially as a sovereign power (350 – 550), and later as feudatories of the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas of Badami]], followed by the [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty|Rashtrakutas]] till the tenth century.<ref name="Aditi6">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=6|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref> The Begur [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Nageshwara Temple]] was commissioned around 860, during the reign of the Western Ganga King Ereganga Nitimarga I and extended by his successor Nitimarga II.<ref name="banghist4">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=7|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref><ref name="niti">Sarma (1992), p. 78</ref> Around 1004, during the reign of [[Raja Raja Chola I]], the Cholas defeated the Western Gangas under the command of the crown prince [[Rajendra Chola I]], and captured Bangalore.<ref name="banghist4" /><ref>Mysore: A Gazetteer Compiled for Government by B. L. Rice p.224</ref> During this period, the Bangalore region witnessed the migration of many groups — warriors, administrators, traders, artisans, pastorals, cultivators, and religious personnel from [[Tamil Nadu]] and other Kannada speaking regions.<ref name="banghist3" /> The [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Chokkanathaswamy temple at Domlur]], the Aigandapura complex near [[Hesaraghatta Lake|Hesaraghatta]], [[Mukthi Natheshwara Temple]] at Binnamangala, Choleshwara Temple at [[Begur, Bangalore|Begur]], Someshwara Temple at [[Madiwala]], date from the Chola era.<ref name="banghist4" /> |
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In 1117, the [[Hoysala]] king [[Vishnuvardhana]] defeated the Cholas in the Battle of Talakad in south Karnataka, and extended its rule over the region.<ref name="banghist4" /> Vishnuvardhana expelled the Cholas from all parts of Mysore state.<ref>{{cite web |
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| url = http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |
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| title = The Digital South Asia Library-Imperial gazetteer of India |
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| work = uchicago.edu |
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}}</ref> By the end of the 13th century, Bangalore became a source of contention between two warring cousins, the Hoysala ruler [[Veera Ballala III]] of [[Halebidu]] and Ramanatha, who administered from the Hoysala held territory in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="banghist4" /> Veera Ballala III had appointed a civic head at Hudi (now within Bangalore Municipal Corporation limits), thus promoting the village to the status of a town. After Veera Ballala III's death in 1343, the next empire to rule the region was the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], which itself saw the rise of four dynasties, the [[Sangama Dynasty|Sangamas]] (1336 – 1485), the [[Saluva Dynasty|Saluvas]] (1485 – 1491), the [[Tuluva Dynasty|Tuluvas]] (1491 – 1565), and the [[Aravidu dynasty|Aravidu]] (1565 – 1646).<ref name="banghist6">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=8|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref> During the reign of the Vijayanagara Empire, [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] of the [[Tuluva Dynasty]] raised the [[Shivanasamudra Falls|Shivasamudra Dam]] across the [[Arkavati]] river at [[Hesaraghatta]], whose reservoir is the present city's supply of regular piped water.<ref name="Aditi9">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=9|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref> |
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===Foundation and early modern history=== |
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{{Multiple image |
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|align=right |
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|direction=vertical |
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|image1=Bangalore Fort.jpg |
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|caption1=Bangalore Fort in 1860 showing fortifications and barracks. The fort was originally built by [[Kempe Gowda I]] as a mud fort in 1537. |
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|image2=Bangalore Palace.jpg |
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|caption2=[[Bangalore Palace]], built in 1887 in [[Tudor architecture|Tudor architectural style]] was modelled on the [[Windsor Castle]] in England.<ref name="tt8">{{harvnb|Pinto|Srivastava|2008|p=8|Ref=TalkoftheTown}}</ref> |
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}} |
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Modern Bangalore was begun in 1537 by a [[vassal]] of the Vijayanagara Empire, [[Kempe Gowda I]], who aligned with the Vijayanagara empire to campaign against Gangaraja (whom he defeated and expelled to Kanchi), and who built [[Bengaluru Pete|a mud-brick fort]] for the people at the site that would become the central part of modern Bangalore. Kempe Gowda was restricted by rules made by Achuta Deva Raya, who feared the potential power of Kempe Gowda and did not allow a formidable stone fort. Kempe Gowda referred to the new town as his "gandubhūmi" or "Land of Heroes".<ref name=gandubhoomi>{{cite news |
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| url = http://www.livemint.com/2010/05/21205005/Bangalore-Bhath--First-city-e.html |
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| title = Bangalore bhath: first city edifices |
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| last1 = Misra |
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| first1 = Hemant |
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| last2 = Jayaraman |
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| first2 = Pavitra |
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| newspaper = [[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |
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| date = 22 May 2010 |
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| accessdate = 11 June 2012 |
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}}</ref> Within the fort, the town was divided into smaller divisions—each called a "pete" ({{IPA-kn|peːteː}}). The town had two main streets—Chikkapeté Street, which ran east-west, and Doddapeté Street, which ran north-south. Their intersection formed the Doddapeté Square—the heart of Bangalore. Kempe Gowda I's successor, Kempe Gowda II, built four towers that marked Bangalore's boundary. During the Vijayanagara rule, many saints and poets referred to Bangalore as "Devarāyanagara" and "Kalyānapura" or "Kalyānapuri" ("Auspicious City").<ref name=bglrHist2>{{Cite thesis |
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| chapter = 5: Bangalore: mud fort to sprawling metropolis |
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| title = Bangalore—future trends in public open space usage. Case study: Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bangalore |
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| url = http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172004-231956/unrestricted/4.pdf |
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| format = PDF |
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| last = Vagale |
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| first = Uday Kumar |
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| year = 2004 |
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| publisher = [[Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]] |
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| page = 34–35 |
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| accessdate = 11 June 2012 |
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}}</ref> |
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After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565 in the [[Battle of Talikota]], Bangalore's rule changed hands several times. Kempe Gowda declared independence, then in 1638, a large [[Adil Shahi]] Bijapur army led by Ranadulla Khan and accompanied by his second in command [[Shahaji|Shāhji Bhōnslé]] defeated Kempe Gowda III,<ref name=bglrHist2 /> and Bangalore was given to Shāhji as a ''[[jagir]]'' (feudal estate). In 1687, the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] general Kasim Khan, under orders from [[Aurangzeb]], defeated [[Ekoji I]], son of Shāhji, and sold Bangalore to [[Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar]] (1673–1704), the then ruler of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] for three lakh rupees.<ref name=ekoji>{{Cite news |
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| url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/22/stories/2005022201010300.htm |
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| title = The bean city |
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| newspaper = The Hindu |
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| first = S |
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| last = Srinivas |
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| accessdate = 2 July 2007 |
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| date = 22 February 2005 |
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| location = Chennai, India |
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}}</ref> After the death of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II in 1759, [[Hyder Ali]], Commander-in-Chief of the Mysore Army, proclaimed himself the ''de facto'' ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore. Hyder Ali is credited with building the Delhi and Mysore gates at the northern and southern ends of the city in 1760.<ref name="tt6">{{harvnb|Pinto|Srivastava|2008|p=6|Ref=TalkoftheTown}}</ref> The kingdom later passed to Hyder Ali's son [[Tipu Sultan]]. Hyder and Tipu contributed towards the beautification of the city by building [[Lal Bagh]] Botanical Gardens in 1760. Under them, Bangalore developed into a commercial and military centre of strategic importance.<ref name=bglrHist2 /> |
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The Bangalore fort was captured by the British armies under [[Lord Cornwallis]] on 21 March 1791 during the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] and formed a centre for British resistance against Tipu Sultan.<ref name="Mil_Engr_In_India_Vol_1">{{cite book |
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| title = The military engineer in India, vol I |
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| last = Sandes |
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| first = Lt Col E.W.C. |
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| year = 1933 |
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| publisher = The Institution of Royal Engineers |
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| location = Chatham |
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| isbn = 978-1-84734-071-9 |
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| pages = 163–165 |
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}}</ref> Following Tipu's death in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1799), the British returned administrative control of the Bangalore "pētē" to the [[Maharaja of Mysore]] and was incorporated into the [[Princely State of Mysore]], which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the [[British Raj]]. The [[Bengaluru Pete|old city]] ("pētē") developed in the dominions of the Maharaja of Mysore. The [[Raj Bhavan (Karnataka)|Residency of Mysore State]] was first established in [[Mysore]] City in 1799 and later shifted to Bangalore in 1804. It was abolished in 1843 only to be revived in 1881 at Bangalore and to be closed down permanently in 1947, with [[independence of India|Indian independence]].<ref name=rajbha>{{cite web |
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| url = http://rajbhavan.kar.nic.in/history/fromresi-rajbhavan.htm |
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| title = Raj Bhavan, Karnataka |
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| work = The Homepage of Raj Bhavan, Government of Karnataka |
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| accessdate = 24 August 2012 |
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}}</ref> The British found Bangalore to be a pleasant and appropriate place to station their [[garrison]] and therefore moved their cantonment to Bangalore from [[Seringapatam]] in 1809 near Halsur, about {{convert|6|km|0}} north-east of the city. A town grew up around the cantonment, by absorbing several villages in the area. The new centre had its own municipal and administrative apparatus, though technically it was a British enclave within the territory of the Wodeyar Kings of the Princely State of Mysore.<ref>{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=3|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> Two important developments which contributed to the rapid growth of the city, include the introduction of telegraph connections to all major Indian cities in 1853 and a rail connection to [[Madras]], in 1864.<ref>{{cite book |
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| last1 = Ghosh |
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| first1 = Jyotirmoy |
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| title = Entrepreneurship in tourism and allied activities: a study of Bangalore city in the post liberalization period |
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| publisher = [[Pondicherry University]] |
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| year = 2012 |
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| pages = 86 |
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| url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/5261/9/09_chapter%203.pdf |
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}}</ref> |
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===Later modern and contemporary history=== |
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{{Multiple image |
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|align=left |
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|direction=vertical |
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|image1=Bangalore Pete in the 1890s.jpg |
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|caption1=A view of [[Bengaluru Pete|Bangalore Pete]] during the 1890s |
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|image2=Bangalore Cantonment.jpg |
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|caption2=A view of [[Bangalore Cantonment]] (c. 1895) |
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|image3=Bangalore-torpedo-batey-haosef.jpg |
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|caption3=The [[Bangalore torpedo]] was invented in Bangalore in 1922. |
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}} |
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In the 19th century, Bangalore essentially became a [[Twin cities (geographical proximity)|twin city]], with the "pētē", whose residents were predominantly [[Kannadiga]]s and the cantonment created by the British.<ref name="bang hist two towns">{{Cite thesis |
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| chapter = 8: Public domain—contested spaces and lack of imageability |
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| title = Bangalore—future trends in public open space usage. Case study: Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bangalore |
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| url = http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172004-231956/unrestricted/4.pdf |
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| format = PDF |
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| last = Vagale |
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| first = Uday Kumar |
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| year = 2004 |
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| publisher = [[Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]] |
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| page = 49 |
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| accessdate = 11 June 2012 |
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}}</ref> Throughout the 19th century, the Cantonment gradually expanded and acquired a distinct cultural and political salience as it was governed directly by the British and was known as the Civil and Military Station of Bangalore. While it remained in the princely territory of Mysore, Cantonment had a large military presence and a cosmopolitan civilian population that came from outside the princely state of Mysore, including British and [[Anglo-Indians]] army officers.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} |
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Bangalore was hit by a [[Bubonic plague|plague]] epidemic in 1898 that claimed nearly 3,500 lives. The crisis caused by the outbreak catalysed the city's sanitation process. Telephone lines were laid to help co-ordinate anti-plague operations. Regulations for building new houses with proper sanitation facilities came into effect. A health officer was appointed and the city divided into four wards for better co-ordination. [[Victoria Hospital (Bangalore Medical College)|Victoria Hospital]] was inaugurated in 1900 by [[Lord Curzon]], the then [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General of British India]].<ref>{{cite news |
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| title = 1898 plague revisited |
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| date = 17 November 2012 |
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| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-17/bangalore/35171344_1_bangalore-vivek-first-health-officer |
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| work = [[The Times of India]] |
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| accessdate = 8 September 2013 |
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}}</ref> New extensions in [[Malleswaram]] and [[Basavanagudi]] were developed in the north and south of the pētē.<ref>{{cite web |
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| first = Maya |
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| last = Jaypal |
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| title = Malleswaram, Basavanagudi, the new extensions |
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| url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/237394/malleswaram-basavanagudi-extensions.html |
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| work = [[Deccan Herald]] |
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| accessdate = 8 September 2013 |
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}}</ref> In 1903, motor vehicles came to be introduced in Bangalore.<ref>{{harvnb|Karnataka State Gazetteer: Bangalore District|p=91|Ref=kar}}</ref> In 1906, Bangalore became one of the first cities in India to have electricity from [[hydro power]], powered by the [[hydroelectric]] plant situated in [[Shivanasamudra]].<ref>{{cite web |
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| last = Srinivasaraju |
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| first = Sugata |
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| title = ElectriCity |
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| url = http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?230851 |
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| accessdate = 15 November 2011 |
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| work = Outlook India |
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| date = 10 April 2006 |
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}}</ref> The [[Indian Institute of Science]] was established in 1909, which subsequently played a major role in developing the city as a science research hub.<ref name="tt10" /> In 1912, the [[Bangalore torpedo]], a defensive explosive weapon widely used in [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], was devised in Bangalore by [[British Indian Army|British army officer]] Captain McClintock of the [[Madras Engineer Group|Madras Sappers and Miners]].<ref>{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1844966/report-dna-special-bangalore-torpedo-gave-them-their-d-day-69-years-ago |
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| title = Bangalore torpedo gave them their D-Day, 69 years ago |
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| accessdate = 1 October 2013 |
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| first = Nirad |
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| last = Mudur |
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| author2 = Hemanth CS |
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| date = 7 June 2013 |
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| work = [[Daily News and Analysis]] |
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}}</ref> |
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Bangalore's reputation as the "Garden City of India" began in 1927 with the [[Silver Jubilee]] celebrations of the rule of [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV]]. Several projects such as the construction of parks, public buildings and hospitals were instituted to improve the city.<ref>{{cite book |
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| last1 = Basavaraja |
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| first1 = Kadati Reddera |
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| title = History and Culture of Karnataka: Early Times to Unification |
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| publisher = Chalukya Publications |
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| year = 1984 |
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| pages = 332 |
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}}</ref> Bangalore played an important role during the [[Indian independence movement]]. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited the city in 1927 and 1934 and addressed public meetings here.<ref name="banghist" /> In 1926, the [[1926 Binny Mills Strike|labour unrest]] in [[Binny Mills]] due to demand by textile workers for payment of bonus resulted in [[Lathi charge|lathi charging]] and police firing, resulting in the death of four workers, and several injuries.<ref>{{harvnb|Nair|2005|p=70|Ref=nair}}</ref> In July 1928, there were notable [[Bangalore Disturbances 1928|communal disturbances]] in Bangalore, when a [[Ganesha|Ganesh]] idol was removed from a school compound in the Sultanpet area of Bangalore.<ref>{{cite book |
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| title = Dimensions of Socio-Political Change in Mysore, 1918–40 |
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| first = Chandrasekhar |
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| last = S. |
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| publisher = APH Publishing |
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| year = 1985 |
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| isbn = 978-0-8364-1471-4 |
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| page = 135 |
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}}</ref> In 1940, the first flight between Bangalore and [[Bombay]] took off, which placed the city on India's urban map.<ref name="tt10">{{harvnb|Pinto|Srivastava|2008|p=10|Ref=TalkoftheTown}}</ref> |
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After India's independence in August 1947, Bangalore remained in the newly carved [[Mysore State]] of which the Maharaja of Mysore was the ''[[Rajapramukh]]'' (appointed governor).<ref>{{cite book |
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| last1 = Boland-Crewe |
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| first1 = Tara |
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| last2 = Lea |
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| first2 = David |
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| title = The Territories and States of India |
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| publisher = Psychology Press |
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| year = 2004 |
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| pages = 135 |
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| isbn = 978-0-203-40290-0 |
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| quote = When the new, extended Mysore was created on 1 November 1956 (by the addition of coastal, central and northern territories), Wodeyar became Governor of the whole state, which was renamed Karnataka in 1973. |
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}}</ref> The "City Improvement Trust" was formed in 1945, and in 1949, the "City" and the "Cantonment" merged to form the [[Bangalore City Corporation]]. The [[Government of Karnataka]] later constituted the [[Bangalore Development Authority]] in 1976 to co-ordinate the activities of these two bodies.<ref name="lm">{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=4|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> Public sector employment and education provided opportunities for Kannadigas from the rest of the state to migrate to the city. Bangalore experienced rapid growth in the decades 1941–51 and 1971–81, which saw the arrival of many immigrants from northern Karnataka. By 1961, Bangalore had become the sixth largest city in India, with a population of 1,207,000.<ref name=bglrHist2 /> In the decades that followed, Bangalore's manufacturing base continued to expand with the establishment of private companies such as [[MICO]] (Motor Industries Company), which set up its manufacturing plant in the city. |
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By the 1980s, it was clear that urbanisation had spilled over the current boundaries, and in 1986, the [[Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority]], was established to co-ordinate the development of the entire region as a single unit.<ref name="lm" /> On 8 February 1981, a [[1981 Bangalore circus fire|major fire broke out]] at Venus Circus in Bangalore, where more than 92 lives were lost, the majority of them being children.<ref>{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/09/world/death-toll-raised-to-66-in-fire-at-circus-in-india.html |
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| title = Death Toll Raised to 66 in Fire at Circus in India |
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| date = 9 February 1981 |
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| work = The New York Times |
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}}</ref> Bangalore experienced a growth in its real estate market in the 1980s and 1990s, spurred by capital investors from other parts of the country who converted Bangalore's large plots and colonial [[bungalow]]s into multi-storied apartments.<ref name=realestate>{{cite journal |
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| last = Benjamin |
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| first = Solomon |
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| url = http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN020773.pdf |
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| title = Governance, economic settings and poverty in Bangalore |
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| journal = Environment & Urbanization |
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| volume = 12 |
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| issue = 1 |
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| date = April 2000 |
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| pages = 35–36 |
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| accessdate = 11 June 2012 |
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| doi = 10.1177/095624780001200104 |
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}}</ref> In 1985, [[Texas Instruments]] became the first [[multinational corporation]] to set up base in Bangalore. Other information technology companies followed suit and by the end of the 20th century, Bangalore had established itself as the ''[[Silicon Valley]] of India''.<ref name=bglrHist2 /> Today, Bangalore is India's third most populous city. During the 21st century, Bangalore has suffered terrorist attacks in [[2008 Bangalore serial blasts|2008]], [[2010 Bangalore stadium bombing|2010]], and [[2013 Bangalore blast|2013]]. |
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==Geography== |
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{{Main article|Bangalore geography and environment}} |
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[[File:BangaloreLake.jpg|thumb|The [[Hesaraghatta Lake]] in Bangalore]] |
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Bangalore lies in the southeast of the [[South India]]n state of Karnataka. It is in the heart of the [[Mysore Plateau]] (a region of the larger [[Precambrian]] [[Deccan Plateau]]) at an average elevation of {{convert|900|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}.<ref name="ground water">{{cite web |
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| url = http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/karnataka/BANGALORE_URBAN_BROCHURE.pdf |
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| title = Ground water information booklet |
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| publisher = Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India |
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| accessdate = 16 June 2012 |
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| format = PDF |
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| date = December 2008 |
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}}</ref>{{rp|8|date=December 2012}} It is located at {{Coord|12.97|N|77.56|E}} and covers an area of {{convert|741|km²|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="area">{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.kar.nic.in/finance/bud2007/bs07e.pdf |
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| title = Finance budget for 2007–08 |
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| publisher = Government of Karnataka |
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| accessdate = 28 June 2007 |
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| format = PDF |
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| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070628141329/http://www.kar.nic.in/finance/bud2007/bs07e.pdf |
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| archivedate = 28 June 2007 |
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| deadurl = no |
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}}</ref> The majority of the city of Bangalore lies in the [[Bangalore Urban district]] of Karnataka and the surrounding rural areas are a part of the [[Bangalore Rural district]]. The Government of Karnataka has carved out the new district of [[Ramanagara]] from the old Bangalore Rural district.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} |
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The topology of Bangalore is generally flat, though the western parts of the city are hilly. The highest point is [[Vidyaranyapura]] [[Doddabettahalli]], which is {{convert|962|m|0|abbr=off}} and is situated to the north-west of the city.<ref name=bglrGeo>{{cite web |
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| url = http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/wetlands/sarea.html |
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| title = Study area: Bangalore |
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| publisher = Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science |
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| accessdate = 11 June 2012 |
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}}</ref> No major rivers run through the city, although the [[Arkavathy River|Arkavathi]] and [[South Pennar river|South Pennar]] cross paths at the [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]], {{convert|60|km|0|abbr=off}} to the north. [[River Vrishabhavathi]], a minor tributary of the Arkavathi, arises within the city at Basavanagudi and flows through the city. The rivers Arkavathi and Vrishabhavathi together carry much of Bangalore's [[sewage]]. A [[sanitary sewer|sewerage]] system, constructed in 1922, covers {{convert|215|km²|0|abbr=on}} of the city and connects with five [[sewage treatment]] centres located in the periphery of Bangalore.<ref name=sewage>{{cite news |
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| url = http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar112004/metro1.asp |
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| title = Each drop of water counts |
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| last = Tekur |
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| first = Suma |
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| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070311005340/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar112004/metro1.asp |
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| archivedate = 11 March 2007 |
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| newspaper = Deccan Herald |
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| date = 11 March 2004 |
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}}</ref> |
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In the 16th century, Kempe Gowda I constructed many lakes to meet the town's water requirements. The Kempambudhi Kere, since overrun by modern development, was prominent among those lakes. In the earlier half of 20th century, the Nandi Hills [[waterworks]] was commissioned by [[Mirza Ismail|Sir Mirza Ismail]] ([[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of Mysore, 1926–41 CE) to provide a water supply to the city. Currently, the river [[Kaveri]] provides around 80% of the total water supply to the city with the remaining 20% being obtained from the Thippagondanahalli and Hesaraghatta reservoirs of the Arkavathi river.<ref name="watersup">{{cite web |
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| url = http://bwssb.org/help_faq.html |
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| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060206121846/http://bwssb.org/help_faq.html |
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| archivedate = 6 February 2006 |
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| title = Help/FAQ |
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| publisher = Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board |
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| accessdate = 2 July 2007 |
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}}</ref> Bangalore receives 800 million litres (211 million [[US gallon]]s) of water a day, more than any other Indian city.<ref name=bglrWater>{{cite news |
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| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM2/Thirsty-Bangalore-invokes-god/Article1-6117.aspx |
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| title = Thirsty Bangalore invokes god |
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| newspaper = [[Hindustan Times]] |
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| date = 9 June 2003 |
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| accessdate = 11 June 2012 |
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}}</ref> However, Bangalore sometimes does face water shortages, especially during summer- more so in the years of low rainfall. A [[random sample|random sampling]] study of the [[Air Quality Index]] (AQI) of twenty stations within the city indicated scores that ranged from 76 to 314, suggesting heavy to severe air pollution around areas of traffic concentration.<ref name=EIA>{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF |
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| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060320001853/http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF |
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| archivedate = 20 March 2006 |
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| title = Environmental impact analysis |
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| format = PDF |
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| publisher = Bangalore Metropolitan Rapid Transport Corporation Limited, Government of Karnataka |
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| year = 2006 |
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| accessdate = 11 June 2012 |
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}}</ref> |
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Bangalore has a handful of freshwater lakes and [[water tank]]s, the largest of which are Madivala tank, [[Hebbal]] lake, [[Ulsoor]] lake, Yediyur Lake and [[Sankey Tank]]. Groundwater occurs in [[silt]]y to [[sand]]y layers of the [[alluvial]] sediments. The [[Peninsular Gneiss]]ic Complex (PGC) is the most dominant rock unit in the area and includes [[granite]]s, [[gneiss]]es and [[migmatite]]s, while the soils of Bangalore consist of red [[laterite]] and red, fine [[loam]]y to [[clay]]ey soils.<ref name="EIA" /> |
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Vegetation in the city is primarily in the form of large [[deciduous]] [[canopy (biology)|canopy]] and minority [[coconut]] trees. Though Bangalore has been classified as a part of the seismic zone II (a stable zone), it has experienced quakes of magnitude as high as 4.5.<ref name="quake">{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jan/30inter.htm |
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| title = The Rediff interview. Dr S K Srivastav, additional director general, Indian Meteorological Department |
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| publisher = [[Rediff.com]] |
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| date = 30 January 2000 |
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| first = Onkar |
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| last = Singh |
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| accessdate = 2 July 2007 |
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}}</ref> |
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===Climate=== |
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Bangalore has a [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Aw'') with distinct [[wet season|wet]] and [[dry season|dry]] seasons. Due to its high elevation, Bangalore usually enjoys a more moderate climate throughout the year, although occasional heat waves can make summer somewhat uncomfortable.<ref name="hightemp">{{Cite news |
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| url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/18/stories/2005051818670300.htm |
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| newspaper = The Hindu |
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| title = Rise in temperature 'unusual' for Bangalore |
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| accessdate = 2 July 2007 |
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| date = 18 May 2005 |
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| location = Chennai, India |
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}}</ref> The coolest month is January with an average low temperature of {{convert|15.1|°C}} and the hottest month is April with an average high temperature of {{convert|35|°C|0}}.<ref name="metrain">{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/climate/bangalore1.htm |
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| title = Bangalore |
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| publisher = India Meteorological Department, Government of India |
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| accessdate = 7 February 2007 |
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| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070708113015/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/climate/bangalore1.htm |
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| archivedate = 8 July 2007 |
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| deadurl = yes |
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}}</ref> The highest temperature ever recorded in Bangalore is {{convert|39.2|°C|0}} (recorded on 24 April 2016) as there was a strong El Nino in 2016 <ref>http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-records-highest-temperature-since-1931/article8516533.ece</ref> There were also unofficial records of {{convert|41|°C|0}} on that day. The lowest ever recorded is {{convert|7.8|°C|0}} in January 1884.<ref name="hightem">{{Cite news |
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| url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/10/stories/2006051022920300.htm |
|||
| newspaper = The Hindu |
|||
| date = 10 May 2006 |
|||
| title = Set up rain gauges in areas prone to flooding |
|||
| first = Vidyashree |
|||
| last = Amaresh |
|||
| accessdate = 22 December 2007 |
|||
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071216110551/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/10/stories/2006051022920300.htm |
|||
| archivedate = 16 December 2007 |
|||
| deadurl = no |
|||
| location = Chennai, India |
|||
}}</ref><ref name="lowtem">{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/Dec172006/city115220061217.asp |
|||
| work = Deccan Herald |
|||
| date = 17 December 2006 |
|||
| title = Bangalore weather back again |
|||
| author = Ashwini Y.S. |
|||
| accessdate = 22 December 2007 |
|||
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071204091959/http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/Dec172006/city115220061217.asp |
|||
| archivedate = 4 December 2007 |
|||
| deadurl = yes |
|||
}}</ref> Winter temperatures rarely drop below {{convert|14|°C}}, and summer temperatures seldom exceed {{convert|36|°C}}. Bangalore receives rainfall from both the northeast and the southwest [[monsoon]]s and the wettest months are September, October and August, in that order.<ref name="metrain" /> The summer heat is moderated by fairly frequent [[thunderstorm]]s, which occasionally cause power outages and local flooding. Most of the rainfall occurs during late afternoon/evening or night and rain before noon is infrequent. November 2015 (290.4 mm) was recorded as one of the wettest months in Bangalore with heavy rains causing severe flooding in some areas, and closure of a number of organisations for over a couple of days.<ref>http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/global_monitoring/precipitation/sn43295_1yr.gif</ref> |
|||
The heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is {{convert|179|mm|in|0}} recorded on 1 October 1997.<ref name="rainmax">{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.flonnet.com/fl2223/stories/20051118005402400.htm |
|||
| work = The Frontline |
|||
| date = 5 November 2005 |
|||
| title = Bangalore's woes |
|||
| first = Ravi |
|||
| last = Sharma |
|||
| accessdate = 5 February 2008 |
|||
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080220184237/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2223/stories/20051118005402400.htm |
|||
| archivedate = 20 February 2008 |
|||
| deadurl = no |
|||
}}</ref> |
|||
{{Weather box |
|||
|location = Bangalore |
|||
|metric first = Y |
|||
|single line = Y |
|||
|temperature colour = pastel |
|||
|Jan record high C = 32.8 |
|||
|Feb record high C = 35.9 |
|||
|Mar record high C = 37.3 |
|||
|Apr record high C = 39.2 |
|||
|May record high C = 38.9 |
|||
|Jun record high C = 38.1 |
|||
|Jul record high C = 33.3 |
|||
|Aug record high C = 33.3 |
|||
|Sep record high C = 33.3 |
|||
|Oct record high C = 32.4 |
|||
|Nov record high C = 31.7 |
|||
|Dec record high C = 31.1 |
|||
|Jan high C = 27.9 |
|||
|Feb high C = 30.7 |
|||
|Mar high C = 33.1 |
|||
|Apr high C = 34.0 |
|||
|May high C = 33.3 |
|||
|Jun high C = 29.6 |
|||
|Jul high C = 28.3 |
|||
|Aug high C = 27.8 |
|||
|Sep high C = 28.6 |
|||
|Oct high C = 28.2 |
|||
|Nov high C = 27.2 |
|||
|Dec high C = 26.5 |
|||
|year high C = 29.6 |
|||
|Jan low C = 15.8 |
|||
|Feb low C = 17.5 |
|||
|Mar low C = 20.0 |
|||
|Apr low C = 22.0 |
|||
|May low C = 21.7 |
|||
|Jun low C = 20.4 |
|||
|Jul low C = 19.9 |
|||
|Aug low C = 19.8 |
|||
|Sep low C = 19.8 |
|||
|Oct low C = 19.6 |
|||
|Nov low C = 18.0 |
|||
|Dec low C = 16.2 |
|||
|year low C = 19.2 |
|||
|Jan record low C = 7.8 |
|||
|Feb record low C = 9.4 |
|||
|Mar record low C = 11.1 |
|||
|Apr record low C = 14.4 |
|||
|May record low C = 16.7 |
|||
|Jun record low C = 16.7 |
|||
|Jul record low C = 16.1 |
|||
|Aug record low C = 14.4 |
|||
|Sep record low C = 15.0 |
|||
|Oct record low C = 13.2 |
|||
|Nov record low C = 9.6 |
|||
|Dec record low C = 8.9 |
|||
|rain colour = green |
|||
|Jan rain mm = 1.9 |
|||
|Feb rain mm = 5.4 |
|||
|Mar rain mm = 18.5 |
|||
|Apr rain mm = 41.5 |
|||
|May rain mm = 107.4 |
|||
|Jun rain mm = 106.5 |
|||
|Jul rain mm = 112.9 |
|||
|Aug rain mm = 147.0 |
|||
|Sep rain mm = 212.8 |
|||
|Oct rain mm = 168.3 |
|||
|Nov rain mm = 48.9 |
|||
|Dec rain mm = 15.7 |
|||
|Jan rain days = 0.2 |
|||
|Feb rain days = 0.4 |
|||
|Mar rain days = 1.1 |
|||
|Apr rain days = 3.1 |
|||
|May rain days = 6.7 |
|||
|Jun rain days = 6.2 |
|||
|Jul rain days = 7.2 |
|||
|Aug rain days = 9.9 |
|||
|Sep rain days = 9.8 |
|||
|Oct rain days = 8.3 |
|||
|Nov rain days = 3.8 |
|||
|Dec rain days = 1.4 |
|||
|Jan sun = 262.3 |
|||
|Feb sun = 247.6 |
|||
|Mar sun = 271.4 |
|||
|Apr sun = 257.0 |
|||
|May sun = 241.1 |
|||
|Jun sun = 136.8 |
|||
|Jul sun = 111.8 |
|||
|Aug sun = 114.3 |
|||
|Sep sun = 143.6 |
|||
|Oct sun = 173.1 |
|||
|Nov sun = 190.2 |
|||
|Dec sun = 211.7 |
|||
|Jan humidity = 60 |
|||
|Feb humidity = 52 |
|||
|Mar humidity = 30 |
|||
|Apr humidity = 43 |
|||
|May humidity = 60 |
|||
|Jun humidity = 72 |
|||
|Jul humidity = 76 |
|||
|Aug humidity = 79 |
|||
|Sep humidity = 76 |
|||
|Oct humidity = 73 |
|||
|Nov humidity = 70 |
|||
|Dec humidity = 68 |
|||
|source 1 = Indian Meteorological Department<ref name= IMD>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/extreme/bangaluru2.htm |
|||
| title = Bangalore Climatological Table 1981–2010 |
|||
| accessdate = 1 October 2016 |
|||
| publisher = Indian Meteorological Department |
|||
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161001134429/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/extreme/bangaluru2.htm |
|||
| archivedate = 1 October 2016 |
|||
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf |
|||
| title = Extremes of India |
|||
| publisher = Indian Meteorological Department |
|||
| accessdate = 20 January 2015 |
|||
}}</ref> |
|||
|source 2 = NOAA (humidity and sun: 1971–1990)<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web |
|||
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IN/43295.TXT |
|||
| title = Bangalore Climate Normals 1971–1990 |
|||
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |
|||
| accessdate = 24 December 2012 |
|||
}}</ref> |
|||
|date = August 2010 |
|||
}} |
|||
==Demographics== |
|||
{{See also|Housing in Bangalore}} |
|||
<!--[[File:Bangalore Nandi Temple.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[Nandi Temple]] is located in [[Basavanagudi]], Bangalore.]]--> |
|||
[[File:St Francis Xavier Cathedral, Bangalore oblique.jpg|thumb|right|[[St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral, Bangalore|St. Francis Xavier Cathedral]] is the [[mother church]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore]]]] |
|||
{{IndiaCensusPop |
|||
|title= Population Growth |
|||
|state= |
|||
|1941= 406760 |
|||
|1951= 778977 |
|||
|1961= 1207000 |
|||
|1971= 1654000 |
|||
|1981= 2922000 |
|||
|1991= 4130000 |
|||
|2001= 5101000 |
|||
|2011= 8425970 |
|||
|estimate= |
|||
|estyear= |
|||
|estref= |
|||
|footnote= Source: [[Census of India]]<ref name="Census population">{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Seminars/Details/Seminars/PDE2007/Papers/IYER_Neelakantan_paperNairobi2007-project.pdf |
|||
| title = Census population |
|||
| work = Census of India |
|||
| page = 21 |
|||
| accessdate = 7 June 2008 |
|||
| format = PDF |
|||
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |
|||
| title = Provisional population totals, Census of India 2011 |
|||
| accessdate = 29 November 2011 |
|||
| format = PDF |
|||
}}</ref>}} |
|||
{{bar box |
|||
|title=Religion in Bangalore |
|||
|titlebar=#Fcd11 |
|||
|right1=Percent |
|||
|float=right |
|||
|bars= |
|||
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|orange|79.4}} |
|||
{{bar percent|Islam|green|13.4}} |
|||
{{bar percent|Christianity|blue|5.8}} |
|||
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|pink|1.1}} |
|||
{{bar percent|Others†|black|1}} |
|||
|caption=Distribution of religions<br /> |
|||
†<small>Includes [[Sikhism]] (<0.1%), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (<0.1%).</small> |
|||
}} |
|||
With an estimated population of 8.5 million in 2011,<ref name=2011UA>{{cite web |
|||
| title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |
|||
| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |
|||
| work = Censusindia |
|||
| publisher = The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |
|||
| accessdate = 17 October 2011 |
|||
}}</ref> Bangalore is the fifth most populous city in India and the 18th most populous city in the world.<ref name="census11">{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |
|||
| publisher = censusindia.gov.in |
|||
| title = Cities having population 1 lakh and above |
|||
| accessdate = 24 July 2012 |
|||
}}</ref> Bangalore was the fastest-growing Indian metropolis after [[New Delhi]] between 1991 and 2001, with a growth rate of 38% during the decade. Residents of Bangalore are referred to as "Bangaloreans" in English and ''Bengaloorinavaru or Bengaloorigaru'' in Kannada. The cosmopolitan nature of the city has resulted in the migration of people from other states to Bangalore.<ref name=kannadapop>{{Cite news |
|||
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/23/stories/2004072310610400.htm |
|||
| title = Kannadigas assured of all support |
|||
| work = The Hindu |
|||
| date = 23 July 2004 |
|||
| accessdate = 10 May 2010 |
|||
| location = Chennai, India |
|||
}}</ref> |
|||
According to the 2001 census of India, 79.4% of Bangalore's population is [[Hindu]], roughly the same as the [[Demographics of India|national average]].<ref name=GISData>[http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm "Census GIS Household"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706213221/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm |date=6 July 2010 }}. censusindiamaps.net. 2006.</ref> [[Muslim]]s comprise 13.4% of the population. Christians and [[Jain]]s account for 5.8% and 1.1% of the population, respectively, double that of their national averages. The city has a literacy rate of 89%.<ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |
|||
| title = Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |
|||
| publisher = [[Government of India]] |
|||
| accessdate = 28 December 2011 |
|||
| deadurl = no |
|||
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111113152754/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |
|||
| archivedate = 13 November 2011 |
|||
}}</ref> Roughly 10% of Bangalore's population lives in [[slum]]s.<ref name=indiancityslums>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |
|||
| title = Total Population, Slum Population ... |
|||
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070806121833/http://www.censusindia.net/results/slum/slum2.html |
|||
| archivedate = 6 August 2007 |
|||
}} Census of India, 2001. 2006. [[Government of India]]</ref>—a relatively low proportion when compared to other cities in the developing world such as Mumbai (50%) and [[Nairobi]] (60%).<ref name=slumpop2>Warah, Rasna. [http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/develop/2003/1006slums.htm "Slums Are the Heartbeat of Cities"]. The EastAfrican. 2006. National Media Group Ltd. 6 October 2003</ref> The 2008 [[NCRB|National Crime Records Bureau]] statistics indicate that Bangalore accounts for 8.5% of the total crimes reported from 35 major cities in India which is an increase in the crime rate when compared to the number of crimes fifteen years ago.<ref name=NCRB>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://ncrb.nic.in/CII2008/cii-2008/Snapshots.pdf |
|||
| title = Snaphhots – 2008 |
|||
| publisher = National Crime Records Bureau |
|||
| accessdate = 21 October 2010 |
|||
| format = PDF |
|||
}}</ref> |
|||
Bangalore suffers from the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast-growing cities in developing countries: rapidly escalating social inequality, mass displacement and dispossession, proliferation of slum settlements, and epidemic public health crisis due to severe water shortage and sewage problems in poor and working-class neighbourhoods.<ref>{{cite book |
|||
| last1 = Roy |
|||
| first1 = Ananya |
|||
| last2 = Ong |
|||
| first2 = Aihwa |
|||
| title = Worlding Cities: Asian Experiments and the Art of Being Global |
|||
| chapter = Speculating on the Next World City |
|||
| volume = 42 |
|||
| edition = illustrated |
|||
| publisher = John Wiley & Sons |
|||
| year = 2011 |
|||
| isbn = 978-1-4443-4678-7 |
|||
}}</ref> |
|||
The language that is spoken in Bangalore is its native language [[Kannada language|Kannada]]. Other languages such as English, [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi language|Hindi]] are also spoken in a few places mostly by the migrants from [[North India|northern India]] and neighbouring states.<ref>{{cite book |
|||
| last1 = Kaminsky |
|||
| first1 = Arnold P. |
|||
| last2 = Long |
|||
| first2 = Roger D. |
|||
| title = India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic |
|||
| volume = 1 |
|||
| edition = reprint |
|||
| publisher = ABC-CLIO |
|||
| year = 2011 |
|||
| pages = 75 |
|||
| isbn = 978-0-313-37463-0 |
|||
}}</ref> The Kannada language spoken in Bangalore is a form of Kannada called as '[[Mysore (region)|Old Mysuru]] Kannada' which is also used in most of the southern part of Karnataka state. A vernacular dialect of this, known as [[Bangalore Kannada]] is spoken among the youth in Bangalore and the adjoining [[Mysore]] regions.<ref>{{cite book |
|||
| last1 = Brown |
|||
| first1 = Keith |
|||
| last2 = Ogilvie |
|||
| first2 = Sarah |
|||
| title = Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |
|||
| edition = revised |
|||
| publisher = Elsevier |
|||
| year = 2010 |
|||
| pages = 577 |
|||
| isbn = 978-0-08-087775-4 |
|||
}}</ref> English, (as an Indian dialect), is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the professional and business class.<ref>{{cite book |
|||
| last1 = Lindsay |
|||
| first1 = Jennifer |
|||
| title = Between Tongues: Translation And/of/in Performance in Asia |
|||
| edition = illustrated, reprint, annotated |
|||
| publisher = NUS Press |
|||
| year = 2006 |
|||
| pages = 52 |
|||
| isbn = 9789971693398 |
|||
}}</ref> |
|||
The major communities of Bangalore who share a long history in the city other than the [[Kannadigas]] are the [[Tamilians]] and [[Telugu people|Telugus]], who migrated to Bangalore in search of a better livelihood.<ref name="diverse" /><ref>{{cite news |
|||
| first = Deepika |
|||
| last = Sarma |
|||
| title = Building blocks of one of the city's largest communities |
|||
| date = 4 October 2012 |
|||
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/building-blocks-of-one-of-the-citys-largest-communities/article3961678.ece |
|||
| work = [[The Hindu]] |
|||
| accessdate = 9 September 2013 |
|||
}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|pp=100–102|loc=The Settlement of Tamil-Speaking Groups in Bangalore|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> Already in the 16th century, Bangalore had speakers of Tamil and Telugu, who spoke Kannada to carry out low profile jobs.<ref>{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=5|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> Telugu-speaking people initially came to Bangalore on invitation by the Mysore royalty (a few of them have lineage dating back to [[Krishnadevaraya]]).<ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/31/stories/2007103160320300.htm |
|||
| title = Bangalore calling: it all goes way back... |
|||
| accessdate = 9 September 2013 |
|||
| last = Srivatsa |
|||
| first = Sharath S. |
|||
| date = 31 October 2007 |
|||
| work = [[The Hindu]] |
|||
}}</ref> |
|||
Other native communities are the [[Tuluvas]] and the [[Konkani people|Konkanis]] of coastal Karnataka, the [[Kodava people|Kodavas]] of the [[Kodagu district]] of Karnataka. The migrant communities are [[Maharashtrians]], [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]], [[Rajasthani people|Rajasthanis]], [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]], [[Tamilians]], [[Telugu people|Telugus]], [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]], and [[Bengali people|Bengalis]].<ref name="diverse">{{cite web |
|||
| first = G N |
|||
| last = Prashanth |
|||
| title = A melting pot that welcomes all |
|||
| url = http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=22&edlabel=TOIBG&mydateHid=18-07-2009&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Bangalore&edname=&articleid=Ar02200&publabel=TOI |
|||
| work = [[The Times of India]] |
|||
| accessdate = 9 September 2013 |
|||
}}</ref> Bangalore once had a large [[Anglo-Indian]] population, the second largest after [[Calcutta]]. Today, there are around 10,000 Anglo-Indians in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news |
|||
| author1 = M.V. Chandrasekhar |
|||
| author2 = Sahana Charan |
|||
| title = They are now part of city's unique social mix |
|||
| date = 23 December 2006 |
|||
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/23/stories/2006122324880300.htm |
|||
| work = [[The Hindu]] |
|||
| accessdate = 9 September 2013 |
|||
}}</ref> Christians form a sizeable section of Bangalorean society, with migrant [[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Christians]] forming the majority of the Christian population, while Kannada Catholics, [[Mangalorean Catholics]], [[Syro-Malabar]] [[Saint Thomas Christians|Nasranis]] and others form the rest of the population.<ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.ucanindia.in/news/bangalore-included-in-mandya;-new-bishop-named/29918/daily |
|||
| title = Bangalore included in Mandya; new bishop named |
|||
| publisher = |
|||
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |
|||
| first = Joseph |
|||
| last = Christopher |
|||
| title = In the Indian rector's murder, the 'why' matters as much as the 'who' |
|||
| url = http://www.ucanews.com/news/in-the-indian-rectors-murder-the-why-matters-as-much-as-the-who/70603 |
|||
| date = 31 March 2014 |
|||
| publisher = UCA News |
|||
| accessdate = 1 May 2014 |
|||
}}</ref> Muslims form a very diverse population, consisting of [[Dakhini]] and Urdu-speaking Muslims, [[Kutchi Memon]]s, [[Labbay]] and [[Mappila]]s.<ref>{{cite book |
|||
| last1 = Gayer |
|||
| first1 = Laurent |
|||
| last2 = Jaffrelot |
|||
| first2 = Christophe |
|||
| title = Muslims in Indian Cities: Trajectories of Marginalisation |
|||
| edition = illustrated |
|||
| publisher = Hurst Publishers |
|||
| year = 2012 |
|||
| pages = 290 |
|||
| isbn = 978-1-84904-176-8 |
|||
}}</ref> |
|||
==Civic administration== |
|||
{{See also|Infrastructure in Bangalore}} |
|||
{| class="infobox bordered" style="width:20em;" |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="2" style="background:#c2d6e5; text-align: centre; font-size: 110%;"| Bangalore City Important officials |
|||
|- |
|||
! Municipal Commissioner: |
|||
| G Kumar Nayak IAS<ref name=bbmp-commr /> |
|||
|- |
|||
! Principal [[Chief Commissioner of Income Tax]]: |
|||
| Nutan Wodeyar IRS<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |
|||
| title = Law and order tops new chief Mirji's list |
|||
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-03/bangalore/29498675_1_mirji-police-commissioner-shankar-m-bidari |
|||
| accessdate = 9 May 2011 |
|||
| newspaper = The Times of India, Bangalore |
|||
| date = 3 May 2011 |
|||
}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
! Mayor: |
|||
| Mrs. S.Shantakumari<ref name=bbmpmayor>{{cite web |
|||
| title = Mayor |
|||
| url = http://bbmp.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=399&Itemid=218 |
|||
| publisher = Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike |
|||
| accessdate = 4 June 2012 |
|||
| deadurl = yes |
|||
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120509234311/http://bbmp.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=399&Itemid=218 |
|||
| archivedate = 9 May 2012 |
|||
}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
! Police Commissioner: |
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| NS Megharik IPS |
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|} |
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{{Multiple image |
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|image1=High Court of Karnataka, Bangalore MMK.jpg |
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|caption1=The [[Karnataka High Court]] is the supreme judicial body in Karnataka and is located in Bangalore. |
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|image2=Vikas Soudha.JPG |
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|caption2=The Vikasa Soudha, situated adjacent to the [[Vidhana Soudha]], houses many state ministries. |
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|image3=One of the typical Interceptors used by the Bangalore Traffic Police.jpg |
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|caption3=A typical traffic speed interceptor used by the [[Bangalore City Traffic Police]] |
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}} |
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The [[Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike]] (BBMP, ''Greater Bangalore Municipal Corporation'') is in charge of the civic administration of the city. It was formed in 2007 by merging 100 wards of the erstwhile ''Bangalore Mahanagara Palike'', with seven neighbouring City Municipal Councils, one Town Municipal Council and 110 villages around Bangalore. The number of wards increased to 198 in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |
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| url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2010%2F03%2F10&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00200&AppName=1 |
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| title = How BMP became Bruhat |
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| accessdate = 14 September 2013 |
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| last = Prashanth |
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| first = G. N. |
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| work = [[The Times of India]] |
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}}</ref><ref name="bbmp">{{Cite news |
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| url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/18/stories/2007011820460300.htm |
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| work = The Hindu |
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| title = Greater Bangalore, but higher tax? |
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| author = Afshan Yasmeen |
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| accessdate = 17 October 2007 |
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| location = Chennai, India |
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| date = 18 January 2007 |
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}}</ref> The BBMP is run by a city council composed of 250 members, including 198 [[corporator]]s representing each of the [[Ward (country subdivision)|wards]] of the city and 52 other elected representatives, consisting of members of Parliament and the state legislature. Elections to the council are held once every five years, with results being decided by [[Direct election|popular vote]]. Members contesting elections to the council usually represent one or more of the state's political parties. A mayor and deputy mayor are also elected from among the elected members of the council.<ref name="Council">{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/62189/bbmp-election-result-2-pm.html |
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| title = BBMP election result by 2 pm |
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| work = Deccan Herald |
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| location = India |
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| date = 4 April 2010 |
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| accessdate = 5 May 2010 |
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| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100409054108/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/62189/bbmp-election-result-2-pm.html |
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| archivedate = 9 April 2010 |
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| deadurl = no |
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}}</ref> Elections to the BBMP were held on 28 March 2010, after a gap of three and a half years since the expiry of the previous elected body's term, and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was voted into power – the first time it had ever won a civic poll in the city.<ref>{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_bjp-wins-bruhat-bangalore-mahanagara-palike-elections-for-the-first-time_1367595 |
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| title = BJP wins Bangalore municipal elections for the first time |
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| work = Daily News and Analysis |
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| location = India |
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| date = 5 April 2010 |
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| accessdate = 5 May 2010 |
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| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100408151645/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_bjp-wins-bruhat-bangalore-mahanagara-palike-elections-for-the-first-time_1367595 |
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| archivedate = 8 April 2010 |
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| deadurl = no |
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}}</ref> |
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Bangalore's rapid growth has created several problems relating to traffic congestion and infrastructural obsolescence that the Bangalore Mahanagara Palike has found challenging to address. The unplanned nature of growth in the city resulted in massive traffic [[gridlock]]s that the municipality attempted to ease by constructing a [[flyover (overpass)|flyover]] system and by imposing one-way traffic systems. Some of the flyovers and one-ways mitigated the traffic situation moderately but were unable to adequately address the disproportionate growth of city traffic.<ref name="urban">{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/water/paper/urbanfloods_bangalore/profile.htm |
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| title = Urban Floods: Case Study of Bangalore |
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| accessdate = 14 September 2013 |
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| last = Ramachandra |
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| first = T. V. |
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| author2 = Pradeep P. Mujumdar |
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| publisher = [[Indian Institute of Science]] |
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}}</ref> A 2003 ''Battelle Environmental Evaluation System'' (BEES) evaluation of Bangalore's physical, biological and socioeconomic parameters indicated that Bangalore's water quality and terrestrial and aquatic [[ecosystem]]s were close to ''ideal'', while the city's socioeconomic parameters (traffic, [[quality of life]]) aire quality and noise pollution scored poorly.<ref name="bees">{{cite web|url=http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF |title=Environmental Impact Analysis |accessdate=2006-03-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320001853/http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF |archivedate=20 March 2006 |df=dmy }} {{small|(362 KB)}}. Bangalore Metropolitan Rapid Transport Corporation Limited. 2006. Government of Karnataka. 2005. (pp. 30–32)</ref> The BBMP works in conjunction with the [[Bangalore Development Authority]] (BDA) and the Agenda for Bangalore's Infrastructure and Development Task Force (ABIDe) to design and implement civic and infrastructural projects.<ref>{{cite web |
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| url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2010%2F04%2F24&GZ=T&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00202&AppName=1 |
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| title = The Bruhat Journey |
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| accessdate = 14 September 2013 |
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| work = [[The Times of India]] |
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}}</ref> |
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The [[Bangalore City Police]] (BCP) has seven geographic zones, includes the Traffic Police, the City Armed Reserve, the Central Crime Branch and the City Crime Record Bureau and runs 86 police stations, including two all-women police stations.<ref name=bcp>[http://www.bcp.gov.in/english/index.htm "Bangalore City Police"]. Bangalore City Police. 2006. Karnataka State Police.</ref> As capital of the state of Karnataka, Bangalore houses important state government facilities such as the [[Karnataka High Court]], the [[Vidhana Soudha]] (the home of the Karnataka state legislature) and [[Raj Bhavan (Karnataka)|Raj Bhavan]] (the residence of the Governor of Karnataka). Bangalore contributes four members to the lower house of the [[Indian Parliament]], the ''[[Lok Sabha]]'', from its four constituencies: [[Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore Rural]], [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]], [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]], and [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]],<ref>{{cite web |
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| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |
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| title = Constituency Wise Detailed Results |
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| publisher = [[Election Commission of India]] |
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| format = PDF |
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| accessdate = 14 September 2013 |
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}}</ref> and 28 members to the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news |
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| first = S. |
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| last = Rajendran |
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| title = Power of the city |
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| date = 19 April 2013 |
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| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/power-of-the-city/article4631157.ece |
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| work = [[The Hindu]] |
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| accessdate = 14 September 2013 |
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}}</ref> |
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Electricity in Bangalore is regulated through the [[Bangalore Electricity Supply Company]] (BESCOM),<ref>{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.bescom.org/en/aboutus/index.asp |
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| title = About Us |
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| work = Official webpage of BESCOM |
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| accessdate = 5 May 2010 |
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| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080731092131/http://www.bescom.org/en/aboutus/index.asp |
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| archivedate = 31 July 2008 |
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| deadurl = yes |
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}}</ref> while [[water supply]] and [[sanitation]] facilities are provided by the [[Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board]] (BWSSB).<ref>{{cite web |
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| url = http://bwssb.org/mission-history/ |
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| title = BESCOM Mission Statement |
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| accessdate = 13 October 2012 |
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}}</ref> |
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The city has offices of the [[Consulate General of Germany, Bangalore|Consulate General of Germany]],<ref>{{cite news |
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| title = German consulate in Bangalore formally inaugurated |
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| url = http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Nov212008/city20081121102018.asp?section=updatenews |
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| accessdate = 25 June 2012 |
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| newspaper = Deccan Herald |
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| date = 21 November 2008 |
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}}</ref> France,<ref>{{cite web |
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| title = Nos coordonnées |
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| url = http://ambafrance-in.org/-Bangalore,1026- |
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| publisher = Consulat général de France à Bangalore |
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| accessdate = 25 June 2012 |
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}}</ref> Japan<ref>{{cite web |
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| title = Consulate of Japan, Bangalore |
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| url = http://www.in.emb-japan.go.jp/Contact_Us/bangalore.html |
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| publisher = Embassy of Japan, New Delhi |
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| accessdate = 25 June 2012 |
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}}</ref> Israel,<ref>{{cite news |
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| last = Bose |
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| first = Praveen |
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| title = Israel to open consulate in Bangalore |
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| url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/israel-to-open-consulate-in-bangalore/478574/ |
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| accessdate = 27 June 2012 |
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| newspaper = Business Standard |
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| date = 27 June 2012 |
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}}</ref> British Deputy High Commission,<ref>{{cite web |
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| title = Bangalore Location and Access |
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| url = https://www.gov.uk/government/world/organisations/british-deputy-high-commission-bangalore |
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| accessdate = 7 May 2013 |
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}}</ref> along with honorary consulates of Ireland,<ref>{{cite web |
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| title = Department of Foreign Affairs |
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| url = http://www.irelandinindia.com/home/index.aspx?id=52432 |
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| publisher = Embassy of Ireland, New Delhi |
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| accessdate = 25 June 2012 |
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}}</ref> Finland,<ref>{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.formin.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=40278&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |
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| title = Contact Information: Finland´s Honorary Consulate, Bangalore (India) – Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland: Diplomatic missions: Bangalore (Honorary Consulate) |
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| publisher = Formin.fi |
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| date = 3 March 2010 |
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| accessdate = 25 November 2010 |
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}}</ref> Switzerland,<ref>{{cite web |
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| url = http://meaprotocol.nic.in/cgi-bin/db2www/foreignmission.d2w/seDataMis#SwitzerlandBangalore |
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| title = Missions List |
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| publisher = Meaprotocol.nic.in |
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| accessdate = 25 November 2010 |
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}}</ref> Maldives,<ref>{{cite web |
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| title = Maldives Honorary Consuls in India |
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| url = http://www.maldiveshighcom.in/index.php/honconsuls |
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| publisher = Maldives High Commission, New Delhi |
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| accessdate = 25 June 2012 |
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}}</ref> Mongolia, Sri Lanka and Peru.<ref>{{cite web |
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| title = Embassy of Peru in India and Honorary Consulates |
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| url = http://www.embassyperuindia.in/embassyofperuinindia.html |
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| publisher = Government of Peru |
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| accessdate = 22 August 2012 |
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}}</ref> It also has a trade office of Canada<ref>{{cite web |
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| title = Trade Office of Canada in Bangalore |
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| url = http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/india-inde/offices-bureaux/bangalore.aspx?lang=eng&view=d |
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| publisher = Government of Canada |
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| accessdate = 25 June 2012 |
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}}</ref> and a virtual Consulate of the United States.<ref>{{cite web |
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| title = United States Virtual Consulate Bangalore, India |
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| url = http://chennai.usconsulate.gov/vppbangalore.html |
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| publisher = Consulate General of the United States, Chennai |
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| accessdate = 25 June 2012 |
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}}</ref> |
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===Pollution control=== |
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Bangalore generates about 3,000 tonnes of [[waste|solid waste]] per day, of which about 1,139 tonnes are collected and sent to [[composting]] units such as the Karnataka Composting Development Corporation. The remaining solid waste collected by the municipality is dumped in open spaces or on roadsides outside the city.<ref name=solidwaste>van Beukering, Sehker, et al.{{cite web|url=http://www.iied.org/pubs/pdf/full/8113IIED.pdf |title=Analysing Urban Solid Waste ... |accessdate=2006-05-02 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060304102415/http://www.iied.org/pubs/pdf/full/8113IIED.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2006 |df=dmy }} [[International Institute for Environment and Development]], 2006. March 1999.</ref> In 2008, Bangalore produced around 2,500 [[metric tonnes]] of [[waste|solid waste]], and increased to 5000 [[metric tonnes]] in 2012, which is transported from collection units located near [[Hesaraghatta Lake]], to the garbage dumping sites.<ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/feb/07level.htm |
|||
| title = Bangalore: Pollution levels at all time high |
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| publisher = Rediff.com |
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| accessdate = 6 September 2012 |
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}}</ref> The city suffers significantly with dust pollution, hazardous waste disposal, and disorganised, unscientific waste retrievals.<ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_exclusive-50pct-of-bangalores-air-pollution-caused-due-to-dust_1618349 |
|||
| title = Exclusive! 50% of Bangalore's air pollution caused due to dust – Bangalore |
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| work = Daily News and Analysis |
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| date = 28 November 2011 |
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| accessdate = 6 September 2012 |
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}}</ref> The IT hub, Whitefield region is the most polluted area in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news |
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| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-23/bangalore/31090885_1_whitefield-rspm-air-pollution-levels |
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| work = The Times of India |
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| title = Whitefield is most polluted area in Bangalore |
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| date = 23 February 2012 |
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}}</ref> Recently a study found that over 36% of diesel vehicles in the city exceed the national limit for emissions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/36-diesel-vehicles-exceed-national-limit-for-emissions-Study/articleshow/53851872.cms|title=36% diesel vehicles exceed national limit for emissions: Study – Times of India|access-date=2016-08-30}}</ref> |
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===Slums=== |
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According to a 2012 report submitted to the [[World Bank]] by Karnataka Slum Clearance Board, Bangalore has 862 slums from total of around 2000 [[slum]]s in Karnataka. The families living in the slum are not ready to move into the temporary shelters.<ref name="iijnm1">{{cite news |
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| last = Teja |
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| first = Bhanu |
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| url = http://www.iijnm.org/media_uploads/thesoftcopy/2011_2012/city_slum.html |
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| title = Slum dwellers rehoused Bangalore – The SoftCopy |
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| publisher = Iijnm.org |
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| accessdate = 22 October 2012 |
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |
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| url = http://indiasanitationportal.org/133 |
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| title = Water India Slums |
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| publisher = India Sanitation Portal |
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| accessdate = 22 October 2012 |
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}}</ref> 42% of the households migrated from different parts of India like Chennai, Hyderabad and most of North India, and 43% of the households had remained in the slums for over 10 years. The Karnataka Municipality, works to shift 300 families annually to newly constructed buildings.<ref>{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.manipalworldnews.com/2014/10/30/2020-bangalore-will-full-fledged-concrete-jungle/ |
|||
| title = By 2020, Bangalore will be a full-fledged concrete jungle |
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| work = Udupi News, Manipal News, Mangalore News |
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}}</ref> One third of these slum clearance projects lack basic service connections, 60% of slum dwellers lack complete water supply lines and share BWSSB water supply.<ref name="iijnm1" /><ref>{{cite news |
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| url = http://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2011/02/slum-dwellers-illegally-tap-bwssb-supply/ |
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| title = Slum Dwellers Illegally Tap Board of Water Supply Bangalore's Supply |
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| publisher = Youthkiawaaz.com |
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| date = 19 February 2011 |
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| accessdate = 22 October 2012 |
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}}</ref> |
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===Waste management=== |
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Ιn 2012 Bangalore generated 2.1 million tonnes of [[Municipal Solid Waste]] (195.4 kg/cap/yr).<ref>[http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/ Waste Atlas](2012). City Data: LAHORE</ref> The waste management scenario in the state of Karnataka is regulated by the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) under the aegis of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) which is a Central Government entity. As part of their Waste Management Guidelines the Government of Karnataka through the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) has authorised a few well-established companies to manage the bio-medical waste and hazardous waste in the state of Karnataka.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} |
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==Economy== |
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{{Main article|Economy of Bangalore}} |
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{{wide image|Bangalore Panorama edit1.jpg|900px|align-cap=center|Bangalore city skyline showing UB City to the left and Richmond Town area to the right|1020px|center|alt = The Bangalore Skyline}} |
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[[File:IJT Prototype in hanger.JPG|thumb|250px|'''Aerospace:''' [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]]: IJT prototype in its hangar.]] |
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[[File:Wonderla Bangalore BNC.jpg|thumb|250px|Wonderla water park, Bangalore]] |
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[[File:Infosys India.JPG|thumb|250px|'''IT:''' The headquarters of [[Infosys]], India's second largest IT company, is located in Bangalore]] |
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Bangalore's {{INRConvert|523|b}} economy (2006–07 Net District Income) makes it one of the major economic centres in India,<ref name=slumpop>{{cite web |
|||
|url=http://des.kar.nic.in/ptc/KAGGeneral.pdf |
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|title=All India figures at a glance |
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|format=PDF |
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|publisher=Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Karnataka |
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|accessdate=1 November 2010 |
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|deadurl=bot: unknown |
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|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409150053/http://des.kar.nic.in/ptc/KAGGeneral.pdf |
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|archivedate=9 April 2011 |
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|df=dmy |
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}}</ref> with the value of city's exports totalling {{INRConvert|432|b}} in 2004–05.<ref>{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/2010/en_GB/wp2010-80/_files/83759752537047356/default/wp2010-80.pdf |
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| title = ICT Sector, Globalisation and Urban Economic Growth: Evidence from Bangalore (India) |
|||
| author = M. R. Narayana |
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| work = Working Paper No. 2010/80 |
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| publisher = [[WIDER]] |
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| date = July 2010 |
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| accessdate = 1 November 2010 |
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}}</ref> With an economic growth of 10.3%, Bangalore is the second fastest-growing major metropolis in India,<ref name=blorefastest>[http://in.rediff.com/money/2008/jan/29gdp.htm Surat, fastest growing city]. Rediff.com. 29 January 2008.</ref> and is also the country's fourth largest [[fast moving consumer goods|fast-moving consumer goods]] (FMCG) market.<ref name=4thlargest>[http://ia.rediff.com/money/2006/aug/23bang.htm?q=bp&file=.htm "Bangalore most affluent market"]. 2006. Rediff.com. 23 August 2006.</ref> ''Forbes'' considers Bangalore one of "The Next Decade's Fastest-Growing Cities".<ref>{{cite news |
|||
| last = Kotkin |
|||
| first = Joel |
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| title = The World's Fastest-Growing Cities |
|||
| url = http://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin.html |
|||
| work = Forbes |
|||
| accessdate = 21 February 2012 |
|||
| date = 10 July 2010 |
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}}</ref> With a per capita income of {{INRConvert|74709}} in 2006–07,<ref name=slumpop /> the city is the third largest hub for [[high-net-worth individual]]s and is home to over 10,000-dollar millionaires and about 60,000 super-rich people who have an investment surplus of {{INRConvert|45|m|0}} and {{INRConvert|5|m|-2}} respectively.<ref name=HNWI>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India_Business/After_Mumbai__Delhi_Bangalore_home_to_richest/articleshow/1842018.cms "Bangalore third richest city in country"].2007. ''The Times of India''. Times of India. 1 April 2007</ref> |
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The headquarters of several [[public sector undertaking]]s such as [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] (BEL), [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL), [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] (NAL), [[Bharat Heavy Electricals|Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] (BHEL), [[Bharat Earth Movers Limited]] (BEML), Central Manufacturing Technology Institute (CMTI) and [[HMT (India)|HMT]] (formerly Hindustan Machine Tools) are located in Bangalore. In June 1972 the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) was established under the Department of Space and headquartered in the city. Bangalore also houses several research and development centres for many firms such as ABB, Airbus, Bosch, Boeing, GE, GM, Google, Microsoft, Mercedes-Benz, Nokia, Oracle, Philips, Shell, Toyota and Tyco. |
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Bangalore is called as the ''Silicon Valley of India'' because of the large number of information technology companies located in the city which contributed 33% of India's {{INRConvert|1442|b|0}} IT exports in 2006–07.<ref name=Nasscom>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.business-standard.com/common/storypage_c.php?leftnm=10&autono=299725 |
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|title=IT in India: Big successes, large gaps to be filled |
|||
|author=Jairam Ramesh |
|||
|work=Business Standard |
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|date=30 September 2007 |
|||
|accessdate=4 October 2007 |
|||
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204103043/http://www.business-standard.com/common/storypage_c.php?leftnm=10&autono=299725 |
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|archivedate=4 December 2007 |
|||
|deadurl=no |
|||
|df=dmy |
|||
}}</ref> Bangalore's IT industry is divided into three main [[business cluster|clusters]] – [[Software Technology Parks of India]] (STPI); [[International Tech Park, Bangalore]] (ITPB); and [[Electronics City]]. UB City, the headquarters of the [[United Breweries Group]], is a high-end commercial zone.<ref>{{Cite news |
|||
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-06-22/bangalore/27789370_1_retail-space-ub-city-debenhams |
|||
| work = The Times of India |
|||
| title = UB City is finally here |
|||
| accessdate = 6 April 2009 |
|||
| first1 = Sujit |
|||
| last1 = John |
|||
| date = 22 June 2006 |
|||
}}</ref> [[Infosys]] and [[Wipro]], India's third and fourth largest software companies are headquartered in Bangalore, as are many of the global ''SEI-CMM Level 5 Companies''. |
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The growth of IT has presented the city with unique challenges. Ideological clashes sometimes occur between the city's IT moguls, who demand an improvement in the city's infrastructure, and the state government, whose electoral base is primarily the people in rural Karnataka.<ref name="clash">{{cite news |
|||
| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051110/asp/opinion/story_5421239.asp |
|||
| work = The Telegraph |
|||
| title = Poverty of Politics – If politicians lack vision, the rate of change will remain slow |
|||
| author = Surendra Munshi |
|||
| accessdate = 25 October 2007 |
|||
| location = Calcutta, India |
|||
| date = 10 November 2005 |
|||
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071123154426/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051110/asp/opinion/story_5421239.asp |
|||
| archivedate = 23 November 2007 |
|||
| deadurl = no |
|||
}}</ref> The encouragement of high-tech industry in Bangalore, for example, has not favoured local employment development, but has instead increased land values and forced out small enterprise.<ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/odi-publications/briefing-papers/44-urban-labour-markets-exploitation.pdf |
|||
| title = Opportunity and exploitation in urban labour markets |
|||
| date = November 2008 |
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| publisher = Overseas Development Institute |
|||
}}</ref> The state has also resisted the massive investments required to reverse the rapid decline in city transport which has already begun to drive new and expanding businesses to other centres across India. Bangalore is a hub for [[biotechnology]] related industry in India and in the year 2005, around 47% of the 265 biotechnology companies in India were located here; including [[Biocon]], India's largest biotechnology company.<ref name="biorank">{{Cite news |
|||
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/23/stories/2005042301960600.htm |
|||
| work = The Hindu |
|||
| title = Bangalore Helix to be a reality soon |
|||
| accessdate = 4 October 2007 |
|||
| location = Chennai, India |
|||
| date = 23 April 2005 |
|||
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012172400/http://hindu.com/2005/04/23/stories/2005042301960600.htm |
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| archivedate = 12 October 2007 |
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| deadurl = no |
|||
}}</ref><ref name="biolead">{{Cite news |
|||
| url = http://www.reuters.com/article/health-SP/idUSBOM33872620071004 |
|||
| agency = Reuters |
|||
| title = Biocon in drug development talks with Bayer |
|||
| accessdate = 4 October 2007 |
|||
| first = Sumeet |
|||
| last = Chatterjee |
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| date = 4 October 2007 |
|||
}}</ref> |
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==Transport== |
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===Air=== |
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[[File:Bangalore Airport.jpg|thumb|The new [[Kempegowda International Airport]] is located in [[Devanahalli]].]] |
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Bangalore is served by [[Kempegowda International Airport]] {{airport codes|BLR|VOBL}}, located at [[Devanahalli]], about {{convert|40|km|0|abbr=off}} from the city centre. It was formerly called Bengaluru International Airport. The airport started operations from 24 May 2008 and is a private airport managed by a consortium led by the [[GVK (conglomerate)|GVK Group]]. The city was earlier served by the [[HAL Bangalore International Airport|HAL Airport]] at [[Vimanapura]], a residential locality in the eastern part of the city.<ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/april2k6_annex3.jsp |
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| title = Airports Authority of India: Traffic statistics – Passengers (Intl+Domestic), Annexure IIIC |
|||
| date = April 2006 |
|||
| accessdate = 25 January 2012 |
|||
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/april2k6_annex2.jsp |
|||
| title = Airports Authority of India: Traffic statistics – Aircraft movements (Intl+Domestic), Annexure IIC |
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| date = April 2006 |
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| accessdate = 25 January 2012 |
|||
}}</ref><ref name="traff">{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/Oct272006/index211220061026.asp |
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| work = Deccan Herald |
|||
| location = India |
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| title = Expressway for airport drive |
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| author = R. Krishnakumar |
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| accessdate = 2 July 2007 |
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| deadurl = yes |
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| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929123204/http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/Oct272006/index211220061026.asp |
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| archivedate = 29 September 2007 |
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}}</ref> The airport is third busiest in India after [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]] in terms of passenger traffic and the number of air traffic movements (ATMs).<ref>{{cite news |
|||
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-14/bangalore/28098026_1_passenger-traffic-traffic-figures-airport |
|||
| work = The Times of India |
|||
| location = India |
|||
| title = Passenger traffic tops 9.3m at Bangalore airport |
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| date = 14 December 2009 |
|||
}}</ref> Taxis and air conditioned [[Volvo]] buses operated by [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation|BMTC]] connect the airport with the city. |
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===Rail=== |
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[[File:Bangalore Schematic Map.png|thumb|A schematic map of Bangalore.]] |
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A [[rapid transit]] system called the ''[[Namma Metro]]'' is built. A {{convert|7|km|mi|abbr=on}} stretch from Bayappanahalli to MG Road was opened to public on 20 October 2011, while another {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} stretch from [[Malleswaram]] to [[Peenya]] was opened on 1 March 2014.<ref>{{cite news |
|||
| url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/railways/bangalore-metro-indias-it-hub-gets-its-first-wi-fi-metro/articleshow/10425311.cms |
|||
| title = Namma metro opened for public |
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| date = 20 October 2011 |
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| accessdate = 20 October 2011 |
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| work = The Economic Times |
|||
| location = India |
|||
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/asia/bangalore-inaugurates-metro-green-line.html?channel=540 |
|||
| title = Bangalore inaugurates metro Green Line |
|||
| author = Keith Barrow |
|||
| work = railjournal.com |
|||
}}</ref> Once completed, this will encompass a {{convert|42.3|km|mi|abbr=on}} elevated and underground rail network comprising 41 stations. It is expected to connect central locations in Bangalore to the airport near [[Devanahalli]] as well as the [[Chikballapur]] regions.<ref>{{Cite news |
|||
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/03/stories/2010010359720400.htm |
|||
| title = Karnataka News: Metro rail will extend to Chickaballapur: Moily |
|||
| work = The Hindu |
|||
| date = 3 January 2010 |
|||
| accessdate = 29 March 2010 |
|||
| location = Chennai, India |
|||
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.bmrc.co.in/pdf/news/newsletterapril09.pdf |
|||
| work = Official webpage of Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation |
|||
| format = PDF |
|||
| title = BMRC newsletter, dated April 2009 |
|||
| accessdate = 6 April 2009 |
|||
}}</ref> This much delayed project is the city's primary response to the worsening city transport infrastructure which has become a major deterrent to continued business growth.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} |
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Bangalore is a divisional headquarters in the [[South Western Railway]] zone of the [[Indian Railways]]. There are four major railway stations in the city: ''[[Krantivira Sangolli Rayanna Bangaluru City railway station|Krantiveer Sangolli Rayanna Railway Station]]'', [[Bangalore Cantonment railway station]], [[Yeshvantapur railway station|Yeshwantapur junction]] and [[Krishnarajapuram railway station]], with railway lines towards [[Jolarpettai]] in the east, [[Chikballapur]] in the north-east, [[Guntakal]] in the north, [[Tumkur]] in the northwest, [[Nelamangala]] in the west, [[Mysore]] in the southwest and [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] in the south. |
|||
The Rail Wheel Factory is Asia's second largest manufacturer of wheel and axle for railways and is headquartered in Yelahanka, Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://kojano.com/about-city/how-to-reach/bangalore-transport_i141 |
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| title = Rail Wheel Factory |
|||
}}</ref> |
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===Road=== |
|||
[[File:Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation Volvo B7RLE bus, India.jpg|thumb|BMTC's [[Volvo]] buses are a popular mode of commuting within Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/66569/bangaloreans-begin-bond-sleek-swedish.html |
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| title = Bangaloreans begin to bond with the sleek Swedish behemoths |
|||
| work = Deccan Herald |
|||
| location = India |
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| date = 28 April 2010 |
|||
| author = Sharmada Shastry |
|||
| accessdate = 30 April 2010 |
|||
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100502014107/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/66569/bangaloreans-begin-bond-sleek-swedish.html |
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| archivedate = 2 May 2010 |
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| deadurl = no |
|||
}}</ref>]] |
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Buses operated by [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]] (BMTC) are an important and reliable means of public transport available in the city.<ref name="bus">{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Jun202007/city200706208444.asp |
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| title = Loyalty may pay for Volvo commuters! |
|||
| author = S Praveen Dhaneshkar |
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| work = Deccan Herald |
|||
| date = 20 June 2007 |
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| accessdate = 10 April 2007 |
|||
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070819052527/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Jun202007/city200706208444.asp |
|||
| archivedate = 19 August 2007 |
|||
| deadurl = yes |
|||
}}</ref> While commuters can buy tickets on boarding these buses, BMTC also provides an option of a bus pass to frequent users.<ref name="bus" /> BMTC runs air-conditioned luxury buses on major routes, and also operates shuttle services from various parts of the city to [[Kempegowda International Airport]] .<ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.bangalore-city.com/transport/bangalore-buses.html |
|||
| title = Bangalore-city.com, Bangalore Bus Information, City Buses, Volvo Buses, Tata Marcopolo Buses, Long Distance Buses |
|||
| publisher = Bangalore-city.com |
|||
| accessdate = 29 March 2010 |
|||
}}</ref> The BMTC also has a mobile app that provides real-time location of a bus using the [[global positioning system]] of the user's mobile device.<ref>{{cite web|title=BMTC launches mobile app|url=https://www.mybmtc.com/news/bmtc%E2%80%88launches-mobile-app|website=mybmtc}}</ref> The [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]] operates 6,918 buses on 6,352 schedules, connecting Bangalore with other parts of Karnataka as well as other neighbouring states. The main bus depots that [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] maintains are the [[Kempegowda Bus Station]], locally known as "Majestic bus stand", where most of the out station buses ply from. Some of the KSRTC buses to [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] ply from [[Shantinagar Bus Station]], Satellite Bus Station at Mysore road and Baiyappanahalli satellite bus station.<ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://cityplus.jagran.com/city-news/ksrtc-s-tamil-nadu-bound-buses-to-ply-from-shantinagar_1300340102.html |
|||
| title = KSRTC's Tamil Nadu-bound buses to ply from Shantinagar |
|||
| publisher = Cityplus.jagran.com |
|||
| date = 17 March 2011 |
|||
| accessdate = 10 June 2013 |
|||
}}</ref> BMTC and KSRTC were the first operators in India to introduce Volvo city buses and intracity coaches in India. |
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[[File:India-bangalore-lalbagh-lakeview.jpg|thumb|Lalbagh Park- Lakeview]] |
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Three-wheeled, yellow and black or yellow and green [[auto-rickshaw]]s, referred to as ''autos'', are a popular form of transport. They are metered and can accommodate up to three passengers. [[Taxicab|Taxis]], commonly called ''City Taxis'', are usually available too, but they are only available on call or by online based services. Taxis are metered and are generally more expensive than auto-rickshaws.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |
|||
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/15/stories/2006121520050300.htm |
|||
| work = The Hindu |
|||
| title = Stir leaves hundreds stranded |
|||
| accessdate = 17 June 2012 |
|||
| date = 15 December 2006 |
|||
| location = Chennai, India |
|||
}}</ref> |
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There are currently 1,250 vehicles being registered daily on an average in Bangalore RTOs. The total number of vehicles as on date are 44 lakh vehicles, with a road length of {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite news |
|||
| url = http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-banglore-has-1-car-for-every-2-people-1567546 |
|||
| title = Vehicles in Bangalore |
|||
}}</ref> |
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==Culture== |
|||
{{Main article|Culture of Bangalore}} |
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{{Multiple image |
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|align=right |
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|direction=vertical |
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|image1=Huvina Karaga.jpg |
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|caption1=[[Bangalore Karaga]], one of the oldest and most important festivals in Bangalore |
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|image2=Demon Yakshagana.jpg |
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|caption2=[[Yakshagana]] – a theatre art of coastal Karnataka is often played in town hall |
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}} |
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Bangalore is known as the "Garden City of India" because of its gentle climate, broad streets, greenery and the presence of many public parks, such as [[Lal Bagh]] and [[Cubbon Park]].<ref>{{cite book |
|||
| last1 = Abram |
|||
| first1 = David |
|||
| last2 = Edwards |
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| first2 = Nick |
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| title = South India |
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| edition = illustrated |
|||
| publisher = Rough Guides |
|||
| year = 2003 |
|||
| pages = 204 |
|||
| isbn = 978-1-84353-103-6 |
|||
}}</ref> Bangalore is sometimes called as the "[[public house|Pub]] Capital of India" and the "Rock/Metal Capital of India" because of its underground music scene and it is one of the premier places to hold international rock concerts.<ref>Richard Plunkett (2001), p. 124.</ref> In May 2012, [[Lonely Planet]] ranked Bangalore 3rd among the world's top 10 cities to visit.<ref>{{cite web |
|||
| author = Richard I'Anson |
|||
| url = http://www.lonelyplanet.com/england/london/travel-tips-and-articles/76861 |
|||
| title = Lonely Planet's Best in Travel: top 10 cities for 2012 – travel tips and articles |
|||
| publisher = Lonely Planet |
|||
| accessdate = 6 September 2012 |
|||
}}</ref> |
|||
Bangalore is also home to many [[vegan]]-friendly restaurants and [[vegan]] activism groups due it which it has been named as India's most vegan-friendly city by [[PETA]] India.<ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bangalore-most-veganfriendly-city/article6458500.ece |
|||
| title = Bangalore most 'vegan-friendly' city |
|||
| publisher = [[The Hindu]] |
|||
| accessdate = 30 September 2014 |
|||
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Bangalore-most-vegan-friendly-city-in-India/articleshow/43829855.cms |
|||
| title = Bangalore most vegan-friendly city in India |
|||
| publisher = [[Times of India]] |
|||
| accessdate = 30 September 2014 |
|||
}}</ref> |
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[[Biannual]] flower shows are held at the [[Lal Bagh]] Gardens during the week of [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] (26 January) and [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] (15 August). [[Bangalore Karaga]] or "Karaga Shaktyotsava" is one of the most important and oldest festivals of Bangalore dedicated to the Hindu Goddess [[Draupadi]]. It is celebrated annually by the [[Thigala]] community, over a period of nine days in the month of March or April. The Someshwara Car festival is an annual procession of the idol of the [[Halasuru Someshwara Temple, Bangalore|Halasuru Someshwara Temple]] (Ulsoor) led by the [[Vokkaliga]]s, a farming community in southern Karnataka, occurring in April. [[Karnataka Rajyotsava]] is widely celebrated on 1 November and is a public holiday in the city, to mark the formation of [[Karnataka]] state on 1 November 1956. Other [[festivals in India|popular festivals]] in Bangalore are [[Ugadi]], [[Ram Navami]], [[Eid ul-Fitr]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[St. Mary's Basilica, Bangalore|St. Mary's feast]], [[Navrati|Dasara]], [[Deepawali]] and [[Christmas]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bangalore — Mysore|pp=42–45|Ref=bm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |
|||
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/02/stories/2007040221520500.htm |
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| work = The Hindu, dated Monday, 2 April 2007 |
|||
| title = Bangalore Karaga |
|||
| location = Chennai, India |
|||
| date = 2 April 2007 |
|||
}}</ref> |
|||
The diversity of cuisine is reflective of the social and economic diversity of Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news |
|||
| url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/06/11/stories/2007061154170400.htm |
|||
| title = Explore the continent |
|||
| date = 11 June 2007 |
|||
| newspaper = The Hindu |
|||
| accessdate = 16 June 2012 |
|||
| location = Chennai, India |
|||
}}</ref> Bangalore has a wide and varied mix of restaurant types and cuisines and Bangaloreans deem eating out as an intrinsic part of their culture. Roadside vendors, [[tea stall]]s, and South Indian, North Indian, [[Chinese food|Chinese]] and Western fast food are all very popular in the city.<ref>{{cite news |
|||
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/International-cuisine-pushes-retailers-margins/articleshow/2681793.cms |
|||
| title = International cuisine pushes retailers' margins |
|||
| author = Anand, Swati |
|||
| date = 8 January 2008 |
|||
| newspaper = The Times of India |
|||
| accessdate = 16 June 2012 |
|||
}}</ref> [[Udupi cuisine|Udupi]] restaurants are very popular and serve predominantly vegetarian, regional cuisine.<ref>{{cite news |
|||
| url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/breakfast-in-bangalore/477454/ |
|||
| title = Breakfast in Bangalore |
|||
| author = Malhotra, Samil |
|||
| date = 16 June 2012 |
|||
| work = Business Standard |
|||
| accessdate = 16 June 2012 |
|||
}}</ref> |
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===Art and literature=== |
|||
Bangalore did not have an effective contemporary art representation, as compared to [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]], until recently during the 1990s, several art galleries sprang up, notable being the government established [[National Gallery of Modern Art, Bangalore|National Gallery of Modern Art]].<ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/3d9f7fea-98f6-11e1-9da3-00144feabdc0.html |
|||
| title = Bangalore rebooted |
|||
| accessdate = 12 September 2013 |
|||
| last = Narayan |
|||
| first = Shobha |
|||
| date = 14 May 2012 |
|||
| work = [[The Economic Times]] |
|||
}}</ref> Bangalore's international [[art festival]], ''Art Bangalore'', was established in 2010, and is South India's only art festival.<ref>{{cite news |
|||
| title = Bangalore has a heart for art |
|||
| date = 17 August 2013 |
|||
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-17/people/41419943_1_17-galleries-art-bengaluru-uzma-irfan |
|||
| work = [[The Times of India]] |
|||
| accessdate = 12 September 2013 |
|||
}}</ref> |
|||
[[Kannada literature]] appears to have flourished in Bangalore even before Kempe Gowda laid the foundations of the city. During the 18th and 19th centuries, Kannada literature was enriched by the ''[[Vachanas]]'' (a form of rhythmic writing) composed by the heads of the [[Veerashaiva]] [[Matha]]s (monastery) in Bangalore. As a cosmopolitan city, Bangalore has also encouraged the growth of Telugu, Urdu, and English literatures. The headquarters of the [[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]], a nonprofit organisation that promotes the Kannada language, is located in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news |
|||
| first = K. |
|||
| last = Chandramouli |
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| title = Lyrical land |
|||
| date = 26 September 2002 |
|||
| url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/26/stories/2002092600660200.htm |
|||
| work = [[The Hindu]] |
|||
| accessdate = 13 September 2013 |
|||
}}</ref> The city has its own [[literary festival]], known as the "Bangalore Literature Festival", which was inaugurated in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |
|||
| title = History, they wrote at Bangalore Literature fest |
|||
| date = 12 August 2012 |
|||
| url = http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121208/news-current-affairs/article/history-they-wrote-bangalore-literature-fest |
|||
| work = [[Deccan Chronicle]] |
|||
| accessdate = 7 September 2013 |
|||
}}</ref> |
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===Theatre, music, and dance=== |
|||
Bangalore is home to the [[Kannada film industry]], which churns out about 80 Kannada movies each year.<ref name="numfilm">{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://frontlineonnet.com/fl2125/stories/20041217006413300.htm |
|||
| work = The Frontline, Volume 21 – Issue 25 |
|||
| date = 17 December 2004 |
|||
| author = Ravi Sharma |
|||
| title = A chauvinistic turn |
|||
| accessdate = 25 January 2012 |
|||
}}</ref> Bangalore also has a very active and vibrant theatre culture with popular theatres being [[Ravindra Kalakshetra]]<ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.bangaloreorbit.com/bangaloredarshan/monuments-in-bangalore/ravindra-kalakshetra.html |
|||
| title = Ravindra Kalakshetra |
|||
| publisher = Bangalore Orbit |
|||
| accessdate = 16 June 2012 |
|||
}}</ref> and the more recently opened [[Ranga Shankara]]<ref name="rangashankara">{{cite news |
|||
| url = http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep102007/metromon2007090924391.asp |
|||
| title = An experience called 'Ranga Shankara' |
|||
| last1 = Murali |
|||
| first1 = Janaki |
|||
| date = 10 September 2007 |
|||
| newspaper = Deccan Herald |
|||
| accessdate = 16 June 2012 |
|||
}}</ref> The city has a vibrant English and foreign language theatre scene with places like Ranga Shankara and [[Chowdiah Memorial Hall]] leading the way in hosting performances leading to the establishment of the Amateur film industry.<ref name="rangashankara" /> |
|||
<!--[[File:Yakshaganads.jpg|left|thumb|[[Yakshagana]] – a theatre art often performed in the town hall]]--> |
|||
Kannada theatre is very popular in Bangalore, and consists mostly of political satire and light comedy. Plays are organised mostly by community organisations, but there are some amateur groups which stage plays in Kannada. Drama companies touring India under the auspicies of the [[British Council]] and [[Max Müller]] Bhavan also stage performances in the city frequently.<ref>{{harvnb|Bangalore — Mysore|p=37|Ref=bm}}</ref> The Alliance Française de Bangalore also hosts numerous plays through the year. |
|||
Bangalore is also a major centre of Indian classical music and dance.<ref>{{cite news |
|||
| last = Ravindran |
|||
| first = Nirmala |
|||
| title = Dance and Music is part of our culture |
|||
| url = http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/In+the+city/1/13928.html |
|||
| accessdate = 17 June 2012 |
|||
| newspaper = India Today |
|||
| date = 27 August 2008 |
|||
}}</ref> The cultural scene is very diverse due to Bangalore's mixed ethnic groups, which is reflected in its music concerts, dance performances and plays. Performances of [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] (South Indian) and [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] (North Indian) classical music, and dance forms like [[Bharat Natyam]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Kathakali]], [[Kathak]], and [[Odissi]] are very popular.<ref name="bm">{{harvnb|Bangalore — Mysore|pp=34–35|Ref=bm}}</ref> [[Yakshagana]], a theatre art indigenous to coastal Karnataka is often played in town halls.<ref>{{cite news |
|||
| first = Sharath M. |
|||
| last = Sharma |
|||
| title = It's Yakshagana season |
|||
| date = 22 August 2010 |
|||
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/its-yakshagana-season/article587170.ece |
|||
| work = [[The Hindu]] |
|||
| accessdate = 13 September 2013 |
|||
}}</ref> The two main music seasons in Bangalore are in April–May during the Ram Navami festival, and in September–October during the Dusshera festival, when music activities by cultural organisations are at their peak.<ref name="bm" /> Though both classical and contemporary music are played in Bangalore, the dominant music genre in urban Bangalore is rock music. Bangalore has its own subgenre of music, "Bangalore Rock", which is an amalgamation of [[classic rock]], [[hard rock]] and [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]], with a bit of [[jazz]] and [[blues]] in it.<ref>{{cite news |
|||
| title = You know music is in Bangalore's DNA, bands tell why |
|||
| date = 24 December 2011 |
|||
| url = http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1629608/report-you-know-music-is-in-bangalores-dna-bands-tell-why |
|||
| work = DNA |
|||
| accessdate = 21 September 2013 |
|||
}}</ref> Notable bands from Bangalore include [[Raghu Dixit Project]], [[Kryptos (band)|Kryptos]], [[Inner Sanctum (band)|Inner Sanctum]], [[Agam (band)|Agam]], [[All the fat children]], and [[Swaratma]]. |
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==Education== |
|||
{{Main article|Education in Bangalore}} |
|||
{{See also|List of educational institutions in Bangalore}} |
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{{Multiple image |
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|align=left |
|||
|direction=vertical |
|||
|image1=Bangalore College.jpg |
|||
|caption1=[[Indian Institute of Science]] – one of the premier institutes of science in India |
|||
|image2=IIMB Entrance.jpg |
|||
|caption2=[[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]], one of the premier management institutes in India |
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}}[[File:Christ University Hosur road Bangalore 4819.JPG|thumb|[[Christ University]]]]Until the early 19th century, education in Bangalore was mainly run by religious leaders and restricted to students of that religion.<ref name="gaz">{{harvnb|Rao|1929|p=494|Ref=mg}}</ref> The western system of education was introduced during the rule of [[Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar]]. Subsequently, the British [[Wesleyan]] Mission established the first English school in 1842, St. Joseph's Indian Institutions.<ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.stjosephsindianinstitutions.com//?page_id=9 |
|||
| title = History |
|||
| work = stjosephsindianinstitutions.com |
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}}</ref> The Bangalore High School was started by the Mysore Government in 1858 and [[Bishop Cotton Boys' School]] was started in 1865. In 1945 when World War II came to an end, King George Royal Indian Military Colleges was started at Bangalore by King George VI; the school is popularly known as [[Bangalore Military School]]<ref name="gaz1">{{harvnb|Rao|1929|p=497|Ref=mg}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |
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| last1 = Punekar |
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| first1 = Vijaya Bhaskar |
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| title = Assimilation: A Study of North Indians in Bangalore |
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| publisher = Popular Prakashan |
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| year = 1974 |
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| pages = 54 |
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| isbn = 9788171540129 |
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}}</ref> |
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[[File:National Law School of India University, Bangalore, India - 20130524-01.JPG|thumb|[[National Law School of India University]],a premier law university known as 'Harvard of the East']] |
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In post-independent India, schools for young children (16 months–5 years) are called nursery, [[kindergarten]] or [[Pre-school playgroup|play school]] which are broadly based on [[Montessori education|Montessori]] or [[multiple intelligence]]<ref>{{Cite web |
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| title = Pre-schools work on developing multiple intelligence |
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| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Pre-schools-work-on-developing-multiple-intelligence/articleshow/5224559.cms?referral=PM |
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| website = The Times of India |
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| accessdate = 1 December 2015 |
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| date = 13 November 2009 |
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| last = Gopalakrishnan |
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| first = Karthika |
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}}</ref> methodology of education.<ref name="kinder">{{Cite news |
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| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-08-09/bangalore/27193880_1_international-schools-canadian-school-international-baccalaureate |
|||
| work = The Times of India |
|||
| title = Bangalore a hot destination for foreign students |
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| accessdate = 16 October 2007 |
|||
| date = 9 August 2003 |
|||
}}</ref> Primary and secondary education in Bangalore is offered by various schools which are affiliated to one of the boards of education, such as the [[Secondary School Leaving Certificate]] (SSLC), [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE), [[Central Board for Secondary Education]] (CBSE), [[International Baccalaureate]] (IB), [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (IGCSE) and [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS).<ref name="boards">{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/july012004/edu2.asp |
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| work = Deccan Herald |
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| date = 1 July 2004 |
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| title = Broad choice of Class X boards |
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| accessdate = 16 October 2007 |
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| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071106093218/http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/july012004/edu2.asp |
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| archivedate = 6 November 2007 |
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}}</ref> [[List of schools in Bangalore|Schools in Bangalore]] are either government run or are private (both aided and un-aided by the government).<ref name="aid">{{Cite news |
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| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-05-18/bangalore/28338778_1_karnataka-schools-fear-psychosis-trimester |
|||
| title = Trimester system in all Karnataka schools from 1 June |
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| work = The Times of India |
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| accessdate = 16 October 2007 |
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| date = 18 May 2004 |
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |
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| first = S. |
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| last = Bageshree |
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| title = What will happen to government schools now? |
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| date = 9 May 2012 |
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| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/what-will-happen-to-government-schools-now/article3398125.ece |
|||
| work = [[The Hindu]] |
|||
| accessdate = 14 September 2013 |
|||
}}</ref> Bangalore has a significant number of [[international schools]] due to expats and IT crowd.<ref>{{Cite web |
|||
| title = IT crowd, elite prefer international schools |
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| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/IT-crowd-elite-prefer-international-schools/articleshow/20868328.cms |
|||
| website = The Times of India |
|||
| accessdate = 1 December 2015 |
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| last = Ullas |
|||
| first = Sruthy Susan |
|||
| date = 2 July 2013 |
|||
}}</ref> After completing their secondary education, students either attend [[Pre University Course|Pre University]] (PUC) or continue High School in one of three ''streams'' – [[Liberal arts|Arts]], Commerce or Science.<ref name="streams">{{Cite news |
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| url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/16/stories/2006051618850300.htm |
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| title = Students, parents throng PU colleges in city |
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| work = The Hindu |
|||
| publisher = 2006, The Hindu |
|||
| accessdate = 16 October 2007 |
|||
| location = Chennai, India |
|||
| date = 16 May 2006 |
|||
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070921111926/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/16/stories/2006051618850300.htm |
|||
| archivedate = 21 September 2007 |
|||
| deadurl = no |
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}}</ref> Alternatively, students may also enroll in Diploma courses. Upon completing the required coursework, students enroll in general or professional degrees in universities through lateral entry.<ref>{{cite news |
|||
| title = Diploma students have a chance in government engineering colleges |
|||
| date = 29 August 2013 |
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| url = http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Diploma-students-have-a-chance-in-government-engineering-colleges/2013/08/29/article1757185.ece |
|||
| work = [[The Indian Express]] |
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| accessdate = 14 September 2013 |
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |
|||
| first = Darinia |
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| last = Khongwir |
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| title = PUC is not the only option |
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| date = 6 May 2009 |
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| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-06/bangalore/28156113_1_sslc-pu-karnataka-examination-authority |
|||
| work = [[The Times of India]] |
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| accessdate = 14 September 2013 |
|||
}}</ref> |
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[[Bangalore University]], established in 1886, provides affiliation to over 500 colleges, with a total student enrolment exceeding 300,000. The university has two campuses within Bangalore – Jnanabharathi and Central College.<ref name="univ">{{Cite news |
|||
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-09/bangalore/27875270_1_bu-bed-colleges-bangalore-university |
|||
| title = BU overloaded, wants to split |
|||
| work = The Times of India |
|||
| accessdate = 16 October 2007 |
|||
| date = 9 January 2007 |
|||
}}</ref> [[University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering]] was established in the year 1917, by Bharat Ratna Sir M. Visvesvaraya, At present, the UVCE is the only engineering college under the [[Bangalore University]]. Bangalore also has many private Engineering Colleges affiliated to [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]]. |
|||
[[Christ University]] is a private 'Deemed to be University' in Bangalore founded in 1969 by the [[Syro-Malabar]] priests of [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate]] congregation. It is one of India's best private college for arts, commerce and law. |
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<nowiki> </nowiki>Notable among them particularly for undergraduate degrees are [[R.V. College of Engineering]], [[PES University]], [[BMS College of Engineering]], [[M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology]] and [[Bangalore Institute of Technology]]. |
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[[Indian Institute of Science]], which was established in 1909 in Bangalore, [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]] (NCBS), [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] (JNCASR) and the [[Raman Research Institute]] are the premier institutes for scientific research and study in India. Nationally renowned professional institutes such as the [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore]] (UASB), [[National Institute of Design, Bangalore|National Institute of Design]](NID), [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] (NIFT), [[National Law School of India University]] (NLSIU) |
|||
, the [[Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore]] (IIM-B), the ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology (NIANP), the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] and [[International Institute of Information Technology, Bangalore]] (IIIT-B) are located in Bangalore. The city is also home to the premier mental health institution in India [[NIMHANS|National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences]] (NIMHANS). Bangalore also has some of the best medical colleges in the country, like [[St. John's Medical College]] (SJMC) and [[Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute]] (BMCRI).<ref name="blredu">{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=20060908002809900.htm&date=fl2317/&prd=fline& |
|||
| work = the Hindu, Volume 23 – Issue 17 |
|||
| date = 8 September 2006 |
|||
| title = Hub of research |
|||
| author = Parvathi Menon and Ravi Sharma |
|||
| accessdate = 25 January 2012 |
|||
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |
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| title = Bangalore, the education hub |
|||
| date = 27 June 2011 |
|||
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-27/education/29708615_1_education-hub-indian-institute-education-destination |
|||
| work = [[The Times of India]] |
|||
| accessdate = 14 September 2013 |
|||
}}</ref> The [[M. P. Birla Institute of Fundamental Research]] has a branch located in Bangalore.,<ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.mpbifr-blr.in/about.htm |
|||
| title = About Us |
|||
| publisher = M. P. Birla Institute of Fundamental Research |
|||
| accessdate = 6 May 2012 |
|||
}}</ref> |
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==Media== |
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The first printing press in Bangalore was established in 1840 in Kannada by the [[Wesleyan]] Christian Mission. In 1859, ''Bangalore Herald'' became the first English bi-weekly newspaper to be published in Bangalore and in 1860, ''Mysore Vrittanta Bodhini'' became the first Kannada newspaper to be circulated in Bangalore.<ref name="newshist">{{cite book |
|||
| author = M. Fazlul Hasan |
|||
| publisher = Historical Publications |
|||
| title = Bangalore Through the Centuries |
|||
| pages = 165–166 |
|||
| year = 1970 |
|||
}}</ref><ref name="ppr">{{Cite book |
|||
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=SB3_VodABdIC&pg=PA54&lpg=PA54&dq=1840+printing+press+bangalore |
|||
| title = Assimilation: A Study of North Indians in Bangalore |
|||
| author = Vijaya B. Punekar |
|||
| accessdate = 4 October 2007 |
|||
| isbn = 978-81-7154-012-9 |
|||
| year = 1974 |
|||
}}</ref> Currently, ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'' and ''[[The Times of India]]'' are the most widely circulated Kannada and English newspapers in Bangalore respectively, closely followed by the ''[[Prajavani]]'' and ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' both owned by the Printers (Mysore) Limited – the largest print media house in Karnataka.<ref name="vke">{{Cite news |
|||
| url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2190334.cms |
|||
| work = The Economic Times |
|||
| title = Double dhamaka |
|||
| author = Preiti Sharma |
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| accessdate = 7 October 2007 |
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| date = 18 October 2006 |
|||
}}</ref><ref name="toidh">{{cite news |
|||
| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061119/asp/look/story_7016875.asp |
|||
| work = The Telegraph |
|||
| author = Shuma Raha |
|||
| title = Battleground Bangalore |
|||
| accessdate = 7 October 2007 |
|||
| location = Calcutta, India |
|||
| date = 19 November 2006 |
|||
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011172555/http://telegraphindia.com/1061119/asp/look/story_7016875.asp |
|||
| archivedate = 11 October 2007 |
|||
| deadurl = no |
|||
}}</ref> Other circulated newspapers are ''[[Vijayavani|Vijayvani]]'',''[[Vishwavani News|Vishwavani]]'',''[[Kannada Prabha|Kannadaprabha]]'',''[[Sanjevani]]'', ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'',''[[Udayavani]]'' provide localised news updates. On the web, [[Explocity]] provides listings information in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news |
|||
| first = K. |
|||
| last = Satyamurty |
|||
| title = Exploring Bangalore, a mouse click away |
|||
| date = 22 November 2000 |
|||
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/22/stories/0422402j.htm |
|||
| work = [[The Hindu]] |
|||
| accessdate = 17 September 2013 |
|||
}}</ref> |
|||
Bangalore got its first radio station when [[All India Radio]], the official broadcaster for the [[Indian Government]], started broadcasting from its Bangalore station on 2 November 1955.<ref name="radio">{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/jan232006/metromon1727452006122.asp |
|||
| work = Deccan Herald |
|||
| date = 23 January 2006 |
|||
| title = Idhu Akashvani, Bengalooru! |
|||
| accessdate = 7 October 2007 |
|||
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071204092005/http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/jan232006/metromon1727452006122.asp |
|||
| archivedate = 4 December 2007 |
|||
| deadurl = yes |
|||
}}</ref> The radio transmission was [[Amplitude modulation|AM]], until in 2001, [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] became the first private channel in India to start transmitting [[Frequency modulation|FM]] radio from Bangalore.<ref name="rc">{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.blonnet.com/2002/05/23/stories/2002052301450400.htm |
|||
| work = Business Line |
|||
| date = 23 May 2002 |
|||
| title = Radio City goes on air in Mumbai |
|||
| accessdate = 7 October 2007 |
|||
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011191801/http://blonnet.com/2002/05/23/stories/2002052301450400.htm |
|||
| archivedate = 11 October 2007 |
|||
| deadurl = no |
|||
}}</ref> In recent years, a number of FM channels have started broadcasting from Bangalore.<ref name="gaga">{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/jan82006/index204517200617.asp |
|||
| work = Deccan Herald |
|||
| date = 8 January 2006 |
|||
| title = Radio gaga: 6 more FM stations |
|||
| accessdate = 7 October 2007 |
|||
| deadurl = yes |
|||
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071204092025/http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/jan82006/index204517200617.asp |
|||
| archivedate = 4 December 2007 |
|||
}}</ref> The city probably has India's oldest [[HAM radio|Amateur (Ham) Radio]] Club – Bangalore Amateur Radio Club (VU2ARC), which was established in 1959.<ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.barc.in |
|||
| title = Bangalore Amateur Radio Club | Fifty Golden Years 1959–2009 |
|||
| publisher = Barc.in |
|||
| accessdate = 29 March 2010 |
|||
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.qrz.com/db/VU2ARC |
|||
| publisher = QRZ, Callsign Database |
|||
| title = VU2ARC |
|||
| accessdate = 17 September 2013 |
|||
}}</ref> |
|||
Bangalore got its first look at television when [[Doordarshan]] established a relay centre here and started relaying programs from 1 November 1981. A production centre was established in the Doordarshan's Bangalore office in 1983, thereby allowing the introduction of a news program in Kannada on 19 November 1983.<ref name="dd" /> Doordarshan also launched a Kannada satellite channel on 15 August 1991 which is now named [[DD Chandana]].<ref name="dd">{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.pibbng.kar.nic.in/media.htm |
|||
| work = the Press Information Bureau |
|||
| title = Doordarshan, Bangalore |
|||
| accessdate = 7 October 2007 |
|||
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011182720/http://pibbng.kar.nic.in/media.htm |
|||
| archivedate = 11 October 2007 |
|||
| deadurl = no |
|||
}}</ref> The advent of private satellite channels in Bangalore started in September 1991 when [[STAR TV (Asia)|Star TV]] started to broadcast its channels.<ref name="startv">{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://thehindujobs.com/thehindu/2001/07/29/stories/13290695.htm |
|||
| work = The Hindu |
|||
| date = 29 July 2001 |
|||
| title = Tune in to quality |
|||
| author = Sevanti Ninan |
|||
| accessdate = 8 October 2007 |
|||
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012225516/http://thehindujobs.com/thehindu/2001/07/29/stories/13290695.htm |
|||
| archivedate = 12 October 2007 |
|||
| deadurl = no |
|||
}}</ref> Though the number of satellite TV channels available for viewing in Bangalore has grown over the years,<ref name="chan">{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://mib.nic.in/informationb/CODES/Consolidatedchannels310707.htm |
|||
| work = the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |
|||
| title = Consolidated list of channels allowed to be carried by Cable operators/Multi system operators/DTH licensees in India |
|||
| accessdate = 4 October 2007 |
|||
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012001735/http://mib.nic.in/informationb/CODES/Consolidatedchannels310707.htm |
|||
| archivedate = 12 October 2007 |
|||
| deadurl = yes |
|||
}}</ref> the cable operators play a major role in the availability of these channels, which has led to occasional conflicts.<ref name="cabo">{{Cite news |
|||
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/781475.cms |
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| work = The Times of India |
|||
| title = Rage against cable operators |
|||
| accessdate = 8 October 2007 |
|||
| date = 17 July 2004 |
|||
}}</ref> [[Direct To Home]] (DTH) services are also available in Bangalore now.<ref name="dth">{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-eworld/article1679696.ece?ref=archive |
|||
| work = Business Line |
|||
| date = 8 May 2007 |
|||
| title = Going for the action |
|||
| accessdate = 25 January 2012 |
|||
}}</ref> |
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The first [[Internet service provider]] in Bangalore was [[STPI]], Bangalore which started offering internet services in early 1990s.<ref name="stpint">{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2006-05-02rbasant.pdf |
|||
| title = Bangalore Cluster: Evolution, Growth and Challengers |
|||
| author = Rakesh Basant |
|||
| accessdate = 8 October 2007 |
|||
| format = PDF |
|||
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071025132717/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2006-05-02rbasant.pdf |
|||
| archivedate = 25 October 2007 |
|||
| deadurl = no |
|||
}}</ref> This Internet service was, however, restricted to corporates until [[VSNL]] started offering [[Dial-up access|dial-up internet]] services to the general public at the end of 1995.<ref name="vsnldi">{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.rediff.com/computer/1998/sep/07net.htm |
|||
| title = A short recap on Internet developments in India |
|||
| accessdate = 8 October 2007 |
|||
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071016132614/http://www.rediff.com/computer/1998/sep/07net.htm |
|||
| archivedate = 16 October 2007 |
|||
| deadurl = no |
|||
}}</ref> Currently, Bangalore has the largest number of [[broadband Internet]] connections in India.<ref name="bbi">{{Cite news |
|||
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/29/stories/2006122922770200.htm |
|||
| work = The Hindu |
|||
| title = A highly net-savvy city |
|||
| accessdate = 8 October 2007 |
|||
| location = Chennai, India |
|||
| date = 29 December 2006 |
|||
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012040754/http://hindu.com/2006/12/29/stories/2006122922770200.htm |
|||
| archivedate = 12 October 2007 |
|||
| deadurl = no |
|||
}}</ref> |
|||
Namma Wifi is a free [[municipal wireless network]] in Bangalore, the first free Wifi in India. It began operation on 24 January 2014. Service is available at M.G. Road, Brigade Road, and other locations. The service is operated by D-VoiS and is paid for by the State Government.<ref>{{cite news |
|||
| title = Free wifi on M.G. Road and Brigade Road from Friday |
|||
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/free-wifi-on-mg-road-and-brigade-road-from-friday/article5606757.ece |
|||
| work = The Hindu |
|||
| date = 23 January 2014 |
|||
| accessdate = 6 October 2014 |
|||
}}</ref> Bangalore was the first city in India to have the 4th Generation Network ([[4G]]) for Mobile.<ref>{{cite news |
|||
| title = First 4G Network for Mobile in India |
|||
| url = http://www.airtel.in/4G |
|||
| work = Aitel 4G |
|||
| date = 29 January 2014 |
|||
| accessdate = 31 October 2014 |
|||
}}</ref> |
|||
==Sports== |
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[[File:MChinnaswamy-Stadium.jpg|thumbnail|M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore]] |
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Bangalore's pleasant climate makes it a suitable place for a variety of outdoor sports. |
|||
[[Cricket]] is by far the most popular sport. Bangalore has many parks and gardens that provide excellent pitches for impromptu games.<ref>{{harvnb|Bangalore — Mysore|pp=29|Ref=bm}}</ref> A significant number of national cricketers have come from Bangalore, including former captains [[Rahul Dravid]] and [[Anil Kumble]]. Some of the other notable players from the city who have represented India include [[Gundappa Vishwanath]], [[Syed Kirmani]], [[E. A. S. Prasanna]], [[B. S. Chandrasekhar]], [[Roger Binny]], [[Javagal Srinath]], [[Venkatesh Prasad]], [[Sunil Joshi]], [[Robin Uthappa]] and [[Vinay Kumar]].<!-- Do not include Javagal Srinath, as he is from Mysore --> Bangalore's international cricket stadium is the [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], which has a [[seating capacity]] of 55,000<ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57897.html |
|||
| title = Cricinfo Page on Chinnaswamy Stadium |
|||
| publisher = Content-usa.cricinfo.com |
|||
| accessdate = 29 March 2010 |
|||
}}</ref> and has hosted matches during the [[1987 Cricket World Cup]], [[1996 Cricket World Cup]] and the [[2011 Cricket World Cup]]. The Chinnaswamy Stadium is the home of India's [[National Cricket Academy]].<ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.ncabcci.com/contact_us |
|||
| title = Address from NCA Website |
|||
| publisher = ncabcci.com |
|||
| accessdate = 9 October 2012 |
|||
}}</ref> |
|||
The [[Indian Premier League]] franchise [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] and the [[I League]] club [[Bengaluru FC]] are based in the city. The city hosted some games of the 2014 [[Unity World Cup]]. |
|||
The city hosts the [[Women's Tennis Association]] (WTA) [[Bangalore Open]] [[WTA Tour|tournament]] annually. Beginning September 2008, Bangalore has also been hosting the [[Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open]] [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] tournament annually.<ref name=kingfisheropen>[http://cbs.sportsline.com/tennis/story/10834314 Bangalore replaces Mumbai on ATP Tour circuit]. CBSSportsline.com.</ref> |
|||
The city is home to the [[Bangalore rugby football club]] (BRFC).<ref>{{cite news |
|||
| url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/06/25/stories/2009062551400400.htm |
|||
| title = Kicking up a storm |
|||
| work = The Hindu |
|||
| date = 25 May 2009 |
|||
| location = Chennai, India |
|||
}}</ref> Bangalore has a number of elite clubs, like Century Club, The Bangalore Golf Club, the Bowring Institute and the exclusive [[Bangalore Club]], which counts among its previous members [[Winston Churchill]] and the Maharaja of Mysore.<ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.oxford2oxford.co.uk/6.html |
|||
| title = Detailed Account on Bangalore Club |
|||
| publisher = Oxford2oxford.co.uk |
|||
| accessdate = 29 March 2010 |
|||
}}</ref> The [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC]] is based in Bangalore. |
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India's [[Davis Cup]] team members, [[Mahesh Bhupathi]]<ref name=mahesh>[http://www.sportsline.com/tennis/players/playerpage/384909 Profile]. CBSSports.com. CBS Interactive</ref> and [[Rohan Bopanna]]<ref name=rohan>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=10024192 |
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| title = Davis Cup – Player profile – Rohan BOPANNA (IND) |
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| publisher = [[International Tennis Federation]] |
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| work = daviscup.com |
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}}</ref> reside in Bangalore. Other sports personalities from Bangalore include national swimming champion [[Nisha Millet]], world [[snooker]] champion [[Pankaj Advani]] and former [[All England Open]] badminton champion [[Prakash Padukone]].<ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://badmintonmania.wordpress.com/touch-play-the-prakash-padukone-story/ |
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| title = Touch Play: The Prakash Padukone Story | Badminton Mania |
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| publisher = Badmintonmania.wordpress.com |
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| accessdate = 10 June 2013 |
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}}</ref> |
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The city hast hosted some games of the 2014 [[Unity World Cup]]. |
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===City based clubs=== |
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{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
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! Club !! Sport !! League !! Stadium !! Span |
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|- |
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| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] |
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| [[Cricket]] |
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| [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] |
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| [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]] |
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| 2008 – |
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|- |
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| [[Bangalore Hi-fliers]] |
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| [[Field hockey]] |
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| [[Premier Hockey League|PHL]] |
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| [[Bangalore Hockey Stadium]] |
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| 2005–2008 |
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|- |
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| [[Karnataka Lions]] |
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| [[Field hockey]] |
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| [[World Series Hockey|WSH]] |
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| [[Bangalore Hockey Stadium]] |
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| 2011 – |
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|- |
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| Karnataka Bulls |
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| [[Volleyball]] |
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| [[Indian Volley League|IVL]] |
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| [[Kanteerava Indoor Stadium]] |
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| 2011 – |
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|- |
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|[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|HAL Bangalore]] |
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|[[Football (soccer)|Football]] |
|||
|[[I-League]] |
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|[[Bangalore Football Stadium]] |
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| N/A |
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|- |
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| [[Bengaluru FC]] |
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| [[Football]] |
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| [[I-League]] |
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| [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]] |
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| 2013 – |
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|- |
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| [[Banga Beats]] |
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| [[Badminton]] |
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| [[Indian Badminton League|IBL]] |
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| [[Kanteerava Indoor Stadium]] |
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| 2013 – |
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|- |
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| [[Bengaluru Bulls]] |
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| [[Kabaddi]] |
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| [[Pro Kabaddi League|PKL]] |
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| [[Kanteerava Indoor Stadium]] |
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| 2014 – |
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|- |
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| [[Karnataka Bulldozers]] |
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| [[Cricket]] |
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| [[Celebrity Cricket League|CCL]] |
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| [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]] |
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| 2011 – |
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|- |
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| [[Provident Bangalore]] |
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| [[Cricket]] |
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| [[Karnataka Premier League|KPL]] |
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| [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]] |
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| 2009 –2011 |
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|- |
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| [[Bangalore Brigadiers]] |
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| [[Cricket]] |
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| [[Karnataka Premier League|KPL]] |
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| [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]] |
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| 2009 –2011 |
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|- |
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|} |
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== Location == |
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{{Geographic Location |
|||
| title = '''Areas of Bangalore''' |
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|Northwest = [[Tumkur]] |
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|North = [[Doddaballapur]] |
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|Northeast = [[Chikkaballapur]] |
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|West = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]] |
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|Centre = Bangalore |
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|East = [[Kolar]] |
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|Southwest = [[Mysore]] |
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|South = [[Anekal]] |
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|Southeast = [[Tamil nadu]] |
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}} |
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== Sister cities == |
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* [[Minsk]], [[Belarus]] (since 1973).<ref>{{cite news|title=Sister Cities|url=http://minskherald.com/tag/sister-cities/|publisher=The Minsk Herald|date=January 2016}}</ref> |
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* [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]], United States (since 1992).<ref>{{cite web|title=Cleveland's Sister Cities|url=http://www.city.cleveland.oh.us/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/MayorsOffice/Office_of_Government_Affairs/SisterCities|website=City of Cleveland Ohio}}</ref> |
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* [[San Francisco]], [[California]], USA (since 2008).<ref>{{cite news|title=San Francisco chooses Bangalore as its Indian sister|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/San-Francisco-chooses-Bangalore-as-its-Indian-sister/articleshow/5286021.cms|publisher=The Times of India|date=December 2009}}</ref> |
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* [[Chengdu]], [[Sichuan]], China (since 2013).<ref>{{cite news|title=India-China agree to set up sister cities|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-india-china-agree-to-set-up-sister-cities-delhi-beijing-bengaluru-chengdu-kolkata-kunming-1907805|publisher=Daily News and Analysis|date=October 2013}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
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{{Wikipedia books}} |
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{{portal|India|Karnataka|Bangalore}} |
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{{div col|colwidth=30em}} |
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* [[Bannerghatta National Park]] |
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* [[Institute of Wood Science and Technology]] |
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* [[Lal Bagh]] |
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* [[List of Chola temples in Bangalore]] |
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* [[List of people from Bangalore]] |
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* [[List of tallest buildings in Bangalore]] |
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* [[List of tourist attractions in Bangalore]] |
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* [[List of twin towns and sister cities in India]] |
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* [[Nandi Hills, India]] |
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* [[National Military Memorial]] |
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* [[Outline of India]] |
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* [[UB City]] |
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{{div col end}} |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
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==Further reading== |
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{{Refbegin|30em}} |
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* {{cite book |
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| last1 = De |
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| first1 = Aditi |
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| title = Multiple city: writings on Bangalore |
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| publisher = Penguin Books India |
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| year = 2008 |
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| isbn = 978-0-14-310025-6 |
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| ref = Aditi2008 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
|||
| last1 = Sarma |
|||
| first1 = I.K. |
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| authorlink = Inguva Kartikeya Sarma |
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| title = Temples of the Gangas of Karnataka |
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| publisher = Archaeological Survey of India |
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| year = 1992 |
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| isbn = 0-19-560686-8 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
|||
| last1 = Srinivas |
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| first1 = Smriti |
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| title = Landscapes of Urban Memory: The Sacred and the Civic in India's High-tech City |
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| edition = revised |
|||
| publisher = [[Orient Blackswan]] |
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| year = 2004 |
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| isbn = 9788125022541 |
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| ref = Sri2004 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
|||
| last1 = Government of Karnataka |
|||
| title = Karnataka State Gazetteer: Bangalore District |
|||
| year = 1990 |
|||
| ref = kar |
|||
| authorlink1 = Government of Karnataka |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
|||
| last1 = Raman |
|||
| first1 = A. |
|||
| title = Bangalore — Mysore |
|||
| edition = illustrated |
|||
| publisher = [[Orient Blackswan]] |
|||
| year = 1994 |
|||
| isbn = 978-0-86311-431-1 |
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| ref = bm |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
|||
| author = [[C. Hayavadana Rao]] |
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| title = The Mysore State Gazetteer |
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| year = 1929 |
|||
| ref = mg |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
|||
| last1 = Nair |
|||
| first1 = Janaki |
|||
| title = The Promise of the Metropolis: Bangalore's Twentieth Century |
|||
| edition = illustrated |
|||
| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |
|||
| year = 2005 |
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| isbn = 978-0-19-566725-7 |
|||
| ref = nair |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
|||
| last1 = Pinto |
|||
| first1 = Jerry |
|||
| last2 = Srivastava |
|||
| first2 = Rahul |
|||
| title = Talk of the Town |
|||
| publisher = Penguin Books India |
|||
| year = 2008 |
|||
| isbn = 978-0-14-333013-4 |
|||
| ref = TalkoftheTown |
|||
}} |
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* {{cite book |
|||
| last = Rangachari |
|||
| first = Edgar Thurston, K. |
|||
| title = Castes and tribes of southern India |
|||
| year = 1993 |
|||
| publisher = Asian Educational Services |
|||
| location = New Delhi |
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| isbn = 9788120602885 |
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| ref = EdgarThurston |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
|||
| last = Rice |
|||
| first = B. Lewis |
|||
| title = Mysore : a gazetteer compiled for government. |
|||
| year = 2001 |
|||
| publisher = Asian Educational Services |
|||
| location = New Delhi |
|||
| isbn = 8120609778 |
|||
| ref = MysoreGazetteer |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
| last = Stein |
|||
| first = Burton |
|||
| title = [[The New Cambridge History of India]]. |
|||
| year = 1989 |
|||
| publisher = Cambridge Univ. Press |
|||
| location = Cambridge |
|||
| isbn = 978-0-521-26693-2 |
|||
| ref = BurtonStein |
|||
}} |
|||
* Hasan, Fazlul. Bangalore Through The Centuries. Bangalore: Historical Publications, 1970. |
|||
* Plunkett, Richard. South India. [[Lonely Planet]], 2001. ISBN 1-86450-161-8 |
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* Vagale, Uday Kumar. {{cite web|url= http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172004-231956/unrestricted/4.pdf |title="Public Space in Bangalore: Present and Future Projections" }} {{small|(773 KB)}}. Digital Libraries and Archives. 2006. Virginia Tech. 27 April 2004. |
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* Hunter, Cotton, Burn, Meyer. [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ "The Imperial Gazetteer of India"], 2006. Oxford, [[Clarendon Press]]. 1909. |
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* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Bangalore|volume=3|page=315|short=1}} |
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{{Refend}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons category|Bangalore}} |
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{{Wikivoyage}} |
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* [http://www.bbmp.gov.in/ Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike – (Municipal government)] |
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* [http://www.bdabangalore.org/ Official website of Bangalore Development Authority] |
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* {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/India/Karnataka/Localities/Bangalore/}} |
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{{Navboxes |
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|title = Articles related to Bangalore |
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|list = |
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{{Bangalore topics|left}} |
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{{Navboxes |
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|title = [[File:Gnome-globe.svg|25px]]{{nbsp}}Geographic locale |
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|list = |
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'''[[Geographic coordinate system|Lat. <small>and</small> Long.]] {{Coord|12|58|N|77|34|E|display=inline}}''' |
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}} |
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{{Schools in Bangalore}} |
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{{Karnataka topics}} |
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{{State and Union Territory capitals of India}} |
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{{Million-plus cities in India}} |
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{{World's most populated urban areas}} |
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}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Bangalore| ]] |
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[[Category:Cities and towns in Bangalore Urban district]] |
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[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]] |
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[[Category:Indian capital cities]] |
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[[Category:High-technology business districts]] |
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[[Category:Populated places established in 1537]] |
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[[Category:1537 establishments in India]] |
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[[Category:Cities and towns in Karnataka]] |
Revision as of 17:58, 4 January 2017
Bangalore
ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು | |
---|---|
Bengaluru | |
Nickname(s): Silicon Valley of India Garden City | |
Country | India |
State | Karnataka |
Region | Bayaluseemē |
District | Bangalore Urban |
Established | 1537 |
Founded by | Kempegowda I |
Government | |
• Type | Mayor–Council |
• Body | BBMP |
• Mayor | Padmavathi G[1] |
• Commissioner | G Kumar Nayak[2] |
Area | |
• Urban | 709 km2 (274 sq mi) |
Elevation | 920 m (3,020 ft) |
Population (2011)[5] | |
• Megacity | 8,443,675 |
• Rank | 3rd |
• Metro | 8,728,906 |
• Rank | 5th |
Demonym | Bangalorean |
Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
Pincode(s) | 560 xxx |
Area code | +91-(0)80 |
Vehicle registration | KA-01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 41, 50, 51, 52, 53, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 |
Official language | Kannada[7] |
Website | www |
Bangalore /bæŋɡəˈlɔːr/, officially known as Bengaluru[8] ([ˈbeŋɡəɭuːɾu] ), is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. It has a population of about 8.42 million and a metropolitan population of about 8.52 million, making it the third most populous city and fifth most populous urban agglomeration in India.[5] Located in southern India on the Deccan Plateau, at a height of over 900 m (3,000 ft) above sea level, Bangalore is known for its pleasant climate throughout the year. Its elevation is the highest among the major cities of India.[9]
A succession of South Indian dynasties, the Western Gangas, the Cholas and the Hoysalas, ruled the present region of Bangalore until in 1537 CE, Kempé Gowdā – a feudal ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire – established a mud fort considered to be the foundation of modern Bangalore. In 1638, the Marāthās conquered and ruled Bangalore for almost 50 years, after which the Mughals captured and sold the city to the Mysore Kingdom of the Wadiyar dynasty. It was captured by the British after victory in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799), who returned administrative control of the city to the Maharaja of Mysore. The old city developed in the dominions of the Maharaja of Mysore and was made capital of the Princely State of Mysore, which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj. In 1809, the British shifted their cantonment to Bangalore, outside the old city, and a town grew up around it, which was governed as part of British India. Following India's independence in 1947, Bangalore became the capital of Mysore State, and remained capital when the new Indian state of Karnataka was formed in 1956. The two urban settlements of Bangalore – city and cantonment – which had developed as independent entities merged into a single urban centre in 1949. The existing Kannada name, Bengalūru, was declared the official name of the city in 2006.
Bangalore is sometimes referred to as the "Silicon Valley of India" (or "IT capital of India") because of its role as the nation's leading information technology (IT) exporter.[10][11][12] Indian technological organisations ISRO, Infosys, Wipro and HAL are headquartered in the city. A demographically diverse city, Bangalore is the second fastest-growing major metropolis in India.[13] It is home to many educational and research institutions in India, such as Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Indian Institute of Management (Bangalore) (IIMB), National Institute of Fashion Technology, Bangalore, National Institute of Design, Bangalore (NID R&D Campus), National Law School of India University (NLSIU) and National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS). Numerous state-owned aerospace and defence organisations, such as Bharat Electronics, Hindustan Aeronautics and National Aerospace Laboratories are located in the city. The city also houses the Kannada film industry. With a gross domestic product (GDP) of $83 billion, Bangalore is ranked fourth in India by overall GDP contribution, after only Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata.[14]
Etymology
The name "Bangalore" represents an anglicised version of the Kannada language name, "Bengalūru" ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು [ˈbeŋɡəɭuːru] . The earliest reference to the name "Bengalūru" was found in a ninth-century Western Ganga Dynasty stone inscription on a "vīra gallu" (ವೀರಗಲ್ಲು) (literally, "hero stone", a rock edict extolling the virtues of a warrior). In this inscription found in Begur, "Bengalūrū" is referred to as a place in which a battle was fought in 890 CE. It states that the place was part of the Ganga Kingdom until 1004 and was known as "Bengaval-uru", the "City of Guards" in Halegannada (Old Kannada).[15][16]
An apocryphal story recounts that the 12th century Hoysala king Veera Ballala II, while on a hunting expedition, lost his way in the forest. Tired and hungry, he came across a poor old woman who served him boiled beans. The grateful king named the place "benda-kaal-uru" (literally, "town of boiled beans"), which eventually evolved into "Bengalūru".[15][17][18] Suryanath Kamath has put forward an explanation of a possible floral origin of the name, being derived from benga, the Kannada term for Pterocarpus marsupium (also known as the Indian Kino Tree), a species of dry and moist deciduous trees, that grew abundantly in the region.[19]
On 11 December 2005, the Government of Karnataka announced that it had accepted a proposal by Jnanpith Award winner U. R. Ananthamurthy to rename Bangalore to Bengalūru.[20] On 27 September 2006, the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) passed a resolution to implement the proposed name change.[21] The government of Karnataka accepted the proposal, and it was decided to officially implement the name change from 1 November 2006.[22][23] The Union government have approved (along with other 12 cities) this request in October 2014 and Bangalore was renamed to "Bengaluru" on 1 November 2014.[24][25]
History
Early and medieval history
A discovery of Stone Age artefacts during the 2001 census of India at Jalahalli, Sidhapura and Jadigenahalli, all of which are located on Bangalore's outskirts today, suggest probable human settlement around 4,000 BCE.[26] Around 1,000 BCE (Iron Age), burial grounds were established at Koramangala and Chikkajala on the outskirts of Bangalore. Coins of the Roman emperors Augustus, Tiberius, and Claudius found at Yeswanthpur and HAL indicate that Bangalore was involved in trans-oceanic trade with ancient civilisations in 27 BCE.[27]
The region of modern-day Bangalore was part of several successive South Indian kingdoms. Between the fourth and the tenth centuries, the Bangalore region was ruled by the Western Ganga Dynasty of Karnataka, the first dynasty to set up effective control over the region.[28] According to Edgar Thurston[29] there were twenty eight kings who ruled Gangavadi from the start of the Christian era till its conquest by the Cholas. These kings belonged to two distinct dynasties: the earlier line of the Solar race which had a succession of seven kings of the Ratti or Reddi tribe, and the later line of the Ganga race. The Western Gangas ruled the region initially as a sovereign power (350 – 550), and later as feudatories of the Chalukyas of Badami, followed by the Rashtrakutas till the tenth century.[19] The Begur Nageshwara Temple was commissioned around 860, during the reign of the Western Ganga King Ereganga Nitimarga I and extended by his successor Nitimarga II.[30][31] Around 1004, during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I, the Cholas defeated the Western Gangas under the command of the crown prince Rajendra Chola I, and captured Bangalore.[30][32] During this period, the Bangalore region witnessed the migration of many groups — warriors, administrators, traders, artisans, pastorals, cultivators, and religious personnel from Tamil Nadu and other Kannada speaking regions.[28] The Chokkanathaswamy temple at Domlur, the Aigandapura complex near Hesaraghatta, Mukthi Natheshwara Temple at Binnamangala, Choleshwara Temple at Begur, Someshwara Temple at Madiwala, date from the Chola era.[30]
In 1117, the Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana defeated the Cholas in the Battle of Talakad in south Karnataka, and extended its rule over the region.[30] Vishnuvardhana expelled the Cholas from all parts of Mysore state.[33] By the end of the 13th century, Bangalore became a source of contention between two warring cousins, the Hoysala ruler Veera Ballala III of Halebidu and Ramanatha, who administered from the Hoysala held territory in Tamil Nadu.[30] Veera Ballala III had appointed a civic head at Hudi (now within Bangalore Municipal Corporation limits), thus promoting the village to the status of a town. After Veera Ballala III's death in 1343, the next empire to rule the region was the Vijayanagara Empire, which itself saw the rise of four dynasties, the Sangamas (1336 – 1485), the Saluvas (1485 – 1491), the Tuluvas (1491 – 1565), and the Aravidu (1565 – 1646).[34] During the reign of the Vijayanagara Empire, Achyuta Deva Raya of the Tuluva Dynasty raised the Shivasamudra Dam across the Arkavati river at Hesaraghatta, whose reservoir is the present city's supply of regular piped water.[35]
Foundation and early modern history
Modern Bangalore was begun in 1537 by a vassal of the Vijayanagara Empire, Kempe Gowda I, who aligned with the Vijayanagara empire to campaign against Gangaraja (whom he defeated and expelled to Kanchi), and who built a mud-brick fort for the people at the site that would become the central part of modern Bangalore. Kempe Gowda was restricted by rules made by Achuta Deva Raya, who feared the potential power of Kempe Gowda and did not allow a formidable stone fort. Kempe Gowda referred to the new town as his "gandubhūmi" or "Land of Heroes".[18] Within the fort, the town was divided into smaller divisions—each called a "pete" (Kannada pronunciation: [peːteː]). The town had two main streets—Chikkapeté Street, which ran east-west, and Doddapeté Street, which ran north-south. Their intersection formed the Doddapeté Square—the heart of Bangalore. Kempe Gowda I's successor, Kempe Gowda II, built four towers that marked Bangalore's boundary. During the Vijayanagara rule, many saints and poets referred to Bangalore as "Devarāyanagara" and "Kalyānapura" or "Kalyānapuri" ("Auspicious City").[37]
After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565 in the Battle of Talikota, Bangalore's rule changed hands several times. Kempe Gowda declared independence, then in 1638, a large Adil Shahi Bijapur army led by Ranadulla Khan and accompanied by his second in command Shāhji Bhōnslé defeated Kempe Gowda III,[37] and Bangalore was given to Shāhji as a jagir (feudal estate). In 1687, the Mughal general Kasim Khan, under orders from Aurangzeb, defeated Ekoji I, son of Shāhji, and sold Bangalore to Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar (1673–1704), the then ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore for three lakh rupees.[38] After the death of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II in 1759, Hyder Ali, Commander-in-Chief of the Mysore Army, proclaimed himself the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore. Hyder Ali is credited with building the Delhi and Mysore gates at the northern and southern ends of the city in 1760.[39] The kingdom later passed to Hyder Ali's son Tipu Sultan. Hyder and Tipu contributed towards the beautification of the city by building Lal Bagh Botanical Gardens in 1760. Under them, Bangalore developed into a commercial and military centre of strategic importance.[37]
The Bangalore fort was captured by the British armies under Lord Cornwallis on 21 March 1791 during the Third Anglo-Mysore War and formed a centre for British resistance against Tipu Sultan.[40] Following Tipu's death in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799), the British returned administrative control of the Bangalore "pētē" to the Maharaja of Mysore and was incorporated into the Princely State of Mysore, which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj. The old city ("pētē") developed in the dominions of the Maharaja of Mysore. The Residency of Mysore State was first established in Mysore City in 1799 and later shifted to Bangalore in 1804. It was abolished in 1843 only to be revived in 1881 at Bangalore and to be closed down permanently in 1947, with Indian independence.[41] The British found Bangalore to be a pleasant and appropriate place to station their garrison and therefore moved their cantonment to Bangalore from Seringapatam in 1809 near Halsur, about 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-east of the city. A town grew up around the cantonment, by absorbing several villages in the area. The new centre had its own municipal and administrative apparatus, though technically it was a British enclave within the territory of the Wodeyar Kings of the Princely State of Mysore.[42] Two important developments which contributed to the rapid growth of the city, include the introduction of telegraph connections to all major Indian cities in 1853 and a rail connection to Madras, in 1864.[43]
Later modern and contemporary history
In the 19th century, Bangalore essentially became a twin city, with the "pētē", whose residents were predominantly Kannadigas and the cantonment created by the British.[44] Throughout the 19th century, the Cantonment gradually expanded and acquired a distinct cultural and political salience as it was governed directly by the British and was known as the Civil and Military Station of Bangalore. While it remained in the princely territory of Mysore, Cantonment had a large military presence and a cosmopolitan civilian population that came from outside the princely state of Mysore, including British and Anglo-Indians army officers.[citation needed]
Bangalore was hit by a plague epidemic in 1898 that claimed nearly 3,500 lives. The crisis caused by the outbreak catalysed the city's sanitation process. Telephone lines were laid to help co-ordinate anti-plague operations. Regulations for building new houses with proper sanitation facilities came into effect. A health officer was appointed and the city divided into four wards for better co-ordination. Victoria Hospital was inaugurated in 1900 by Lord Curzon, the then Governor-General of British India.[45] New extensions in Malleswaram and Basavanagudi were developed in the north and south of the pētē.[46] In 1903, motor vehicles came to be introduced in Bangalore.[47] In 1906, Bangalore became one of the first cities in India to have electricity from hydro power, powered by the hydroelectric plant situated in Shivanasamudra.[48] The Indian Institute of Science was established in 1909, which subsequently played a major role in developing the city as a science research hub.[49] In 1912, the Bangalore torpedo, a defensive explosive weapon widely used in World War I and World War II, was devised in Bangalore by British army officer Captain McClintock of the Madras Sappers and Miners.[50]
Bangalore's reputation as the "Garden City of India" began in 1927 with the Silver Jubilee celebrations of the rule of Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV. Several projects such as the construction of parks, public buildings and hospitals were instituted to improve the city.[51] Bangalore played an important role during the Indian independence movement. Mahatma Gandhi visited the city in 1927 and 1934 and addressed public meetings here.[27] In 1926, the labour unrest in Binny Mills due to demand by textile workers for payment of bonus resulted in lathi charging and police firing, resulting in the death of four workers, and several injuries.[52] In July 1928, there were notable communal disturbances in Bangalore, when a Ganesh idol was removed from a school compound in the Sultanpet area of Bangalore.[53] In 1940, the first flight between Bangalore and Bombay took off, which placed the city on India's urban map.[49]
After India's independence in August 1947, Bangalore remained in the newly carved Mysore State of which the Maharaja of Mysore was the Rajapramukh (appointed governor).[54] The "City Improvement Trust" was formed in 1945, and in 1949, the "City" and the "Cantonment" merged to form the Bangalore City Corporation. The Government of Karnataka later constituted the Bangalore Development Authority in 1976 to co-ordinate the activities of these two bodies.[55] Public sector employment and education provided opportunities for Kannadigas from the rest of the state to migrate to the city. Bangalore experienced rapid growth in the decades 1941–51 and 1971–81, which saw the arrival of many immigrants from northern Karnataka. By 1961, Bangalore had become the sixth largest city in India, with a population of 1,207,000.[37] In the decades that followed, Bangalore's manufacturing base continued to expand with the establishment of private companies such as MICO (Motor Industries Company), which set up its manufacturing plant in the city.
By the 1980s, it was clear that urbanisation had spilled over the current boundaries, and in 1986, the Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority, was established to co-ordinate the development of the entire region as a single unit.[55] On 8 February 1981, a major fire broke out at Venus Circus in Bangalore, where more than 92 lives were lost, the majority of them being children.[56] Bangalore experienced a growth in its real estate market in the 1980s and 1990s, spurred by capital investors from other parts of the country who converted Bangalore's large plots and colonial bungalows into multi-storied apartments.[57] In 1985, Texas Instruments became the first multinational corporation to set up base in Bangalore. Other information technology companies followed suit and by the end of the 20th century, Bangalore had established itself as the Silicon Valley of India.[37] Today, Bangalore is India's third most populous city. During the 21st century, Bangalore has suffered terrorist attacks in 2008, 2010, and 2013.
Geography
Bangalore lies in the southeast of the South Indian state of Karnataka. It is in the heart of the Mysore Plateau (a region of the larger Precambrian Deccan Plateau) at an average elevation of 900 m (2,953 ft).[58]: 8 It is located at 12°58′N 77°34′E / 12.97°N 77.56°E and covers an area of 741 km2 (286 sq mi).[59] The majority of the city of Bangalore lies in the Bangalore Urban district of Karnataka and the surrounding rural areas are a part of the Bangalore Rural district. The Government of Karnataka has carved out the new district of Ramanagara from the old Bangalore Rural district.[citation needed]
The topology of Bangalore is generally flat, though the western parts of the city are hilly. The highest point is Vidyaranyapura Doddabettahalli, which is 962 metres (3,156 feet) and is situated to the north-west of the city.[60] No major rivers run through the city, although the Arkavathi and South Pennar cross paths at the Nandi Hills, 60 kilometres (37 miles) to the north. River Vrishabhavathi, a minor tributary of the Arkavathi, arises within the city at Basavanagudi and flows through the city. The rivers Arkavathi and Vrishabhavathi together carry much of Bangalore's sewage. A sewerage system, constructed in 1922, covers 215 km2 (83 sq mi) of the city and connects with five sewage treatment centres located in the periphery of Bangalore.[61]
In the 16th century, Kempe Gowda I constructed many lakes to meet the town's water requirements. The Kempambudhi Kere, since overrun by modern development, was prominent among those lakes. In the earlier half of 20th century, the Nandi Hills waterworks was commissioned by Sir Mirza Ismail (Diwan of Mysore, 1926–41 CE) to provide a water supply to the city. Currently, the river Kaveri provides around 80% of the total water supply to the city with the remaining 20% being obtained from the Thippagondanahalli and Hesaraghatta reservoirs of the Arkavathi river.[62] Bangalore receives 800 million litres (211 million US gallons) of water a day, more than any other Indian city.[63] However, Bangalore sometimes does face water shortages, especially during summer- more so in the years of low rainfall. A random sampling study of the Air Quality Index (AQI) of twenty stations within the city indicated scores that ranged from 76 to 314, suggesting heavy to severe air pollution around areas of traffic concentration.[64]
Bangalore has a handful of freshwater lakes and water tanks, the largest of which are Madivala tank, Hebbal lake, Ulsoor lake, Yediyur Lake and Sankey Tank. Groundwater occurs in silty to sandy layers of the alluvial sediments. The Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) is the most dominant rock unit in the area and includes granites, gneisses and migmatites, while the soils of Bangalore consist of red laterite and red, fine loamy to clayey soils.[64]
Vegetation in the city is primarily in the form of large deciduous canopy and minority coconut trees. Though Bangalore has been classified as a part of the seismic zone II (a stable zone), it has experienced quakes of magnitude as high as 4.5.[65]
Climate
Bangalore has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw) with distinct wet and dry seasons. Due to its high elevation, Bangalore usually enjoys a more moderate climate throughout the year, although occasional heat waves can make summer somewhat uncomfortable.[66] The coolest month is January with an average low temperature of 15.1 °C (59.2 °F) and the hottest month is April with an average high temperature of 35 °C (95 °F).[67] The highest temperature ever recorded in Bangalore is 39.2 °C (103 °F) (recorded on 24 April 2016) as there was a strong El Nino in 2016 [68] There were also unofficial records of 41 °C (106 °F) on that day. The lowest ever recorded is 7.8 °C (46 °F) in January 1884.[69][70] Winter temperatures rarely drop below 14 °C (57 °F), and summer temperatures seldom exceed 36 °C (97 °F). Bangalore receives rainfall from both the northeast and the southwest monsoons and the wettest months are September, October and August, in that order.[67] The summer heat is moderated by fairly frequent thunderstorms, which occasionally cause power outages and local flooding. Most of the rainfall occurs during late afternoon/evening or night and rain before noon is infrequent. November 2015 (290.4 mm) was recorded as one of the wettest months in Bangalore with heavy rains causing severe flooding in some areas, and closure of a number of organisations for over a couple of days.[71] The heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is 179 millimetres (7 in) recorded on 1 October 1997.[72]
Climate data for Bangalore | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 32.8 (91.0) |
35.9 (96.6) |
37.3 (99.1) |
39.2 (102.6) |
38.9 (102.0) |
38.1 (100.6) |
33.3 (91.9) |
33.3 (91.9) |
33.3 (91.9) |
32.4 (90.3) |
31.7 (89.1) |
31.1 (88.0) |
39.2 (102.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 27.9 (82.2) |
30.7 (87.3) |
33.1 (91.6) |
34.0 (93.2) |
33.3 (91.9) |
29.6 (85.3) |
28.3 (82.9) |
27.8 (82.0) |
28.6 (83.5) |
28.2 (82.8) |
27.2 (81.0) |
26.5 (79.7) |
29.6 (85.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.8 (60.4) |
17.5 (63.5) |
20.0 (68.0) |
22.0 (71.6) |
21.7 (71.1) |
20.4 (68.7) |
19.9 (67.8) |
19.8 (67.6) |
19.8 (67.6) |
19.6 (67.3) |
18.0 (64.4) |
16.2 (61.2) |
19.2 (66.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | 7.8 (46.0) |
9.4 (48.9) |
11.1 (52.0) |
14.4 (57.9) |
16.7 (62.1) |
16.7 (62.1) |
16.1 (61.0) |
14.4 (57.9) |
15.0 (59.0) |
13.2 (55.8) |
9.6 (49.3) |
8.9 (48.0) |
7.8 (46.0) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 1.9 (0.07) |
5.4 (0.21) |
18.5 (0.73) |
41.5 (1.63) |
107.4 (4.23) |
106.5 (4.19) |
112.9 (4.44) |
147.0 (5.79) |
212.8 (8.38) |
168.3 (6.63) |
48.9 (1.93) |
15.7 (0.62) |
986.8 (38.85) |
Average rainy days | 0.2 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 3.1 | 6.7 | 6.2 | 7.2 | 9.9 | 9.8 | 8.3 | 3.8 | 1.4 | 58.1 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 60 | 52 | 30 | 43 | 60 | 72 | 76 | 79 | 76 | 73 | 70 | 68 | 63 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 262.3 | 247.6 | 271.4 | 257.0 | 241.1 | 136.8 | 111.8 | 114.3 | 143.6 | 173.1 | 190.2 | 211.7 | 2,360.9 |
Source 1: Indian Meteorological Department[73][74] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: NOAA (humidity and sun: 1971–1990)[75] |
Demographics
With an estimated population of 8.5 million in 2011,[76] Bangalore is the fifth most populous city in India and the 18th most populous city in the world.[77] Bangalore was the fastest-growing Indian metropolis after New Delhi between 1991 and 2001, with a growth rate of 38% during the decade. Residents of Bangalore are referred to as "Bangaloreans" in English and Bengaloorinavaru or Bengaloorigaru in Kannada. The cosmopolitan nature of the city has resulted in the migration of people from other states to Bangalore.[78]
According to the 2001 census of India, 79.4% of Bangalore's population is Hindu, roughly the same as the national average.[79] Muslims comprise 13.4% of the population. Christians and Jains account for 5.8% and 1.1% of the population, respectively, double that of their national averages. The city has a literacy rate of 89%.[80] Roughly 10% of Bangalore's population lives in slums.[81]—a relatively low proportion when compared to other cities in the developing world such as Mumbai (50%) and Nairobi (60%).[82] The 2008 National Crime Records Bureau statistics indicate that Bangalore accounts for 8.5% of the total crimes reported from 35 major cities in India which is an increase in the crime rate when compared to the number of crimes fifteen years ago.[83]
Bangalore suffers from the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast-growing cities in developing countries: rapidly escalating social inequality, mass displacement and dispossession, proliferation of slum settlements, and epidemic public health crisis due to severe water shortage and sewage problems in poor and working-class neighbourhoods.[84]
The language that is spoken in Bangalore is its native language Kannada. Other languages such as English, Telugu, Urdu, Tamil and Hindi are also spoken in a few places mostly by the migrants from northern India and neighbouring states.[85] The Kannada language spoken in Bangalore is a form of Kannada called as 'Old Mysuru Kannada' which is also used in most of the southern part of Karnataka state. A vernacular dialect of this, known as Bangalore Kannada is spoken among the youth in Bangalore and the adjoining Mysore regions.[86] English, (as an Indian dialect), is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the professional and business class.[87]
The major communities of Bangalore who share a long history in the city other than the Kannadigas are the Tamilians and Telugus, who migrated to Bangalore in search of a better livelihood.[88][89][90] Already in the 16th century, Bangalore had speakers of Tamil and Telugu, who spoke Kannada to carry out low profile jobs.[91] Telugu-speaking people initially came to Bangalore on invitation by the Mysore royalty (a few of them have lineage dating back to Krishnadevaraya).[92]
Other native communities are the Tuluvas and the Konkanis of coastal Karnataka, the Kodavas of the Kodagu district of Karnataka. The migrant communities are Maharashtrians, Punjabis, Rajasthanis, Gujaratis, Tamilians, Telugus, Sindhis, and Bengalis.[88] Bangalore once had a large Anglo-Indian population, the second largest after Calcutta. Today, there are around 10,000 Anglo-Indians in Bangalore.[93] Christians form a sizeable section of Bangalorean society, with migrant Tamil Christians forming the majority of the Christian population, while Kannada Catholics, Mangalorean Catholics, Syro-Malabar Nasranis and others form the rest of the population.[94][95] Muslims form a very diverse population, consisting of Dakhini and Urdu-speaking Muslims, Kutchi Memons, Labbay and Mappilas.[96]
Civic administration
Bangalore City Important officials | |
---|---|
Municipal Commissioner: | G Kumar Nayak IAS[2] |
Principal Chief Commissioner of Income Tax: | Nutan Wodeyar IRS[97] |
Mayor: | Mrs. S.Shantakumari[98] |
Police Commissioner: | NS Megharik IPS |
The Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (BBMP, Greater Bangalore Municipal Corporation) is in charge of the civic administration of the city. It was formed in 2007 by merging 100 wards of the erstwhile Bangalore Mahanagara Palike, with seven neighbouring City Municipal Councils, one Town Municipal Council and 110 villages around Bangalore. The number of wards increased to 198 in 2009.[99][100] The BBMP is run by a city council composed of 250 members, including 198 corporators representing each of the wards of the city and 52 other elected representatives, consisting of members of Parliament and the state legislature. Elections to the council are held once every five years, with results being decided by popular vote. Members contesting elections to the council usually represent one or more of the state's political parties. A mayor and deputy mayor are also elected from among the elected members of the council.[101] Elections to the BBMP were held on 28 March 2010, after a gap of three and a half years since the expiry of the previous elected body's term, and the Bharatiya Janata Party was voted into power – the first time it had ever won a civic poll in the city.[102]
Bangalore's rapid growth has created several problems relating to traffic congestion and infrastructural obsolescence that the Bangalore Mahanagara Palike has found challenging to address. The unplanned nature of growth in the city resulted in massive traffic gridlocks that the municipality attempted to ease by constructing a flyover system and by imposing one-way traffic systems. Some of the flyovers and one-ways mitigated the traffic situation moderately but were unable to adequately address the disproportionate growth of city traffic.[103] A 2003 Battelle Environmental Evaluation System (BEES) evaluation of Bangalore's physical, biological and socioeconomic parameters indicated that Bangalore's water quality and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems were close to ideal, while the city's socioeconomic parameters (traffic, quality of life) aire quality and noise pollution scored poorly.[104] The BBMP works in conjunction with the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) and the Agenda for Bangalore's Infrastructure and Development Task Force (ABIDe) to design and implement civic and infrastructural projects.[105]
The Bangalore City Police (BCP) has seven geographic zones, includes the Traffic Police, the City Armed Reserve, the Central Crime Branch and the City Crime Record Bureau and runs 86 police stations, including two all-women police stations.[106] As capital of the state of Karnataka, Bangalore houses important state government facilities such as the Karnataka High Court, the Vidhana Soudha (the home of the Karnataka state legislature) and Raj Bhavan (the residence of the Governor of Karnataka). Bangalore contributes four members to the lower house of the Indian Parliament, the Lok Sabha, from its four constituencies: Bangalore Rural, Bangalore Central, Bangalore North, and Bangalore South,[107] and 28 members to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly.[108]
Electricity in Bangalore is regulated through the Bangalore Electricity Supply Company (BESCOM),[109] while water supply and sanitation facilities are provided by the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB).[110]
The city has offices of the Consulate General of Germany,[111] France,[112] Japan[113] Israel,[114] British Deputy High Commission,[115] along with honorary consulates of Ireland,[116] Finland,[117] Switzerland,[118] Maldives,[119] Mongolia, Sri Lanka and Peru.[120] It also has a trade office of Canada[121] and a virtual Consulate of the United States.[122]
Pollution control
Bangalore generates about 3,000 tonnes of solid waste per day, of which about 1,139 tonnes are collected and sent to composting units such as the Karnataka Composting Development Corporation. The remaining solid waste collected by the municipality is dumped in open spaces or on roadsides outside the city.[123] In 2008, Bangalore produced around 2,500 metric tonnes of solid waste, and increased to 5000 metric tonnes in 2012, which is transported from collection units located near Hesaraghatta Lake, to the garbage dumping sites.[124] The city suffers significantly with dust pollution, hazardous waste disposal, and disorganised, unscientific waste retrievals.[125] The IT hub, Whitefield region is the most polluted area in Bangalore.[126] Recently a study found that over 36% of diesel vehicles in the city exceed the national limit for emissions.[127]
Slums
According to a 2012 report submitted to the World Bank by Karnataka Slum Clearance Board, Bangalore has 862 slums from total of around 2000 slums in Karnataka. The families living in the slum are not ready to move into the temporary shelters.[128][129] 42% of the households migrated from different parts of India like Chennai, Hyderabad and most of North India, and 43% of the households had remained in the slums for over 10 years. The Karnataka Municipality, works to shift 300 families annually to newly constructed buildings.[130] One third of these slum clearance projects lack basic service connections, 60% of slum dwellers lack complete water supply lines and share BWSSB water supply.[128][131]
Waste management
Ιn 2012 Bangalore generated 2.1 million tonnes of Municipal Solid Waste (195.4 kg/cap/yr).[132] The waste management scenario in the state of Karnataka is regulated by the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) under the aegis of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) which is a Central Government entity. As part of their Waste Management Guidelines the Government of Karnataka through the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) has authorised a few well-established companies to manage the bio-medical waste and hazardous waste in the state of Karnataka.[citation needed]
Economy
Bangalore's ₹523 billion (US$6.3 billion) economy (2006–07 Net District Income) makes it one of the major economic centres in India,[133] with the value of city's exports totalling ₹432 billion (US$5.2 billion) in 2004–05.[134] With an economic growth of 10.3%, Bangalore is the second fastest-growing major metropolis in India,[135] and is also the country's fourth largest fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) market.[136] Forbes considers Bangalore one of "The Next Decade's Fastest-Growing Cities".[137] With a per capita income of ₹74,709 (US$900) in 2006–07,[133] the city is the third largest hub for high-net-worth individuals and is home to over 10,000-dollar millionaires and about 60,000 super-rich people who have an investment surplus of ₹45 million (US$539,185) and ₹5 million (US$59,900) respectively.[138]
The headquarters of several public sector undertakings such as Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML), Central Manufacturing Technology Institute (CMTI) and HMT (formerly Hindustan Machine Tools) are located in Bangalore. In June 1972 the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was established under the Department of Space and headquartered in the city. Bangalore also houses several research and development centres for many firms such as ABB, Airbus, Bosch, Boeing, GE, GM, Google, Microsoft, Mercedes-Benz, Nokia, Oracle, Philips, Shell, Toyota and Tyco.
Bangalore is called as the Silicon Valley of India because of the large number of information technology companies located in the city which contributed 33% of India's ₹1,442 billion (US$17 billion) IT exports in 2006–07.[139] Bangalore's IT industry is divided into three main clusters – Software Technology Parks of India (STPI); International Tech Park, Bangalore (ITPB); and Electronics City. UB City, the headquarters of the United Breweries Group, is a high-end commercial zone.[140] Infosys and Wipro, India's third and fourth largest software companies are headquartered in Bangalore, as are many of the global SEI-CMM Level 5 Companies.
The growth of IT has presented the city with unique challenges. Ideological clashes sometimes occur between the city's IT moguls, who demand an improvement in the city's infrastructure, and the state government, whose electoral base is primarily the people in rural Karnataka.[141] The encouragement of high-tech industry in Bangalore, for example, has not favoured local employment development, but has instead increased land values and forced out small enterprise.[142] The state has also resisted the massive investments required to reverse the rapid decline in city transport which has already begun to drive new and expanding businesses to other centres across India. Bangalore is a hub for biotechnology related industry in India and in the year 2005, around 47% of the 265 biotechnology companies in India were located here; including Biocon, India's largest biotechnology company.[143][144]
Transport
Air
Bangalore is served by Kempegowda International Airport (IATA: BLR, ICAO: VOBL), located at Devanahalli, about 40 kilometres (25 miles) from the city centre. It was formerly called Bengaluru International Airport. The airport started operations from 24 May 2008 and is a private airport managed by a consortium led by the GVK Group. The city was earlier served by the HAL Airport at Vimanapura, a residential locality in the eastern part of the city.[145][146][147] The airport is third busiest in India after Delhi and Mumbai in terms of passenger traffic and the number of air traffic movements (ATMs).[148] Taxis and air conditioned Volvo buses operated by BMTC connect the airport with the city.
Rail
A rapid transit system called the Namma Metro is built. A 7 km (4.3 mi) stretch from Bayappanahalli to MG Road was opened to public on 20 October 2011, while another 10 km (6.2 mi) stretch from Malleswaram to Peenya was opened on 1 March 2014.[149][150] Once completed, this will encompass a 42.3 km (26.3 mi) elevated and underground rail network comprising 41 stations. It is expected to connect central locations in Bangalore to the airport near Devanahalli as well as the Chikballapur regions.[151][152] This much delayed project is the city's primary response to the worsening city transport infrastructure which has become a major deterrent to continued business growth.[citation needed]
Bangalore is a divisional headquarters in the South Western Railway zone of the Indian Railways. There are four major railway stations in the city: Krantiveer Sangolli Rayanna Railway Station, Bangalore Cantonment railway station, Yeshwantapur junction and Krishnarajapuram railway station, with railway lines towards Jolarpettai in the east, Chikballapur in the north-east, Guntakal in the north, Tumkur in the northwest, Nelamangala in the west, Mysore in the southwest and Salem in the south.
The Rail Wheel Factory is Asia's second largest manufacturer of wheel and axle for railways and is headquartered in Yelahanka, Bangalore.[153]
Road
Buses operated by Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) are an important and reliable means of public transport available in the city.[155] While commuters can buy tickets on boarding these buses, BMTC also provides an option of a bus pass to frequent users.[155] BMTC runs air-conditioned luxury buses on major routes, and also operates shuttle services from various parts of the city to Kempegowda International Airport .[156] The BMTC also has a mobile app that provides real-time location of a bus using the global positioning system of the user's mobile device.[157] The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation operates 6,918 buses on 6,352 schedules, connecting Bangalore with other parts of Karnataka as well as other neighbouring states. The main bus depots that KSRTC maintains are the Kempegowda Bus Station, locally known as "Majestic bus stand", where most of the out station buses ply from. Some of the KSRTC buses to Tamil Nadu, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh ply from Shantinagar Bus Station, Satellite Bus Station at Mysore road and Baiyappanahalli satellite bus station.[158] BMTC and KSRTC were the first operators in India to introduce Volvo city buses and intracity coaches in India.
Three-wheeled, yellow and black or yellow and green auto-rickshaws, referred to as autos, are a popular form of transport. They are metered and can accommodate up to three passengers. Taxis, commonly called City Taxis, are usually available too, but they are only available on call or by online based services. Taxis are metered and are generally more expensive than auto-rickshaws.[159]
There are currently 1,250 vehicles being registered daily on an average in Bangalore RTOs. The total number of vehicles as on date are 44 lakh vehicles, with a road length of 11,000 kilometres (6,835 miles).[160]
Culture
Bangalore is known as the "Garden City of India" because of its gentle climate, broad streets, greenery and the presence of many public parks, such as Lal Bagh and Cubbon Park.[161] Bangalore is sometimes called as the "Pub Capital of India" and the "Rock/Metal Capital of India" because of its underground music scene and it is one of the premier places to hold international rock concerts.[162] In May 2012, Lonely Planet ranked Bangalore 3rd among the world's top 10 cities to visit.[163]
Bangalore is also home to many vegan-friendly restaurants and vegan activism groups due it which it has been named as India's most vegan-friendly city by PETA India.[164][165]
Biannual flower shows are held at the Lal Bagh Gardens during the week of Republic Day (26 January) and Independence Day (15 August). Bangalore Karaga or "Karaga Shaktyotsava" is one of the most important and oldest festivals of Bangalore dedicated to the Hindu Goddess Draupadi. It is celebrated annually by the Thigala community, over a period of nine days in the month of March or April. The Someshwara Car festival is an annual procession of the idol of the Halasuru Someshwara Temple (Ulsoor) led by the Vokkaligas, a farming community in southern Karnataka, occurring in April. Karnataka Rajyotsava is widely celebrated on 1 November and is a public holiday in the city, to mark the formation of Karnataka state on 1 November 1956. Other popular festivals in Bangalore are Ugadi, Ram Navami, Eid ul-Fitr, Ganesh Chaturthi, St. Mary's feast, Dasara, Deepawali and Christmas.[166][167]
The diversity of cuisine is reflective of the social and economic diversity of Bangalore.[168] Bangalore has a wide and varied mix of restaurant types and cuisines and Bangaloreans deem eating out as an intrinsic part of their culture. Roadside vendors, tea stalls, and South Indian, North Indian, Chinese and Western fast food are all very popular in the city.[169] Udupi restaurants are very popular and serve predominantly vegetarian, regional cuisine.[170]
Art and literature
Bangalore did not have an effective contemporary art representation, as compared to Delhi and Mumbai, until recently during the 1990s, several art galleries sprang up, notable being the government established National Gallery of Modern Art.[171] Bangalore's international art festival, Art Bangalore, was established in 2010, and is South India's only art festival.[172]
Kannada literature appears to have flourished in Bangalore even before Kempe Gowda laid the foundations of the city. During the 18th and 19th centuries, Kannada literature was enriched by the Vachanas (a form of rhythmic writing) composed by the heads of the Veerashaiva Mathas (monastery) in Bangalore. As a cosmopolitan city, Bangalore has also encouraged the growth of Telugu, Urdu, and English literatures. The headquarters of the Kannada Sahitya Parishat, a nonprofit organisation that promotes the Kannada language, is located in Bangalore.[173] The city has its own literary festival, known as the "Bangalore Literature Festival", which was inaugurated in 2012.[174]
Theatre, music, and dance
Bangalore is home to the Kannada film industry, which churns out about 80 Kannada movies each year.[175] Bangalore also has a very active and vibrant theatre culture with popular theatres being Ravindra Kalakshetra[176] and the more recently opened Ranga Shankara[177] The city has a vibrant English and foreign language theatre scene with places like Ranga Shankara and Chowdiah Memorial Hall leading the way in hosting performances leading to the establishment of the Amateur film industry.[177] Kannada theatre is very popular in Bangalore, and consists mostly of political satire and light comedy. Plays are organised mostly by community organisations, but there are some amateur groups which stage plays in Kannada. Drama companies touring India under the auspicies of the British Council and Max Müller Bhavan also stage performances in the city frequently.[178] The Alliance Française de Bangalore also hosts numerous plays through the year.
Bangalore is also a major centre of Indian classical music and dance.[179] The cultural scene is very diverse due to Bangalore's mixed ethnic groups, which is reflected in its music concerts, dance performances and plays. Performances of Carnatic (South Indian) and Hindustani (North Indian) classical music, and dance forms like Bharat Natyam, Kuchipudi, Kathakali, Kathak, and Odissi are very popular.[180] Yakshagana, a theatre art indigenous to coastal Karnataka is often played in town halls.[181] The two main music seasons in Bangalore are in April–May during the Ram Navami festival, and in September–October during the Dusshera festival, when music activities by cultural organisations are at their peak.[180] Though both classical and contemporary music are played in Bangalore, the dominant music genre in urban Bangalore is rock music. Bangalore has its own subgenre of music, "Bangalore Rock", which is an amalgamation of classic rock, hard rock and heavy metal, with a bit of jazz and blues in it.[182] Notable bands from Bangalore include Raghu Dixit Project, Kryptos, Inner Sanctum, Agam, All the fat children, and Swaratma.
Education
Until the early 19th century, education in Bangalore was mainly run by religious leaders and restricted to students of that religion.[183] The western system of education was introduced during the rule of Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar. Subsequently, the British Wesleyan Mission established the first English school in 1842, St. Joseph's Indian Institutions.[184] The Bangalore High School was started by the Mysore Government in 1858 and Bishop Cotton Boys' School was started in 1865. In 1945 when World War II came to an end, King George Royal Indian Military Colleges was started at Bangalore by King George VI; the school is popularly known as Bangalore Military School[185][186]
In post-independent India, schools for young children (16 months–5 years) are called nursery, kindergarten or play school which are broadly based on Montessori or multiple intelligence[187] methodology of education.[188] Primary and secondary education in Bangalore is offered by various schools which are affiliated to one of the boards of education, such as the Secondary School Leaving Certificate (SSLC), Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), International Baccalaureate (IB), International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) and National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS).[189] Schools in Bangalore are either government run or are private (both aided and un-aided by the government).[190][191] Bangalore has a significant number of international schools due to expats and IT crowd.[192] After completing their secondary education, students either attend Pre University (PUC) or continue High School in one of three streams – Arts, Commerce or Science.[193] Alternatively, students may also enroll in Diploma courses. Upon completing the required coursework, students enroll in general or professional degrees in universities through lateral entry.[194][195]
Bangalore University, established in 1886, provides affiliation to over 500 colleges, with a total student enrolment exceeding 300,000. The university has two campuses within Bangalore – Jnanabharathi and Central College.[196] University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering was established in the year 1917, by Bharat Ratna Sir M. Visvesvaraya, At present, the UVCE is the only engineering college under the Bangalore University. Bangalore also has many private Engineering Colleges affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University.
Christ University is a private 'Deemed to be University' in Bangalore founded in 1969 by the Syro-Malabar priests of Carmelites of Mary Immaculate congregation. It is one of India's best private college for arts, commerce and law.
Notable among them particularly for undergraduate degrees are R.V. College of Engineering, PES University, BMS College of Engineering, M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology and Bangalore Institute of Technology.
Indian Institute of Science, which was established in 1909 in Bangalore, National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) and the Raman Research Institute are the premier institutes for scientific research and study in India. Nationally renowned professional institutes such as the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore (UASB), National Institute of Design(NID), National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT), National Law School of India University (NLSIU)
, the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore (IIM-B), the ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology (NIANP), the Indian Statistical Institute and International Institute of Information Technology, Bangalore (IIIT-B) are located in Bangalore. The city is also home to the premier mental health institution in India National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS). Bangalore also has some of the best medical colleges in the country, like St. John's Medical College (SJMC) and Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute (BMCRI).[197][198] The M. P. Birla Institute of Fundamental Research has a branch located in Bangalore.,[199]
Media
The first printing press in Bangalore was established in 1840 in Kannada by the Wesleyan Christian Mission. In 1859, Bangalore Herald became the first English bi-weekly newspaper to be published in Bangalore and in 1860, Mysore Vrittanta Bodhini became the first Kannada newspaper to be circulated in Bangalore.[200][201] Currently, Vijaya Karnataka and The Times of India are the most widely circulated Kannada and English newspapers in Bangalore respectively, closely followed by the Prajavani and Deccan Herald both owned by the Printers (Mysore) Limited – the largest print media house in Karnataka.[202][203] Other circulated newspapers are Vijayvani,Vishwavani,Kannadaprabha,Sanjevani, Bangalore Mirror,Udayavani provide localised news updates. On the web, Explocity provides listings information in Bangalore.[204]
Bangalore got its first radio station when All India Radio, the official broadcaster for the Indian Government, started broadcasting from its Bangalore station on 2 November 1955.[205] The radio transmission was AM, until in 2001, Radio City became the first private channel in India to start transmitting FM radio from Bangalore.[206] In recent years, a number of FM channels have started broadcasting from Bangalore.[207] The city probably has India's oldest Amateur (Ham) Radio Club – Bangalore Amateur Radio Club (VU2ARC), which was established in 1959.[208][209]
Bangalore got its first look at television when Doordarshan established a relay centre here and started relaying programs from 1 November 1981. A production centre was established in the Doordarshan's Bangalore office in 1983, thereby allowing the introduction of a news program in Kannada on 19 November 1983.[210] Doordarshan also launched a Kannada satellite channel on 15 August 1991 which is now named DD Chandana.[210] The advent of private satellite channels in Bangalore started in September 1991 when Star TV started to broadcast its channels.[211] Though the number of satellite TV channels available for viewing in Bangalore has grown over the years,[212] the cable operators play a major role in the availability of these channels, which has led to occasional conflicts.[213] Direct To Home (DTH) services are also available in Bangalore now.[214]
The first Internet service provider in Bangalore was STPI, Bangalore which started offering internet services in early 1990s.[215] This Internet service was, however, restricted to corporates until VSNL started offering dial-up internet services to the general public at the end of 1995.[216] Currently, Bangalore has the largest number of broadband Internet connections in India.[217]
Namma Wifi is a free municipal wireless network in Bangalore, the first free Wifi in India. It began operation on 24 January 2014. Service is available at M.G. Road, Brigade Road, and other locations. The service is operated by D-VoiS and is paid for by the State Government.[218] Bangalore was the first city in India to have the 4th Generation Network (4G) for Mobile.[219]
Sports
Bangalore's pleasant climate makes it a suitable place for a variety of outdoor sports.
Cricket is by far the most popular sport. Bangalore has many parks and gardens that provide excellent pitches for impromptu games.[220] A significant number of national cricketers have come from Bangalore, including former captains Rahul Dravid and Anil Kumble. Some of the other notable players from the city who have represented India include Gundappa Vishwanath, Syed Kirmani, E. A. S. Prasanna, B. S. Chandrasekhar, Roger Binny, Javagal Srinath, Venkatesh Prasad, Sunil Joshi, Robin Uthappa and Vinay Kumar. Bangalore's international cricket stadium is the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, which has a seating capacity of 55,000[221] and has hosted matches during the 1987 Cricket World Cup, 1996 Cricket World Cup and the 2011 Cricket World Cup. The Chinnaswamy Stadium is the home of India's National Cricket Academy.[222]
The Indian Premier League franchise Royal Challengers Bangalore and the I League club Bengaluru FC are based in the city. The city hosted some games of the 2014 Unity World Cup.
The city hosts the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Bangalore Open tournament annually. Beginning September 2008, Bangalore has also been hosting the Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open ATP tournament annually.[223]
The city is home to the Bangalore rugby football club (BRFC).[224] Bangalore has a number of elite clubs, like Century Club, The Bangalore Golf Club, the Bowring Institute and the exclusive Bangalore Club, which counts among its previous members Winston Churchill and the Maharaja of Mysore.[225] The Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC is based in Bangalore.
India's Davis Cup team members, Mahesh Bhupathi[226] and Rohan Bopanna[227] reside in Bangalore. Other sports personalities from Bangalore include national swimming champion Nisha Millet, world snooker champion Pankaj Advani and former All England Open badminton champion Prakash Padukone.[228]
The city hast hosted some games of the 2014 Unity World Cup.
City based clubs
Club | Sport | League | Stadium | Span |
---|---|---|---|---|
Royal Challengers Bangalore | Cricket | IPL | M. Chinnaswamy Stadium | 2008 – |
Bangalore Hi-fliers | Field hockey | PHL | Bangalore Hockey Stadium | 2005–2008 |
Karnataka Lions | Field hockey | WSH | Bangalore Hockey Stadium | 2011 – |
Karnataka Bulls | Volleyball | IVL | Kanteerava Indoor Stadium | 2011 – |
HAL Bangalore | Football | I-League | Bangalore Football Stadium | N/A |
Bengaluru FC | Football | I-League | Sree Kanteerava Stadium | 2013 – |
Banga Beats | Badminton | IBL | Kanteerava Indoor Stadium | 2013 – |
Bengaluru Bulls | Kabaddi | PKL | Kanteerava Indoor Stadium | 2014 – |
Karnataka Bulldozers | Cricket | CCL | M. Chinnaswamy Stadium | 2011 – |
Provident Bangalore | Cricket | KPL | M. Chinnaswamy Stadium | 2009 –2011 |
Bangalore Brigadiers | Cricket | KPL | M. Chinnaswamy Stadium | 2009 –2011 |
Location
Sister cities
- Minsk, Belarus (since 1973).[229]
- Cleveland, Ohio, United States (since 1992).[230]
- San Francisco, California, USA (since 2008).[231]
- Chengdu, Sichuan, China (since 2013).[232]
See also
- Bannerghatta National Park
- Institute of Wood Science and Technology
- Lal Bagh
- List of Chola temples in Bangalore
- List of people from Bangalore
- List of tallest buildings in Bangalore
- List of tourist attractions in Bangalore
- List of twin towns and sister cities in India
- Nandi Hills, India
- National Military Memorial
- Outline of India
- UB City
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Further reading
- De, Aditi (2008). Multiple city: writings on Bangalore. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-310025-6.
- Sarma, I.K. (1992). Temples of the Gangas of Karnataka. Archaeological Survey of India. ISBN 0-19-560686-8.
- Srinivas, Smriti (2004). Landscapes of Urban Memory: The Sacred and the Civic in India's High-tech City (revised ed.). Orient Blackswan. ISBN 9788125022541.
- Government of Karnataka (1990). Karnataka State Gazetteer: Bangalore District.
- Raman, A. (1994). Bangalore — Mysore (illustrated ed.). Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-0-86311-431-1.
- C. Hayavadana Rao (1929). The Mysore State Gazetteer.
- Nair, Janaki (2005). The Promise of the Metropolis: Bangalore's Twentieth Century (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-566725-7.
- Pinto, Jerry; Srivastava, Rahul (2008). Talk of the Town. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-333013-4.
- Rangachari, Edgar Thurston, K. (1993). Castes and tribes of southern India. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 9788120602885.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Rice, B. Lewis (2001). Mysore : a gazetteer compiled for government. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 8120609778.
- Stein, Burton (1989). The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-521-26693-2.
- Hasan, Fazlul. Bangalore Through The Centuries. Bangalore: Historical Publications, 1970.
- Plunkett, Richard. South India. Lonely Planet, 2001. ISBN 1-86450-161-8
- Vagale, Uday Kumar. ""Public Space in Bangalore: Present and Future Projections"" (PDF). (773 KB). Digital Libraries and Archives. 2006. Virginia Tech. 27 April 2004.
- Hunter, Cotton, Burn, Meyer. "The Imperial Gazetteer of India", 2006. Oxford, Clarendon Press. 1909.
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 315. .