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5-HT6 receptor

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The 5-HT6 receptor is a subtype of 5-HT receptor that binds the endogenous neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT).[1] It is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is coupled to Gs and mediates excitatory neurotransmission.[1] HTR6 denotes the human gene encoding for the receptor.[2]

Distribution

The 5-HT6 receptor is expressed almost exclusively in the brain.[3] It is distributed in various areas including, but not limited to, the olfactory tubercle, cerebral cortex (frontal and entorhinal regions), nucleus accumbens, striatum, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, and the molecular layer of the cerebellum.[1][4][5] Based on its abundance in extrapyramidal, limbic, and cortical regions it can be suggested that the 5-HT6 receptor plays a role in functions like motor control, emotionality, cognition, and memory.[3][5][6]

Function

Blockade of central 5-HT6 receptors has been shown to increase glutamatergic and cholinergic neurotransmission in various brain areas,[7][8][9][10] whereas activation enhances GABAergic signaling in a widespread manner.[11] Antagonism of 5-HT6 receptors also facilitates dopamine and norepinephrine release in the frontal cortex,[10][12] while stimulation has the opposite effect.[11]

Despite the 5-HT6 receptor having a functionally excitatory action, it is largely co-localized with GABAergic neurons and therefore produces an overall inhibition of brain activity.[11] In parallel with this, 5-HT6 antagonists improve cognition, learning, and memory,[13] and agents such as latrepirdine, idalopirdine (Lu AE58054), and intepirdine (SB-742,457) are being developed as novel treatments for Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia.[10][14][15] 5-HT6 antagonists have also been shown to reduce appetite and produce weight loss, and as a result, PRX-07034, BVT-5,182, and BVT-74,316 are being investigated for the treatment of obesity.[16][17]

Recently, the 5-HT6 agonists WAY-181,187 and WAY-208,466 have been demonstrated to be active in rodent models of depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and such agents may be useful treatments for these conditions.[11][18] Additionally, indirect 5-HT6 activation may play a role in the therapeutic benefits of serotonergic antidepressants like the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs).[citation needed]

Ligands

A large number of selective 5-HT6 ligands have now been developed and this is a productive current area of research.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25]

Full agonists

Partial Agonists

  • E-6801[30]
  • E-6837 - partial agonist at rat 5-HT6 receptors. Orally active in rats, and caused weight loss with chronic administration[31]
  • LSD - Emax = 60%[32]

Antagonists

Genetics

Polymorphisms in the HTR6 gene are associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. For example an association between the C267T (rs1805054) polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease has been shown.[37] Others have studied the polymorphism in relation to Parkinson's disease.[38]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Kohen R, Metcalf MA, Khan N, Druck T, Huebner K, Lachowicz JE, Meltzer HY, Sibley DR, Roth BL, Hamblin MW (January 1996). "Cloning, characterization, and chromosomal localization of a human 5-HT6 serotonin receptor". Journal of Neurochemistry. 66 (1): 47–56. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.66010047.x. PMID 8522988.
  2. ^ "Entrez Gene: HTR6 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 6".
  3. ^ a b Woolley ML, Marsden CA, Fone KC (February 2004). "5-HT6 receptors". Current Drug Targets. CNS and Neurological Disorders. 3 (1): 59–79. doi:10.2174/1568007043482561. PMID 14965245.
  4. ^ Ruat M, Traiffort E, Arrang JM, Tardivel-Lacombe J, Diaz J, Leurs R, Schwartz JC (May 1993). "A novel rat serotonin (5-HT6) receptor: molecular cloning, localization and stimulation of cAMP accumulation". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 193 (1): 268–76. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1993.1619. PMID 8389146.
  5. ^ a b Gérard C, Martres MP, Lefèvre K, Miquel MC, Vergé D, Lanfumey L, Doucet E, Hamon M, el Mestikawy S (January 1997). "Immuno-localization of serotonin 5-HT6 receptor-like material in the rat central nervous system". Brain Research. 746 (1–2): 207–19. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(96)01224-3. PMID 9037500.
  6. ^ Hamon M, Doucet E, Lefèvre K, Miquel MC, Lanfumey L, Insausti R, Frechilla D, Del Rio J, Vergé D (August 1999). "Antibodies and antisense oligonucleotide for probing the distribution and putative functions of central 5-HT6 receptors". Neuropsychopharmacology. 21 (2 Suppl): 68S–76S. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(99)00044-5. PMID 10432491.
  7. ^ Dawson LA, Nguyen HQ, Li P (May 2000). "In vivo effects of the 5-HT(6) antagonist SB-271046 on striatal and frontal cortex extracellular concentrations of noradrenaline, dopamine, 5-HT, glutamate and aspartate". British Journal of Pharmacology. 130 (1): 23–6. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703288. PMC 1572041. PMID 10780993.
  8. ^ Dawson LA, Nguyen HQ, Li P (November 2001). "The 5-HT(6) receptor antagonist SB-271046 selectively enhances excitatory neurotransmission in the rat frontal cortex and hippocampus". Neuropsychopharmacology. 25 (5): 662–8. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00265-2. PMID 11682249.
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  19. ^ Trani G, Baddeley SM, Briggs MA, Chuang TT, Deeks NJ, Johnson CN, Khazragi AA, Mead TL, Medhurst AD, Milner PH, Quinn LP, Ray AM, Rivers DA, Stean TO, Stemp G, Trail BK, Witty DR (October 2008). "Tricyclic azepine derivatives as selective brain penetrant 5-HT6 receptor antagonists". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 18 (20): 5698–700. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.08.010. PMID 18793848.
  20. ^ Liu KG, Lo JR, Comery TA, Zhang GM, Zhang JY, Kowal DM, Smith DL, Di L, Kerns EH, Schechter LE, Robichaud AJ (February 2009). "Identification of a series of benzoxazoles as potent 5-HT6 ligands". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 19 (4): 1115–7. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.12.107. PMID 19152787.
  21. ^ Lee M, Rangisetty JB, Pullagurla MR, Dukat M, Setola V, Roth BL, Glennon RA (March 2005). "1-(1-Naphthyl)piperazine as a novel template for 5-HT6 serotonin receptor ligands". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 15 (6): 1707–11. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.01.031. PMID 15745826.
  22. ^ Sikazwe D, Bondarev ML, Dukat M, Rangisetty JB, Roth BL, Glennon RA (August 2006). "Binding of sulfonyl-containing arylalkylamines at human 5-HT6 serotonin receptors". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 49 (17): 5217–25. doi:10.1021/jm060469q. PMID 16913710.
  23. ^ Zhou P, Yan Y, Bernotas R, Harrison BL, Huryn D, Robichaud AJ, Zhang GM, Smith DL, Schechter LE (March 2005). "4-(2-Aminoethoxy)-N-(phenylsulfonyl)indoles as novel 5-HT6 receptor ligands". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 15 (5): 1393–6. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.01.005. PMID 15713394.
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  28. ^ Cole DC, Stock JR, Lennox WJ, Bernotas RC, Ellingboe JW, Boikess S, Coupet J, Smith DL, Leung L, Zhang GM, Feng X, Kelly MF, Galante R, Huang P, Dawson LA, Marquis K, Rosenzweig-Lipson S, Beyer CE, Schechter LE (November 2007). "Discovery of N1-(6-chloroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole-5-sulfonyl)tryptamine as a potent, selective, and orally active 5-HT(6) receptor agonist". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 50 (23): 5535–8. doi:10.1021/jm070521y. PMID 17948978.
  29. ^ Alcalde E, Mesquida N, López-Pérez S, Frigola J, Mercè R (February 2009). "Indene-based scaffolds. 2. An indole-indene switch: discovery of novel indenylsulfonamides as 5-HT6 serotonin receptor agonists". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 52 (3): 675–87. doi:10.1021/jm8009469. PMID 19159187.
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  37. ^ Kan R, Wang B, Zhang C, Yang Z, Ji S, Lu Z, Zheng C, Jin F, Wang L (November 2004). "Association of the HTR6 polymorphism C267T with late-onset Alzheimer's disease in Chinese". Neuroscience Letters. 372 (1–2): 27–9. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2004.09.007. PMID 15531082.
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Further reading

  • Hoyer D, Hannon JP, Martin GR (April 2002). "Molecular, pharmacological and functional diversity of 5-HT receptors". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 71 (4): 533–54. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00746-8. PMID 11888546.
  • Raymond JR, Mukhin YV, Gelasco A, Turner J, Collinsworth G, Gettys TW, Grewal JS, Garnovskaya MN (2002). "Multiplicity of mechanisms of serotonin receptor signal transduction". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 92 (2–3): 179–212. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(01)00169-3. PMID 11916537.
  • Van Oekelen D, Luyten WH, Leysen JE (April 2003). "5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors and their atypical regulation properties". Life Sciences. 72 (22): 2429–49. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(03)00141-3. PMID 12650852.
  • Dubertret C, Hanoun N, Adès J, Hamon M, Gorwood P (April 2004). "Family-based association study of the serotonin-6 receptor gene (C267T polymorphism) in schizophrenia". American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics. 126B (1): 10–5. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.20120. PMID 15048641.
  • Ullmer C, Schmuck K, Kalkman HO, Lübbert H (August 1995). "Expression of serotonin receptor mRNAs in blood vessels". FEBS Letters. 370 (3): 215–21. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(95)00828-W. PMID 7656980.
  • Kohen R, Metcalf MA, Khan N, Druck T, Huebner K, Lachowicz JE, Meltzer HY, Sibley DR, Roth BL, Hamblin MW (January 1996). "Cloning, characterization, and chromosomal localization of a human 5-HT6 serotonin receptor". Journal of Neurochemistry. 66 (1): 47–56. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.66010047.x. PMID 8522988.
  • Orlacchio A, Kawarai T, Paciotti E, Stefani A, Orlacchio A, Sorbi S, St George-Hyslop PH, Bernardi G (May 2002). "Association study of the 5-hydroxytryptamine(6) receptor gene in Alzheimer's disease". Neuroscience Letters. 325 (1): 13–6. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00221-5. PMID 12023056.
  • Ham BJ, Kim YH, Choi MJ, Cha JH, Choi YK, Lee MS (January 2004). "Serotonergic genes and personality traits in the Korean population". Neuroscience Letters. 354 (1): 2–5. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(03)00753-5. PMID 14698468.
  • Bernotas R, Lenicek S, Antane S, Zhang GM, Smith D, Coupet J, Harrison B, Schechter LE (November 2004). "1-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-(arylsulfonyl)-1H-indoles as novel 5-HT6 receptor ligands". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 14 (22): 5499–502. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.09.003. PMID 15482912.
  • Kang H, Lee WK, Choi YH, Vukoti KM, Bang WG, Yu YG (April 2005). "Molecular analysis of the interaction between the intracellular loops of the human serotonin receptor type 6 (5-HT6) and the alpha subunit of GS protein". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 329 (2): 684–92. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.02.040. PMID 15737640.
  • Tao WA, Wollscheid B, O'Brien R, Eng JK, Li XJ, Bodenmiller B, Watts JD, Hood L, Aebersold R (August 2005). "Quantitative phosphoproteome analysis using a dendrimer conjugation chemistry and tandem mass spectrometry". Nature Methods. 2 (8): 591–8. doi:10.1038/nmeth776. PMID 16094384.
  • Lorke DE, Lu G, Cho E, Yew DT (2006). "Serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT6 receptors in the prefrontal cortex of Alzheimer and normal aging patients". BMC Neuroscience. 7: 36. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-7-36. PMC 1523198. PMID 16640790.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  • Yun HM, Kim S, Kim HJ, Kostenis E, Kim JI, Seong JY, Baik JH, Rhim H (February 2007). "The novel cellular mechanism of human 5-HT6 receptor through an interaction with Fyn". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (8): 5496–505. doi:10.1074/jbc.M606215200. PMID 17189269.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

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