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== Function ==
== Function ==
Like the [[histone]]s, HMGB1 is among the most important chromatin proteins. In the [[Cell nucleus|nucleus]] HMGB1 interacts with [[nucleosome]]s, transcription factors, and [[histone]]s.<ref name="pmid16102963">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bianchi ME, Agresti A | title = HMG proteins: dynamic players in gene regulation and differentiation | journal = Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. | volume = 15 | issue = 5 | pages = 496–506 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16102963 | doi = 10.1016/j.gde.2005.08.007 }}</ref> This nuclear protein organizes the DNA and regulates transcription.<ref name="pmid18431461"/> After binding, HMGB1 bends <ref> Murugesapillai D ''et al'', [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12551-016-0236-4 Single-molecule studies of high-mobility group B architectural DNA bending proteins], Biophys Rev (2016)</ref> [[DNA]], which facilitates the binding of other proteins. HMGB1 supports transcription of many genes in interactions with many transcription factors. It also interacts with nucleosomes to loosen packed DNA and remodel the chromatin. Contact with core histones changes the structure of nucleosomes.
Like the [[histone]]s, HMGB1 is among the most important chromatin proteins. In the [[Cell nucleus|nucleus]] HMGB1 interacts with [[nucleosome]]s, transcription factors, and [[histone]]s.<ref name="pmid16102963">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bianchi ME, Agresti A | title = HMG proteins: dynamic players in gene regulation and differentiation | journal = Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. | volume = 15 | issue = 5 | pages = 496–506 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16102963 | doi = 10.1016/j.gde.2005.08.007 }}</ref> This nuclear protein organizes the DNA and regulates transcription.<ref name="pmid18431461"/> After binding, HMGB1 bends.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Murugesapillai D, McCauley MJ, Maher LJ, Williams MC | title = Single-molecule studies of high-mobility group B architectural DNA bending proteins | journal = Biophysical Reviews | date = 15 November 2016 | doi = 10.1007/s12551-016-0236-4 }}</ref> [[DNA]], which facilitates the binding of other proteins. HMGB1 supports transcription of many genes in interactions with many transcription factors. It also interacts with nucleosomes to loosen packed DNA and remodel the chromatin. Contact with core histones changes the structure of nucleosomes.


The presence of HMGB1 in the nucleus depends on posttranslational modifications. When the protein is not acetylated, it stays in the nucleus, but hyperacetylation on lysine residues causes it to translocate into the cytosol.<ref name="pmid18431461"/>
The presence of HMGB1 in the nucleus depends on posttranslational modifications. When the protein is not acetylated, it stays in the nucleus, but hyperacetylation on lysine residues causes it to translocate into the cytosol.<ref name="pmid18431461"/>


HMGB1 has been shown to play an important role in helping the RAG endonuclease form a paired complex during V(D)J recombination.<ref>Ciubotaru, M. "RAG and HMGB1 create a large bend in the 23RSS in the V(D)J recombination synaptic complexes." Nucl. Acids Res. (2013) 41 (4): 2437-2454. doi: 10.1093/nar/gks1294</ref>
HMGB1 has been shown to play an important role in helping the RAG endonuclease form a paired complex during V(D)J recombination.<ref name="pmid23293004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ciubotaru M, Trexler AJ, Spiridon LN, Surleac MD, Rhoades E, Petrescu AJ, Schatz DG | title = RAG and HMGB1 create a large bend in the 23RSS in the V(D)J recombination synaptic complexes | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages = 2437–54 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23293004 | pmc = 3575807 | doi = 10.1093/nar/gks1294 }}</ref>


== Role in inflammation ==
== Role in inflammation ==
Line 35: Line 35:


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|35em}}
{{Reflist|33em}}


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|35em}}
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Thomas JO, Travers AA | title = HMG1 and 2, and related 'architectural' DNA-binding proteins. | journal = Trends Biochem. Sci. | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 167–74 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11246022 | doi = 10.1016/S0968-0004(01)01801-1 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Thomas JO, Travers AA | title = HMG1 and 2, and related 'architectural' DNA-binding proteins. | journal = Trends Biochem. Sci. | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 167–74 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11246022 | doi = 10.1016/S0968-0004(01)01801-1 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Andersson U, Erlandsson-Harris H, Yang H, Tracey KJ | title = HMGB1 as a DNA-binding cytokine. | journal = J. Leukoc. Biol. | volume = 72 | issue = 6 | pages = 1084–91 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12488489 | doi = }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Andersson U, Erlandsson-Harris H, Yang H, Tracey KJ | title = HMGB1 as a DNA-binding cytokine. | journal = J. Leukoc. Biol. | volume = 72 | issue = 6 | pages = 1084–91 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12488489 | doi = }}

Revision as of 02:58, 14 December 2016

HMGB1
Available structures
PDBHuman UniProt search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesHMGB1, HMG1, HMG3, SBP-1, HMG-1, high mobility group box 1, HMGB-1
External IDsOMIM: 163905; HomoloGene: 110676; GeneCards: HMGB1; OMA:HMGB1 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

3146

n/a

Ensembl

ENSG00000189403

n/a

UniProt

P09429

n/a

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001313892
NM_001313893
NM_002128

n/a

RefSeq (protein)

n/a

Location (UCSC)Chr 13: 30.46 – 30.62 Mbn/a
PubMed search[2]n/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

High mobility group box 1 protein, also known as high-mobility group protein 1 (HMG-1) and amphoterin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HMGB1 gene.[3][4]

HMG-1 belongs to high mobility group and contains HMG-box domain.

Function

Like the histones, HMGB1 is among the most important chromatin proteins. In the nucleus HMGB1 interacts with nucleosomes, transcription factors, and histones.[5] This nuclear protein organizes the DNA and regulates transcription.[6] After binding, HMGB1 bends.[7] DNA, which facilitates the binding of other proteins. HMGB1 supports transcription of many genes in interactions with many transcription factors. It also interacts with nucleosomes to loosen packed DNA and remodel the chromatin. Contact with core histones changes the structure of nucleosomes.

The presence of HMGB1 in the nucleus depends on posttranslational modifications. When the protein is not acetylated, it stays in the nucleus, but hyperacetylation on lysine residues causes it to translocate into the cytosol.[6]

HMGB1 has been shown to play an important role in helping the RAG endonuclease form a paired complex during V(D)J recombination.[8]

Role in inflammation

HMGB1 is secreted by immune cells (like macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cells) through leaderless secretory pathway.[6] Activated macrophages and monocytes secrete HMGB1 as a cytokine mediator of Inflammation.[9] Antibodies that neutralize HMGB1 confer protection against damage and tissue injury during arthritis, colitis, ischemia, sepsis, endotoxemia, and systemic lupus erythematosus.[citation needed] The mechanism of inflammation and damage is binding to TLR4, which mediates HMGB1-dependent activation of macrophage cytokine release. This positions HMGB1 at the intersection of sterile and infectious inflammatory responses.[10][11]

HMGB1 has been proposed as a DNA vaccine adjuvant.[12]

Interactions

HMGB1 has to interact with P53.[13][14]

HMGB1 is an intracellular protein that can translocate to the nucleus where it binds DNA and regulates gene expression. It can also be released from cells, in which extracellular form it can bind the inflammatory receptor RAGE (Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products）. Release from cells seems to involve two distinct processes: necrosis, in which case cell membranes are permeabilized and intracellular constituents may diffuse out of the cell; and some form of active or facilitated secretion induced by signaling through the NFkappaB.

HMGB1 can interact with TLR ligands and cytokines, and activates cells through the multiple surface receptors including TLR2, TLR4, and RAGE.[15]

Interaction via TLR4

Among the receptors of amphoterin includes toll-like receptors. Interaction of HMGB1 and TLR4 results in upregulation of NF-kappa B , which leads to increased production and a release of cytokines in macrophages and in neutrophils for example stimulates release ROS via TLR-dependent activation of NADPH oxidase.[6][16] HMGB1-LPS complex activates TLR4, and leads to binding adapter proteins (MyD88 and others), which leads to signal transduction and activate signaling cascades. In the last line leads to activation of MAPK cascades and NF-kappa B and thus to the production of cytokines and other inflammatory molecules.[17][18]

Clinical significance

HMGB1 has been proposed as a target for cancer therapy.[19]

References

  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000189403 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  3. ^ Ferrari S, Finelli P, Rocchi M, Bianchi ME (July 1996). "The active gene that encodes human high mobility group 1 protein (HMG1) contains introns and maps to chromosome 13". Genomics. 35 (2): 367–71. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0369. PMID 8661151.
  4. ^ Chou DK, Evans JE, Jungalwala FB (April 2001). "Identity of nuclear high-mobility-group protein, HMG-1, and sulfoglucuronyl carbohydrate-binding protein, SBP-1, in brain". J. Neurochem. 77 (1): 120–31. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.t01-1-00209.x. PMID 11279268.
  5. ^ Bianchi ME, Agresti A (October 2005). "HMG proteins: dynamic players in gene regulation and differentiation". Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 15 (5): 496–506. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2005.08.007. PMID 16102963.
  6. ^ a b c d Klune JR, Dhupar R, Cardinal J, Billiar TR, Tsung A (2008). "HMGB1: endogenous danger signaling". Mol. Med. 14 (7–8): 476–84. doi:10.2119/2008-00034.Klune. PMC 2323334. PMID 18431461.
  7. ^ Murugesapillai D, McCauley MJ, Maher LJ, Williams MC (15 November 2016). "Single-molecule studies of high-mobility group B architectural DNA bending proteins". Biophysical Reviews. doi:10.1007/s12551-016-0236-4.
  8. ^ Ciubotaru M, Trexler AJ, Spiridon LN, Surleac MD, Rhoades E, Petrescu AJ, Schatz DG (2013). "RAG and HMGB1 create a large bend in the 23RSS in the V(D)J recombination synaptic complexes". Nucleic Acids Research. 41 (4): 2437–54. doi:10.1093/nar/gks1294. PMC 3575807. PMID 23293004.
  9. ^ Wang H, Bloom O, Zhang M, Vishnubhakat JM, Ombrellino M, Che J, Frazier A, Yang H, Ivanova S, Borovikova L, Manogue KR, Faist E, Abraham E, Andersson J, Andersson U, Molina PE, Abumrad NN, Sama A, Tracey KJ (July 1999). "HMG-1 as a late mediator of endotoxin lethality in mice". Science. 285 (5425): 248–51. doi:10.1126/science.285.5425.248. PMID 10398600.
  10. ^ Yang H, Hreggvidsdottir HS, Palmblad K, Wang H, Ochani M, Li J, Lu B, Chavan S, Rosas-Ballina M, Al-Abed Y, Akira S, Bierhaus A, Erlandsson-Harris H, Andersson U, Tracey KJ (June 2010). "A critical cysteine is required for HMGB1 binding to Toll-like receptor 4 and activation of macrophage cytokine release". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107 (26): 11942–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.1003893107. PMC 2900689. PMID 20547845.
  11. ^ Yang H, Tracey KJ (2010). "Targeting HMGB1 in inflammation". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1799 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2009.11.019. PMID 19948257.
  12. ^ Fagone P, Shedlock DJ, Bao H, Kawalekar OU, Yan J, Gupta D, Morrow MP, Patel A, Kobinger GP, Muthumani K, Weiner DB (November 2011). "Molecular adjuvant HMGB1 enhances anti-influenza immunity during DNA vaccination". Gene Ther. 18 (11): 1070–7. doi:10.1038/gt.2011.59. PMID 21544096.
  13. ^ Imamura T, Izumi H, Nagatani G, Ise T, Nomoto M, Iwamoto Y, Kohno K (March 2001). "Interaction with p53 enhances binding of cisplatin-modified DNA by high mobility group 1 protein". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (10): 7534–40. doi:10.1074/jbc.M008143200. PMID 11106654.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  14. ^ Dintilhac A, Bernués J (March 2002). "HMGB1 interacts with many apparently unrelated proteins by recognizing short amino acid sequences". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (9): 7021–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M108417200. PMID 11748221.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  15. ^ Sims GP, Rowe DC, Rietdijk ST, Herbst R, Coyle AJ (2010). "HMGB1 and RAGE in inflammation and cancer". Annu. Rev. Immunol. 28: 367–88. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132603. PMID 20192808.
  16. ^ Park JS, Gamboni-Robertson F, He Q, Svetkauskaite D, Kim JY, Strassheim D, Sohn JW, Yamada S, Maruyama I, Banerjee A, Ishizaka A, Abraham E (2006). "High mobility group box 1 protein interacts with multiple Toll-like receptors". Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 290 (3): C917-24. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00401.2005. PMID 16267105.
  17. ^ Bianchi ME (2009). "HMGB1 loves company". J Leukoc Biol. 86 (3): 573–6. doi:10.1189/jlb.1008585. PMID 19414536.
  18. ^ Hreggvidsdóttir HS, Lundberg AM, Aveberger AC, Klevenvall L, Andersson U, Harris HE (2012). "High mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1)-partner molecule complexes enhance cytokine production by signaling through the partner molecule receptor". Mol. Med. 18: 224–30. doi:10.2119/molmed.2011.00327. PMC 3320135. PMID 22076468.
  19. ^ Lotze MT, DeMarco RA (December 2003). "Dealing with death: HMGB1 as a novel target for cancer therapy". Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 4 (12): 1405–9. PMID 14763124.

Further reading

External links

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