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Nuclear receptor 4A2

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Template:PBB The Nuclear receptor related 1 protein (NURR1) also known as NR4A2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR4A2 gene.[1] NURR1 is a member of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular transcription factors.

NURR1 plays a key role in the maintenance of the dopaminergic system of the brain.[2] Mutations in this gene have been associated with disorders related to dopaminergic dysfunction, including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and manic depression. Misregulation of this gene may be associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Four transcript variants encoding four distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. Additional alternate splice variants may exist, but their full-length nature has not been determined.[3]

Nurr1 and Inflammation

Research has been conducted on Nurr1’s role in inflammation, and may provide important information in treating disorders caused by dopaminergic neuron disease. Inflammation in the CNS can result from activated microglia (macrophage analogs for the central nervous system) and other pro-inflammatory factors, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS binds to toll-like receptors (TLR), which induces inflammatory gene expression by promoting signal-dependent transcription factors. To determine which cells are dopaminergic, experiments measured the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which is needed for dopamine synthesis. It has been shown that Nurr1 protects dopaminergic neurons from LPS-induced inflammation, by reducing inflammatory gene expression in microglia and astrocytes. When a short hairpin for Nurr1 was expressed in microglia and astrocytes, these cells produced inflammatory mediators, such as TNFa, NO synthase and IL-1β, supporting the conclusion that reduced Nurr1 promotes inflammation and leads to cell death of dopaminergic neurons. Nurr1 interacts with the transcription factor complex NF-κB-p65 on the inflammatory gene promoters. However, Nurr1 is dependent on other factors to be able to participate in these interactions. Nurr1 needs to be sumoylated and its co-regulating factor, glycogen synthase kinase 3, needs to be phosphorylated for these interactions to occur. Sumolyated Nurr1 recruits CoREST, a complex made of several proteins that assembles chromatin-modifying enzymes. The Nurr1/CoREST complex inhibits transcription of inflammatory genes.[4]

Structure

One investigation conducted research on the structure and found that Nurr1 does not contain a ligand-binding cavity but a patch filled with hydrophobic side chains. Non-polar amino acid residues of Nurr1’s co-regulators, SMRT and NCoR, bind to this hydrophobic patch. Analysis of tertiary structure has shown that the binding surface of the ligand-binding domain is located on the grooves of the 11th and 12th alpha helices. This study also found essential structural components of this hydrophobic patch, to be the three amino acids residues, F574, F592, L593; mutation of any these three inhibits LBD activity.[5]

Applications

Nurr1 induces tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression, which eventually leads to differentiation into dopaminergic neurons. Nurr1 has been demonstrated to induce differentiation in CNS precursor cells in vitro but they require additional factors to reach full maturity and dopaminergic differentiation.[6] Therefore, Nurr1 modulation may be promising for generation of dopaminergic neurons for Parkinson’s disease research, yet implantation of these induced cells as therapy treatments, has had limited results.

Interactions

Nuclear receptor related 1 protein has been shown to interact with:

References

  1. ^ Okabe T, Takayanagi R, Imasaki K, Haji M, Nawata H, Watanabe T (Apr 1995). "cDNA cloning of a NGFI-B/nur77-related transcription factor from an apoptotic human T cell line". Journal of Immunology. 154 (8): 3871–9. PMID 7706727.
  2. ^ Sacchetti P, Carpentier R, Ségard P, Olivé-Cren C, Lefebvre P (2006). "Multiple signaling pathways regulate the transcriptional activity of the orphan nuclear receptor NURR1". Nucleic Acids Research. 34 (19): 5515–27. doi:10.1093/nar/gkl712. PMC 1636490. PMID 17020917.
  3. ^ "Entrez Gene: NR4A2 nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 2".
  4. ^ Saijo K, Winner B, Carson CT, Collier JG, Boyer L, Rosenfeld MG, Gage FH, Glass CK (Apr 2009). "A Nurr1/CoREST pathway in microglia and astrocytes protects dopaminergic neurons from inflammation-induced death". Cell. 137 (1): 47–59. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.038. PMC 2754279. PMID 19345186.
  5. ^ Codina A, Benoit G, Gooch JT, Neuhaus D, Perlmann T, Schwabe JW (Dec 2004). "Identification of a novel co-regulator interaction surface on the ligand binding domain of Nurr1 using NMR footprinting". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (51): 53338–45. doi:10.1074/jbc.M409096200. PMID 15456745.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ Kim JY, Koh HC, Lee JY, Chang MY, Kim YC, Chung HY, Son H, Lee YS, Studer L, McKay R, Lee SH (Jun 2003). "Dopaminergic neuronal differentiation from rat embryonic neural precursors by Nurr1 overexpression". Journal of Neurochemistry. 85 (6): 1443–54. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01780.x. PMID 12787064.
  7. ^ a b Perlmann T, Jansson L (Apr 1995). "A novel pathway for vitamin A signaling mediated by RXR heterodimerization with NGFI-B and NURR1". Genes & Development. 9 (7): 769–82. doi:10.1101/gad.9.7.769. PMID 7705655.

Further reading

  • Le W, Appel SH (Feb 2004). "Mutant genes responsible for Parkinson's disease". Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 4 (1): 79–84. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2003.09.005. PMID 15018843.
  • Wedler B, Wüstenberg PW, Naumann G (Jul 1975). "[Treatment of hypertonus in diabetes mellitus]". Zeitschrift für die gesamte innere Medizin und ihre Grenzgebiete. 30 (13): 437–42. PMID 4929.
  • Perlmann T, Jansson L (Apr 1995). "A novel pathway for vitamin A signaling mediated by RXR heterodimerization with NGFI-B and NURR1". Genes & Development. 9 (7): 769–82. doi:10.1101/gad.9.7.769. PMID 7705655.
  • Forman BM, Umesono K, Chen J, Evans RM (May 1995). "Unique response pathways are established by allosteric interactions among nuclear hormone receptors". Cell. 81 (4): 541–50. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90075-6. PMID 7758108.
  • Mages HW, Rilke O, Bravo R, Senger G, Kroczek RA (Nov 1994). "NOT, a human immediate-early response gene closely related to the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor NAK1/TR3". Molecular Endocrinology. 8 (11): 1583–91. doi:10.1210/me.8.11.1583. PMID 7877627.
  • Maruyama K, Sugano S (Jan 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
  • Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (Oct 1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.
  • Torii T, Kawarai T, Nakamura S, Kawakami H (Apr 1999). "Organization of the human orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 gene". Gene. 230 (2): 225–32. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00064-5. PMID 10216261.
  • Ichinose H, Ohye T, Suzuki T, Sumi-Ichinose C, Nomura T, Hagino Y, Nagatsu T (Apr 1999). "Molecular cloning of the human Nurr1 gene: characterization of the human gene and cDNAs". Gene. 230 (2): 233–9. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00065-7. PMID 10216262.
  • Chen YH, Tsai MT, Shaw CK, Chen CH (Dec 2001). "Mutation analysis of the human NR4A2 gene, an essential gene for midbrain dopaminergic neurogenesis, in schizophrenic patients". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 105 (8): 753–7. doi:10.1002/ajmg.10036. PMID 11803525.
  • Ishiguro H, Okubo Y, Ohtsuki T, Yamakawa-Kobayashi K, Arinami T (Jan 2002). "Mutation analysis of the retinoid X receptor beta, nuclear-related receptor 1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha genes in schizophrenia and alcohol dependence: possible haplotype association of nuclear-related receptor 1 gene to alcohol dependence". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 114 (1): 15–23. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1620. PMID 11840500.
  • McEvoy AN, Murphy EA, Ponnio T, Conneely OM, Bresnihan B, FitzGerald O, Murphy EP (Mar 2002). "Activation of nuclear orphan receptor NURR1 transcription by NF-kappa B and cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate response element-binding protein in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue". Journal of Immunology. 168 (6): 2979–87. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.168.6.2979. PMID 11884470.
  • Xu PY, Liang R, Jankovic J, Hunter C, Zeng YX, Ashizawa T, Lai D, Le WD (Mar 2002). "Association of homozygous 7048G7049 variant in the intron six of Nurr1 gene with Parkinson's disease". Neurology. 58 (6): 881–4. doi:10.1212/wnl.58.6.881. PMID 11914402.
  • Bannon MJ, Pruetz B, Manning-Bog AB, Whitty CJ, Michelhaugh SK, Sacchetti P, Granneman JG, Mash DC, Schmidt CJ (Apr 2002). "Decreased expression of the transcription factor NURR1 in dopamine neurons of cocaine abusers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (9): 6382–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.092654299. PMC 122957. PMID 11959923.
  • Le WD, Xu P, Jankovic J, Jiang H, Appel SH, Smith RG, Vassilatis DK (Jan 2003). "Mutations in NR4A2 associated with familial Parkinson disease". Nature Genetics. 33 (1): 85–9. doi:10.1038/ng1066. PMID 12496759.
  • Satoh J, Kuroda Y (Dec 2002). "The constitutive and inducible expression of Nurr1, a key regulator of dopaminergic neuronal differentiation, in human neural and non-neural cell lines". Neuropathology. 22 (4): 219–32. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1789.2002.00460.x. PMID 12564761.
  • Iwayama-Shigeno Y, Yamada K, Toyota T, Shimizu H, Hattori E, Yoshitsugu K, Fujisawa T, Yoshida Y, Kobayashi T, Toru M, Kurumaji A, Detera-Wadleigh S, Yoshikawa T (Apr 2003). "Distribution of haplotypes derived from three common variants of the NR4A2 gene in Japanese patients with schizophrenia". American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics. 118B (1): 20–4. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.10053. PMID 12627459.
  • Kim KS, Kim CH, Hwang DY, Seo H, Chung S, Hong SJ, Lim JK, Anderson T, Isacson O (May 2003). "Orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 directly transactivates the promoter activity of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in a cell-specific manner". Journal of Neurochemistry. 85 (3): 622–34. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01671.x. PMID 12694388.
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