XBP1: Difference between revisions
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Unfolded protein response]] |
* [[Unfolded protein response]] |
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* [[XBP1#Endoplasmic reticulum stress response|Endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ER stress)]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 20:13, 7 May 2015
Template:PBB X-box binding protein 1, also known as XBP1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the XBP1 gene.[1][2] The XBP1 gene is located on chromosome 22 while a closely related pseudogene has been identified and localized to chromosome 5.[3] The XBP1 protein is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes important to the proper functioning of the immune system and in the cellular stress response.[4]
Discovery
The X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1) is a transcription factor containing a bZIP domain. It was first identified by its ability to bind to the X-box, a conserved transcriptional element in the promoter of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DR alpha.[2]
Function
MHC class II gene regulation
The expression of this protein is required for the transcription of a subset of class II major histocompatibility genes.[5] Furthermore Xbp1 heterodimerizes with other bZIP transcription factors such as c-fos.[5]
Xbp1 expression is controlled by the cytokine IL-4 and the antibody IGHM.[6] Xbp1 in turn controls the expression of IL-6 which promotes plasma cell growth and of immunoglobulins in B lymphocytes.[6]
Plasma cell differentiation
XBP-1 is also essential for differentiation of plasma cells (a type of antibody secreting immune cell).[6] This differentiation requires not only the expression of XBP-1 but the expression of the spliced isoform of XBP-1s. XBP-1 regulates plasma cell differentiation independent of its known functions in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response (see below).[7] Without normal expression of XBP-1, two important plasma cell differentiation-related genes, IRF4 and Blimp1, are misregulated, and XBP-1-lacking plasma cells fail to colonize their long-lived niches in the bone marrow and to sustain antibody secretion.[7]
Viral replication
This protein has also been identified as a cellular transcription factor that binds to an enhancer in the promoter of the T cell leukemia virus type 1 promoter. The generation of XBP-1s during plasma cell differentiation also seems to be the cue for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Epstein Barr virus reactivation from latency.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress response
XBP-1 is part of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, the unfolded protein response (UPR).[6] Conditions that exceed capacity of the ER provoke ER stress and trigger the unfolded protein response (UPR). As a result GRP78 is released from IRE1 to support protein folding.[8] IRE1 oligomerises and activates its ribonuclease domain through auto (self) phosphorylation. Activated IRE1 catalyses the excision of a 26 nucleotide unconventional intron from ubiquitously expressed XBP-1u mRNA, in a manner mechanistically similar to pre-tRNA splicing. Removal of this intron causes a frame shift in the XBP-1 coding sequence resulting in the translation of a 376 amino acid, 54 kDa, XBP-1s isoform rather than the 261 amino acid, 33 kDa, XBP-1u isoform. Moreover the XBP-1u/XBP-1s ratio (XBP-1-unspliced/xbp-1-spliced ratio) correlates with the expression level of expressed proteins in order to adapt the folding capacity of the ER to the respective requirements.[9]
Clinical significance
Abnormalities in XBP1 lead to a heightened ER stress and subsequently causes a heightened susceptibility for inflammatory processes that may contribute to Alzheimer's disease.[10] In the colon, XBP1 anomalies have been linked to Crohn's disease.[11]
A single nucleotide polymorphism, C-116G, in the promoter region of XBP1 has been examined for possible association with personality traits. None was found.[12]
Interactions
XBP1 has been shown to interact with estrogen receptor alpha.[13]
See also
References
- ^ "Entrez Gene: XBP1 X-box binding protein 1".
- ^ a b Liou HC, Boothby MR, Finn PW, Davidon R, Nabavi N, Zeleznik-Le NJ, Ting JP, Glimcher LH (March 1990). "A new member of the leucine zipper class of proteins that binds to the HLA DR alpha promoter". Science. 247 (4950): 1581–4. doi:10.1126/science.2321018. PMID 2321018.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Liou HC, Eddy R, Shows T, Lisowska-Grospierre B, Griscelli C, Doyle C, Mannhalter J, Eibl M, Glimcher LH (1991). "An HLA-DR alpha promoter DNA-binding protein is expressed ubiquitously and maps to human chromosomes 22 and 5". Immunogenetics. 34 (5): 286–92. doi:10.1007/BF00211992. PMID 1718857.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Yoshida H, Nadanaka S, Sato R, Mori K (2006). "XBP1 is critical to protect cells from endoplasmic reticulum stress: evidence from Site-2 protease-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells". Cell Structure and Function. 31 (2): 117–25. doi:10.1247/csf.06016. PMID 17110785.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Ono SJ, Liou HC, Davidon R, Strominger JL, Glimcher LH (May 1991). "Human X-box-binding protein 1 is required for the transcription of a subset of human class II major histocompatibility genes and forms a heterodimer with c-fos". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (10): 4309–12. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.10.4309. PMC 51648. PMID 1903538.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Iwakoshi NN, Lee AH, Vallabhajosyula P, Otipoby KL, Rajewsky K, Glimcher LH (April 2003). "Plasma cell differentiation and the unfolded protein response intersect at the transcription factor XBP-1". Nat. Immunol. 4 (4): 321–9. doi:10.1038/ni907. PMID 12612580.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Hu CC, Dougan SK, McGehee AM, Love JC, Ploegh HL (April 2009). "XBP-1 regulates signal transduction, transcription factors and bone marrow colonization in B cells". EMBO J. 28 (11): 1624–36. doi:10.1038/emboj.2009.117. PMC 2684024. PMID 19407814.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Kaufman RJ (May 1999). "Stress signaling from the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum: coordination of gene transcriptional and translational controls". Genes Dev. 13 (10): 1211–33. doi:10.1101/gad.13.10.1211. PMID 10346810.
- ^ Kober L, Zehe C, Bode J (October 2012). "Development of a novel ER stress based selection system for the isolation of highly productive clones". Biotechnol. Bioeng. 109 (10): 2599–611. doi:10.1002/bit.24527. PMID 22510960.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ {{cite journal|last=Casas-Tinto|first=S|author2=Zhang, Y |author3=Sanchez-Garcia, J |author4=Gomez-Velazquez, M |author5=Rincon-Limas, DE |author6=Fernandez-Funez, P |title=The ER stress factor XBP1s prevents amyloid-{beta} neurotoxicity.|journal=Human Molecular Genetics|date=25 March 2011|pmid=21389082|doi=10.1093/hmg/ddr100|pmc=3090193|volume=20|issue=11|pages=2144–60}}
- ^ Kaser A, Lee AH, Franke A, Glickman JN, Zeissig S, Tilg H, Nieuwenhuis EE, Higgins DE, Schreiber S, Glimcher LH, Blumberg RS (September 2008). "XBP1 links ER stress to intestinal inflammation and confers genetic risk for human inflammatory bowel disease". Cell. 134 (5): 743–56. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.07.021. PMC 2586148. PMID 18775308.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Kusumi I, Masui T, Kakiuchi C, Suzuki K, Akimoto T, Hashimoto R, Kunugi H, Kato T, Koyama T (December 2005). "Relationship between XBP1 genotype and personality traits assessed by TCI and NEO-FFI". Neurosci. Lett. 391 (1–2): 7–10. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.08.023. PMID 16154272.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Ding L, Yan J, Zhu J, Zhong H, Lu Q, Wang Z, Huang C, Ye Q (September 2003). "Ligand-independent activation of estrogen receptor alpha by XBP-1". Nucleic Acids Res. 31 (18): 5266–74. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg731. PMC 203316. PMID 12954762.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)