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Hyderabad
Metropolitan city
A well-lit structure with four minarets, and dark night-sky in the background
Charminar, the iconic monument of Hyderabad
Nickname: 
City of Pearls
CountryIndia
StateAndhra Pradesh
RegionDeccan
DistrictsHyderabad, Rangareddy and Medak
Founded1591 AD
Government
 • TypeMayor–Council
 • BodyGHMC, HMDA
 • MayorMohammad Majid Hussain
 • Police commissionerAnurag Sharma
Area
 • Metropolitan city650 km2 (250 sq mi)
Elevation
536 m (1,759 ft)
Population
 (2011)
 • Metropolitan city6,809,970
 • Rank4th
 • Density18,480/km2 (47,900/sq mi)
 • Metro
7,749,334
 • Metro rank
6th
DemonymHyderabadi
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
ZIP code(s)
500 xxx, 501 xxx, 502 xxx, 508 xxx, 509 xxx
Area code(s)+91–40, 8413, 8414, 8415, 8417, 8418, 8453, 8455
Vehicle registrationAP 09, 10, 11, 12, 13, 22, 23, 24, 28 & 29
Official languageTelugu and Urdu
Websitewww.ghmc.gov.in

Hyderabad (/ˈhaɪdərəbæd/ ⓘ) is the capital of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located on the banks of the Musi River in the Deccan Plateau in southern India. The city's area is 650 square kilometres (250 sq mi) and hosts a population of 6.8 million, while the metropolitan area contains 7.75 million residents, making it India's fourth most populous city and the sixth most populous urban agglomeration. The city was expanded in 2007 to form the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation.

Hyderabad was established in 1591 CE by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah and remained under the rule of the Qutb Shahi dynasty until 1687 when Mughal emperor Aurangzeb conquered the sultanate, and the city became part of the Deccan province of the Mughal empire. In 1724 Asif Jah I, a Mughal viceroy, declared his sovereignty and formed the Asif Jahi dynasty—also known as the Nizams of Hyderabad. The Nizams ruled the princely state of Hyderabad for more than two centuries, under subsidiary alliance with the British Raj. The city remained the princely state's capital from 1769 to 1948—when the Nizam signed an Instrument of Accession with the Indian Union following the Operation Polo. The city became capital of Andhra Pradesh following the 1956 State Reorganisation Act. Since 1969, Hyderabad has been a major center of the Telangana movement, which demands a separate state for the Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh.

Situated at the crossroads of North and South India, Hyderabad is noted for its unique culture. As the former capital of the largest and richest princely state and with patronage from Nizams, Hyderabad established local traditions in art, literature, architecture and cuisine. The city is a tourist destination and has many places of interest(List of tourist attractions in Hyderabad), including the Chowmahalla Palace, Charminar and Golconda fort. Hyderabad is home to several museums, bazaars, galleries, libraries, sporting and other cultural institutions. The Telugu film industry is based in the city. From the 1990s Hyderabad emerged as a hub for the information technology, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology industries, alongside traditional and service industries. Hyderabad is a major centre for higher education and research and has 13 universities and business schools.

History

Main article: History of Hyderabad, India

Etymology

The etymology of Hyderabad is the subject of many myths and apocryphal accounts. One myth holds that city founder Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah named the city Bhaganagar after Bhagmathi, a local nautch (dancer) girl with whom he fell in love. He married Bhagmathi; she converted to Islam and adopted the title Hyder Mahal. The city was renamed in her honour to "Hyderabad", literally meaning "Hyder's abode" in Persian and Urdu.[1] Andrew Petersen, a scholar of Islamic architecture, states that the city was originally called Baghnagar (the city of gardens).[2] Yet another theory says Hyderabad was named to honour the Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib, who was also known as Hyder.[3]

Early and medieval history

Archaeologists have unearthed Iron Age sites near the city that could date to 500 BCE.[4] The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was known as Golkonda (English: The Shepherd's Hill),[5] which was ruled by the Chalukya dynasty from 731 CE to 966 CE.[6] Following the dissolution of the Chalukya dynasty into four empires in the 11th century, Golkonda came under the control of the Kakatiya dynasty (1000–1310).[7] The Kakatiya dynasty's headquarters was at Warangal, located 148 kilometres (92 mi) northeast of modern Hyderabad.[8]

The ruins of a fort
The Golkonda fort, now in ruins, was the seat of power of several rulers of the Deccan.

When Sultan Alauddin Khilji of Delhi Sultanate took over Warangal, Hyderabad region came under the Khilji dynasty (1310–1321). Alauddin Khilji carried with him to Delhi the Koh-i-Noor diamond, which was mined from the Kollur Mines in Golkonda.[9] Soon the Delhi sultanate was occupied by Muhammad bin Tughluq, bringing Warangal under rule of the Tughlaq dynasty until 1347. Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, a governor of Muhammad bin Tughluq, revolted against the sultanate and established the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan with Gulbarga (200 kilometres (124 mi) west of Hyderabad) as its capital. The Bahmani kings ruled the region until 1518, becoming the first independent Muslim rulers of the Deccan.[8]

In 1518, Sultan Quli, a governor of Golkonda, revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty.[8] Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, the fifth sultan of the Qutb Shahi dynasty, established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591;[10] the city was established to avoid water shortages experienced at Golkonda, the Sultanate's capital.[11] He constructed the Charminar, Purana pul and Mecca Masjid in the city.[12] On 21 September 1687, the Golkonda Sultanate came under the rule of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year-long siege of the Golkonda fort.[13][14] The annexed area was renamed as "Deccan Suba" (Deccan province), and during this period of Mughal rule, the capital was shifted from Golkonda to Aurangabad (about 550 kilometres (342 mi) northwest of Hyderabad).[13][15]

Nizam period

A European style palace on hill top, used as a royal guest house by the Nizams rulers
A photograph from 1900 of the Falaknuma Palace, a royal banquet of the Nizams
See also: Nizam of Hyderabad

The sixth of Aurangzeb's successors, Farrukhsiyar, appointed Asaf Jah I as the Viceroy of the Deccan in 1712, with the title of "Nizam-ul-Mulk" (Regulator of the Realm) Fateh Jung. In 1724, Asaf Jah I gained autonomy by defeating a rival to establish control over the Deccan Suba and named it "Hyderabad Deccan", thus starting the dynasty which came to be known as the Asaf Jahi dynasty. The rulers retained the title "Nizam ul-Mulk", and were referred to as Asif Jahi Nizams, or Nizams of Hyderabad.[13][15] Following the death of Asaf Jah I in 1748, there was political unrest due to the feud on ascension to the throne among the sons of Asaf Jah I, aided by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. The reign of Asif Jah II ended the political instability. The Nizam signed the treaty of Masulipatnam in 1768 with the East India Company; through this treaty the Nizam surrendered the coastal region to the East India Company, in return the East India Company would have to pay a fixed annual rent to the Nizam.[16]

In 1769, Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams.[13][15] Due to regular threats from the neighbouring rulers of Mysore, Maratha and Basalath Jung (Asaf Jah II's elder brother supported by De Bussy), the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798, allowing British troops to occupy Bolaram (modern Secunderabad) to protect the state's borders, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British.[16] Starting from the late nineteenth century, establishment of railways, transport services, under ground drainage, running water, electricity, airport, telecommunication, universities and industries marked the transformation of the city to a modern one. The Nizams ruled the state from the city until 17 September 1948, one year after India's independence from Britain.[13][15]

Post-independence

Main articles: Operation Polo and Hyderabad State (1948—1956)
A map showing Hydearabd state before state reorganisation in 1956
Hyderabad state (in yellowish green) before reorganisation in 1956

Following independence of India from the British rule, the Asaf Jahi Nizam declared his intention to remain independent and not becoming a part of the Indian union.[16] In 1948, the Hyderabad State Congress began agitating against Nizam VII, with the support of Indian National Congress and the Communist Party of India. On 17 September 1948, the Indian Army took control of Hyderabad state through Operation Polo and Nizam VII joined the Union by signing the "Instrument of Accession", which made him the Rajpramukh ("Princely Governor") of Hyderabad State.[15][17] A peasant uprising, the Telangana uprising, was a communist-led peasant rebellion against the feudal lords of the Telangana region and later against the princely state of Hyderabad between 1946 and 1951.[18] The Constitution of India, which became effective on 26 January 1950, made Hyderabad State one of the part B states of India and Hyderabad city continued to be its capital. In 1955, B. R. Ambedkar, the then chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution, expressed in his report that the city should be designated as the second capital of India, due to its strategic, central location and available amenities.[19]

Since 1956, the Rashtrapati Nilayam located in Hyderabad became the second official residence and business office of the President of India.[20] On 1 November 1956, the states of India were reorganised by language group. Hyderabad state ceased to exist; it was split into three parts which were added to what are now the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Nine Telugu and Urdu speaking districts of Hyderabad state, collectively known as Telangana region, were merged with Telugu speaking Andhra State to create Andhra Pradesh.[21] Hyderabad city became the capital of Andhra Pradesh. Several agitations—known collectively as the Telangana movement—attempted to invalidate the merger of Telangana and Andhra, and demanded the creation of a new state from Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh; major agitations took place in 1969, 1972 and from 2010.[22] In 2007, terrorist groups carried out a series of bomb blasts in the city in May and August, leading to temporary communal tension and riot.[23] As of 2011, Hyderabad was a major centre of strikes and agitation related to the Telangana movement.[24]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Hyderabad, India
A large manmade lake, formerly used as a source of drinking water.
Hussain Sagar lake, built during Qutub Shahi rulers, was once the source of drinking water for Hyderabad.

Topography

Hyderabad is located in the north-western part of Andhra Pradesh and lies on the banks of the Musi River in the northern part of the Deccan plateau in South India.[25][26] The city is spread over 650 km2 (250 sq mi), making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in India.[25] Its predominant topography is sloping rocky terrain of grey and pink granites. Several small hillocks are scattered throughout. Hyderabad has an average altitude of 1,778 feet (542 m) above mean sea level. The highest point in the city is Banjara Hills at 2,206 feet (672 m).[26][27] As of 1996, the city houses 140 lakes and 834 water tanks smaller than 10 hectares (25 acres).[28] The lakes in the city are often referred to as sagar which means sea. The Hussain Sagar lake, built in 1562, is located near the city center. The Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar are two artificial lakes created as a result of dams on the Musi.[26][29]

Neighbourhood and landmarks

A street map of the central area of the city
A street map of the central area of the city

The historic city established by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah on the southern side of the Musi River exists as the "Old City", while the "New City" encompasses the urbanised area on the northern banks. The two are connected by many bridges that cross the river, of which "Purana pul" is the oldest.[30] Hyderabad is twinned with neighbouring Secunderabad, separated by Hussain Sagar Lake.

In southern part of central Hyderabad, historical and tourism sites such as the Charminar, the Mecca Masjid, the Salar Jung Museum, the Nizam's museum, the Falaknuma Palace, the traditional retail corridor comprising Laad Bazaar, Pearls Market and Madina circle are located. North of the river are hospitals, colleges, major railway stations and business areas such as Begum Bazaar, Koti, Abids, Sultan Bazaar and Moazzam Jahi Market, along with administrative and recreational establishments such as the Reserve Bank of India, the Andhra Pradesh Secretariat, the Hyderabad Mint, the Andhra Pradesh Legislature, the Public Garden, the Nizam Club, the Ravindra Bharathi, the state museum, the Birla Temple and the Birla Planetarium.[31][32][33]

Towards the north of central Hyderabad lies Hussain Sagar Lake, along with Tank Bund Road, Rani Gunj and the Secunderabad Railway Station.[31] The majority of the city's parks and recreation centres are located here—Sanjeevaiah Park, Indira Park, Lumbini Park, NTR Gardens, the Buddha statue and Tankbund Park.[34] Upscale residential areas such as Banjara Hills, Jubilee Hills, Begumpet and Khairatabad are located in the northwest part of the city. The northern end houses industrial areas such as Sanathnagar, Moosapet, Balanagar, Pathan Cheru and Chanda Nagar. The northeast end is dotted with residential colonies.[31][32][33] The "Cyberabad" area—southwest and west parts of the city—has grown rapidly since 1990s, and is home to information technology and bio-pharmaceutical companies along side landmarks such as the Hyderabad Airport, Osman sagar, Himayath sagar and KBR National Park. On the eastern part of the city lies the defence research centres and the Ramoji Film City.

Climate

Hyderabad has a combination of a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Aw) that borders on a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh).[35] The annual mean temperature is 26 °C (78.8 °F); monthly mean temperatures are 21–32 °C (70–90 °F).[36] Summers (March–June) are hot and humid when the average highs are in the mid 30s Celsius;[37] maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) between April and June.[36] Winter lasts for only about two-and-a-half months, during which the lowest temperature dips occasionally to 10 °C (50 °F) in December and January.[36] May is the hottest month when daily temperatures range from 26–38.8 °C (79–102 °F); January, the coldest month, has temperatures varying from 14.7–28.6 °C (58–83 °F).[37] Temperatures in the evenings and mornings are generally cooler because of the city's moderate elevation.

Rains brought by the south-west summer monsoon lash Hyderabad between June and September,[38] supplying it with most of its annual rainfall of 812.5 mm (32 in).[37] The highest monthly rainfall total, 181.5 mm (7 in), occurs in September.[37] The heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is 241 mm (9 in) on 24 August 2000. The maximum temperature ever recorded was 45.5 °C (114 °F) on 2 June 1966, and the minimum recorded temperature was 8 °C (46 °F) on 8 January 1946. The city receives 2,731 hours of sunshine per year; maximum daily sunlight exposure occurs in February.[38][39]

Climate data for Hyderabad (1991–2020, extremes 1951–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.9
(96.6) 		39.1
(102.4) 		42.2
(108.0) 		43.3
(109.9) 		44.5
(112.1) 		45.5
(113.9) 		38.0
(100.4) 		37.6
(99.7) 		36.5
(97.7) 		36.7
(98.1) 		34.0
(93.2) 		35.0
(95.0) 		45.5
(113.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 28.6
(83.5) 		31.8
(89.2) 		35.2
(95.4) 		37.6
(99.7) 		38.8
(101.8) 		34.4
(93.9) 		30.5
(86.9) 		29.6
(85.3) 		30.1
(86.2) 		30.4
(86.7) 		28.8
(83.8) 		27.8
(82.0) 		32.0
(89.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 22.8
(73.0) 		25.4
(77.7) 		28.8
(83.8) 		31.4
(88.5) 		33.2
(91.8) 		29.7
(85.5) 		27.2
(81.0) 		26.4
(79.5) 		26.8
(80.2) 		26.2
(79.2) 		24.1
(75.4) 		22.2
(72.0) 		27.0
(80.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 13.9
(57.0) 		15.5
(59.9) 		20.3
(68.5) 		24.1
(75.4) 		26.0
(78.8) 		23.9
(75.0) 		22.5
(72.5) 		22.0
(71.6) 		21.7
(71.1) 		20.0
(68.0) 		16.4
(61.5) 		13.1
(55.6) 		20.0
(67.9)
Record low °C (°F) 6.1
(43.0) 		8.9
(48.0) 		13.2
(55.8) 		16.0
(60.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		17.8
(64.0) 		18.6
(65.5) 		18.7
(65.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		11.7
(53.1) 		7.4
(45.3) 		7.1
(44.8) 		6.1
(43.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 9.2
(0.36) 		10.2
(0.40) 		12.3
(0.48) 		27.2
(1.07) 		34.5
(1.36) 		113.8
(4.48) 		162.0
(6.38) 		203.9
(8.03) 		148.5
(5.85) 		113.9
(4.48) 		19.1
(0.75) 		5.0
(0.20) 		859.6
(33.84)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.3 mm) 1.1 1 1.4 3.7 4.2 10.9 15.4 16.3 12.3 7.6 2.5 0.5 76.9
Average rainy days 0.6 0.6 0.9 2.0 2.5 6.8 9.5 11.3 8.4 5.6 1.3 0.3 49.8
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 41 33 29 30 31 52 65 70 67 59 49 44 48
Average dew point °C (°F) 12
(54) 		12
(54) 		13
(55) 		15
(59) 		15
(59) 		19
(66) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		17
(63) 		15
(59) 		13
(55) 		16
(61)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 272.8 265.6 272.8 276.0 279.0 180.0 136.4 133.3 162.0 226.3 243.0 251.1 2,698.3
Mean daily sunshine hours 8.8 9.4 8.8 9.2 9.0 6.0 4.4 4.3 5.4 7.3 8.1 8.1 7.4
Average ultraviolet index 9 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 9 8 11
Source 1: India Meteorological Department (sun 1971–2000)[40][41][42] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[43][44]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)[45] Weather Atlas[46]

Administration

Main article: Administration of Hyderabad, India
A white building with multiple domes
The Andhra Pradesh State Assembly building houses the bicameral Andhra Pradesh Legislature.

Local government

The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) is in charge of the civic administration of Hyderabad city. It was formed in April 2007 by merging Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) with 12 municipalities of 3 districts—Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy and Medak that covers an area of 650 km2 (250 sq mi). The GHMC has 5 administrative zones that are divided into 18 circles, which together encompass 150 municipal wards. Each ward is represented by a corporator, elected by popular vote. The corporators elect the Mayor who is the titular head of GHMC, the executive powers of the GHMC lie with the Municipal Commissioner appointed by the Government of Andhra Pradesh. The GHMC undertakes the city's infrastructure work, building regulation, government-aided schools, hospitals, municipal markets, parks, solid waste management and demographic records. In 2009 municipal election, the Indian National Congress and Majlis Ittehadul Muslimeen alliance formed the majority.[47] The Secunderabad Cantonment Board is a civic administration agency overseeing an area of 40.1 km2 (15.5 sq mi)[48]: 5  that houses several military camps.[49]: 2  The Osmania University campus is administered independently by the university authority.[48]: 6 

The Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA) is the apolitical urban planning agency that encompasses GHMC area and the suburbs. It coordinates and supervises the developmental activities of GHMC and other municipalities of the suburbs, and manages the administration of the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB), the Andhra Pradesh Transmission Corporation, the Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) and others.[48]: 13  Its jurisdiction extends to 54 mandals located in 5 districts covering an area of 7,100 km2 (2,700 sq mi).[50]

The Hyderabad City Police is responsible for the enforcement of law and order. Hyderabad police commissionerate jurisdiction is divided into five police zones, each headed by a deputy commissioner.[51] The Hyderabad Traffic Police is headed by a deputy commissioner who is answerable to the Hyderabad city police commissioner.[52] The area under the jurisdiction of Hyderabad City Police is smaller than the GHMC area, thus the suburbs of the city fall under the jurisdiction of Cyberabad Police Commissionerate. As of 2012, The "Greater Hyderabad Police Commissionerate" is a proposed plan of Andhra Pradesh Government which would be formed by merging Hyderabad and Cyberabad Police Commissionerates.[53]

Hyderabad houses the offices of the regional governing bodies, along with the Andhra Pradesh Legislature, the Andhra Pradesh Secretariat, and the Andhra Pradesh High Court. Lower city civil court and the metropolitan criminal court are under the jurisdiction of the High Court.[54] GHMC area contains 24 State Legislative Assembly constituencies which come under 5 Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Parliament of India) constituencies.[55]

Utility services

The HMWSSB regulates rainwater harvesting, water and sewerage services.[50] It sources water from multiple dams located in the suburbs.[56] In 2005, the HMWSSB started operating 150 kilometres (93 mi)-long water supply pipleline from Nagarjuna Sagar Dam to meet the increasing requirement.[56] The Andhra Pradesh Central Power Distribution Company manages electricity supply.[50] Firefighting services are provided by the Andhra Pradesh Fire Services department. As of March 2012, the city has 13 fire stations.[57] The state-owned Indian Postal Service is the major service provider in the city with five head post offices and multiple sub-post offices; courier services owned by private enterprises are also available.[26] In 1999, the state government launched e-Seva, the electronic bill payment service for multiple utility agencies.[58]

Pollution control

Hyderabad produces around 4,500 metric tonnes of solid waste everyday, which is transported from three collection units located in Imlibun, Yousufguda and Lower Tank Bund to the garbage dumping site of Jawaharnagar.[59] The "Integrated Solid Waste Management" project was started in 2010 by GHMC to manage waste disposal.[60] The Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB) is the regulatory and screening authority of pollution. The rapid rate of urbanisation with increased economic activities had encouraged migration to Hyderabad. These changes led to increased air pollution, industrial waste, noise pollution and water pollution.[61] As of 2006, contribution of different sources to air pollution were as follows—20–50% from vehicles, 40–70% combining vehicle discharge with road dust, 10–30% from industrial discharges and 3–10% from household garbage burning.[62] The estimated deaths from particulate matter are about 1,700–3,000 persons every year.[63] The ground water in Hyderabad has water hardness up to 1000 ppm.[64] The region's ground water levels are shrinking, and dams are facing water shortage due to burgeoning population and consequent increased water demand.[56][65] Inadequately treated effluents from industrial treatment plants are polluting the drinking water sources of the city.[66] APPCB and local authorities have designed and implemented multiple actions to control pollution.[63]

Healthcare

See also: Healthcare in Hyderabad, India
A building with Islamic architecture
The Nizamia Unani Hospital provides medical care in both Unani and Allopathic medicine systems.

The Andhra Pradesh Vaidya Vidhana Parishad, a department of the state government, administers healthcare in Hyderabad.[67] Medical services are provided by government-run hospitals and clinics, corporate and charity organisations.[68] As of 2010–11, the city had 50 government hospitals,[69] 300 corporate and charity hospitals, and 194 nursing homes (smaller privately run acute inpatient care providers); together these facilities provide the city with approximately 12,000 hospital beds, which is less than 50% of the required number of 25,000.[68][70] For every 10,000 people in the city, there are 17.6 hospital beds,[71] 9 doctors (specialist), 14 nurses and 6 physicians (general consultants).[70] In addition the city houses about 4,000 individual clinics,[72] and 500 medical diagnostic centres.[68] The majority of residents prefer treatment at private facilities and only 28% of residents uses government facilities due to distant locations, poor quality of care and long wait times.[73]: 60–61  As of 2012, 15 corporate chains had acquired space to develop speciality hospitals.[72] Overall, healthcare services in Hyderabad are standardised and affordable, as compared to many other cities in India.[74] Hyderabad also has outpatient and inpatient facilities that use Unani, Homeopathy and Ayurvedic medical treatment.[75]

According to the 2005 National Family Health Survey, 24% of Hyderabad's households were covered under government health schemes or health insurance, the highest covered proportion in India among the surveyed cities.[73]: 4  The total fertility rate in the city is 1.8,[73]: 95  and 66% of married women used contraceptives.[73] Only 61% of children had been provided with all basic vaccines, second least among the surveyed cities.[73]: 98  The infant mortality rate was 35 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was 41 per 1,000 live births.[73]: 97  According to the survey, about one third of women and one fourth of men are overweight and obese, about 49% of children below 5 years are anaemic and up to 20% children are underweight.[73]: 44, 55–56  More than 2% of women and 3% of men suffer from diabetes in Hyderabad.[73]: 57 

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Hyderabad, India

Template:India census population

Hyderabad, covering an area of 650 square kilometres (250 sq mi),[76] has a population of 6,809,970, making it the fourth most populous city in India.[77] There are 3,500,802 male and 3,309,168 female citizens. The area under the municipality increased from 170 square kilometres (66 sq mi) to 650 square kilometres (250 sq mi) in 2007 when the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation was created.[78] As a consequence, the total population leaped from 3,637,483 in 2001 census to 6,809,970 in 2011 census, an increase of over 87%. Migrants from rest of India constitute 24% of the city population.[49]: 2  The sex ratio is 945 female per 1000 males,[79] higher than the national average of 926 per 1000.[80] Among children aged 0–6 years, 373,794 are boys and 352,022 are girls, leading to the ratio of 942 girls per 1000 boys.[79] The city's population density is 18,480/km2 (47,900/sq mi),[81] and literacy rate 82.96% (male 85.96% and female 79.79%), higher than the national average of 74.04%.[82] The Hyderabad Urban Agglomeration has a population of 7,749,334, the sixth most populous urban agglomeration in the country.[77]

Ethnic groups, language and religion

Residents of Hyderabad are called Hyderabadi. Telugu people comprise the majority of Hyderabad's population, followed by Urdu-speaking and Marathi communities. The minority communities of Hyderabad are Kannada (including Nawayathi), Marwari, Bengali, Tamil, Malayali, Gujarati, Punjabi and Uttar Pradeshi. Among the foreign-origin communities Yemeni Arabs form the majority; African Arabs, Armenian, Abyssinians, Iranian, Pathan and Turkish people are also present. The foreign-origin population declined after Hyderabad State became a part of the Indian Union.[83]

Religion in Hyderabad district—2001[84]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 55%
Islam
 
 42%
Christianity
 
 2%
Others
 
 1%

Telugu and Urdu are the first and second official languages of Hyderabad;[85] English is also used particularly among white-collar workers.[86] Telugu in Hyderabad has a varied dialect called the Telangana dialect,[87] and the Urdu spoken in the city is called Deccani Urdu.[88] A significant minority of the city speaks different languages such as Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, Kannada and Tamil.[83]

In Hyderabad, Hindus form the majority of the population. Muslims, although present throughout the city, predominate in and around the Old City. The other religious communities are Christian, Sikh, Jain, Buddhist and Parsi. Iconic temples, mosques and churches are housed in the city.[89] According to 2001 census, Hyderabad district's religious make-up included Hindus (55%), Muslims (42%), Christians (2.4%), Jains (0.4%), Sikhs (0.28%) and Buddhists (0.02%); 0.22% did not state any religion.[84][90]

Slums

According to a 2012 report submitted to the World Bank by GHMC, Hyderabad has 1,476 slums with a total population of 1.7 million; among those 66% live in 985 slums located in the core of the city and the remaining 34% live in 491 in suburban tenements.[91] Among the slum-dwellers, 22% of the households migrated from different parts of India and 63% of the households had remained in the slums for over 10 years.[49]: 55  The literacy rate is 60–80% and the female literacy rate is 52–73%. One third of the city's slums have basic service connections, and 90% have water supply lines. There are 405 government schools, 267 government aided schools, 175 private schools and 528 community halls in the slums of Hyderabad.[92]: 70  According to a 2008 survey by the Centre for Good Governance, 87.6% of the household are nuclear families, 18% households are very poor with an income of ₹20,000 (US$240) per annum, 73% of the household live below poverty line (a standard poverty line recognised by the AP Government is ₹24,000 (US$290) per annum), 27% chief wage earners (CWE) are casual labour and 38% of the CWE are illiterate. About 3.72% of the slum children of age group 5–14 years do not go to school and 3.17% of the children work as child labour—among those 64% are boys and 36% are girls; the largest employer of child labour are street shops and construction sites. Among working children, 35% are engaged in hazardous jobs.[49]: 59 

Economy

Main article: Economy of Hyderabad, India
See also: Industries in Hyderabad, India; Biopharmaceutical industry of Hyderabad, India; List of companies based in Hyderabad, India; List of tourist attractions in Hyderabad; and Software industry in Andhra Pradesh
Several men inside a traditional bangle shop in the market.
A jewellery and pearl shop in Laad Bazaar, near the Charminar

Among the cities of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad is the largest contributor to the state's GDP, state tax and other revenues.[93] As of 2011, the per capita annual income of Hyderabad was ₹44,300 (US$530).[94] As of 2006, the largest employers in the city are the Governments of Andhra Pradesh (113,098 employees) and Governments of India (85,155).[95] The World Bank Group ranked the city as the second best Indian city for doing business in 2009.[96] In 2010, the economic analysis group GaWC ranked Hyderabad in its third tier (Gamma+ World City) of cities by importance.[97] Hyderabad and its suburbs house the highest number of special economic zones among India cities.[94]

Hyderabad is known as the "City of Pearls" due to its role in the trade of those precious jewels. Until the 18th century the city was the only global trade center for large diamonds.[14][98] Many traditional and historical bazaars are located in the city.[99][100] The Laad Bazaar and nearby markets have shops that sell pearls, diamonds and other traditional ware and cultural antiques.[99] The commercial market structure of Hyderabad is divided into 4 sectors—The Central Business Districts (CBD), the sub-central business centres, the neighbourhood business centres and local business centres.[101] Several central business districts are spread across the city.[102] According to a survey in 2007, the retail industry and traditional markets are growing in the city.[103]

Industrialisation began during Nizam's rule in the late 19th century, helped by railway expansion that connected the city with major ports.[104][105] From 1950s to 1970s, Indian enterprises were established in the city,[106] such as Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), National Mineral Development Corporation, Bharat Electronics, Electronics Corporation of India Limited, Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Andhra Bank and State Bank of Hyderabad. This changed the economic pattern from traditional manufacturing to a cosmopolitan industrial service sector.[32] Since 1990s, the growth of information technology (IT), IT-enabled services, insurance and financial institutions expanded the service sector. These primary economic activities boosted ancillary sectors of trade and commerce, transport, storage, communication, real-estate and retail.[105] The service industry remains dominant in the city where 90% of the employed workforce are engaged in the sector.[107] According to a 2005 survey 77% of males and 19% of females of the city are employed.[108]

Section of a city showing gardens, clean roads and modern office buildings
HITEC city, the hub of information technology companies

Hyderabad is known as "India's pharmaceutical capital" and "Genome Valley of India" due to the presence of several pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries.[109] It is among the global centres of information technology for which it is known as Cyberabad (Cyber City).[110][111] During 2008–09, Hyderabad's IT exports reached US$ 4.7 billion,[112] and 22% of the NASSCOM's total membership is from the city.[94] The development of a township with technological infrastructure called HITEC City prompted multinational companies to establish facilities in Hyderabad.[110] The city is home to more than 1300 IT firms, including global conglomerates such as Microsoft (operating its largest R&D campus outside the US), Google, IBM, Yahoo!, Dell, Facebook,[49]: 3 [113] and major Indian firms including Mahindra Satyam, Infosys, TCS, Genpact and Wipro.[49]: 3 

As with the rest of India, Hyderabad has a large informal economy that employs 30% of the labour force.[92]: 71  According to a survey conducted in 2006 and again in 2009, Hyderabad has 50,000 street vendors and their numbers continue to grow.[114] Among the street vendors, 84% are male and 16% female, with four fifths having stationary shops. Most are financed through personal savings; only 8% borrow from moneylenders.[115] Vendor earnings vary from ₹50 (60¢ US) to ₹800 (US$9.60) per day.[114] Other unorganised economic sectors include dairy, poultry farming, brick manufacturing, casual labour, and domestic help. The people involved in the informal economy constitute a major portion of urban poor.[92]: 71 

Transport

Main article: Transport in Hyderabad, India
A congested road showing pedestrian traffic, auto-rickshaws and encroachment of pavement by street vendors
A congested road near Charminar showing pedestrians, auto-rickshaws and street vendors

In Hyderabad, public transport such as buses, auto rickshaws and multi modal railways are the most common modes of transport.[116] As of 2007, the vehicle distribution is 75% two-wheelers, 14% cars, 1% taxis, 4% goods vehicles, 2% buses and 4% other vehicles.[48]: 28  As of 2012, there are 77,035 auto rickshaws and 3,800 RTC buses.[117] In some parts of the city cycle rickshaws are hired to travel smaller distances.[48]: 32  As of 2001, two-wheelers and cars are involved in 50% of road accidents, public transport buses and trucks in 10% and auto-rickshaws in 15% of road accidents. Among these, 12% are fatal accident and 88% are injurious (including the 40% of accidents that occur due to non-availability of pedestrian facilities).[48]: 32 [116] As of 2010, the maximum speed limits assigned for individual vehicles within city limits are 50 km/h (31 mph) for two-wheelers and cars, 35 km/h (22 mph) for auto-rickshaw and 40 km/h (25 mph) for light commercial vehicle and transport buses.[118]

Three National Highways (NH) pass through the city—NH-7, NH-9 and NH-202.[119] Five state highways—SH-1, SH-2, SH-4, SH-5 and SH-6 begins at or passes through Hyderabad,[48]: 1  and traffic congestion is widespread.[120]: 2–3  Like many other Indian metropolitan cities, Hyderabad also faces parking problems, particularly in the city centre. In Hyderabad the roads occupy 6% of the total city area.[48]: 3  The HMDA developed multiple projects such as Inner Ring Road, Outer Ring Road, interchanges, overpasses and underpasses to ease the traffic congestion. As of 2008, Hyderabad Elevated Expressway is the longest flyover bridge in India.[121]

Well lit facade of a modern building
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, completed in 2008, was the second public-private partnership among Indian airports.

The bus service, governed by Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC), is the most frequently used means of public transport within the city.[122] According to the Guinness World Records (2005), APSRTC operates the world's largest fleet of buses in terms of number of commuters, estimated to carry 13 million passengers a day.[123] Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station, located at centre of the city, is the main bus station.[124] Alongside APSRTC, Setwin operates minibuses in the city.[125] Hired modes of transport include taxi and the widely used auto rickshaws.[126]

The Secunderabad Railway Station is the headquarters of the South Central Railway zone of the Indian Railways and the largest railway station in Hyderabad. Other major railway stations are Hyderabad Deccan Station, Kachiguda Railway Station and Begumpet Railway Station.[127] Hyderabad's light rail transportation system, known as the MultiModal Transport System, is used by over 150,000 passengers daily, as of 2010.[128] Hyderabad Metro, the city's under-construction rapid transit system, is scheduled to operate three lines by 2014.[129] The Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA) (IATA: HYD, ICAO: VOHS) was inaugurated in 2008, replacing the previous Begumpet Airport.[130] In 2011, the Airports Council International, an autonomous body representing world airports, judged RGIA as the world's best airport in the category of serving 5–15 million passengers, and world's fifth best airport for Airport service quality.[131]

Culture

A man holding a rope of a decorated bull.
A Bull decorated during Sadar carnival, celebrated by Yadav community.
Main article: Culture of Hyderabad, India
See also: Muslim culture of Hyderabad

Distinct linguistic and cultural traditions of North and South India mingle in Hyderabad, among which the combination of Hindu and Muslim traditions is notable.[132][133]: viii  Telugu and Urdu are the most commonly spoken languages among the residents.[134] The traditional Hyderabadi garb is Sherwani and Kurta–Paijama for men and[135] Khara Dupatta and Salwar kameez for women. [136][137] Burqas and Hijabs are commonly worn by Muslim women in public.[138] Most youths wear western clothing.[139] Festivals celebrated in Hyderabad include the Ganesh Chaturthi, Diwali, Bonalu, Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha.

Literature

Hyderabad received royal patronage for arts, literature and architecture from its former rulers; this attracted men of letters and arts from different parts of the world. Such multi-ethnic settlements popularised cultural events such as mushairas (poetic symposium).[140] The Qutb Shahi reign patronised the growth of Deccani Urdu literature—the Deccani Masnavi and Diwan (collection of poems) composed during this period are among the earliest available manuscripts in Urdu language.[141] Nizam's reign saw many reforms in literary work, and introduction of Urdu as a language of court, administration and education.[142] In 1824, a collection of Urdu Ghazals (a specific poetic form) named Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa, penned by Mah Laqa Bai—the first female poet in Urdu—was published in Hyderabad.[143] The Hyderabad Literary Festival, held since 2010, is an annual event which showcases the city's literary and cultural aspects.[144] Organisations engaged in research and development of literary works include Sahitya Akademi, Urdu Academy, Telugu Academy, National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language, The Comparative Literature Association of India and Andhra Saraswata Parishad. The State Central Library, Hyderabad, established in 1891, is the largest public library in the state.[145] The other major libraries are the Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam, the British Library and the Sundarayya Vignana Kendram.[146]

Music, performing arts and films

In princely Hyderabad, the nobles had a tradition of courtesan dance and poetry, which led to the development of certain styles of court music and dance. Taramati of the early 16th century and Mah Laqa Bai (18th century) are two courtesans who popularised Kathak dance. Besides western and Indian popular music genres such as the filmi music, the residents of Hyderabad play city-based Marfa Music especially during weddings, festivals and other celebratory events.[147] The state government organises Golconda Music and Dance Festival, Taramati Music Festival, and Premavathi Dance Festival.[143][148] Though not noted for theatre and drama,[149] the state government promoted the art of theatre with multiple programmes and festivals.[150] The Ravindra Bharati, Shilpakala Vedika and Lalithakala Thoranam are auditoria for theatre and performing arts in the city. The Hyderabad International Convention Centre (HICC), also known as HITEX, has become a well-known venue internationally.[151] Numaish is a popular annual exhibition of local and national products.[152]

The city is home to the Telugu film industry, popularly known as "Tollywood";[153] as of 2012, it is the second largest film center in India in number of films produced, after Bollywood.[154] Since 2005, films in local Hyderabadi dialect have gained popularity.[155] The city hosts the annual International Children Film Festival and the Hyderabad International Film Festival.[156] In 2005, the Guinness World Records declared Ramoji Film City as the world's largest film studio.[157]

Art and handicraft

A decorated metal vase on display
18th century bidriware, displayed at the Musée du Louvre

The Golconda and Hyderabad styles are branches of the Deccani painting.[158] The Golconda style that was developed during the 16th century is an insightful native style blending foreign techniques, sharing similarity with neighbouring Vijayanagara paintings. Significant use of luminous gold and white colours is generally found in Golconda style.[159] The Hyderabad style of painting originated in the early 17th century under the Nizams. Highly influenced by Mughal painting, this style makes use of bright colours, and mostly depicts regional landscape, culture, costumes and jewellery.[158] A fine art metal handicraft of the region known as Bidri ware was popularised in the 18th century. Bidri ware is a Geographical Indication (GI)-awarded craft of India.[160][161] The Kalamkari, a handicraft producing hand-painted or block-printed cotton textile is popular in the city.[162] Museums in Hyderabad include the AP State Archaeology Museum, the Salar Jung Museum (housing "the world's largest one-man-collection"), the Nizam Museum, the City Museum and the Birla Science Museum which contains a planetarium.[163]

Architecture

A distinct Indo-Islamic architecture style enriched with regional influences is reflected in the city's buildings.[2][164] The Qutb Shahi architecture of the 15th century is manifest in colossal arches found in Golconda fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar, Mecca Masjid and Charkaman—the chief ingredients used in these constructions are granite and lime mortar. Later, from 17th century, Asif Jahi architecture emerged. Structures such as the Osmania University, Osmania General Hospital and High Court are designed and constructed in the styles of medieval and Mughal architecture. The Nizams applied European styles in some of the constructions such as Falaknuma and King Kothi Palaces.[165] Other historical sites include the Chowmahalla Palace, the Purani Haveli, and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature.[160][166] Osman Ali Khan, the Nizam VII, is called the maker of modern Hyderabad due to his patronage of architecture in the city.[160] In 2012, The government of India declared Hyderabad as the first "Best heritage city of India".[167]

Three utensils containing spicy Indian food
Hyderabadi Biryani (on left), and other dishes

Cuisine

Main article: Hyderabadi cuisine

Hyderabadi cuisine became prominent with the Nizams.[168] It comprises a broad repertoire of rice, wheat and meat dishes, and the skilled use of various spices.[169] The Hyderabadi Biryani and Hyderabadi Haleem, with a blend of Mughlai and Arabic cuisine,[170] have become iconic dishes of India.[171] Hyderabadi cuisine is highly influenced by Mughals and partially by French,[168] Arabic, Turkish and Irani influences along with native Telugu and Marathwada cuisines.[137][170] Other popular native dishes include Nihari, Chakna, Baghara baingan and in desserts Qubani ka meetha, Double ka meetha and Kaddu Ki Kheer (a sweet porridge made with sweet gourd).[137][172] Cuisines popular among expatriates and other residents are South Indian, Italian, Mexican, Chinese and Continental.[172][173] Coffee bars and pubs are also frequented by the youth in the city.[174]

Media

Main article: Media in Hyderabad, India

Among the early newspapers in Hyderabad was The Deccan Times established in the 1780s.[175] The major Telugu dailies published in Hyderabad are Eenadu, Sakshi and Andhra Jyothy, the major English papers are The Times of India, The Hindu and The Deccan Chronicle,[176] and Urdu papers include The Siasat Daily, The Munsif Daily and Etemaad. Multiple coffee table magazines, professional magazines and research journals are regularly published there.[177] In 1919 the British cantonment of Secunderabad established the first Radio station in Hyderabad State. Deccan Radio was the first local general radio station, going on air on 3 February 1935.[178] In 2000, radio stations were permitted to broadcast in FM,[179] with channels now including All India Radio (AIR), Radio Mirchi, Radio City and Big FM.[180]

Television relay in Hyderabad was began in 1974 with the launch of Doordarshan (DD), the Government of India's public service broadcaster.[181] DD transmits two free-to-air terrestrial television channels and one satellite channel. Private satellite channels were started in July 1992, with the launch of Star TV.[182] Satellite TV channels are accessible via cable subscription, direct-broadcast satellite services or internet-based television.[179][183] In Hyderabad, the first dial-up Internet access was started in the early 1990s, originally limited to computer software development companies.[184] In 1995 public dial-up internet service was started and in 1998 private internet access service was initiated.[185]

Education

Main article: Education in Hyderabad, India
See also: List of institutions based in Hyderabad, India and List of Defense research centers in Hyderabad, India
A large building building made of granite stone
Osmania University, college of Arts

Schools in Hyderabad are affiliated to either CBSE, SSC[186] or ICSE, run by government or private entities (local governing bodies, individuals, missionaries or other agencies). An estimated two-thirds of students study at private schools.[187] Languages of instruction include English, Hindi, Urdu[188] and Telugu. Schools follow the "10+2+3" plan. After completing their secondary education, students typically enroll in schools or junior colleges that have a higher secondary facility. Admission to professional colleges in Hyderbad is through Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test. The majority of colleges are affiliated with either Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University or Osmania University.[189]

As of 2012, there were 13 universities located in Hyderabad, of which two are private universities, two deemed universities, six state universities and three central universities. The central universities in the city are the University of Hyderabad,[190] Maulana Azad National Urdu University and English and Foreign Languages University.[191] The Osmania University established in 1918 was the first university in Hyderabad. As of 2012, it is India's second-most popular destination for international students.[192] The Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University, established in 1982, is the first distance learning open university in India.[193]

The Indian School of Business, Hyderabad, Campus
Indian School of Business campus

Notable business and management schools in Hyderabad are the Indian School of Business,[194] and the Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India.[195] Institutes of national importance include the Institute of Public Enterprise, the Administrative Staff College of India, and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy. Hyderabad is home to five major medical schools—Osmania Medical College (established in 1846), Gandhi Medical College, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Shadan Institute Of Medical Sciences,[196] and many affiliated teaching hospitals. The Government Nizamia Tibbi College, established in 1810, is a unani medicine college.[197] The city is also a major centre for biomedical, biotechnology and pharmaceutical studies and research;[198] the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research is located here.[199] The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics and the Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University are notable agricultural engineering institutes. The city is home to many of India's premier technical and engineering schools, including the International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, the Indian Institute Of Technology (IIT-H), and the Birla Institute of Technology & Science. The premier professional fashion designing institutions in the city are Raffles Millennium International, NIFT Hyderabad and Wigan and Leigh College.

Sports

See also: List of stadiums in Hyderabad, India
three helicopter flying in the sky
Indian Air Force, HAL Dhruv at the 2007 Military World Games

Cricket and football (soccer) are the most popular sports.[200] The city has hosted national and international sports events such as the 2002 National Games of India, the 2003 Afro-Asian Games, the 2004 Hyderabad Open, the 2007 Military World Games, the 2009 BWF World Championships and IBSF World Snooker Championship (2009). The Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium and the Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium host cricket matches;[201] the latter serves as a home ground of Hyderabad Cricket Association. Hyderabad has been the venue of multiple international cricket matches, including matches in 1987, 1996 and 2011 Cricket World Cups. The Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex is a venue for field hockey, and the G.M.C. Balayogi Stadium at Gachibowli is an athletics and football venue.[202]

The Hyderabad cricket team represents the city in the Ranji Trophy, a first-class cricket tournament among India's states and cities. The Deccan Chargers, a franchise in the Indian Premier League, won the 2009 Indian Premier League held in South Africa.[203] The city houses many elite clubs formed by the Nizams and British, such as the Secunderabad Club, the Nizam Club and the Hyderabad Race Club known for its horse racing,[204] especially the annual Deccan derby.[205] The Andhra Pradesh Motor Sports Club organises popular events such as the Deccan 1/4 Mile Drag, TSD Rallies and 4x4 Off road.[206] The Hyderabad Golf Club is an eighteen-hole golf course.[207] Notable sports persons of international stature from Hyderabad include cricketers Ghulam Ahmed, M. L. Jaisimha, Mohammed Azharuddin, V. V. S. Laxman, Venkatapathy Raju, Shivlal Yadav, Arshad Ayub, Noel David, football players Syed Abdul Rahim, Syed Nayeemuddin, Shabbir Ali,[208] tennis player Sania Mirza,[209] badminton players S. M. Arif, Pullela Gopichand, Saina Nehwal, Jwala Gutta, Chetan Anand, hockey players Syed Mohammad Hadi, Mukesh Kumar and bodybuilder Mir Mohtesham Ali Khan.

Sister Cities

City Geographical location Nation Reference
Brisbane Queensland  Australia [210]
Ipswich Queensland  Australia [210]
Dubai Dubai  United Arab Emirates [211]
Miyoshi Hiroshima  Japan [212]
Riverside California  United States [213]
Indianapolis Indiana  United States [214]
San Diego California  United States [215]

See also

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Further reading

History

Administration

  • Kate, P.V. (1987). Marathwada Under the Nizams, 1724–1948. Mittal Publications. ISBN 81-7099-017-3.
  • Lynton, Harriet Ronken; Rajan, Mohini (1974). The Days of the beloved. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02442-7.
  • Pernau, Margrit (2000). The passing of patrimonialism: politics and political culture in Hyderabad,(1911–1948). Manohar Publication. ISBN 81-7304-362-0.
  • Jayaram, R (1988). Administrative system under the Nizams. Ultra Publications. ISBN 81-900998-4-1.

Culture

Architecture

  • Bilgrami, Syed Ali Asgar (1927). Landmarks of the Deccan. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0543-8.

Modern Hyderabad

  • Khalidi, Omar (1988). Hyderabad after the fall. South Asia Books. ISBN 978-0-930811-02-0.
  • Kobayashi-Hillary, Mark (2005). Outsourcing to India: the offshore advantage. Commonwealth Business council. ISBN 978-3-540-23943-7.
  • Juluri, Vamsee (2003). Becoming a Global Audience (Intersections in Communications and Culture). Peter Lang Publishing. ISBN 978-0-820455-79-2.

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Hyderabad.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hyderabad.

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