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In social studies , a political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals , principles , doctrines , myths or symbols of a social movement , institution , class or large group that explains how society should work and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order . A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some political parties follow a certain ideology very closely while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. The popularity of an ideology is in part due to the influence of moral entrepreneurs , who sometimes act in their own interests. Political ideologies have two dimensions: (1) goals: how society should be organized; and (2) methods: the most appropriate way to achieve this goal.
An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. autocracy or democracy ) and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism or socialism ). The same word is sometimes used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, socialism may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology which supports that economic system. The same term may also be used to refer to multiple ideologies and that is why political scientists try to find consensus definitions for these terms. While the terms have been conflated at times, communism has come in common parlance and in academics to refer to Soviet-type regimes and Marxist–Leninist ideologies whereas socialism has come to refer to a wider range of differing ideologies which are distinct from Marxism–Leninism.[1]
Political ideology is a term fraught with problems, having been called "the most elusive concept in the whole of social science".[2] While ideologies tend to identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left , the centre or the right ), they can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g. populism as it is commonly defined) and from single issues around which a party may be built (e.g. civil libertarianism and support or opposition to European integration ), although either of these may or may not be central to a particular ideology. There are several studies that show that political ideology is heritable within families.[3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
The following list is strictly alphabetical and attempts to divide the ideologies found in practical political life into a number of groups, with each group containing ideologies that are related to each other. The headers refer to names of the best-known ideologies in each group. The names of the headers do not necessarily imply some hierarchical order or that one ideology evolved out of the other. Instead, they are merely noting that the ideologies in question are practically, historically and ideologically related to each other. As such, one ideology can belong to several groups and there is sometimes considerable overlap between related ideologies. The meaning of a political label can also differ between countries and political parties often subscribe to a combination of ideologies.
Anarchism
See also:
Anarchist schools of thought ,
Anarchist economics ,
Anarchy ,
Anti-authoritarianism ,
Anti-capitalism ,
Anti-fascism ,
Anti-statism ,
Commune ,
Decentralization ,
Far-left politics ,
Free association ,
History of anarchism ,
Libertarian socialism ,
Market abolitionism ,
Social revolution , and
Stateless society
Further information:
Anarchism and animal rights ,
Anarchism and capitalism ,
Anarchism and education ,
Anarchism and free love ,
Anarchism and nationalism ,
Anarchism and violence ,
Anarchist schools of thought ,
Criticism of anarchism ,
Glossary of anarchism ,
List of anarchist communities , and
Outline of anarchism
Political internationals
Classical
See also:
Classless society ,
Class struggle ,
Collectivism ,
Communist society ,
Direct action ,
Free love ,
Freethought ,
Gift economy ,
Individualism ,
Individual reclamation ,
Mutual aid ,
Proletarian internationalism ,
Propaganda of the deed ,
Property is theft! ,
Self-ownership ,
Spontaneous order ,
Social justice ,
Syndicalism , and
Union of egoists
Post-classical
Contemporary
See also:
Affinity group ,
Alter-globalization ,
Anti-corporatism ,
Anti-globalization ,
Black bloc ,
Counter-economics ,
Freed market ,
Global justice movement ,
Horizontalidad ,
Permanent autonomous zone ,
Really Really Free Market ,
Somatherapy ,
Squatting , and
Temporary autonomous zone
Opposition
Religious variants
Regional variants
African
American
Asian
European
Oceanian
Authoritarianism
General
Other
Opposition
Religious variants
Regional variants
African
American
Asian
European
Christian democracy
Political internationals
General
See also:
Catholic social teaching ,
Catholic subsidiarity ,
Christian ethics ,
Christian New Man ,
Communitarianism ,
Cultural mandate ,
Dignity of labor ,
Just war theory ,
Natural law ,
Neo-Calvinism ,
Neo-scholasticism ,
Social market economy ,
Solidarity ,
Sphere sovereignty ,
Stewardship ,
Subsidiarity ,
Thomism , and
Whiggism
Other
Regional variants
African
American
Asian
European
Oceanian
Communitarianism
General
Other
Regional variants
Communism
See also:
Anti-capitalism ,
Anti-fascism ,
Common ownership ,
Commune ,
Communist society ,
Economic planning ,
First International ,
History of communism ,
Law of value ,
Left-wing politics ,
Marxian economics ,
Marxism ,
Social egalitarianism , and
Socialism
Further information:
Classless society ,
Class struggle ,
Criticism of Marxan economics ,
Criticism of Marxism ,
Commons ,
Commune ,
Enclosure ,
Higher communism ,
Lower communism ,
Socialization ,
Proletarian revolution ,
Stateless society , and
World revolution
Political internationals
Authoritarian
Further information:
Criticism of communist party rule ,
Communist state ,
Communist terrorism ,
Left-wing terrorism ,
List of socialist states ,
New Soviet Man ,
Old Left ,
Red Terror ,
Revolutionary terror ,
Socialist state , and
Soviet-type economic planning
Libertarian
See also:
Anti-authoritarianism ,
Anti-Leninism ,
Anti-Stalinist left ,
Anti-statism ,
Far-left politics ,
Free association ,
Libertarian socialism ,
Liberty ,
Market abolitionism ,
Social anarchism ,
Socialist economics ,
Socialism from below , and
Syndicalism
Other
Opposition
Religious variants
Regional variants
African
American
Asian
European
Oceanian
Conservatism
Political internationals
Traditional
Reactionary
Other
Opposition
Religious variants
Regional variants
African
American
Asian
European
Oceanian
Corporatism
Further information:
Capitalism ,
Corporate group ,
Corporate law ,
Corporation ,
Corporatization ,
Feudal corporation ,
Corporatocracy ,
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft ,
Guild ,
Oligarchy ,
Quango ,
Refeudalization ,
Social cohesion , and
Syndic
General
Other
Religious variants
Regional variants
Democracy
Political internationals
General
Other
Direct democracy movements
Pirate politics
Opposition
Religious variants
Regional variants
African
Asian
American
European
Oceanian
Environmentalism
Political internationals
Bright green environmentalism
Deep green environmentalism
Light green environmentalism
Other
Opposition
Religious variants
Regional variants
African
American
Asian
European
Oceanian
Fascism
See also:
Bourgeois nation ,
Class collaboration ,
Criticism of fascism ,
Definitions of fascism ,
Far-right politics ,
Fascism and capitalism ,
Fascism and conservatism ,
Fascism and democracy ,
Fascism and ideology ,
Fascism and liberalism ,
Fascism and Marxism ,
Fascism and the rhetoric of unification ,
Fascist as an insult ,
Fascist New Man ,
Fascist tenets ,
Heroic capitalism ,
History of fascism ,
National capitalism ,
Proletarian nation ,
State capitalism ,
Supercapitalism ,
Social order ,
Third Position , and
Totalitarianism
Further information:
1924 Italian general election ,
Anti-Comintern Pact ,
Austrian Civil War ,
Aventine Secession ,
Axis powers ,
Beer Hall Putsch ,
Enabling Act ,
Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy ,
Glossary of Fascist Italy ,
The Holocaust ,
Italian invasion of Albania ,
Italy under fascism ,
March 1933 German federal election ,
March on Rome ,
November 1932 German federal election ,
Nuremberg trials ,
Pacification of Libya ,
Reichstag fire ,
Second Italo-Ethiopian War ,
Second Sino-Japanese War ,
Spanish Civil War , and
World War II
General
See also:
Actual idealism ,
Anti-communism ,
Anti-democratic thought ,
Anti-liberalism ,
Anti-socialism ,
Authoritarianism ,
Authority ,
Eugenics ,
Fascist economics ,
Hierarchy ,
Imperialism ,
Militarism ,
Reactionary modernism ,
Statism ,
Statolatry , and
Totalitarianism
Further information:
Dictatorship ,
Economic interventionism ,
Economics of fascism ,
Fascist symbolism ,
Indoctrination ,
One-party state ,
Personality cult ,
Propaganda ,
Propaganda of Fascist Italy ,
Protectionism ,
Social interventionism , and
Violence
Other
See also:
Anti-modernism ,
Anti-rationalism ,
Antisemitism ,
Conservatism ,
Cultural nationalism ,
Ethno-nationalism ,
Iron law of oligarchy ,
Left-wing fascism ,
Racism ,
Reactionary ,
Right-wing populism ,
Social Darwinism ,
Social fascism , and
White nationalism
Further information:
Aryan race ,
Borghese coup ,
Business Plot ,
Far-right social centres ,
Far-right subcultures ,
Fascism and race ,
Far-right violence ,
Fascism and Sorelianism ,
German Romanticism ,
Nazism and race ,
Romanticism , and
White terrorism
Opposition
By country
Religious variants
Regional variants
African
American
Asian
European
Oceanian
Identity politics
Political internationals
Age-related rights movements
Animal-related rights movements
Disability-related rights movements
Feminism
See also:
Anti-feminism ,
Feminist biology ,
Feminist economics ,
Feminist effects on society ,
Feminist urbanism ,
Feminist movements and ideologies ,
Gender egalitarianism ,
Gender equality ,
Patriarchy ,
Matriarchy ,
Violence against women , and
War on Women
General
Opposition
Chronological variants
Ethnic and social variants
Religious variants
Regional variants
African
American
Asian
European
Oceanian
LGBT social movements
Men's movement
Self-determination movements
African-American
Indigenous peoples
Latin American
Separatist and supremacist movements
Ethnic
See also:
Apartheid legislation ,
Bantustan ,
Bantu Education Act ,
Black Codes ,
Blockbusting ,
Discrimination ,
Group Areas Act ,
Jim Crow laws ,
Manifesto of Race ,
Pass laws ,
Racial steering ,
Nuremberg Laws ,
Redlining ,
Separate but equal , and
Sundown town
Black
White
Regional variants
African
American
Asian
European
Oceania
Gender
Religious variants
Student movements
General
See also:
Authentic assessment ,
Democratic education ,
Democratic schools ,
Hidden curriculum ,
Minimally invasive education ,
Sudbury school ,
Student-centred learning ,
Student protest ,
Student riot ,
Students' union ,
Student voice , and
Unschooling
Regional variants
Liberalism
See also:
Anglo-Saxon model ,
Capitalism ,
Centre-left politics ,
Centre-right politics ,
Classical economics ,
History of liberalism ,
Laissez-faire ,
Liberal New Man ,
Free-market economy ,
Neo-classical economics ,
Rhine capitalism , and
Welfare capitalism
Political internationals
General
See also:
Civil rights ,
Democracy ,
Egalitarianism ,
Freedom ,
Freedom of the press ,
Freedom of religion ,
Freedom of speech ,
Free market ,
Human rights ,
Internationalism ,
Liberty ,
List of liberal theorists ,
Political equality ,
Natural rights ,
Negative and positive rights ,
Parliamentary system ,
Property rights ,
Representative democracy ,
Secularism , and
Separation of church and state
Other
Opposition
Regional variants
African
American
Asian
European
Oceanian
Libertarianism
Political internationals
Left-libertarianism
See also:
Anarchism ,
Anti-authoritarianism ,
Anti-capitalism ,
Anti-corporatism ,
Anti-statism ,
Classical economics ,
Etymology of libertarianism ,
History of libertarianism ,
Labour theory of value ,
Positive liberty , and
Negative and positive rights
Right-libertarianism
Further information:
Austrian School ,
Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism ,
Criticism of anarcho-capitalism ,
Criticism of laissez-faire ,
Laissez-faire racism ,
Libertarianism and conservation laws ,
Libertarianism and Objectivism ,
Libertarian perspectives on abortion ,
Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment ,
Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention ,
Libertarian perspectives on immigration ,
Libertarian perspectives on inheritance ,
Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property ,
Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights ,
Libertarian perspectives on political alliances ,
Libertarian theories of law ,
Marginalism , and
Neo-classical economics
Other
Opposition
Religious variants
Regional variants
African
American
Asian
European
Oceanian
Nationalism
See also:
Floral emblem ,
Musical nationalism ,
National anthem ,
National colours ,
National epic ,
National flag ,
National god ,
National identity ,
National language ,
National myth ,
National sport ,
National symbol , and
National treasure
Political internationals
General
Other
Opposition
Religious variants
Regional variants
African
American
Asian
European
Oceanian
Unification movements
Populism
Political internationals
General
Left-wing populism
Right-wing populism
Other
Regional variants
African
Asian
American
European
Oceanian
Progressivism
Further information:
Capitalism ,
Economic determinism ,
Economic development ,
History of liberalism ,
Industrialisation ,
Modernity ,
Philosophical progress ,
Philosophy of history ,
Philosophy of progress ,
Progressive education , and
Technological change
Political internationals
General
See also:
Anti-trust law ,
Fair trade ,
Historical radicalism ,
Idea of progress ,
Income redistribution ,
Keynesianism ,
Labor rights ,
Mixed economy ,
Progressive tax ,
Social change ,
Social justice ,
Social security ,
Trade unionism , and
Welfare state
Other
Opposition
Religious variants
Regional variants
Religio-political ideologies
Political internationals
General
Political atheism and agnosticism
Political Buddhism
Political Christianity
Political Confucianism
Political Hinduism
Political indigenous religions
Political Islam
Political Judaism
Political Mormonism
Political Neopaganism
Political Shinto
Political Sikhism
Satirical and anti-politics
General
Other
Religious variants
Regional variants
Social democracy
Political internationals
General
See also:
Fair trade ,
Income redistribution ,
Labor rights ,
Mixed economy ,
Nationalization ,
Nordic model ,
Progressive tax ,
Protectionism ,
Social justice ,
Social security ,
State capitalism ,
State socialism ,
Trade unionism , and
Welfare
Other
Opposition
Regional variants
African
American
Asian
European
Oceanian
Socialism
Political internationals
General
See also:
Anti-capitalism ,
Anti-corporatism ,
Anti-fascism ,
Economic planning ,
Liberty ,
Market economy ,
Social justice ,
Marxian socialism ,
Mixed economy ,
Planned economy ,
Post-capitalism ,
Post-scarcity ,
Social ownership , and
Types of socialism
Authoritarian
Further information:
Criticism of communist party rule ,
Communist state ,
Communist terrorism ,
Left-wing terrorism ,
List of socialist states ,
New Soviet Man ,
Old Left ,
Red Terror ,
Revolutionary terror ,
Socialist state , and
Soviet-type economic planning
Libertarian
Other
Opposition
Religious variants
Regional variants
African
American
Asian
European
Oceanian
Syndicalism
Political internationals
General
Other
Opposition
Regional variants
Transhumanist politics
Political internationals
General
Other
Regional variants
See also
References
^ Roberts, Andrew (2004). The State of Socialism: A Note on Terminology . Cambridge University Press. 63 (2). 349–366.
^ D. McLellan, Ideology , University of Minnesota Press , 1986, p. 1.
^ Bouchard, T. J.; McGue, M. (2003). "Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences". Journal of Neurobiology . 54 (1). 44–45.
^ Eaves, L. J.; Eysenck, H. J. (1974). "Genetics and the development of social attitudes". Nature . 249, 288–289.
^ Hatemi, P. K.; Medland, S. E.; Morley, K. I.; Heath, A. C.; Martin, N. G. (2007). "The genetics of voting: An Australian twin study". Behavior Genetics . 37 (3). 435–448.
^ Hatemi, P. K.; Hibbing, J.; Alford, J.; Martin, N.; Eaves, L. (2009). "Is there a 'party' in your genes?". Political Research Quarterly . 62 (3). 584–600.
^ Settle, J. E.; Dawes, C. T.; Fowler, J. H. (2009). "The heritability of partisan attachment". Political Research Quarterly . 62 (3). 601–613.
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