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TBX5 (gene)

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TBX5
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesTBX5, HOS, T-box 5, T-box transcription factor 5
External IDsOMIM: 601620; MGI: 102541; HomoloGene: 160; GeneCards: TBX5; OMA:TBX5 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

6910

21388

Ensembl

ENSG00000089225

ENSMUSG00000018263

UniProt

Q99593

P70326

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_181486
NM_000192
NM_080717
NM_080718

NM_011537

RefSeq (protein)

NP_000183
NP_542448
NP_852259

NP_035667

Location (UCSC)Chr 12: 114.35 – 114.41 MbChr 5: 119.97 – 120.02 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

T-box transcription factor TBX5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBX5 gene.[5][6][7]

This gene is a member of a phylogenetically conserved family of genes that share a common DNA-binding domain, the T-box. T-box genes encode transcription factors involved in the regulation of developmental processes. This gene is closely linked[clarification needed] to related family member T-box 3 (ulnar mammary syndrome) on human chromosome 12.

Tbx5 is a gene that is located on the long arm of chromosome 12.[8] Tbx5 produces a protein called T-box 5 that acts as a transcription factor.[9] The Tbx5 gene is involved with forelimb and heart development.[10] This gene impacts the early development of the forelimb by triggering fibroblast growth factor, FGF10.[11]

Function

Tbx5 is involved with the development of the four chambers in the heart, the electrical conducting system, and the septum separating the right and left sides of the heart.[12]

Clinical significance

The encoded protein may play a role in heart development and specification of limb identity. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Holt-Oram syndrome, a developmental disorder affecting the heart and upper limbs.[10][13] Skeletally there may be abnormally bent fingers, sloping shoulders, and phocomelia. Cardiac defects include ventral and atrial septation and problems with the conduction system.[14] Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene.[7]

In studies done in mutant mice without the TBX5 gene it has been shown that the homozygous mice did not survive gestation due to the heart not developing past embryonic day E9.5. Also the heterozygous mice were born with morphological problems such as enlarged hearts, atrial and ventral septum defects, and limb malformations similar to those found in the Holt-Oram Syndrome.[15] Supporting the essential role of TBX5 in the heart development.

The encoded protein plays a major role in limb development, specifically during limb bud initiation.[16] For instance, in chickens Tbx5 specifies forelimb status.[17] The activation of Tbx5 and other T-box proteins by Hox genes activates signaling cascades that involve the Wnt signaling pathway and FGF signals in limb buds.[16] Ultimately, Tbx5 leads to the development of apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) signaling centers in the developing limb bud, which specify the orientation growth of the developing limb.[16] Together with Tbx4, Tbx5 plays a role in patterning the soft tissues (muscles and tendons) of the musculoskeletal system.[18]

A mutation in this gene can cause Holt-Oram syndrome or Amelia syndrome.[10] Holt-Oram syndrome can cause several different defects. One effect of Holt-Oram syndrome is a hole in the septum.[19] Another symptom of this syndrome is bone abnormalities in the fingers, wrists, or arms.[20] An additional defect that Holt-Oram syndrome can cause is a conduction disease leading to abnormal heart rates and arrhythmias.[21] Amelia syndrome is a condition where forelimb malformation occurs because FGF-10 is not triggered due to Tbx5 mutations.[22] This condition can lead to the absence of one or both forelimbs.

Interactions

TBX5 (gene) has been shown to interact with:

References

  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000089225 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000018263 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ Basson CT, Bachinsky DR, Lin RC, Levi T, Elkins JA, Soults J, Grayzel D, Kroumpouzou E, Traill TA, Leblanc-Straceski J, Renault B, Kucherlapati R, Seidman JG, Seidman CE (January 1997). "Mutations in human TBX5 [corrected] cause limb and cardiac malformation in Holt-Oram syndrome". Nature Genetics. 15 (1): 30–5. doi:10.1038/ng0197-30. PMID 8988165.
  6. ^ Terrett JA, Newbury-Ecob R, Cross GS, Fenton I, Raeburn JA, Young ID, Brook JD (April 1994). "Holt-Oram syndrome is a genetically heterogeneous disease with one locus mapping to human chromosome 12q". Nature Genetics. 6 (4): 401–4. doi:10.1038/ng0494-401. PMID 8054982.
  7. ^ a b "Entrez Gene: TBX5 T-box 5".
  8. ^ Patel C, Silcock L, McMullan D, Brueton L, Cox H (August 2012). "TBX5 intragenic duplication: a family with an atypical Holt-Oram syndrome phenotype". European Journal of Human Genetics. 20 (8): 863–9. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2012.16. PMC 3400730. PMID 22333898.
  9. ^ Jhang WK, Lee BH, Kim GH, Lee JO, Yoo HW (August 2015). "Clinical and molecular characterisation of Holt-Oram syndrome focusing on cardiac manifestations". Cardiology in the Young. 25 (6): 1093–8. doi:10.1017/s1047951114001656. PMID 25216260.
  10. ^ a b c Steimle JD, Moskowitz IP (2017). "TBX5: A Key Regulator of Heart Development". Current Topics in Developmental Biology. 122: 195–221. doi:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.08.008. PMC 5371404. PMID 28057264.
  11. ^ Nishimoto S, Wilde SM, Wood S, Logan MP (August 2015). "RA Acts in a Coherent Feed-Forward Mechanism with Tbx5 to Control Limb Bud Induction and Initiation". Cell Reports. 12 (5): 879–91. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.068. PMC 4553633. PMID 26212321.
  12. ^ Boogerd CJ, Evans SM (February 2016). "TBX5 and NuRD Divide the Heart". Developmental Cell. 36 (3): 242–4. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2016.01.015. PMID 26859347.
  13. ^ Virdis G, Dessole M, Dessole S, Ambrosini G, Cosmi E, Cherchil PL, Capobianco G (2016). "Holt Oram syndrome: a case report and review of the literature". Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology. 43 (1): 137–9. PMID 27048037.
  14. ^ Packham EA, Brook JD (April 2003). "T-box genes in human disorders". Human Molecular Genetics. 12 Spec No 1 (Spec No 1): R37-44. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddg077. PMID 12668595.
  15. ^ Takeuchi JK, Ohgi M, Koshiba-Takeuchi K, Shiratori H, Sakaki I, Ogura K, Saijoh Y, Ogura T (December 2003). "Tbx5 specifies the left/right ventricles and ventricular septum position during cardiogenesis". Development. 130 (24): 5953–64. doi:10.1242/dev.00797. PMID 14573514.
  16. ^ a b c Tickle C (October 2015). "How the embryo makes a limb: determination, polarity and identity". Journal of Anatomy. 227 (4): 418–30. doi:10.1111/joa.12361. PMID 26249743.
  17. ^ Rodriguez-Esteban C, Tsukui T, Yonei S, Magallon J, Tamura K, Izpisua Belmonte JC (April 1999). "The T-box genes Tbx4 and Tbx5 regulate limb outgrowth and identity". Nature. 398 (6730): 814–8. doi:10.1038/19769. PMID 10235264.
  18. ^ Hasson P, DeLaurier A, Bennett M, Grigorieva E, Naiche LA, Papaioannou VE, Mohun TJ, Logan MP (January 2010). "Tbx4 and tbx5 acting in connective tissue are required for limb muscle and tendon patterning". Developmental Cell. 18 (1): 148–56. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2009.11.013. PMC 3034643. PMID 20152185.
  19. ^ Jhang WK, Lee BH, Kim GH, Lee JO, Yoo HW (August 2015). "Clinical and molecular characterisation of Holt-Oram syndrome focusing on cardiac manifestations". Cardiology in the Young. 25 (6): 1093–8. doi:10.1017/s1047951114001656. PMID 25216260.
  20. ^ Pizard A, Burgon PG, Paul DL, Bruneau BG, Seidman CE, Seidman JG (June 2005). "Connexin 40, a target of transcription factor Tbx5, patterns wrist, digits, and sternum". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 25 (12): 5073–83. doi:10.1128/mcb.25.12.5073-5083.2005. PMC 1140596. PMID 15923624.
  21. ^ Patel C, Silcock L, McMullan D, Brueton L, Cox H (August 2012). "TBX5 intragenic duplication: a family with an atypical Holt-Oram syndrome phenotype". European Journal of Human Genetics. 20 (8): 863–9. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2012.16. PMC 3400730. PMID 22333898.
  22. ^ "Tetra-Amelia Syndrome". Gene Reviews. 28 August 2007. PMID 20301453.
  23. ^ a b Garg V, Kathiriya IS, Barnes R, Schluterman MK, King IN, Butler CA, Rothrock CR, Eapen RS, Hirayama-Yamada K, Joo K, Matsuoka R, Cohen JC, Srivastava D (July 2003). "GATA4 mutations cause human congenital heart defects and reveal an interaction with TBX5". Nature. 424 (6947): 443–7. doi:10.1038/nature01827. PMID 12845333.
  24. ^ Hiroi Y, Kudoh S, Monzen K, Ikeda Y, Yazaki Y, Nagai R, Komuro I (July 2001). "Tbx5 associates with Nkx2-5 and synergistically promotes cardiomyocyte differentiation". Nature Genetics. 28 (3): 276–80. doi:10.1038/90123. PMID 11431700.

Further reading

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