HMGB2

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High mobility group box 2

PDB rendering based on 1ckt.

Available structures
PDB	1ckt, 1j3c, 1j3d, 1j3x

Identifiers

HMGB2; HMG2

External IDs

OMIM: 163906 MGI: 96157 HomoloGene: 37582 GeneCards: HMGB2 Gene

Gene Ontology
Molecular function	• DNA binding • damaged DNA binding • double-stranded DNA binding • single-stranded DNA binding • sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity • protein binding • DNA bending activity • protein domain specific binding • chemoattractant activity • transcription regulatory region DNA binding • RAGE receptor binding
Cellular component	• condensed chromosome • extracellular space • nucleus • nucleoplasm • nucleolus • cytoplasm • protein complex • perinuclear region of cytoplasm
Biological process	• positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation • DNA topological change • base-excision repair, DNA ligation • DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change • chromatin organization • nucleosome assembly • transcription, DNA-dependent • regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • apoptosis • cellular component disassembly involved in apoptosis • spermatogenesis • spermatid nucleus differentiation • male gonad development • positive regulation of nuclease activity • V(D)J recombination • positive regulation of DNA binding • positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation • positive regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation • negative regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent • positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling • response to steroid hormone stimulus • positive chemotaxis • DNA ligation involved in DNA repair • cell chemotaxis • cellular response to lipopolysaccharide
Sources: Amigo / QuickGO

RNA expression pattern

PBB GE HMGB2 208808 s at tn.png

More reference expression data

Orthologs

Species

Human

Mouse

ENSG00000164104

ENSMUSG00000054717

RefSeq (mRNA)

RefSeq (protein)

Location (UCSC)

Chr 4:
174.25 – 174.26 Mb

Chr 8:
59.99 – 59.99 Mb

PubMed search

High-mobility group protein B2 also known as high-mobility group protein 2 (HMG-2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HMGB2 gene.^[1]^[2]

Contents

1 Function
2 References
3 Further reading
4 External links

[edit] Function

This gene encodes a member of the non-histone chromosomal high-mobility group protein family. The proteins of this family are chromatin-associated and ubiquitously distributed in the nucleus of higher eukaryotic cells. In vitro studies have demonstrated that this protein is able to efficiently bend DNA and form DNA circles. These studies suggest a role in facilitating cooperative interactions between cis-acting proteins by promoting DNA flexibility. This protein was also reported to be involved in the final ligation step in DNA end-joining processes of DNA double-strand breaks repair and V(D)J recombination.^[2]

[edit] References

^ Majumdar A, Brown D, Kerby S, Rudzinski I, Polte T, Randhawa Z, Seidman MM (Jan 1992). "Sequence of human HMG2 cDNA". Nucleic Acids Res 19 (23): 6643. doi:10.1093/nar/19.23.6643. PMC 329240. PMID 1754403. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=329240.
^ ^a ^b "Entrez Gene: HMGB2 high-mobility group box 2". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3148.

[edit] Further reading

Alexandre S, Li WW, Lee AS (1993). "A human HMG2 cDNA with a novel 3'-untranslated region.". Nucleic Acids Res. 20 (23): 6413. doi:10.1093/nar/20.23.6413. PMC 334538. PMID 1475204. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=334538.
Shirakawa H, Yoshida M (1992). "Structure of a gene coding for human HMG2 protein.". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (10): 6641–5. PMID 1551873.
Bernués J, Espel E, Querol E (1986). "Identification of the core-histone-binding domains of HMG1 and HMG2.". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 866 (4): 242–51. PMID 3697355.
Zwilling S, König H, Wirth T (1995). "High mobility group protein 2 functionally interacts with the POU domains of octamer transcription factors.". EMBO J. 14 (6): 1198–208. PMC 398197. PMID 7720710. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=398197.
Shykind BM, Kim J, Sharp PA (1995). "Activation of the TFIID-TFIIA complex with HMG-2.". Genes Dev. 9 (11): 1354–65. doi:10.1101/gad.9.11.1354. PMID 7797075.
Paull TT, Haykinson MJ, Johnson RC (1993). "The nonspecific DNA-binding and -bending proteins HMG1 and HMG2 promote the assembly of complex nucleoprotein structures.". Genes Dev. 7 (8): 1521–34. doi:10.1101/gad.7.8.1521. PMID 8339930.
Wanschura S, Schoenmakers EF, Huysmans C, et al. (1997). "Mapping of the human HMG2 gene to 4q31.". Genomics 31 (2): 264–5. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0046. PMID 8824816.
Nagaki S, Yamamoto M, Yumoto Y, et al. (1998). "Non-histone chromosomal proteins HMG1 and 2 enhance ligation reaction of DNA double-strand breaks.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 246 (1): 137–41. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.8589. PMID 9600082.
Boonyaratanakornkit V, Melvin V, Prendergast P, et al. (1998). "High-mobility group chromatin proteins 1 and 2 functionally interact with steroid hormone receptors to enhance their DNA binding in vitro and transcriptional activity in mammalian cells.". Mol. Cell. Biol. 18 (8): 4471–87. PMC 109033. PMID 9671457. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109033.
Yumoto Y, Shirakawa H, Yoshida M, et al. (1998). "High mobility group proteins 1 and 2 can function as DNA-binding regulatory components for DNA-dependent protein kinase in vitro.". J. Biochem. 124 (3): 519–27. PMID 9722660.
Aidinis V, Bonaldi T, Beltrame M, et al. (2000). "The RAG1 homeodomain recruits HMG1 and HMG2 to facilitate recombination signal sequence binding and to enhance the intrinsic DNA-bending activity of RAG1-RAG2.". Mol. Cell. Biol. 19 (10): 6532–42. PMC 84623. PMID 10490593. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84623.
Butteroni C, De Felici M, Schöler HR, Pesce M (2001). "Phage display screening reveals an association between germline-specific transcription factor Oct-4 and multiple cellular proteins.". J. Mol. Biol. 304 (4): 529–40. doi:10.1006/jmbi.2000.4238. PMID 11099378.
Stros M, Ozaki T, Bacikova A, et al. (2002). "HMGB1 and HMGB2 cell-specifically down-regulate the p53- and p73-dependent sequence-specific transactivation from the human Bax gene promoter.". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (9): 7157–64. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110233200. PMID 11748232.
Fan Z, Beresford PJ, Zhang D, Lieberman J (2002). "HMG2 interacts with the nucleosome assembly protein SET and is a target of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protease granzyme A.". Mol. Cell. Biol. 22 (8): 2810–20. doi:10.1128/MCB.22.8.2810-2820.2002. PMC 133744. PMID 11909973. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=133744.
Dubois T, Howell S, Zemlickova E, Aitken A (2002). "Identification of casein kinase Ialpha interacting protein partners.". FEBS Lett. 517 (1-3): 167–71. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(02)02614-5. PMID 12062430.
Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139241.
Fan Z, Beresford PJ, Zhang D, et al. (2003). "Cleaving the oxidative repair protein Ape1 enhances cell death mediated by granzyme A.". Nat. Immunol. 4 (2): 145–53. doi:10.1038/ni885. PMID 12524539.
Lv X, Xu DD, Liu DP, et al. (2003). "High-mobility group protein 2 may be involved in the locus control region regulation of the beta-globin gene cluster.". Biochem. Cell Biol. 80 (6): 765–70. doi:10.1139/o02-164. PMID 12555809.
Pallier C, Scaffidi P, Chopineau-Proust S, et al. (2004). "Association of chromatin proteins high mobility group box (HMGB) 1 and HMGB2 with mitotic chromosomes.". Mol. Biol. Cell 14 (8): 3414–26. doi:10.1091/mbc.E02-09-0581. PMC 181577. PMID 12925773. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=181577.

[edit] External links

MeSH HMGB2+protein,+human

PDB gallery

1ckt: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HMG1 DOMAIN A BOUND TO A CISPLATIN-MODIFIED DNA DUPLEX

1j3c: Solution structure of the C-terminal domain of the HMGB2

1j3d: Solution structure of the C-terminal domain of the HMGB2

1j3x: Solution structure of the N-terminal domain of the HMGB2

Transcription factors and intracellular receptors

(1) Basic domains

(1.1) Basic leucine zipper (bZIP)	Activating transcription factor (AATF, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) · AP-1 (c-Fos, FOSB, FOSL1, FOSL2, JDP2, c-Jun, JUNB, JUND) · BACH (1, 2) · BATF · BLZF1 · C/EBP (α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ) · CREB (1, 3, L1) · CREM · DBP · DDIT3 · GABPA · HLF · MAF (B, F, G, K) · NFE (2, L1, L2, L3) · NFIL3 · NRL · NRF (1, 2, 3) · XBP1

(1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)	ATOH1 · AhR · AHRR · ARNT · ASCL1 · BHLHB2 · BMAL (ARNTL, ARNTL2) · CLOCK · EPAS1 · FIGLA · HAND (1, 2) · HES (5, 6) · HEY (1, 2, L) · HES1 · HIF (1A, 3A) · ID (1, 2, 3, 4) · LYL1 · MESP2 · MXD4 · MYCL1 · MYCN · Myogenic regulatory factors (MyoD, Myogenin, MYF5, MYF6) · Neurogenins (1, 2, 3) · NeuroD (1, 2) · NPAS (1, 2, 3) · OLIG (1, 2) · Pho4 · Scleraxis · SIM (1, 2) · TAL (1, 2) · Twist · USF1

(1.3) bHLH-ZIP	AP-4 · MAX · MITF · MNT · MLX · MXI1 · Myc · SREBP (1, 2)

(1.4) NF-1	NFI (A, B, C, X) · SMAD (R-SMAD (1, 2, 3, 5, 9) - I-SMAD (6, 7) - 4)

(1.5) RF-X	RFX (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ANK)

(1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH)	AP-2 (α, β, γ, δ, ε)

(2) Zinc finger DNA-binding domains

(2.1) Nuclear receptor (Cys₄)	subfamily 1 (Thyroid hormone (α, β), CAR, FXR, LXR (α, β), PPAR (α, β/δ, γ), PXR, RAR (α, β, γ), ROR (α, β, γ), Rev-ErbA (α, β), VDR) subfamily 2 (COUP-TF (I, II), Ear-2, HNF4 (α, γ), PNR, RXR (α, β, γ), Testicular receptor (2, 4), TLX) subfamily 3 (Steroid hormone (Androgen, Estrogen (α, β), Glucocorticoid, Mineralocorticoid, Progesterone), Estrogen related (α, β, γ)) subfamily 4 NUR (NGFIB, NOR1, NURR1) · subfamily 5 (LRH-1, SF1) · subfamily 6 (GCNF) · subfamily 0 (DAX1, SHP)

(2.2) Other Cys₄	GATA (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) · MTA (1, 2, 3) · TRPS1

(2.3) Cys₂His₂	General transcription factors (TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE (1, 2), TFIIF (1, 2), TFIIH (1, 2, 4, 2I, 3A, 3C1, 3C2)) ATBF1 · BCL (6, 11A, 11B) · CTCF · E4F1 · EGR (1, 2, 3, 4) · ERV3 · GFI1 · GLI-Krüppel family (1, 2, 3, REST, S2, YY1) · HIC (1, 2) · HIVEP (1, 2, 3) · IKZF (1, 2, 3) · ILF (2, 3) · KLF (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17) · MTF1 · MYT1 · OSR1 · PRDM9 · SALL (1, 2, 3, 4) · SP (1, 2, 4, 7, 8) · TSHZ3 · WT1 · Zbtb7 (7A, 7B) · ZBTB (11, 16, 17, 20, 32, 33, 40) · zinc finger (3, 7, 9, 10, 19, 22, 24, 33B, 34, 35, 41, 43, 44, 51, 74, 143, 146, 148, 165, 202, 217, 219, 238, 239, 259, 267, 268, 281, 295, 300, 318, 330, 346, 350, 365, 366, 384, 423, 451, 452, 471, 593, 638, 644, 649, 655)

(2.4) Cys₆	HIVEP1

(2.5) Alternating composition	AIRE · DIDO1 · GRLF1 · ING (1, 2, 4) · JARID (1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 2) · JMJD1B

(3) Helix-turn-helix domains

(3.1) Homeodomain	ARX · CDX (1, 2) · CRX · CUTL1 · DBX (1, 2) · DLX (3, 4, 5) · EMX (1, 2) · EN (1, 2) · FHL (1, 2, 3) · HESX1 · HHEX · HLX · Homeobox (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A7, A9, A10, A11, A13, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B13, C4, C5, C6, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, D1, D3, D4, D8, D9, D10, D11, D12, D13) · HOPX · IRX (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, MKX) · LMX (1A, 1B) · MEIS (1, 2) · MEOX2 · MNX1 · MSX (1, 2) · NANOG · NKX (2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-5, 3-1, 3-2, 6-1, 6-2) · NOBOX · PBX (1, 2, 3) · PHF (1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 16, 17, 20, 21A) · PHOX (2A, 2B) · PITX (1, 2, 3) · POU domain (PIT-1, BRN-3: A, B, C, Octamer transcription factor: 1, 2, 3/4, 6, 7, 11) · OTX (1, 2) · PDX1 · SATB2 · SHOX2 · VAX1 · ZEB (1, 2)

(3.2) Paired box	PAX (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)

(3.3) Fork head / winged helix	E2F (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) · FOX proteins (A1, A2, A3, C1, C2, D3, D4, E1, E3, F1, G1, H1, I1, J1, J2, K1, K2, L2, M1, N1, N3, O1, O3, O4, P1, P2, P3, P4)

(3.4) Heat Shock Factors	HSF (1, 2, 4)

(3.5) Tryptophan clusters	ELF (2, 4, 5) · EGF · ELK (1, 3, 4) · ERF · ETS (1, 2, ERG, SPIB) · ETV (1, 4, 5, 6) · FLI1 · Interferon regulatory factors (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) · MYB · MYBL2

(3.6) TEA domain	transcriptional enhancer factor (1, 2, 3, 4)

(4) β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts

(4.1) Rel homology region	NF-κB (NFKB1, NFKB2, REL, RELA, RELB) · NFAT (C1, C2, C3, C4, 5)

(4.2) STAT	STAT (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

(4.3) p53	p53 · TBX (1, 2, 3, 5, 19, 21, 22, Brachyury, TBR1, TBR2) · TP63

(4.4) MADS box	Mef2 (A, B, C, D) · SRF

(4.6) TATA binding proteins	TBP · TBPL1

(4.7) High-mobility group	BBX · HMGB (1, 2, 3, 4) · HMGN (1, 2, 3, 4) · HNF (1A, 1B) · LEF1 · SOX (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 21) · SRY · SSRP1 · TCF (3, 4) · TOX (1, 2, 3, 4)

(4.10) Cold-shock domain	CSDA, YBX1

(4.11) Runt	CBF (CBFA2T2, CBFA2T3, RUNX1, RUNX2, RUNX3, RUNX1T1)

(0) Other transcription factors

(0.2) HMGI(Y)	HMGA (1, 2) · HBP1

(0.3) Pocket domain	Rb · RBL1 · RBL2

(0.5) AP-2/EREBP-related factors	Apetala 2 · EREBP · B3

(0.6) Miscellaneous	ARID (1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B, 4A) · CAP · IFI (16, 35) · MLL (2, 3, T1) · MNDA · NFY (A, B, C) · Rho/Sigma

see also transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies
B bsyn: dna (repl, cycl, reco, repr) · tscr (fact, tcrg, nucl, rnat, rept, ptts) · tltn (risu, pttl, nexn) · dnab, rnab/runp · stru (domn, 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°)

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