EN2 (gene)
| EN2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Aliases | EN2, engrailed homeobox 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 131310; MGI: 95390; HomoloGene: 55579; GeneCards: EN2; OMA:EN2 - orthologs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Homeobox protein engrailed-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EN2 gene.[5]
Function
Homeobox-containing genes are thought to have a role in controlling development. In Drosophila, the 'engrailed' (en) gene plays an important role during development in segmentation, where it is required for the formation of posterior compartments. Different mutations in the mouse homologs, En1 and En2, produced different developmental defects that frequently are lethal. The human engrailed homologs 1 and 2 encode homeodomain-containing proteins and have been implicated in the control of pattern formation during development of the central nervous system.[5]
In cancer diagnosis
A method for diagnosing prostate cancer by detection of EN2 in urine has developed. The results of a clinical trial of 288 men suggest that EN2 could be a marker for prostate cancer which might prove more reliable than current methods that use prostate-specific antigen (PSA). If effective, a urine test is considered easier and less embarrassing for the patient than blood tests or rectal examinations and, therefore, less likely to discourage early diagnosis. At the time of the report, it was not clear whether or not the EN2 test could distinguish between aggressive tumours that would require intervention and relatively benign ones that would not.[6]
Licensing & Marketing
The EN2 test for prostate cancer has been licensed to Zeus Scientific, as they reported in March 2013. In that announcement they said they expected the test to be submitted to the US-FDA in a year,[7] and available worldwide in 2 years.[8]
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000164778 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000039095 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: EN2 engrailed homeobox 2".
- ^ Morgan R, Boxall A, Bhatt A, Bailey M, Hindley R, Langley S, Whitaker HC, Neal DE, Ismail M, Whitaker H, Annels N, Michael A, Pandha H (March 2011). "Engrailed-2 (EN2): a tumor specific urinary biomarker for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer". Clin. Cancer Res. 17 (5): 1090–8. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-2410. PMID 21364037.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|laysource=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|laysummary=ignored (help) - ^ "University of Surrey licenses the patented use of EN2 protein as a diagnostic biomarker for prostate and bladder cancer to ZEUS Scientific". 13 March 2013.
- ^ "Licence deal brings breakthrough prostate cancer test closer to clinical use". 13 March 2013.
Further reading
- Logan C, Hanks MC, Noble-Topham S, et al. (1993). "Cloning and sequence comparison of the mouse, human, and chicken engrailed genes reveal potential functional domains and regulatory regions". Dev. Genet. 13 (5): 345–58. doi:10.1002/dvg.1020130505. PMID 1363401.
- Joyner AL, Herrup K, Auerbach BA, et al. (1991). "Subtle cerebellar phenotype in mice homozygous for a targeted deletion of the En-2 homeobox". Science. 251 (4998): 1239–43. doi:10.1126/science.1672471. PMID 1672471.
- Poole SJ, Law ML, Kao FT, Lau YF (1989). "Isolation and chromosomal localization of the human En-2 gene". Genomics. 4 (3): 225–31. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(89)90324-8. PMID 2565873.
- Logan C, Willard HF, Rommens JM, Joyner AL (1989). "Chromosomal localization of the human homeo box-containing genes, EN1 and EN2". Genomics. 4 (2): 206–9. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(89)90301-7. PMID 2567700.
- Kozmik Z, Sure U, Rüedi D, et al. (1995). "Deregulated expression of PAX5 in medulloblastoma". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (12): 5709–13. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.12.5709. PMC 41766. PMID 7777574.
- Joliot A, Trembleau A, Raposo G, et al. (1997). "Association of Engrailed homeoproteins with vesicles presenting caveolae-like properties". Development. 124 (10): 1865–75. PMID 9169834.
- "A full genome screen for autism with evidence for linkage to a region on chromosome 7q. International Molecular Genetic Study of Autism Consortium". Hum. Mol. Genet. 7 (3): 571–8. 1998. doi:10.1093/hmg/7.3.571. PMID 9546821.
- "Toward a complete human genome sequence". Genome Res. 8 (11): 1097–108. 1999. doi:10.1101/gr.8.11.1097. PMID 9847074.
- Philippe A, Martinez M, Guilloud-Bataille M, et al. (1999). "Genome-wide scan for autism susceptibility genes. Paris Autism Research International Sibpair Study". Hum. Mol. Genet. 8 (5): 805–12. doi:10.1093/hmg/8.5.805. PMID 10196369.
- Risch N, Spiker D, Lotspeich L, et al. (1999). "A genomic screen of autism: evidence for a multilocus etiology". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 65 (2): 493–507. doi:10.1086/302497. PMC 1377948. PMID 10417292.
- Ashley-Koch A, Wolpert CM, Menold MM, et al. (2000). "Genetic studies of autistic disorder and chromosome 7". Genomics. 61 (3): 227–36. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5968. PMID 10552924.
- Barrett S, Beck JC, Bernier R, et al. (2000). "An autosomal genomic screen for autism. Collaborative linkage study of autism". Am. J. Med. Genet. 88 (6): 609–15. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19991215)88:6<609::AID-AJMG7>3.3.CO;2-C. PMID 10581478.
- Sarnat HB, Benjamin DR, Siebert JR, et al. (2002). "Agenesis of the mesencephalon and metencephalon with cerebellar hypoplasia: putative mutation in the EN2 gene--report of 2 cases in early infancy". Pediatr. Dev. Pathol. 5 (1): 54–68. doi:10.1007/s10024-001-0103-5. PMID 11815869.
- Zhong H, Serajee FJ, Nabi R, Huq AH (2003). "No association between the EN2 gene and autistic disorder". J. Med. Genet. 40 (1): e4. doi:10.1136/jmg.40.1.e4. PMC 1735256. PMID 12525552.
- Foucher I, Montesinos ML, Volovitch M, et al. (2003). "Joint regulation of the MAP1B promoter by HNF3beta/Foxa2 and Engrailed is the result of a highly conserved mechanism for direct interaction of homeoproteins and Fox transcription factors". Development. 130 (9): 1867–76. doi:10.1242/dev.00414. PMID 12642491.
- Scherer SW, Cheung J, MacDonald JR, et al. (2003). "Human Chromosome 7: DNA Sequence and Biology". Science. 300 (5620): 767–72. doi:10.1126/science.1083423. PMC 2882961. PMID 12690205.
- Hillier LW, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, et al. (2003). "The DNA sequence of human chromosome 7". Nature. 424 (6945): 157–64. doi:10.1038/nature01782. PMID 12853948.
- Gharani N, Benayed R, Mancuso V, et al. (2004). "Association of the homeobox transcription factor, ENGRAILED 2, 3, with autism spectrum disorder". Mol. Psychiatry. 9 (5): 474–84. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001498. PMID 15024396.
- Hjerrild M, Stensballe A, Rasmussen TE, et al. (2004). "Identification of phosphorylation sites in protein kinase A substrates using artificial neural networks and mass spectrometry". J. Proteome Res. 3 (3): 426–33. doi:10.1021/pr0341033. PMID 15253423.
External links
- EN2+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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