PER3
The PER3 gene encodes the period circadian protein homolog 3 protein in humans.[5] PER3 is a paralog to the PER1 and PER2 genes. It is a circadian gene associate with delayed sleep phase syndrome in humans.[6]
History
The Per3 gene was independently cloned by two research groups (Kobe University School of Medicine and the Harvard Medical School) who both published their discovery in June 1998.[7][8] The mammalian Per3 was discovered by searching for homologous cDNA sequences to Per2. The amino acid sequence of the mouse PERIOD3 protein (mPER3) is between 37-56% similar to the other two PER proteins.[8][7]
Function
This gene is a member of the Period family of genes. It is expressed in a circadian pattern in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the primary circadian pacemaker in the mammalian brain. Genes in this family encode components of the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, metabolism, and behavior. Circadian expression in the SCN continues in constant darkness, and a shift in the light/dark cycle evokes a proportional shift of gene expression in the SCN.[9] PER1 and PER2 are necessary for molecular timekeeping and light responsiveness in the master circadian clock in the SCN, but little data is shown on the concrete function for PER3. PER3 was found to be important for endogenous timekeeping in specific tissues and those tissue-specific changes in endogenous periods result in internal misalignment of circadian clocks in Per3 double knockout (-/-) mice.[10] PER3 may have a stabilizing effect on PER1 and PER2, and this stabilizing effect may be reduced in the PER3-P415A/H417R polymorphism.[11]
Role in chronobiology
The RNA levels of mPer3 oscillate with a circadian rhythm in both the SCN and in the eyes, as well as in peripheral tissues, including the liver, skeletal muscle, and testis.[8] Unlike Per1 and Per2, of which the mRNA is induced in response to light, Per3 mRNA in the SCN does not respond to light. This suggests that Per3 may be regulated differently than either Per1 or Per2.[8]
The mPER3 protein contains a PAS domain, similar to mPER1 and mPER2. Likely, mPER3 binds to other proteins using this domain.[8] However, while PER1/2 have been shown to be important in the transcription-translation feedback loop involved in the intracellular circadian clock, the influence of PER3 in this loop has not yet been fully elucidated, given that mPER3 does not appear to be functionally redundant to mPER1 and mPER2.[12] mPer3 may not be a member of the core clock loop at all.[12]
Animal studies
While the Per3 gene is a paralog to the PER1 and PER2 genes, studies in animals generally show that it does not contribute significantly to circadian rhythms. Functional Per3-/- animals experience only small changes in free-running period,[12] and do not respond significantly differently to light pulses.[13] Per1-/- and Per2-/- animals experience a significant change in free-running period; however, knocking out Per3 in addition to either Per1 or Per2 has little effect on free-running rhythms.[12] Furthermore, Per1-/-Per2-/- mice are completely arrhythmic, indicating that these two genes have much more importance to the biological clock than Per3.[12]
Per3 knockout mice experience a slightly shortened period of locomotor activity (by 0.5 hr[13]) and are less sensitive to light, in that they entrain more slowly to changes in the light-dark cycle. PER3 may be involved in the suppression of behavioral activity in response to light, although mPer3 expression is not necessary for circadian rhythms.[14][15]
Clinical significance
The PER3 “length” polymorphism in the 54-bp repeat sequence in exon 18 (GenBank accession no. AB047686) is a structural polymorphism due to an insertion or deletion of 18 amino acids in a region encoding a putative phosphorylation domain. The polymorphism has been associated with diurnal preference and delayed sleep phase syndrome. A longer allele polymorphism is associated with “morningness” and the short allele with “eveningness.” The short allele is also associated with delayed sleep phase syndrome.[6] The length polymorphism has also been shown to inhibit adipogenesis and Per3 knockout mice were shown to have increased adipose tissue and decreased muscle tissue compared to wild type. Additionally, the presence of the length polymorphism has also been shown to be associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients as compared to non-diabetic control patients.[16] The PER3-P415A/H417R polymorphism has been linked to familial advanced sleep phase syndrome in humans, as well as to seasonal affective disorder, though when knocked in to mice, the polymorphism causes a delayed sleep phase.[11]
Gene
Orthologs
The following is a list of some orthologs of the PER3 gene in other species:[17]
- PER3 (P. troglodytes)
- PER3 (M. mulatta)
- PER3 (C. lupus)
- PER3 (H. sapiens)
- PER3 (B. taurus)
- Per3 (M. musculus)
- Per3 (R. norvegicus)
- PER3 (G. gallus)
- per3 (X. tropicalis)
- per3 (D. rerio)
Paralogs
- PER1
- PER2
Gene location
The human PER3 gene is located on chromosome 1 at the following location:[18]
- Start: 7,784,320 bp
- Finish: 7,845,181 bp
- Length: 60,862 bases
- Exons: 25
PER3 has 19 transcripts (splice variants).
Protein structure
The PER3 protein has been identified to have the following features:[19]
- Size: 1201 amino acids
- Molecular mass: 131888 Da
- Quaternary structure: Homodimer
Post translational modifications
The following are some known post transcriptional modifications to the Per3 gene:[19]
- Phosphorylation by CSNK1E is weak and appears to require association with PER1 and translocation to the nucleus.
- Ubiquitinated.
- Modification sites at PhosphoSitePlus
- Modification sites at neXtProt
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000049246 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000028957 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Shearman LP, Zylka MJ, Weaver DR, Kolakowski LF, Reppert SM (December 1997). "Two period homologs: circadian expression and photic regulation in the suprachiasmatic nuclei". Neuron. 19 (6): 1261–9. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80417-1. PMID 9427249. S2CID 10059149.
- ^ a b Archer SN, Robilliard DL, Skene DJ, Smits M, Williams A, Arendt J, von Schantz M (June 2003). "A length polymorphism in the circadian clock gene Per3 is linked to delayed sleep phase syndrome and extreme diurnal preference". Sleep. 26 (4): 413–5. doi:10.1093/sleep/26.4.413. PMID 12841365.
- ^ a b Takumi T, Taguchi K, Miyake S, Sakakida Y, Takashima N, Matsubara C, Maebayashi Y, Okumura K, Takekida S, Yamamoto S, Yagita K, Yan L, Young MW, Okamura H (August 1998). "A light-independent oscillatory gene mPer3 in mouse SCN and OVLT". The EMBO Journal. 17 (16): 4753–9. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.16.4753. PMC 1170804. PMID 9707434.
- ^ a b c d e Zylka MJ, Shearman LP, Weaver DR, Reppert SM (June 1998). "Three period homologs in mammals: differential light responses in the suprachiasmatic circadian clock and oscillating transcripts outside of brain". Neuron. 20 (6): 1103–10. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80492-4. PMID 9655499. S2CID 14797914.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: PER3 period homolog 3 (Human)".
- ^ Pendergast JS, Niswender KD, Yamazaki S (2012). "Tissue-specific function of Period3 in circadian rhythmicity". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e30254. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...730254P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030254. PMC 3256228. PMID 22253927.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Zhang L, Hirano A, Hsu PK, Jones CR, Sakai N, Okuro M, McMahon T, Yamazaki M, Xu Y, Saigoh N, Saigoh K, Lin ST, Kaasik K, Nishino S, Ptáček LJ, Fu YH (March 2016). "A PERIOD3 variant causes a circadian phenotype and is associated with a seasonal mood trait". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (11): E1536–44. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113E1536Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.1600039113. PMC 4801303. PMID 26903630.
- ^ a b c d e Bae K, Jin X, Maywood ES, Hastings MH, Reppert SM, Weaver DR (May 2001). "Differential functions of mPer1, mPer2, and mPer3 in the SCN circadian clock". Neuron. 30 (2): 525–36. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00302-6. PMID 11395012. S2CID 219582.
- ^ a b Shearman LP, Jin X, Lee C, Reppert SM, Weaver DR (September 2000). "Targeted disruption of the mPer3 gene: subtle effects on circadian clock function". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 20 (17): 6269–75. doi:10.1128/MCB.20.17.6269-6275.2000. PMC 86101. PMID 10938103.
- ^ van der Veen DR, Archer SN (February 2010). "Light-dependent behavioral phenotypes in PER3-deficient mice" (PDF). Journal of Biological Rhythms. 25 (1): 3–8. doi:10.1177/0748730409356680. PMID 20075295. S2CID 770136.
- ^ Pereira DS, van der Veen DR, Gonçalves BS, Tufik S, von Schantz M, Archer SN, Pedrazzoli M (2014). "The effect of different photoperiods in circadian rhythms of per3 knockout mice". BioMed Research International. 2014: 170795. doi:10.1155/2014/170795. PMC 4042019. PMID 24982860.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Karthikeyan R, Marimuthu G, Sooriyakumar M, BaHammam AS, Spence DW, Pandi-Perumal SR, Brown GM, Cardinali DP (June 2014). "Per3 length polymorphism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus". Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation. 18 (3): 145–9. doi:10.1515/hmbci-2013-0049. hdl:11336/15739. PMID 25390010. S2CID 36626446.
- ^ "PER3". Homologene. NCBI. 2017. Retrieved 12 Apr 2017.
- ^ "PER3". Entrez Gene. NCBI. 2017. Retrieved 12 Apr 2017.
- ^ a b "Per3 Gene". GeneCards. Weizmann Institute of Science. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
External links
- PER3+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.