User:Meodipt/backup4

What this is: Alphabetical List of Stems Together With Corresponding INNs (2011 edition) (from here)

Statistics (as of 2012/05/09):

• Total # of drugs: 6839
• Total # of red links: 3108
• Total # of redirects: 308

-ac — anti-inflammatory agents, ibufenac/acetic acid derivatives

(a) -clofenac: aceclofenac, alclofenac, diclofenac, fenclofenac

-dolac: dexpemedolac, etodolac, pemedolac

-fenac: amfenac, bromfenac, furofenac, ibufenac, lexofenac, nepafenac

-zolac: bufezolac, isofezolac, lonazolac, mofezolac, pirazolac, trifezolac

others: anirolac, bendazac, cinfenoac, clidanac, clofurac, clopirac, eltenac, felbinac, fenclorac, fentiazac, isoxepac, ketorolac, oxepinac, oxindanac, quinclorac (ISO name for a herbicide), sulindac, tianafac, tifurac, tiopinac, zomepirac

(b) bufexamac (anti-inflammatory, acetohydroxamic acid group instead of acetic acid group)

(c) amtolmetin guacil, clamidoxic acid, fenclozic acid, metiazinic acid, prodolic acid, tolmetin

---

-actide — synthetic polypeptides with a corticotropin-like action (synthetic corticotropins)

(a) alsactide, codactide, giractide, norleusactide, seractide, tetracosactide, tosactide, tricosactide, tridecactide

---

-adol (or -adol-) — analgesics (mostly opioid receptor agonists/partial agonists)

(a) acetylmethadol, alimadol, alphacetylmethadol, alphamethadol, axomadol, betacetylmethadol, betamethadol, indantadol, levacetylmethadol, noracymethadol, tapentadol

apadoline, asimadoline, befiradol, bromadoline, ciprefadol, ciramadol, cloracetadol, dibusadol, dimenoxadol, diproxadol, enadoline, faxeladol, filenadol, flumexadol, fluradoline, gaboxadol, insalmadol, levonantradol, lorcinadol, moxadolen, moxifadol (deleted), myfadol, nafoxadol, nantradol, nerbacadol, oxapadol, picenadol, pinadoline, pipradimadol, pipramadol, pravadoline, vadoline, profadol, radolmidine, ruzadolane, spiradoline, tazadolene, tolpadol, tramadol, veradoline

(b) alfadolone, hexapradol (CNS stimulant), nadolol, quinestradol (estrogenic)

(c) dimepheptanol

---

-adom — analgesics, tifluadom derivatives

(a) lufuradom, tifluadom

---

-afenone — antiarrhythmics, propafenone derivatives

(a) alprafenone, berlafenone, diprafenone, etafenone, propafenone

---

-afil — inhibitors of phosphodiesterase PDE5 with vasodilator action (PDE5 inhibitors)

(a) avanafil, beminafil, dasantafil, gisadenafil, lodenafil carbonate, mirodenafil, sildenafil, tadalafil, udenafil, vardenafil

---

-aj- — antiarrhythmics, ajmaline derivatives

(a) detajmium bitartrate, lorajmine, prajmalium bitartrate

---

-aldrate — antacids, aluminium salts

(a) carbaldrate, potassium glucaldrate, magaldrate, simaldrate, sodium glucaspaldrate

algeldrate, almadrate sulfate, almagodrate

(c) alexitol sodium, almagate, almasilate, dosmalfate, glucalox, hydrotalcite, lactalfate, sucralox

---

-ampanel — antagonists of the ionotropic non-NMDA glutamate receptors (namely the AMPA and/or kainate receptors)

(a) becampanel, dasolampanel, fanapanel, irampanel, perampanel, selurampanel, talampanel, tezampanel, zonampanel

---

andr (or -andr-) — steroids, androgens

(a) i. andr: androstanolone, methandriol, nandrolone, norethandrolone, ovandrotone albumin, silandrone

ii. -stan-: androstanolone, drostanolone, epitiostanol, mestanolone, stanozolol, epostane (contraceptive)

iii. -ster-: calusterone, cloxotestosterone, fluoxymesterone, mesterolone, methyltestosterone, oxymesterone, penmesterol, prasterone, testosterone, testosterone ketolaurate, tiomesterone

(b) i. andr: oxandrolone, propetandrol

ii. ster: aldosterone, bolasterone, dihydrotachysterol, dimethisterone, ethisterone, norethisterone, norvinisterone, stercuronium iodide (neuromuscular blocking agent)

(c) metandienone, oxymetholone, trestolone (antineoplastic androgen)

---

-anib — angiogenesis inhibitors

(a) beloranib, bevasiranib, brivanib alaninate, cediranib, crenolanib, motesanib, nintedanib, linifanib, pazopanib, pegaptanib, pegdinetanib, semaxanib, tivozanib, toceranib, vandetanib, vatalanib

---

-anide

-etanide — diuretics, piretanide derivatives

(a) bumetanide, piretanide

(c) besunide

-oxanide — antiparasitics, salicylanilides and analogues (salicylanilide derivatives)

(a) bromoxanide, clioxanide, rafoxanide

thioanalogues: brotianide

related: diloxanide, nitazoxanide

(b) closantel, flurantel, niclosamide, resorantel, salantel

(c) oxyclozanide

–anides — others

aurothioglycanide (antiarthritic, gout-remedy), ceforanide (antibiotic), oglufanide (immunomodulator), polihexanide (antibacterial), tiprostanide (antihypertonic)

---

-anserin — serotonin receptor antagonists (mostly 5-HT₂)

(a) adatanserin, altanserin, blonanserin, butanserin, eplivanserin, fananserin, flibanserin, iferanserin, ketanserin, lidanserin, nelotanserin, pelanserin, pimavanserin, pruvanserin, seganserin, trelanserin, tropanserin, volinanserin

(b) serotonin receptor antagonists, psychoactive: cinanserin, glemanserin, mianserin, ritanserin

---

-antel — anthelminthics (undefined group)

(a) amidantel, carbantel, closantel, derquantel, epsiprantel, febantel, flurantel, monepantel, morantel, oxantel, pexantel, praziquantel, pyrantel, resorantel, salantel, zilantel, antelmycin

---

-antrone — antineoplastics, anthraquinone derivatives (also -(x)antrone with following definition: antineoplastics, mitoxantrone derivatives aza-anthracenedione class of antitumor agents)

(a) ametantrone, banoxantrone, butantrone, ledoxantrone, losoxantrone, mitoxantrone, nortopixantrone, piroxantrone, pixantrone, sepantronium bromide, teloxantrone, topixantrone

---

-(ar)abine — antineoplastic arabinofuranosyl derivatives

(a) clofarabine, cytarabine, fazarabine, fludarabine, nelarabine, vidarabine

-citabine: ancitabine, apricitabine, capecitabine, decitabine, dexelvucitabine, elvucitabine, emtricitabine, enocitabine, fiacitabine, flurocitabine, galocitabine, gemcitabine, ibacitabine, mericitabine, sapacitabine, tezacitabine, torcitabine, troxacitabine, valopicitabine, valtorcitabine, zalcitabine

(c) ribavirin, taribavirin

---

-arit — antiarthritic (antirheumatic) substances, acting like clobuzarit and lobenzarit (mechanism different from anti-inflammatory type substances, e.g., -fenamates or -profens)

(a) actarit, bindarit, clobuzarit, lobenzarit, romazarit

(c) tarenflurbil

---

-arol — anticoagulants, dicoumarol derivatives

(a) acenocoumarol, clocoumarol, coumetarol, dicoumarol, tioclomarol, xylocoumarol

(b) cloridarol (coronary vasodilator), fluindarol (anticoagulant of indonedione-type)

(c) diarbarone, ethyl biscoumacetate, phenprocoumon, tecarfarin, warfarin

---

-arone — antiarrhythmics

amiodarone (antiarrhythmic), benzarone, benzbromarone (uricosuric), benziodarone, brinazarone (calcium channel blocker), bucromarone (antiarrhythmic), budiodarone, celivarone, diarbarone, dronedarone (antianginal, antiarrhythmic), etabenzarone, fantofarone (calcium channel blocker), furidarone, inicarone, mecinarone, pyridarone, rilozarone

---

-arotene (or -arot-) — arotinoid derivatives

(a) adarotene, amsilarotene, betacarotene, bexarotene, etarotene, linarotene, mofarotene, palovarotene, sumarotene, tamibarotene, tazarotene, temarotene

---

arte- — antimalarial agents, artemisinin related compounds

(a) arteflene, artemether, artemisone, artemisinin, artemotil, artenimol, arterolane, artesunate

---

-ase — enzymes

(a) agalsidase alfa, agalsidase beta, alglucerase, alglucosidase alfa, brinase, bucelipase alfa, cocarboxylase, dornase alfa, eufauserase, galsulfase, glucarpidase, hyalosidase, hyaluronidase, idursulfase, kallidinogenase, ocrase, pegaspargase, penicillinase, promelase, rizolipase, serrapeptase, sfericase, streptodornase, streptokinase, tilactase, urokinase

(c) batroxobin, bromelains, chymopapain, chymotrypsin, defibrotide, fibrinolysin (human), orgotein, sutilains, ubidecarenone

Classification of enzymes

I proteinase:

(a) - with -ase suffix: origin use; action

• brinase - Aspergillus oryzae; fibrinolytic
• kallidinogenase - pancreas or urine of mammals; splitting kinin, kallidin from kininogen (vasodilator)
• ocrase - Aspergillus ochraceus; fibrinolytic (topically: cleaning wounds)
• pegaspargase - -; asparaginase
• promelase - Aspergillus melleus; proteinase (chronic bronchitis)
• serrapeptase - Serratia sp. E15; proteinase (chronic paranasal sinusitis etc.)
• sfericase - Bacillus sphaericus; proteinase (chronic paranasal sinusitis etc.)
• streptokinase - Streptococcus haemolyticus; changing plasminogen into plasmine (activator of fibrinolysis)
• urokinase - human origin; plasminogen activator
• urokinase alfa - recombinant material; plasminogen activator

(c) - without -ase suffix:

• batroxobin - the venom of the serpent Bothopsatrox; thrombin-like enzyme
• bromelains - Ananas comosus Merr.; fibrin depolymerizing (antiinflammatory)
• chymopapain - papaya late; proteolytic (chemonucleosis)
• chymotrypsin - mammalian pancreas; proteolytic (anti-inflammatory, antioedema)
• defibrotide - mammalian pancreas; proteolytic (anti-inflammatory, antioedema)
• fibrinolysin (human) - human; fibrinolytic
• sutilains - Bacillus subtilis; proteolytic

II -lipase:

• bucelipase alfa - human origin; lipase
• rizolipase - Rhizopus arrhizus var. Delemar; lipase

III co-enzymes:

• cocarboxylase - chemically defined; co-enzyme in the metabolism of pyruvic acid
• ubidecarenone - chemically defined; naturally occurring co-enzyme, a component in the electron transfer system in mitochondria (congestive heart failure)

IV -dismase enzymes with superoxide dismutase activity (exception: orgotein):

(a) ledismase, sudismase

(c) isomerase:

• orgotein - mammalian tissue (liver, red blood cell etc.); superoxide dismutase activity (anti-inflammatory):
• pegorgotein

V -diplase plasminogen activator combined with another enzyme:

• amediplase

VI -teplase tissue-type plasminogen activators:

(a) alteplase, desmoteplase, duteplase, lanoteplase, monteplase, nateplase, pamiteplase, reteplase, silteplase, tenecteplase

(c) anistreplase

VII -uplase urokinase-type plasminogen activators:

(a) nasaruplase, nasaruplase beta, saruplase

VIII others:

• agalsidase alfa - human origin; treatment of deficiency of α-galactosidase activity (Fabry’s disease)
• agalsidase beta - hamster; treatment of deficiency of α-galactosidase activity (Fabry’s disease)
• alfimeprase - Agkistrodon contrix contrix; antithrombotic
• alglucerase - human origin (placenta isoenzyme); glucocerebrosidase
• alglucosidase alfa - recombinant; treatment of Pompe’s disease
• asfotase alfa - recombinant; phosphatase
• calaspargase pegol - Escherichia coli; asparaginase
• condoliase - Proteus vulgaris; endolyase
• dornase alfa - human origin; treatment of cystic fibrosis
• epafipase - human origin; antiallergic, antiasthmatic
• eufauserase - Euphausia superba; digests proteins and selected cell surface adhesion molecules (wound healing; vaginal/oral candidosis)
• galsulfase - recombinant; Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome
• glucarpidase - Pseudomonadadaceae gen. sp.; adjunctive treatment of patients at risk of methotrexate toxicity
• hyalosidase - -; hyaluronoglucosaminidase (treatment of myocardial infarction)
• hyaluronidase - various origins; depolymerizing hyaluronic acid (cellular diffusion factor)
• idursulfase - -; treatment of Hunter Syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II), degrades glycosaminoglycans heparan and dermatan sulfate
• imiglucerase - human origin (placenta isoenzyme); -
• laronidase - human origin; -
• pegademase - Origin should be indicated; -
• pegadricase - Candida utilis; urate oxidase
• pegloticase - Sus scrofa; uricase
• penicillinase - Bacillus cereus; inactivating penicillin
• ranpirnase - Rana pipiens; ribonuclease (antineoplastic)
• rasburicase - Aspergillus flavus; urate oxidase (hyperuricaemia)
• streptodornase - Streptococcus haemolyticus; hydrolysing desoxyribonucleoprotein
• taliglucerase alfa - recombinant; β-glucocerebrosidase
• tilactase - -; β-D-glactosidase
• velaglucerase alfa - -; β-glucocerebrosidase

---

-ast — antiasthmatics or antiallergics, not acting primarily as antihistaminics (leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors)

(a) acitazanolast, acreozast, andolast, asobamast, ataquimast, bamaquimast, batebulast, bunaprolast, carotegrast, dametralast, dazoquinast, doqualast, eflumast, enofelast, enoxamast, fenprinast, filaminast, firategrast, ibudilast, idenast, loxanast, melquinast, oxalinast, pemirolast, picumast, pirodomast, quinotolast, raxofelast, repirinast, revenast, scopinast, suplatast tosilate, tazanolast, tiacrilast, tibenelast, tioxamast, tiprinast, tranilast, valategrast, zaprinast, zaurategrast

-lukast — leukotriene receptor antagonist

(a) ablukast, cinalukast, iralukast, masilukast, montelukast, pobilukast, pranlukast, ritolukast, sulukast, tipelukast, tomelukast, verlukast, zafirlukast

-milast — phosphodiesterase IV (PDE IV) inhibitors

(a) apremilast, catramilast, cilomilast, lirimilast, oglemilast, piclamilast, revamilast, roflumilast, ronomilast, tetomilast, tofimilast

-trodast — thromboxane A2 receptor antagonists, antiasthmatics

(a) imitrodast, seratrodast

-zolast — leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors (benzoxazole derivatives)

(a) binizolast, eclazolast, ontazolast, quazolast, tetrazolast

(c) bufrolin, oxarbazole, pirolate

---

-astine — antihistaminics (histamine-H₁ receptor antagonists), not otherwise classifiable

(a) acrivastine, alinastine, azelastine, bamirastine, barmastine, bepiastine, bepotastine, bilastine, cabastinen, carebastine, clemastine, dorastine, ebastine, emedastine, epinastine, flezelastine, levocabastine, linetastine, mapinastine, mizolastine, moxastine, noberastine, octastine, perastine, piclopastine, rocastine, setastine, talastine, temelastine, zepastine

(b) cloperastine (antitussive), vinblastine (vinca alkaloid)

(c) astemizole, carbinoxamine

---

-azenil (-nil) — benzodiazepine receptor antagonists/agonists (benzodiazepine derivatives)

(a) bretazenil, flumazenil, iomazenil (¹²³I), sarmazenil

(b) nabazenil

-carnil — benzodiazepine receptor antagonists/agonists (carboline derivatives)

(a) abecarnil, gedocarnil

-quinil — benzodiazepine receptor agonists, also partial or inverse (quinoline derivatives)

(a) lirequinil, radequinil (replaces resequin), terbequinil

---

-azepam — diazepam derivatives (antianxiety agents)

(a) bromazepam, camazepam, carburazepam, cinolazepam, clonazepam, cyprazepam, delorazepam, diazepam, doxefazepam, elfazepam, fletazepam, fludiazepam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam, flutemazepam, flutoprazepam, fosazepam, halazepam, iclazepam, lorazepam, lormetazepam, meclonazepam, medazepam, menitrazepam, metaclazepam, motrazepam, nimetazepam, nitrazepam, nordazepam, nortetrazepam, oxazepam, pinazepam, pivoxazepam, prazepam, proflazepam, quazepam, reclazepam, sulazepam, temazepam, tetrazepam, tolufazepam, tuclazepam, uldazepam

not true benzodiazepines: bentazepam, clotiazepam, lopirazepam, premazepam, ripazepam, zolazepam

related: adinazolam, alprazolam, arfendazam, clazolam, climazolam, clobazam, clobenzepam, cloxazolam, ecopipam, estazolam, flutazolam, haloxazolam, ketazolam, levotofisopam, lofendazam, loprazolam, mexazolam, midazolam, nefopam, oxazolam, razobazam, remimazolam, tofisopam, trepipam, triazolam, triflubazam, zapizolam, zomebazam

(c) brotizolam, chlordiazepoxide, ciclotizolam, demoxepam, dipotassium clorazepate, ethyl carfluzepate, ethyl dirazepate, ethyl loflazepate, etizolam, potassium nitrazepate

not related: fenobam (anxiolytic), xilobam (muscle relaxant)

---

-azepide — cholecystokinin receptor antagonists, benzodiazepine derivatives

(a) devazepide, pranazepide, sograzepide, tarazepide

(c) lorglumide

---

-azocine — narcotic antagonists/agonists related to 6,7-benzomorphan (6,7-benzomorphan derivatives)

(a) anazocine, bremazocine, butinazocine, carbazocine, cogazocine, cyclazocine, eptazocine, gemazocine, ibazocine, ketazocine, metazocine, moxazocine, pentazocine, phenazocine, quadazocine, tonazocine, volazocine

related compounds: dezocine

(b) streptozocin

---

-azoline — local vasoconstrictors, imidazoline derivatives *

(a) cilutazoline, cirazoline, clonazoline, coumazoline, domazoline, fenoxazoline, indanazoline, metrafazoline, naphazoline, nemazoline, oxymetazoline, phenamazoline, prednazoline, talazoline, tefazoline, tinazoline, tramazoline, xylometazoline

(b) antazoline (antihistaminic), cefazolin (antibiotic)

(c) tetryzoline, metizoline

---

-azosin — antihypertensive substances, prazosin derivatives

(a) bunazosin, doxazosin, neldazosin, prazosin, quinazosin, terazosin, tiodazosin, trimazosin

related: alfuzosin, tamsulosin, tipentosin

---

-bactam — β-lactamase inhibitors

(a) brobactam, sulbactam, tazobactam

(c) clavulanic acid

---

-bamate — tranquillizers, propanediol and pentanediol derivatives

(a) carisbamate, cyclarbamate, felbamate, meprobamate, nisobamate, pentabamate, tybamate

(b) difebarbamate, febarbamate, lorbamate, phenprobamate

(c) mebutamate, metaglycodol (not a carbamate)

---

barb (barb- or -barb-) — hypnotics, barbituric acid derivatives (barbiturates)

(a) allobarbital, amobarbital, aprobarbital, barbexaclone, barbital, barbital sodium, benzobarbital, brallobarbital, carbubarb, cyclobarbital, difebarbamate, eterobarb, febarbamate, heptabarb, hexobarbital, methylphenobarbital, nealbarbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, phenobarbital sodium, probarbital sodium, proxibarbal, secbutabarbital, secobarbital, tetrabarbital, thialbarbital, thiotetrabarbital, vinbarbital

(c) butalbital, buthalital sodium, metharbital, methitural, methohexital, phetharbital, talbutal, thiopental sodium, vinylbital

(c) prazitone (barbituric acid derivative used as antidepressant), bucolome (barbituric acid derivative used as anti-inflammatory uricosuric)

---

-begron — β₃-adrenoreceptor agonists

(a) amibegron, fasobegron, mantabegron, mirabegron, rafabegron, ritobegron, solabegron, talibegron

---

-bendazole — anthelminthics, tiabendazole derivatives

(a) albendazole, albendazole oxide, bisbendazole, cambendazole, ciclobendazole, dribendazole, etibendazole, fenbendazole, flubendazole, lobendazole, luxabendazole, mebendazole, oxibendazole, parbendazole, subendazole, tiabendazole, triclabendazole

(b) bendazol (vasodilator, also benzimidazole derivative)

nocodazole, procodazole (also benzimidazole derivative)

(c) oxfendazole, tioxidazole

related: furodazole

---

-bersat — anticonvulsants, antimigraine, benzoylamino-benzpyran derivatives

(a) carabersat, tidembersat, tonabersat

---

bol-, -bol- — anabolic steroids

(a) bolandiol, bolasterone, bolazine, boldenone, bolenol, bolmantalate, clostebol, enestebol, furazabol, mebolazine, mibolerone, norboletone, norclostebol

-bolone: formebolone, mesabolone, metribolone, oxabolone cipionate, quinbolone, roxibolone, stenbolone, tibolone, trenbolone

(c) ethylestrenol, hydroxystenozole, metandienone, metenolone, oxandrolone, propetandrol, tiomesterone

---

-bradine — sinus node inhibitors

(a) cilobradine, ivabradine, zatebradine

---

-bufen — non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, arylbutanoic acid/fenbufen derivatives

(a) butibufen, fenbufen, furobufen, indobufen, metbufen

---

-bulin — antineoplastics, mitotic inhibitors, tubulin binders

(a) batabulin, cevipabulin, crolibulin, denibulin, eribulin, fosbretabulin, indibulin, lexibulin, mivobulin, ombrabulin, plinabulin, rosabulin, taltobulin, verubulin

(b) thyroglobulin

---

-buzone — anti-inflammatory analgesics, phenylbutazone derivatives

(a) feclobuzone, kebuzone, pipebuzone, suxibuzone, tribuzone

-butazone: mofebutazone, oxyphenbutazone, phenylbutazone

-azone: aminophenazone, bisfenazone, famprofazone, morazone, nifenazone, nimazone, niprofazone, phenazone, propyphenazone, sulfinpyrazone

-zone: clofezone, proxifezone

related: azapropazone, benhepazone, bumadizone, cinnopentazone, isamfazone, metamfazone, osmadizone, ruvazone

(c) benzpiperylone, butopyrammonium iodide, dibupyrone, metamizole sodium, metazamide, piperylone

---

-caine — local anaesthetics

(a) ambucaine, amoxecaine, aptocaine, articaine (previously carticaine), benzocaine, betoxycaine, bucricaine, bumecaine, bupivacaine, butacaine, butanilicaine, chloroprocaine, cinchocaine, clibucaine, clodacaine, clormecaine, cyclomethycaine, dexivacaine, diamocaine, edronocaine, elucaine, etidocaine, fexicaine, fomocaine, hexylcaine, hydroxyprocaine, hydroxytetracaine, ipravacaine, ketocaine, leucinocaine, levobupivacaine, lidocaine, lotucaine, mepivacaine, meprylcaine, myrtecaine, octacaine, oxetacaine, oxybuprocaine, parethoxycaine, paridocaine, phenacaine, pinolcaine, piperocaine, piridocaine, pramocaine, pribecaine, prilocaine, procaine, propanocaine, propipocaine, propoxycaine, proxymetacaine, pyrrocaine, quatacaine, quinisocaine, risocaine, rodocaine, ropivacaine, tetracaine, tolycaine, trapencaine, trimecaine, vadocaine

(c) amolanone, benzyl alcohol, cryofluorane, diperodon, dyclonine, midamaline

---

-cain- — class I antiarrhythmics, procainamide and lidocaine derivatives/antifibrillants with local anaesthetic activity

(a) acecainide, asocainol, barucainide, bucainide, carcainium chloride, carocainide, droxicainide, encainide, epicainide, erocainide, flecainide, guafecainol, indecainide (originally ricainide), itrocainide, ketocainol, lorcainide, milacainide, modecainide, murocainide, nicainoprol, nofecainide, pilsicainide, pincainide, procainamide, quinacainol, recainam, solpecainol, stirocainide, suricainide, tocainide, transcainide, verocainine (replaced by tiapamil), zocainone

---

calci (calci- or -calci-) — vitamin D analogues/derivatives

(a) alfacalcidol, atocalcitol, becocalcidiol, calcifediol, calcipotriol, calcitriol, colecalciferol, doxercalciferol, ecalcidene, eldecalcitol, elocalcitol, ergocalciferol, falecalcitriol, inecalcitol, lexacalcitol, lunacalcipol, maxacalcitol, paricalcitol, secalciferol, seocalcitol, tacalcitol

(b) calcitonin (polypeptide)

(c) dihydrotachysterol

---

-capone — catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors

entacapone, nebicapone, nitecapone, opicapone, tolcapone

---

-carbef — antibiotics, carbacephem derivatives

(a) loracarbef

---

cef- — antibiotics, cefalosporanic acid derivatives (cephalosporins)

(a) cefacetrile, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefalexin, cefaloglycin, cefalonium, cefaloram, cefaloridine, cefalotin, cefamandole, cefaparole, cefapirin, cefatrizine, cefazaflur, cefazedone, cefazolin, cefbuperazone, cefcanel, cefcanel daloxate, cefcapene, cefclidin, cefdaloxime, cefdinir, cefditoren, cefedrolor, cefempidone, cefepime, cefetamet, cefetecol, cefetrizole, cefivitril, cefixime, cefluprenam, cefmatilen, cefmenoxime, cefmepidium chloride, cefmetazole, cefminox, cefodizime, cefonicid, cefoperazone, ceforanide, cefoselis, cefotaxime, cefotetan, cefotiam, cefovecin, cefoxazole, cefoxitin, cefozopran, cefpimizole, cefpiramide, cefpirome, cefpodoxime, cefprozil, cefquinome, cefradine, cefrotil, cefroxadine, cefsulodin, cefsumide, ceftaroline fosamil, ceftazidime, cefteram, ceftezole, ceftibuten, ceftiofur, ceftiolene, ceftioxide, ceftizoxime, ceftizoxime alapivoxil, ceftobiprole, ceftobiprole medocaril, ceftolozane, ceftriaxone, cefuracetime, cefuroxime, cefuzonam

-oxef — antibiotics, oxacefalosporanic acid derivatives

(a) flomoxef, latamoxef

---

cell- — cellulose derivatives

cel- (cel- in Spanish)

(a) celucloral

(c) celiprolol

cell-ate (cel-ato in Spanish) — cellulose ester derivatives for substances containing acidic residues

(a) cellaburate, cellacefate

-cellose (-celosa in Spanish) — cellulose ether derivatives

(a) - (c) carmellose, croscarmellose, ethylcellulose, hyetellose, hymetellose, hyprolose, hypromellose, methylcellulose

---

-cept — receptor molecules, native or modified (a preceding infix should designate the target)

(a) -ba- B-cell activating factor receptors: briobacept

-ber- vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors: aflibercept, conbercept

-co- complement receptors: mirococept

-far- subgroup of interferon receptors: bifarcept

-lefa- lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3 receptors: alefacept

-na- interleukin-1 receptors: rilonacept

-ner- Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) receptors: baminercept, etanercept, lenercept, onercept, pegsunercept

-ta- cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) receptors: abatacept, belatacept

-ter- transforming growth factor receptors: dalantercept, sotatercept

-vir- antiviral receptors: alvircept sudotox

other: atacicept

---

-cic — hepatoprotective substances with a carboxylic acid group (timonacic group))

(a) limazocic, tidiacic, timonacic, tiofacic (replaced by stepronin))

(b) bisorcic (psychostimulant)

(c) stepronin

---

-cidin — naturally occurring antibiotics (undefined group)

(a) candicidin, gramicidin, gramicidin S, methocidin

(b) guancidine (hypotensive)

---

-ciguat — guanylate cyclase activators

(a) ataciguat, cinaciguat, etriciguat, lificiguat, nelociguat, riociguat

---

-cillin — antibiotics, 6-aminopenicillanic acid derivatives (penicillins)

(a) adicillin, almecillin, amantocillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, apalcillin, aspoxicillin, azidocillin, azlocillin, bacampicillin, benethamine penicillin, benzathine benzylpenicillin, benzylpenicillin, carbenicillin, carfecillin, carindacillin, ciclacillin, clemizole penicillin, clometocillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, epicillin, fenbenicillin, fibracillin, flucloxacillin, fomidacillin, fumoxicillin, furbucillin, fuzlocillin, hetacillin, isopropicillin, lenampicillin, levopropicillin, metampicillin, meticillin, mezlocillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, oxetacillin, penamecillin, pheneticillin, phenoxymethyl penicillin, phenyracillin, piperacillin, pirbenicillin, piridicillin, piroxicillin, pivampicillin, prazocillin, propicillin, quinacillin, rotamicillin, sarmoxicillin, sarpicillin, sulbenicillin, sultamicillin, suncillin, talampicillin, tameticillin, temocillin, ticarcillin, tifencillin, tobicillin

(b) xantocillin

(c) penimepicycline, penimocycline

-cillide

libecillide

-cillinam

bacmecillinam, mecillinam, pivmecillinam

---

-citabine — nucleoside antiviral or antineoplastic agents, cytarabine or azacytidine (azarabine) derivatives

(a) ancitabine, apricitabine, capecitabine, decitabine, dexelvucitabine, elvucitabine, emtricitabine, enocitabine, fiacitabine, flurocitabine, galocitabine, gemcitabine, ibacitabine, mericitabine, sapacitabine, tezacitabine, torcitabine, troxacitabine, valopicitabine, valtorcitabine, zalcitabine

(c) cytarabine, azacitidine

---

-clidine/-clidinium — muscarinic receptors agonists/antagonists (various indications)

aceclidine, benzoclidine, eticyclidine, gacyclidine, phencyclidine, procyclidine, rolicyclidine, talsaclidine, tenocyclidine, vedaclidine

aclidinium bromide, clidinium bromide, droclidinium bromide

---

-clone — hypnotic tranquillizers (zopiclone type)

(a) barbexaclone, eszopiclone, pagoclone, pazinaclone, suproclone, suriclone, suproclone, zopiclone

(b) gestaclone, pimeclone

---

-cog — blood coagulation factors

(-)eptacog blood coagulation VII: eptacog alfa (activated), eptacog alfa pegol (activated), vatreptacog alfa (activated)

(-)octocog blood factor VIII: beroctocog alfa, moroctocog alfa, octocog alfa, simoctocog alfa, turoctocog alfa

(-)nonacog blood factor IX: nonacog alfa, nonacog beta pegol

(-)tridecacog blood factor XIII: catridecacog

other: vonicog alfa

---

-cogin — blood coagulation cascade inhibitors

drotrecogin alfa (activated), pegnivacogin, taneptacogin alfa, tifacogin

---

-conazole — systemic antifungal agents, miconazole derivatives

(a) albaconazole, aliconazole, alteconazole, arasertaconazole, azaconazole, becliconazole, brolaconazole, butoconazole, cisconazole, croconazole, cyproconazole, democonazole, diniconazole, doconazole, eberconazole, econazole, efinaconazole, embeconazole, enilconazole, etaconazole, fenticonazole, fluconazole, fosfluconazole, furconazole, hexaconazole, isavuconazole, isoconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, lanoconazole, luliconazole, miconazole, neticonazole, omoconazole, orconazole, oxiconazole, parconazole, penconazole, posaconazole, propiconazole, pramiconazole, ravuconazole, saperconazole, sertaconazole, sulconazole, tebuconazole, terconazole (originally triaconazole), tioconazole, uniconazole, valconazole, voriconazole, zinoconazole, zoficonazole

(c) bifonazole, isavuconazonium chloride

---

cort (-cort-) — corticosteroids (cortisone derivatives), except prednisolone derivatives

(a) amebucort, anecortave, butixocort, cicortonide, corticotropin, corticotropin-zinc hydroxide, cortisone, cortisuzol, cortivazol, cortodoxone, deflazacort (previously azacort), desoxycortone, fluazacort, fludrocortisone, fludroxycortide, fluocortin, formocortal, hydrocortamate, hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone aceponate, locicortolonedicibate, naflocort, nicocortonide, nivacortol, resocortol, tixocortol

(b) prednisolone derivatives: clocortolone, difluocortolone, fluocortolone, halocortolone

(c) aldosterone, algestone (also progesterone when used as algestone acetophenide), medrysone

---

-coxib — selective cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors (cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors)

(a) apricoxib, celecoxib, cimicoxib, deracoxib, etoricoxib, firocoxib, lumiracoxib, mavacoxib, parecoxib, robenacoxib, rofecoxib, tilmacoxib, valdecoxib

---

-crinat — diuretics, etacrynic acid derivatives

(a) brocrinat, sulicrinat

(c) etacrynic acid, furacrinic acid, indacrinone, tienilic acid

---

-crine — acridine derivatives

(a) antineoplastics: amsacrine, nitracrine

anthelminthics, antimalarials: floxacrine, mepacrine

antidepressants: dimetacrine, monometacrine

antiparkinsonian: botiacrine

acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: ipidacrine, suronacrine, tacrine, velnacrine

(c) acridorex, acriflavinium chloride, acrisorcin, aminoacridine, ethacridine, proflavine

---

-cromil — antiallergics, cromoglicic acid derivatives

(a) ambicromil (replacement of probicromil), isocromil, minocromil, nedocromil, proxicromil, terbucromil, texacromil

(c) cromitrile, cromoglicate lisetil, cromoglicic acid

---

-cycline — antibiotics, tetracycline derivatives

(a) amicycline, apicycline, cetocycline, chlortetracycline, clomocycline, colimecycline, demeclocycline, demecycline, doxycycline, etamocycline, guamecycline, lymecycline, meclocycline, meglucycline, metacycline, minocycline, nitrocycline, omadacycline, oxytetracycline, pecocycline, penimepicycline, penimocycline, pipacycline, rolitetracycline, sancycline, tetracycline, tigecycline

related: carubicin, daunorubicin, detorubicin, doxorubicin, zorubicin

---

-dan — cardiac stimulants (positive inotropic agents), pimobendan derivatives

(a) adibendan, bemorodan, imazodan, indolidan, levosimendan, meribendan, pimobendan, prinoxodan, senazodan, siguazodan, simendan

(b) nitrodan, tyromedan

---

-dapsone — antimycobacterials, diaminodiphenylsulfone derivatives

(a) acedapsone, amidapsone, dapsone

---

-denoson — adenosine A receptor agonists

apadenoson, binodenoson, capadenoson, regadenoson, selodenoson, sonedenoson, tecadenoson

---

-dil, dil-, -dil- — vasodilators (undefined group)

1

(a) alprostadil, aviptadil, belfosdil, benfurodil hemisuccinate, biclodil, buflomedil, burodiline, carprazidil, cetiedil, cinepaxadil, dopropidil, eliprodil, fasudil, fenoxedil, flosatidil, fostedil, fronepidil, ifenprodil, levosemotiadil, manozodil, mefenidil, minoxidil, naftopidil, naminidil, nesapidil, perfomedil, pinacidil, piribedil, pitenodil, podilfen, radiprodil, stevaladil, suloctidil, tipropidil, traxoprodil, urapidil, viquidil

(c) dilmefone

2

(a) coronary vasodilators: bepridil, bumepidil, ecipramidil, fendiline, fenetradil, floredil, hexadiline, ipramidil, mepramidil, metrifudil, nicorandil, pirozadil, pretiadil, razinodil, semotiadil, sinitrodil, terodiline, tixadil, trapidil

(c) dilazep, diltiazem

-dilol

carvedilol, dioxadilol, dramedilol, flavodilol, mindodilol, nipradilol (previously nipradolol), oberadilol, parodilol, prizidilol, tribendilol

(b) diloxanide (amebicide), methdilazine (antihistaminic), phenobutiodil (contrast medium), prodilidine (analgesic)

-fradil calcium channel blockers acting as vasodilators

(a) mibefradil

-pendyl

cloxypendyl, isothipendyl, oxypendyl, prothipendyl

-dyl

bisacodyl (laxative), bunamiodyl, iofendylate, trihexyphenidyl (antiparksonian)

---

-dipine — calcium channel blockers, 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives

(a) amlodipine, clevidipine, darodipine (replaces dazodipine), dexniguldipine, elgodipine, elnadipine, felodipine, flordipine, isradipine, lacidipine, lemildipine, levamlodipine, levniguldipine, mesudipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, niguldipine, niludipine, nilvadipine, nimodipine, nisoldipine, nitrendipine, olradipine, oxodipine, riodipine, sagandipine, teludipine (previously taludipine)

-nidipine

aranidipine, azelnidipine, barnidipine, benidipine, cilnidipine, cronidipine, efonidipine, furnidipine, iganidipine, lercanidipine (previously masnidipine), manidipine, palonidipine, pranidipine, sornidipine, vatanidipine

(b) budipine (central stimulant, antidepressant and antiparkinsonian), prodipine (central stimulant antiparkinsonian)

---

-dopa — dopamine receptor agonists, dopamine derivatives, used as antiparkinsonians/prolactin inhibitors

(a) carbidopa, ciladopa, dopamantine, droxidopa, etilevodopa, fluorodopa (¹⁸F), levodopa, melevodopa, methyldopa

-opamine (or -pamine) — dopaminergic agents dopamine derivatives used as cardiac stimulants/antihypertensives/diuretics (butopamine type)

(a) butopamine, cliropamine, denopamine, dopamine, fosopamine, ibopamine, octopamine, oxidopamine (glaucoma), ractopamine (1 of 4 isomers of butopamine)

(b) tiopropamine (gastric and duodenal ulcers), tolpropamine (antihistaminic)

(c) dobutamine, docarpamine, dopexamine, fenoldopam, levdobutamine, methyldopa (α₂-adrenoreceptor agonist, cardiotonic), zelandopam

---

-dralazine — antihypertensives, hydrazine-phthalazine derivatives

(a) budralazine, cadralazine, dihydralazine, endralazine, hydralazine, mopidralazine, oxdralazine, picodralazine, pildralazine, todralazine

---

-drine — sympathomimetics

(a) alifedrine, bedoradrine, butidrine, cafedrine, cinnamedrine, corbadrine, dioxethedrin, dioxifedrine, etafedrine, meluadrine, methoxyphedrine, midodrine, norbudrine, oxyfedrine, pholedrine, pseudoephedrine, racephedrine, ritodrine, theophylline ephedrine, tinofedrine, trecadrine

not phenethylamine derivatives: levopropylhexedrine, octodrine, propylhexedrine

(b) bufenadrine (antiemetic related chemically), chlormerodrin (diuretic), chlormerodrin (¹⁹⁷Hg), dieldrin (insecticide), orphenadrine (spasmolytic)

-frine — sympathomimetic, phenethyl derivatives

(a) amidefrine mesilate, berefrine, ciclafrine, dimetofrine, dipivefrine, epinephrine, etilefrine, etilefrine pivalate, gepefrine, norepinephrine, norfenefrine, oxilofrine, phenylephrine, pivenfrine, racepinefrine

---

-dronic acid, -dronate — calcium metabolism regulators, pharmaceutical aids

(a) alendronic acid, butedronic acid, clodronic acid, etidronic acid, ibandronic acid, incadronic acid, lidadronic acid, medronic acid, minodronic acid, neridronic acid, olpadronic acid, oxidronic acid, pamidronic acid, piridronic acid, risedronic acid, tiludronic acid, zoledronic acid

---

-ectin — antiparasitics, ivermectin derivatives

(a) abamectin, dimadectin, doramectin, eprinomectin, fuladectin, ivermectin, latidectin, moxidectin, nemadectin, selamectin

---

-emcinal — erythromycin derivatives lacking antibiotic activity, motilin agonists

(a) alemcinal, idremcinal, mitemcinal

---

-entan — endothelin receptor antagonists

(a) ambrisentan, atrasentan, avosentan, bosentan, clazosentan, darusentan, edonentan, enrasentan, fandosentan, feloprentan, macitentan, nebentan, sitaxentan, tezosentan, zibotentan

---

-erg- — ergot alkaloid derivatives

(a) acetergamine, amesergide, brazergoline, bromerguride, cabergoline, cianergoline, delergotrile, dihydroergotamine, disulergine, dosergoside, ergometrine, ergotamine, etisulergine, lergotrile, lysergide, mergocriptine, mesulergine, metergoline, metergotamine, methylergometrine, methysergide, nicergoline, pergolide, propisergide, proterguride, romergoline, sergolexole, terguride, tiomergine, voxergolide

(b) ergocalciferol

---

-eridine — analgesics, pethidine (meperidine) derivatives

(a) anileridine, carperidine, etoxeridine, morpheridine, oxpheneridine, pheneridine, phenoperidine, properidine, sameridine, trimeperidine

(b) diaveridine (coccidiostat.), eseridine, nexeridine (somewhat related)

(c) benzethidine, butoxylate, diphenoxylate, fetoxilate, furethidine, hydroxypethidine, pethidine, piminodine

---

-ermin — growth factors

-bermin — vascular endothelial growth factors

(a) telbermin

-dermin — epidermal growth factors

(a) murodermin, nepidermin

-fermin — fibroblast growth factors

(a) ersofermin, palifermin, repifermin, sprifermin, trafermin, velafermin

-filermin — leukemia-inhibiting factor

(a) emfilermin

-nermin — tumour necrosis factor

(a) ardenermin, dulanermin, plusonermin, sonermin, tasonermin

-plermin — platelet-derived growth factor

(a) becaplermin

-sermin — insulin-like growth factors

(a) mecasermin, mecasermin rinfabate

-termin — transforming growth factor

(a) cetermin, liatermin

-otermin — bone morphogenic proteins

(a) avotermin, dibotermin alfa, eptotermin alfa, radotermin

others

dapiclermin

---

estr-, -estr- — estrogens

(a) almestrone, benzestrol, broparestrol, cloxestradiol, dienestrol, diethylstilbestrol, epiestriol, epimestrol, eptamestrol/etamestrol (deleted), estradiol, estradiol benzoate, estradiol undecylate, estradiol valerate, estramustine, estrapronicate, estrazinol, estriol succinate, estrofurate, estrone, ethinylestradiol, fenestrel, fosfestrol, furostilbestrol, hexestrol, mestranol, methallenestril, methestrol, moxestrol, nilestriol, orestrate, polyestradiol phosphate, promestriene, quinestradol, quinestrol

(b) alfatradiol (topical), allylestrenol (progestogen), ethylestrenol (anabolic steroid), fulvestrant (estrogens receptor antagonist), lynestrenol (progestogen)

-gestr-: edogestrone, levonorgestrel, megestrol, melengestrol, norgestrel, norgestrienone, pentagestrone, quingestrone

(c) chlorotrianisene, clomifene, enclomifene, zuclomifene (antiestrogens)

---

-exine — mucolytic, bromhexine derivatives

(a) adamexine, bromhexine, brovanexine, cistinexine, dembrexine, neltenexine, oxabrexine

(b) enefexine (antidepressant), gamfexine (antidepressant)

(c) ambroxol, dembrexol (replaced by dembrexine)

---

-fenamic acid, -fenamate — anti-inflammatory, anthranilic acid derivatives

(a) clofenamic acid, enfenamic acid, flufenamic acid, meclofenamic acid, mefenamic acid, tolfenamic acid

colfenamate, etofenamate, prefenamate, terofenamate, ufenamate

(b) clantifen, oxyfenamate

phonetically close: clofenamide, diclofenamide

(c) flutiazin

---

-fenin — diagnostic aids, (phenylcarbamoyl)methyl iminodiacetic acid derivatives

(a) arclofenin, butilfenin, disofenin, etifenin, galtifenin, lidofenin, mebrofenin

---

-fenine (-phenine) — analgesics, glafenine derivatives (subgroup of fenamic acid group)

(a) antrafenine, floctafenine, florifenine, glafenine, nicafenine

(b) spasmolytic diphenylacetates: adiphenine, drofenine

other: buphenine (vasodilator), cinfenine (antidepressant)

---

-fentanil — opioid receptor agonists, fentanyl derivatives

(a) alfentanil, brifentanil, carfentanil, fentanyl, lofentanil, mirfentanil, ocfentanil, remifentanil, sufentanil, trefentanil

---

-fentrine — inhibitors of phosphodiesterases

(a) benafentrine, pumafentrine, tolafentrine

---

-fiban — fibrinogen receptor antagonists (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists)

carafiban, elarofiban, fradafiban, gantofiban, lamifiban, lefradafiban, lotrafiban, orbofiban, roxifiban, sibrafiban, tirofiban, xemilofiban

---

-fibrate — antihyperlipidaemics (clofibrate derivatives)

(a) bezafibrate, biclofibrate, binifibrate, choline fenofibrate, ciprofibrate, clinofibrate, dulofibrate, etofibrate, fenirofibrate, fenofibrate, lifibrate, nicofibrate, picafibrate, ponfibrate, ronifibrate, salafibrate, serfibrate, simfibrate, sitofibrate, tiafibrate, timofibrate, tocofibrate, urefibrate, xantifibrate

clofibric acid, clofibrate, aluminium clofibrate, calcium clofibrate, cinnarizine clofibrate, etofylline clofibrate, magnesium clofibrate

clofibride, plafibride

related: arhalofenate, beclobrate, eniclobrate, gemfibrozil, halofenate, lifibrol, metibride, terbufibrol, tibric acid, fibrafylline (deleted)

(b) bromebric acid (prophylaxis of migraine), fibracillin (antibiotic)

(c) nafenopin, treloxinate

---

-flapon — 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) inhibitors

fiboflapon, quiflapon, veliflapon

---

-flurane — halogenated alkane derivatives/compounds used as general inhalation anaesthetics

(a) aliflurane, cryofluorane, desflurane, enflurane, isoflurane, methoxyflurane, norflurane, roflurane, sevoflurane, teflurane

(b) apaflurane

(c) fluroxene, halothane

---

-formin — antihyperglycaemics (hypoglycemics), phenformin derivatives

(a) benfosformin, buformin, etoformin, metformin, metformin glycinate, phenformin, tiformin

---

-fo(s)- — insecticides, anthelminthics, pesticides etc., phosphorous (phosphoro-) derivatives (-vos)

1. organophosphorous derivatives

(a) vet. insecticides: quintiofos

(b) toldimfos (vet. phosphorous source)

(c) vet. insecticides and anthelminthics: metrifonate

anthelmintic: butonate

2. phosphates

(a) vet. insecticides: clofenvinfos

vet. anthelminthics: bromofenofos, dichlorvos, naftalofos

anthelminthics: vincofos

(b) triclofos (hypnotic, sedative)

(c) vet. anthelminthics: fospirate, haloxon

3. phosphorothioates

vet. insecticides:

(a) bromofos, coumafos, fenclofos, temefos

(c) dimpylate, phoxim (vet. insecticide and anthelmintic), pyrimitate

4. phosphorodithioates

(a) benoxafos (vet. pesticide)

(c) carbofenotion (vet. insecticide), dioxation (vet. insecticide), malathion (deleted)

5. phosphoramidates

crufomate, uredofos

anthelminthic: imcarbofos

-fos- — or various pharmacological categories belonging to fos (other than those above)

-fos-

alafosfalin, amifostine, belfosdil, benfosformin, butafosfan, cifostodine, creatinolfosfate, dexfosfoserine, ferpifosate sodium, furifosmin, monophosphothiamine, sodium picofosfate, sparfosic acid, technetium (^99mTc), tetrofosmin, trifosmin

-fosfamide — alkylating agents of the cyclophosphamide group (isophosphoramide mustard derivatives)

canfosfamide, cyclophosphamide, defosfamide, glufosfamide, ifosfamide, mafosfamide, palifosfamide, perfosfamide, sufosfamide, trofosfamide

-fosine — cytostatics

edelfosine, ilmofosine, miltefosine, perifosine

fosfosalvudine tidoxil, fosamprenavir, fosaprepitant, fosarilate, fosazepam, fosbretabulin, foscarnet sodium, foscolic acid, fosdevirine, fosenazide, fosfestrol, fosfluconazole, fosfluridine tidoxil, fosfocreatinine, fosfomycin, fosfonet sodium, fosfosal, fosfructose, fosinopril, fosinoprilat, fosmenic acid, fosmidomycin, fosopamine, fosphenytoin, fospirate, fospropofol, fosquidone, fostamatinib, fostedil, fostriecin, fosveset

---

-fungin — antifungal antibiotics (undefined group)

(a) abafungin, anidulafungin, basifungin, caspofungin, cilofungin, fusafungine, kalafungin, micafungin, nifungin, oxifungin, sinefungin, triafungin

---

-fylline — N-methylated xanthine derivatives (theophylline derivatives)

(a) acefylline clofibrol, acefylline piperazine, albifylline, aminophylline, apaxifylline, arofylline, bamifylline, cipamfylline, denbufylline, derenofylline, dimabefylline, diniprofylline, diprophylline, doxofylline, enprofylline, etamiphylline, etofylline, etofylline clofibrate, fibrafylline (deleted), flufylline, fluprofylline, furafylline, guaifylline, isbufylline, istradefylline, laprafylline, lisofylline, lomifylline, mercurophylline, metescufylline, mexafylline, midaxifylline, naxifylline, nestifylline, pentifylline, pentoxifylline, perbufylline, pimefylline, propentofylline, proxyphylline, pyridofylline, rolofylline, spirofylline, stacofylline, tazifylline, theophylline ephedrine, tonapofylline, torbafylline, triclofylline, verofylline, visnafylline, choline theophyllinate, fenetylline

(c) cafedrine, dimenhydrinate, dimethazan, meralluride, mercumatilin sodium, piprinhydrinate, promethazine teoclate, protheobromine, theodrenaline, xantifibrate, xantinol nicotinate

radicals and groups: teprosilate

---

gab — gabamimetic agents

(a) atagabalin, fengabine, gabapentin, gabapentin enacarbil, gaboxadol (used as analgesic), imagabalin, lesogaberan, pivagabine, pregabalin, progabide (used as an antiepileptic), retigabine, tiagabine, tolgabide, vigabatrin (anticonvulsants)

(b) gabexate (proteolytic)

---

gado- — diagnostic agents, gadolinium derivatives

(a) gadobenic acid, gadobutrol, gadocoletic acid, gadodenterate, gadodiamide, gadofosveset, gadomelitol, gadopenamide, gadopentetic acid, gadoterdol, gadoteric acid, gadoversetamide, gadoxetic acid

---

-gatran — thrombin inhibitors, antithrombotic agents (argatroban type))

(a) atecegatran, atecegatran metoxil, dabigatran, dabigatran etexilate, efegatran, flovagatran, inogatran, melagatran, napsagatran, sofigatran, ximelagatran

(c) argatroban

---

-gene — gene therapy products

(a) alferminogene tadenovec, alipogene tiparvovec, amolimogene bepiplasmid, beperminogene perplasmid, golnerminogene pradenovec, riferminogene pecaplasmid, sitimagene ceradenovec, taberminogene vadenovec, talimogene laherparepvec, tipapkinogene sovacivec, velimogene aliplasmid

---

-gest- — steroids, progestogens (progestins)

(a) altrenogest, anagestone, cingestol, clogestone, clomegestone, demegestone, desogestrel, dexnorgestrel, dienogest, dydrogesterone, edogestrone, etonogestrel, flugestone, gestaclone, gestadienol, gestodene, gestonorone caproate, gestrinone, haloprogesterone, hydroxyprogesterone, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, levonorgestrel (previously dexnorgestrel), medrogestone, medroxyprogesterone, medrogestone, megestrol, melengestrol, metogest, nomegestrol, norelgestromin, norgesterone, norgestimate, norgestomet, norgestrel, norgestrienone, oxogestone, pentagestrone, progesterone, proligestone, promegestone, quingestanol, quingestrone, segesterone, tigestol, tosagestin, trengestone, trimegestone

(b) algestone (glucorticoid)

(c) allylestrenol, chlormadinone, cismadinone, delmadinone, dimethisterone, ethisterone, ethynerone, etynodiol, hydromadinone, lynestrenol, metynodiol, norethisterone, noretynodrel, norvinisterone

clometerone (antiestrogen), dimepregnen (antiestrogen)

---

-giline — MAO-inhibitors type B

(a) clorgiline, mofegiline, pargiline, rasagiline, selegiline

---

-gillin — antibiotics produced by Aspergillus strains

(a) fumagillin, mitogillin

(c) mitosper, nifungin

---

gli- (previously gly-) — antihyperglycaemics (sulphonamide hypoglycaemics)

(a) 1. sulfonamide derivatives: gliamilide, glibenclamide, glibornuride, glibutimine, glicaramide, glicetanile, gliclazide, glidanile (deleted), glicondamide, glidazamide, gliflumide, glimepiride, glipalamide, glipizide, gliquidone, glisamuride, glisentide (previously glipentide), glisindamide, glisolamide, glisoxepide, glybuthiazol, glybuzole, glyclopyramide, glycyclamide, glyhexamide, glymidine sodium, glyoctamide, glyparamide (USAN-only), glypinamide, glyprothiazol, glysobuzole

2. other than sulfonamide derivatives: camiglibose, deriglidole, emiglitate, imeglimin, ingliforib, isaglidole, limiglidole, linogliride, managlinat dialanetil, meglitinide, midaglizole, miglitol, mitiglinide, naglivan, nateglinide, piragliatin, pirogliride, repaglinide, teglicar, tibeglisene, voglibose

3. peptide: seglitide

(b) cromoglicate lisetil, cromoglicic acid, ioglicic acid, ioxaglic acid, sulglicotide (treatment of peptic ulcers), tropigline

(c) acetohexamide, butadiazamide, carbutamide, chlorpropamide, heptolamide, metahexamide, palmoxiric acid, thiohexamide, tolazamide, tolbutamide, tolpentamide, tolpyrramide

gly-

(a) glybuthiazol, glybuzole, glyclopyramide, glycyclamide, glyhexamide, glymidine sodium, glyoctamide, glypinamide, glyprothiazol, glysobuzole

(c) glycerol, glycobiarsol, glycopyrronium bromide

-gliflozin — sodium glucose co-transporter inhibitors, phlorizin derivatives

atigliflozin, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, ipragliflozin, luseogliflozin, remogliflozin etabonate, sergliflozin etabonate, tofogliflozin

-gliptin — dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV inhibitors

(a) alogliptin, anagliptin, bisegliptin(no information), carmegliptin, denagliptin, dutogliptin, gemigliptin, gosogliptin, linagliptin, melogliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin, teneligliptin, vildagliptin

-glitazar — peroxisome proliferator activating receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonists (not thiazolidene derivatives)

(a) aleglitazar, cevoglitazar, farglitazar, imiglitazar, indeglitazar, muroglitazar, naveglitazar, oxeglitazar, peliglitazar, pemaglitazar, ragaglitazar, reglitazar, sipoglitazar, sodelglitazar, tesaglitazar

-glitazone — peroxisome proliferator activating receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonists (PPST agonists), thiazolidinedione/thiazolidene derivatives

(a) ciglitazone, balaglitazone, darglitazone, edaglitazone, englitazone, lobeglitazone, netoglitazone, pioglitazone, rivoglitazone, rosiglitazone, troglitazone

(c) efatutazone

---

-glumide — cholecystokinine antagonists, antiulcer, anxiolytic agents

(a) amiglumide, dexloxiglumide, itriglumide, lorglumide, loxiglomide, proglumide, spiroglumide, tomoglumide

---

-golide — dopamine receptor agonists, ergoline derivatives

(a) adrogolide, naxagolide, pergolide, quinagolide, voxergolide

(c) rotigotine

---

-grel- — platelet aggregation inhibitors, primarily platelet P2Y12 receptor antagonists

(a) anagrelide, camonagrel, cangrelor, clopidogrel, dazmegrel, elinogrel, furegrelate, isbogrel, itazigrel, midazogrel, nafagrel, nicogrelate, oxagrelate, ozagrel, pamicogrel, parogrelil, pirmagrel, prasugrel, regrelor, ridogrel, rolafagrel, samixogrel, sarpogrelate, satigrel, sunagrel, temanogrel, terbogrel, ticagrelor, trifenagrel

---

guan- — antihypertensives, guanidine derivatives

(a) guanabenz, guanacline, guanadrel, guanazodine, guancidine, guanclofine, guanethidine, guanfacine, guanisoquine, guanoclor, guanoctine, guanoxan, guanoxabenz, guanoxyfen, guabenxan

(c) guabenxan

---

-icam — anti-inflammatory, isoxicam derivatives

(a) ampiroxicam, droxicam, enolicam, isoxicam, lornoxicam, meloxicam, piroxicam, sudoxicam, tenoxicam, tesicam

---

-ifene — antiestrogens, clomifene and tamoxifen derivatives

(a) acolbifene, clomifenoxide, tesmilifene

-oxifene: afimoxifene, arzoxifene, bazedoxifene, droloxifene, idoxifene, lasofoxifene, levormeloxifene, miproxifene, ormeloxifene, pipendoxifene, raloxifene, tamoxifen, trioxifene, zindoxifene

-mifene: clomifene, enclomifene, fispemifene, nitromifene, ospemifene, panomifene, sivifene, toremifene, zuclomifene

(b) dextropropoxyphene, levopropoxyphene, suloxifen (bronchodilator)

(c) nafoxidine

---

-ilide — class III antiarrhythmic agents, sematilide derivatives

(a) ambasilide, artilide, azimilide, dofetilide, ersentilide, ibutilide, ipazilide, risotilide, sematilide, trecetilide

(b) bromacrylide, ftaxilide, gliamilide

---

imex — immunostimulants

(a) azimexon, forfenimex, imexon, roquinimex, ubenimex

---

-imibe — acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors, antihyperlipidaemics

(a) avasimibe, canosimibe, eflucimibe, eldacimibe, ezetimibe, lecimibide, octimibate, pactimibe

---

-imod — immunomodulators, both stimulant/suppressive and stimulant

(a) agatolimod, apilimod, atiprimod, cridanimod, defoslimod, epetirimod, esonarimod, fingolimod, forigerimod, golotimod, glaspimod, iguratimod, imiquimod, ivarimod, laquinimod, litenimod, paquinimod, pidotimod, ponesimod, rabeximod, resiquimod, rintatolimod, siponimod, sotirimod, susalimod, tasquinimod, tiprotimod

-mapimod — mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitors

(a) balamapimod, bentamapimod, dilmapimod, doramapimod, losmapimod, pamapimod, talmapimod, semapimod

---

-imus — immunosuppressants (immunosuppressives) (other than antineoplastics)

(a) abetimus, anisperimus, gusperimus, laflunimus, manitimus, napirimus, tresperimus, vidofludimus

-rolimus — immunosuppressants, rapamycin derivatives

(a) everolimus, olcorolimus, pimecrolimus, ridaforolimus, sirolimus, tacrolimus, temsirolimus, umirolimus, zotarolimus

---

io- — iodine-containing contrast media

(a) iobenzamic acid, iobitridol, iobutoic acid, iocarmic acid, iocetamic acid, iodamide, iodecimol, iodetryl, iodixanol, iodophthalein sodium, iodoxamic acid, iofendylate, ioforminol, iofratol, ioglicic acid, ioglucol, ioglucomide, ioglunide, ioglycamic acid, iohexol, iolidonic acid, iolixanic acid, iomeglamic acid, iomeprol, iomorinic acid, iopamidol, iopanoic acid, iopentol, iophenoic acid, ioprocemic acid, iopromide, iopronic acid, iopydol, iopydone, iosarcol, iosefamic acid, ioseric acid, iosimenol, iosimide, iosulamide, iosumetic acid, iotalamic acid, iotasul, iotetric acid, iotranic acid, iotriside, iotrizoic acid, iotrolan, iotroxic acid, ioversol, ioxabrolic acid, ioxaglic acid, ioxilan, ioxitalamic acid, ioxotrizoic acid, iozomic acid

(c) adipiodone, bunamiodyl, dimethiodal sodium, diodone, ethyl cartrizoate, methiodal sodium, metrizamide, pheniodol sodium, phenobutiodil, propyl docetrizoate, propyliodone, sodium acetrizoate, sodium amidotrizoate, sodium diprotrizoate, sodium metrizoate, sodium tyropanoate

io(d)-, -io- — radiopharmaceuticals, iodine-contained

(a) ethiodized oil (¹³¹I), iobenguane (¹³¹I), iocanlidic acid (¹²³I), iodinated (¹²⁵I) human serum albumin, iodinated (¹³¹I) human serum albumin, iodine (¹²⁴I) girentuximamb, iodocetylic acid (¹²³I), iodochloesterol (¹³¹I), iodofiltic acid (¹²³I), iofolastat (¹²³I), iofetamine (¹²³I), ioflubenzamide (¹³¹I), ioflupane (¹²³I), iolopride (¹²³I), iomazenil (¹²³I), iometin (¹²⁵I), iometin (¹³¹I), iometopane (¹²³I), sodium iodide (¹²⁵I), sodium iodide (¹³¹I), sodium iodohippurate (¹³¹I), sodium iotalamate (¹²⁵I), sodium itolamate (^131I)

(c) fibrinogen (¹²⁵I), macrosalb (¹³¹I), rose bengal (¹³¹I) sodium, tolpovidone (^131I)

---

-irudin — thrombin inhibitors (anticoagulants), hirudin derivatives

bivalirudin, desirudin, lepirudin, pegmusirudin

---

-isomide — class I antiarrhythmics, disopyramide derivatives

(a) actisomide, bidisomide, pentisomide

(c) disopyramide

---

-ium, -onium — quaternary ammonium compounds

neuromuscular blocking agents with a flexible structure

(a) azamethonium bromide, decamethonium bromide, dicolinium iodide, dimecolinium iodide, fubrogonium iodide, hexamethonium bromide, mebezonium iodide, oxapropanium iodide, oxydipentonium chloride, pentamethonium bromide, pentolonium tartrate, prodeconium bromide, stilonium iodide, suxamethonium chloride, suxethonium chloride, tetrylammonium bromide, tiametonium iodide, trepirium iodide

(c) gallamine triethiodide

neuromuscular blocking agents with rigid structure (-curium, -curonium — neuromuscular blocking agents, quaternary also ammonium compounds)

(a) -curonium: alcuronium chloride, candocuronium iodide, dacuronium bromide, pancuronium bromide, pipecuronium bromide, rapacuronium bromide, rocuronium bromide, stercuronium iodide, vecuronium bromide

-curium (curare-like substances): atracurium besilate, cisatracurium besilate, doxacurium chloride, gantacurium chloride, mivacurium chloride, truxicurium iodide, truxipicurium iodide

others: dimethyltubocurarinium chloride, fazadinium bromide, hexafluronium bromide, laudexium metilsulfate, pentacynium chloride, phenactropinium chloride, piprocurarium iodide, thiazinamium metilsulfate, trimethidinium methosulfate

(c) tubocurarine chloride

cholinergic agents

(a) aclatonium napadisilate, ambenonium chloride, benzpyrinium bromide, carpronium chloride, demecarium bromide, furtrethonium iodide

(c) acetylcholine chloride, charbacol, choline alfoscerate, choline chloride, choline gluconate, choline salicylate (analgesic), choline theophyllinate (smooth muscle relaxant), methacholine chloride, nitricholine perchlorate (antihypertensive), distigmine bromide, ecothiopate iodide, neostigmine bromide, obidoxime chloride, pralidoxime iodide, pyridostigmine bromide

anticholinergic agents

(a) aclidinium bromide, benzilonium bromide, benzopyrronium bromide, beperidium, bevonium metilsulfate, butropium bromide, ciclonium bromide, ciclotropium bromide, cimetropium bromide, clidinium bromide, cyclopyrronium bromide, dimetipirium bromide, diponium bromide, dotefonium bromide, droclidinium bromide, emepronium bromide, etipirium iodide, fenclexonium metilsulfate, fenpiverinium bromide, fentonium bromide, flutropium bromide, glycopyrronium bromide, heteronium bromide, hexasonium iodide, hexocyclium metilsulfate, hexopyrronium bromide, ipratropium bromide, methanthelinium bromide, methylbenactyzium bromide, metocinium iodide, nolinium bromide, otilonium bromide, oxapium iodide, oxitefonium bromide, oxitropium bromide, oxyphenonium bromide, oxypyrronium bromide, oxysonium iodide, pentapiperium metilsulfate, prifinium bromide, ritropirronium bromide, sintropium bromide, sultroponium, tematropium metilsulfate, tiemonium iodide, timepidium bromide, tiotropium bromide, tiquizium bromide, trantelinium bromide, trospium chloride, xenytropium bromide

(c) atropine methonitrate, buzepide metiodide, chlorisondamine chloride, diphemanil metilsulfate, homatropine methylbromide, isopropramide iodide, mepenzolate bromide, octatropine methylbromide, parapenzolate bromide, pipenzolate bromide, poldine metilsulfate, propantheline bromide, propyromazine bromide, tridihexethyl iodide, tropenziline bromide, thihexinol methylbromide, tricyclamol chloride

surfactants used as antibacterials and antiseptics

(a) acriflavinium chloride, amantanium bromide, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzododecinium chloride, benzoxonium chloride, cefalonium, cefmepidium chloride, cetalkonium chloride, cethexonium chloride, cetrimonium bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorphenoctium amsonate, deditonium bromide, denatonium benzoate, dequalinium chloride, disiquonium chloride, dodeclonium bromide, dofamium chloride, fludazonium chloride, furazolium chloride, halopenium chloride, hedaquinium chloride, lapirium chloride, lauralkonium chloride, laurcetium bromide, laurolinium acetate, mecetronium etilsulfate, metalkonium chloride, methylbenzethonium chloride, methylrosanilinium chloride, methylthioninium chloride, miripirium chloride, miristalkonium chloride, octafonium chloride, opratonium iodide, penoctonium bromide, pirralkonium bromide, polidronium chloride, polixetonium chloride, prolonium iodide, sanguinarium chloride, sepazonium chloride, tetradonium bromide, tibezonium iodide, tiodonium chloride, toliodium chloride, toloconium metilsulfate, tonzonium bromide, triclobisonium chloride

(c) domiphen bromide

other agents

alagebrium chloride, albitiazolium bromide, amezinium metilsulfate, amprolium chloride, azaspirium chloride, bephenium hydroxynaphthoate, bibenzonium bromide, bidimazium iodide, bretylium tosilate, butopyrammonium iodide, carcainium chloride, clofilium phosphate, datelliptium chloride, detajmium bitartrate, dibrospidium chloride, ditercalinium chloride, edrophonium chloride, elliptinium acetate, emilium tosilate, enisamium iodide, famiraprinium chloride, feniodium chloride, gallium (⁶⁷Ga) citrate, homidium bromide, isavuconazonium chloride, isometamidium chloride, mefenidramium metilsulfate, meldonium, mequitamium iodide, nolpitantium besilate, pinaverium bromide, pirdonium bromide, prajmalium bitartrate, pranolium chloride, pretamazium iodide, propagermanium, prospidium chloride, pyritidium bromide, pyrvinium chloride, quindonium bromide, quinuclium bromide, repagermanium, rimazolium metilsulfate, roxolinium metilsulfate, samarium (¹⁵³Sm), sepantronium bromide, sevitropium mesilate, spirogermanium, stilbazium iodide, thenium closilate, tipetropium bromide, tolonium chloride, trazium esilate, trethinium tosilate, troxonium tosilate, troxypyrrolium tosilate

(c) alazanine triclofenate (anthelminthic), colfosceril palmitate (pulmonary surfactant), dithiazanine iodide (anthelminthic), hexadimethrine bromide (heparin antagonist)

---

-izine, -yzine — diphenylmethyl piperazine derivatives

(a) antihistaminics: buclizine, cetirizine, chlorcyclizine, clocinizine, cyclizine, efletirizine, elbanizine, flotrenizine, levocetirizine, lomerizine, pibaxizine, trenizine

homochlorcyclizine (serotonin antagonist)

tranquillizers: etodroxizine, hydroxyzine

various: benderizine (antiarrhythmic), decloxizine (respiratory insufficiency), ropizine (anticonvulsant)

-rizine — antihistaminics/cerebral (or peripheral) vasodilators

(a) belarizine, buterizine, cinnarizine, dotarizine, flunarizine, lifarizine, tagorizine, tamolarizine, trelnarizine

chemically related: pipoxizine (respiratory insufficiency)

(b) phenothiazine derivatives: chloracyzine (vasodilator), fluacizine (sedative), moracizine (antiarrhythmic), tiracizine (antiarrhythmic)

benzilate esters: benactyzine (tranquillizer), benaprizine (anti-parkinsonian)

phenylpiperazine: dimetholizine (antiallergic), dropropizine/levodropropizine (antitussive)

antibiotic "cef": cefatrizine

pyrazine derivatives: ampyzine (central nervous stimulant), triampyzine (anticholinergic)

indoloquinolines (anticholinergic): metoquizine, toquizine

(c) medibazine

---

-kacin — antibiotics, kanamycin and bekanamycin derivatives (obtained from Streptomyces kanamyceticus)

(a) amikacin, arbekacin, butikacin, dibekacin, propikacin

(c) bekanamycin, kanamycin

other aminoglycoside antibiotics: Strept. griseus: dihydrostreptomycin (semisynthetic), streptomycin, streptoniazid (semisynthetic)

Strept. tenebrarius: apramycin, nebramycin (mixture of several antibiotics, including apramycin and tobramycin), tobramycin

Bacillus circularis: butirosin

---

-kalant — potassium channel blockers (potassium channel antagonists)

(a) adekalant, almokalant, clamikalant, inakalant, nifekalant, pinokalant, terikalant, vernakalant

---

-kalim — potassium channel activators (potassium channel agonists), antihypertensive

(a) aprikalim, bimakalim, cromakalim, levcromakalim, emakalim, mazokalim, rilmakalim, sarakalim

---

-kef- — enkephalin agonists (various indications)

casokefamide, frakefamide, metenkefalin, metkefamide

---

-kin — interleukin type substances

(a) IL-1: -nakin interleukin-1 analogues and derivatives

-onakin: interleukin-1 α analogues and derivatives: pifonakin

-benakin: interleukin-1 β analogues and derivatives: mobenakin

IL-2: -leukin interleukin-2 analogues and derivatives: adargileukin alfa, aldesleukin, celmoleukin, denileukin diftitox, teceleukin pegaldesleukin, tucotuzumab celmoleukin

IL-4: -trakin interleukin-4 analogues and derivatives: binetrakin

IL-6: -exakin interleukin-6 analogues and derivatives: atexakin alfa

IL-8: -octakin interleukin-8 analogues and derivatives: emoctakin

IL-10: -decakin interleukin-10 analogues and derivatives: ilodecakin

IL-11: -elvekin interleukin-11 analogues and derivatives: oprelvekin

IL-12: -dodekin interleukin-12 analogues and derivatives: edodekin alfa

IL-13: -tredekin interleukin-13 analogues and derivatives: cintredekin besudotox

IL-18: -octadekin interleukin-18 human analogues and derivatives: iboctadekin tadekinig alfa (fraction of IL-18 human)

Il-21: -enicokin interleukin -21 human analogues and derivatives: denenicokin

(c) IL-3: -plestim: interleukin-3 analogues and derivatives: muplestim, daniplestim

---

-kinra — interleukin receptor antagonists

IL-1: -nakinra interleukin-1 receptor antagonists: anakinra

IL-4: -trakinra interleukin-4 receptor antagonists: pitrakinra

---

-kiren — renin inhibitors

(a) aliskiren, ciprokiren, ditekiren, enalkiren, remikiren, terlakiren, zankiren

---

-lubant — leukotriene [B4] receptor antagonists (treatment of inflammatory skin disorders)

(a) amelubant, moxilubant, ticolubant

---

-mab — monoclonal antibodies

-omab — mouse origin

b(a) bacterial: edobacomab

co(l) colon: edrecolomab, nacolomab tafenatox

go(v) ovary (tumours): abagovomab, igovomab, oregovomab

l(i) lymphocyte: afelimomab, dorlimomab aritox, elsilimomab, enlimomab, enlimomab pegol, faralimomab, gavilimomab, inolimomab, maslimomab, nerelimomab, odulimomab, telimomab aritox, vepalimomab, zolimomab aritox

c(i) cardiovascular: biciromab, imciromab

le(s) inflammatory lesions: besilesomab, lemalesomab, sulesomab, technetium (^99mTc) fanolesomab

pr(o) tumour (prostate): capromab

t(u) tumour (miscellaneous): altumomab, anatumomab mafenatox, arcitumomab, bectumomab, blinatumomab, detumomab, epitumomab, epitumomab cituxetan, ibritumomab tiuxetan, minretumomab, mitumomab, moxetumomab pasudotox, naptumomab estafenatox, racotumomab, satumomab, taplitumomab paptox, technnetium (^99mTc) nofetumomab merpentan, technetium (^99mTc) pintumomab, tenatumomab, tositumomab

others: catomaxomab, ertumaxomab

-umab — human origin

b(a) bacterial: nebacumab, raxibacumab

c(i) cardiovascular: icrucumab, ramucirumab, vesencumab

f(u) fungal: efungumab

k(i) interleukin: briakinumab, canakinumab, fezakinumab, secukinumab, sirukumab, tralokinumab, ustekinumab

l(i) immunomodulator: adalimumab, atorolimumab, belimumab, bertilimumab, brodalumab, carlumab, foralumab, fresolimumab, golimumab, ipilimumab, lerdelimumab, mavrilimumab, metelimumab, morolimumab, namilumab, oxelumab, sifalimumab, tabalumab, tremelimumab, urelumab, zanolimumab, ziralimumab

s(o) bone: denosumab

t(u) tumour: adecatumumab, cixutumumab, conatumumab, daratumumab, drozitumab, figitumumab, ganitumab, glembatumumab, intetumumab, iratumumab, lexatumumab, lucatumumab, mapatumumab, narnatumab, necitumumab, ofatumumab, olaratumab, pritumumab, panitumumab, radretumab, rilotumumab, robatumumab, teprotumumab, votumumab, yttrium (⁹⁰Y) clivatuzumab tetraxetan, zalutumumab

v(i) viral: exbivirumab, foravirumab, libivirumab, rafivirumab, regavirumab, sevirumab, suvizumab, tuvirumab

other: atinumab, fulranumab, stamulumab, gantenerumab, roledumab

-ximab — chimeric origin

b(a) bacterial: pagibaximab

c(i) cardiovascular: abciximab, volociximab

l(i) immunomodulator: basiliximab, clenoliximab, galiximab, infliximab, keliximab, lumiliximab, priliximab, teneliximab, vapaliximab

me(l) melanoma: ecromeximab

t(u) tumor: amatuximab, bavituximab, brentuximab vedotin, cetuximab, ensituximab, girentuximab, indatuximab ravtansine, iodine (¹²⁴I) girentuximab, rituximab, siltuximab, ublituximab

-xizumab — chimeric/humanized

otelixizumab

-zumab — humanized origin

anib angiogenesis inhibitor: ranibizumab

b(a) bacterial: tefibazumab

c(i) cardiovascular: alacizumab pegol, bevacizumab, etaracizumab, tadocizumab

k(i) interleukin: anrukinzumab, enokizumab, gevokizumab, ixekizumab, lebrikizumab, olokizumab

l(i) lymphocyte: apolizumab, aselizumab, benralizumab, cedelizumab, certolizumab pegol, daclizumab (previously dacliximab), eculizumab, efalizumab, erlizumab, etrolizumab, fontolizumab, ibalizumab, itolizumab, mepolizumab, mogamulizumab, natalizumab, ocrelizumab, omalizumab, ozoralizumab, palivizumab, pascolizumab, pateclizumab, pexelizumab, reslizumab, rontalizumab, rovelizumab, ruplizumab, samalizumab, siplizumab, talizumab, teplizumab, tocilizumab, toralizumab, tregalizumab, vatelizumab, vedolizumab, visilizumab

s(o) bone: blosozumab

tox(a) toxin as target: urtoxazumab

t(u) tumor: (miscellaneous): alemtuzumab, bivatuzumab, cantuzumab mertansine, cantuzumab ravtansine, citatuzumab bogatox, dacetuzumab, dalotuzumab, elotuzumab, enavatuzumab, epratuzumab, farletuzumab, ficlatuzumab, gemtuzumab, inotuzumab ozogamicin, labetuzumab, lintuzumab, lorvotuzumab mertansine, matuzumab, milatuzumab, nimotuzumab, obinutuzumab, onartuzumab, oportuzumab 117 monatox, pertuzumab, sibrotuzumab, sontuzumab, tigatuzumab, trastuzumab, trastuzumab emtansine, tucotuzumab celmoleukin, veltuzumab, yttrium (⁹⁰Y) tacatuzumab tetraxetan

v(i) viral: felvizumab, motavizumab

other: bapineuzumab, crenezumab, ponezumab, solanezumab, tanezumab

(c)

muromonab CD3

---

-mantadine, -mantine, -mantone — adamantane derivatives, antivirals/antiparkinsonians

(a) antiviral: amantadine, rimantadine, somantadine, tromantadine

antiparkinsonian: carmantadine, dopamantine, memantine

immunostimulant: idramantone

(b) anthelminthic: dimantine

(c) adafenoxate (nootropic agent), adamexine (mucolytic), adapalene (antiacne agent), adaprolol (β-adrenoreceptor antagonist), adatanserin (serotonin receptor antagonist), amantanium bromide (disinfectant), amantocillin (antibiotic), arterolane (antimalarial), bolmantalate (anabolic), meclinertant (neurotensin antagonist), mantabegron (β₃-adrenoreceptor agonist), saxagliptin (antidiabetic), vildagliptin (antidiabetic)

---

-meline — cholinergic agents (muscarine receptor agonists/partial antagonists used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, arecoline derivatives)

alvameline, cevimeline, itameline, milameline, sabcomeline, tazomeline, xanomeline

---

mer-, -mer- — mercury-containing drugs, antimicrobial or diuretic (deprecated)

note: mer- and -mer- can now be used for any type of substances and are no longer restricted to use in names for mercury-containing drugs

(a) antimicrobial: meralein sodium, merbromin, mercurobutol, otimerate sodium, phenylmercuric borate, sodium timerfonate, thiomersal

diuretic: chlormerodrin, chlormerodrin (¹⁹⁷Hg), meralluride, mercaptomerin, mercuderamide, mercumatilin sodium, mercurophylline, merisoprol (¹⁹⁷Hg) (diagnostic), mersalyl

(b) difemerine (spasmolytic), dimercaprol (antidote, -SH group), lomerizine (cerebral vasodilator), mercaptopurine (cytostatic, -SH group), nifurmerone, pemerid, suxemerid (antitussive)

(c) hydrargaphen

---

-mer — polymers

(a) amilomer, azoximer bromide, bixalomer, cadexomer, carbetimer, carbomer, crilanomer, dextranomer, eldexomer, exatecan alideximer, hemoglobin glutamer, hemoglobin raffimer, leuciglumer, maletamer, poloxamer, porfimer sodium, sevelamer, surfomer, tolevamer, zinostatin stimalamer

(b) succimer

---

-mesine — sigma receptor ligands

cutamesine, igmesine, panamesine, siramesine

---

-mestane — aromatase inhibitors (antineoplastics)

atamestane, exemestane, formestane, minamestane, plomestane

---

-metacin — anti-inflammatory, indometacin (indomethacin) derivatives

(a) acemetacin, cinmetacin, clometacin, delmetacin (originally demetacin), duometacin, glucametacin, indometacin, niometacin, oxametacin, pimetacin, proglumetacin, sermetacin, talmetacin, zidometacin

other anti-inflammatory, indole derivatives: etoprindole, indopine, indoxole, nictindole

---

-micin — antibiotics obtained from various Micromonospora strains

astromicin, betamicin, etisomicin, evernimicin, fidaxomicin, gentamicin, isepamicin, maduramicin, megalomicin, micronomicin, mirosamicin, netilmicin, ozogamicin, pentisomicin, repromicin, rosaramicin (previously rosamicin), semduramicin, sisomicin

---

mito- — antineoplastics, nucleotoxic agents

(a) mitobronitol, mitocarcin, mitoclomine, mitoflaxone, mitogillin, mitoguazone, mitolactol, mitomalcin, mitomycin, mitonafide, mitopodozide, mitoquidone, mitosper, mitotane, mitotenamine, mitoxantrone, mitozolomide

(c) mitindomide

---

-monam — monobactam antibiotics

(a) carumonam, gloximonam, oximonam, pirazmonam, tigemonam

(c) aztreonam

---

-motine — antivirals, quinoline derivatives

(a) famotine, memotine

---

-moxin — monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), hydrazine derivatives

(a) benmoxin, cimemoxin, domoxin, octamoxin

(c) carbenzide, etryptamine, fenoxypropazine, iproclozide, iproniazid, isocarboxazid, mebanazine, nialamide, pargyline, phenelzine, pheniprazine, tranylcypromine

---

-mulin — antibacterials, pleuromulin derivatives

(a) azamulin, pleuromulin, retapamulin, tiamulin, valnemulin

(b) nonathymulin, thymostimulin

---

-mustine — antineoplastic agents, alkylating agents, β-chloroethylamine derivatives

(a) alestramustine, ambamustine, atrimustine, bendamustine, bofumustine, carmustine, ditiomustine, ecomustine, elmustine, estramustine, fotemustine, galamustine, laromustine, lomustine, mannomustine, neptamustine (originally pentamustine), nimustine, prednimustine, ranimustine, semustine, spiromustine, tallimustine, tauromustine, uramustine

(c) canfosfamide, chlorambucil, chlormethine, chlornaphazine, cyclophosphamide, defosfamide, glufosfamide, ifosfamide, mafosfamide, melphalan, melphalan flufenamide, metamelfalan, mitoclomine, mitotenamine, palifosfamide, perfosfamide, sarcolysin, sufosfamide, trichlormethine, trofosfamide

---

-mycin — antibiotics, produced by Streptomyces strains (see also -kacin)

(a) alvespimycin, amfomycin, antelmycin, apramycin, avilamycin, azalomycin, azithromycin, bambermycin, bekanamycin, berythromycin, bicozamycin, biniramycin, bluensomycin, capreomycin, carbomycin, cethromycin, clarithromycin, clindamycin, coumamycin, daptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, diproleandomycin, dirithromycin, efrotomycin, endomycin, enramycin, enviomycin, erythromycin, estomycin, flurithromycin, fosfomycin, fosmidomycin, gamithromycin, ganefromycin, hachimycin, heliomycin, hydroxymycin, josamycin, kanamycin, kitasamycin, laidlomycin, lexithromycin, lincomycin, lividomycin, maridomycin, midecamycin, mikamycin, mirincamycin, mocimycin, modithromycin, natamycin, nebramycin, neomycin, neutramycin, oleandomycin, paldimycin, paromomycin, paulomycin, pirlimycin, primycin, pristinamycin, ranimycin, relomycin, retaspimycin, ribostamycin, rifamycin, rokitamycin, roxithromycin, salinomycin, sedecamycin, solithromycin, spectinomycin, spiramycin, stallimycin, steffimycin, streptomycin, tanespimycin, telithromycin, terdecamycin, tobramycin, troleandomycin, trospectomycin, tulathromycin (vet.), vancomycin, viomycin, virginiamycin

antibiotics, antineoplastics: ambomycin, antramycin, azotomycin, bleomycin, cactinomycin, dactinomycin, duazomycin, lucimycin, mitomycin, nogalamycin, olivomycin, peliomycin, peplomycin, plicamycin (previously mithramycin), porfiromycin, puromycin, rufocromomycin, sparsomycin, talisomycin

antibiotics, antineoplastics, antibacterial: cirolemycin

antibiotic, antifungal: hamycin, lidimycin, rutamycin

(c) antibiotic, antibacterial: aspartocin, azidamfenicol, cetofenicol, chloramphenicol, cloramfenicol pantotenate complex, cycloserine, novobiocin, ostreogrycin, rifamide, rifampicin, streptoniazid, streptovarycin, thiamphenicol, tylosin

antibiotic, antifungal: amphotericin B, candicidin, filipin, kalafungin, nystatin, viridofulvin

antibiotic, antineoplastic: daunorubicin, mitomalcin, streptonigrin

---

-nab, -nab- — cannabinoid receptors agonists (cannabinol derivatives)

(a) cannabinol, dronabinol, menabitan, nabazenil, nabilone, nabitan, naboctate, nonabine, pirnabin, tedalinab, tinabinol

(b) fenabutene, guanabenz, muromonab-CD3, nabumetone, prinaberel

-nabant — cannabinoid receptors antagonists

(a) drinabant, ibipinabant, otenabant, rimonabant, rosonabant, surinabant, taranabant

---

nal- — opioid receptor antagonists/agonists related to normorphine

(a) methylnaltrexone bromide, nalbuphine, naldemedine, nalfurafine, nalmefene (originally nalmetrene), nalmexone, nalorphine, naloxegol, naloxone, naltrexone

(b) nalidixic acid, naluzotan

---

-nicline — nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonists/full agonists

(a) altinicline, dianicline, facinicline, ispronicline, pozanicline, rivanicline, sofinicline, tebanicline, varenicline

---

nico-, nic-, ni- — nicotinic acid or nicotinoyl alcohol derivatives

nico-: nicoboxil, nicoclonate, nicocodine, nicocortonide, nicodicodine, nicofibrate, nicofuranose, nicofurate, nicomol, nicomorphine, nicopholine, nicorandil, nicothiazone, nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, nicotredole, nicoxamat, nikethamide

inositol nicotinate, xantinol nicotinate

nic-: nicafenine, nicainoprol, nicametate, nicardipine, nicanartine, nicergoline, niceritrol, niceverine, nictindole, nizofenone

ni-: nialamide, niaprazine, nifenazone, niometacin, niprofazone, nixylic acid

-nicate — antihypercholesterolaemic and/or vasodilating nicotinic acid esters

(a) ciclonicate, derpanicate, estrapronicate, glunicate, hepronicate, micinicate, pantenicate, sorbinicate

(b) nitrile derivative: nimazone

other: nifungin, nimidane, nisbuterol

(c) NO₂ - derivatives: acenocoumarol (anticoagulant), azathioprine and tiamiprine (antimetabolites), bronopol (antiseptic), chloramphenicol (antibiotic), clonazepam (sedative), flurantel (anthelmintic), flutamide (nonsteroid anti-androgen)

---

-nidazole — antiprotozoals and radiosensitizers, metronidazole derivatives

(a) abunidazole, azanidazole, bamnidazole, benznidazole, carnidazole, doranidazole, etanidazole, fexinidazole, flunidazole, ipronidazole, metronidazole, misonidazole, moxnidazole, ornidazole, panidazole, pimonidazole, pirinidazole, propenidazole, ronidazole, satranidazole, secnidazole, sulnidazole, ternidazole, tinidazole, tivanidazole

(c) dimetridazole, nimorazole, stirimazole

---

nifur- — 5-nitrofuran derivatives

(a) nifuradene, nifuraldezone, nifuralide, nifuratel, nifuratrone, nifurdazil, nifurethazone, nifurfoline, nifurimide, nifurizone, nifurmazole, nifurmerone, nifuroquine, nifuroxazide, nifuroxime, nifurpipone, nifurpirinol, nifurprazine, nifurquinazol, nifursemizone, nifursol, nifurthiazole, nifurtimox, nifurtoinol, nifurvidine, nifurzide

(c) furalazine, furaltadone, furazolidone, furazolium chloride, furmethoxadone, levofuraltadone, nidroxyzone, nihydrazone, nitrofural, nitrofurantoin, thiofuradene

---

nitro-, nitr-, nit-, ni-, -ni- — NO₂ derivatives

nitro-: nitroclofene, nitrocycline, nitrodan, nitrofural, nitrofurantoin, nitromifene, nitroscanate, nitrosulfathiazole, nitroxinil, nitroxoline

nitr-: nitracrine, nitrafudam, nitramisole, nitraquazone, nitrazepam, nitrefazole, nitricholine perchlorate

nit- and -nit-: nitarsone, ranitidine

ni-: nibroxane, niclofolan, niclosamide, nidroxyzone, nifenalol, nihydrazone, nimesulide, nimorazole, niridazole

ni-dipine: nicardipine, nifedipine, niludipine, nisoldipine, nitrendipine, vatamidipine

---

-nixin — anti-inflammatory, anilinonicotinic acid derivatives

(a) butanixin, clonixin, diclonixin, flunixin, isonixin, metanixin

(c) clonixeril, niflumic acid, nixylic acid

---

-olol — β-adrenoreceptor antagonists, β blockers (propranolol-type)

(a) acebutolol, adaprolol, adimolol, afurolol, alprenolol, ancarolol, arnolol, arotinolol, atenolol, befunolol, betaxolol, bevantolol, bisoprolol, bometolol, bopindolol, bornaprolol, bucindolol, bucumolol, bufetolol, bunitrolol, bunolol, bupranolol, butocrolol, butofilolol, carazolol, carpindolol, carteolol, celiprolol, cetamolol, cicloprolol, cinamolol, cloranolol, crinolol (replaced by pacrinolol), dexnebivolol, dexpropranolol, diacetolol, draquinolol, ecastolol, epanolol, ericolol, esatenolol, esmolol, exaprolol, falintolol, flestolol, flusoxolol, idropranolol, imidolol (replaced by adimolol), indenolol, indopanolol, iprocrolol, isoxaprolol, landiolol, levobetaxolol, levobunolol, levomoprolol, levonebivolol, mepindolol, metipranolol, metoprolol, moprolol, nadolol, nadoxolol, nafetolol, nebivolol, nipradilol (previously nipradolol), oxprenolol, pacrinolol, pafenolol, pamatolol, pargolol, penbutolol, penirolol, pindolol, pirepolol, practolol, primidolol, procinolol, propranolol, ridazolol, ronactolol, soquinolol, spirendolol, talinolol, tazolol, teoprolol, tertatolol, tienoxolol, tilisolol, timolol, tiprenolol, tolamolol, toliprolol, trigevolol, xibenolol, xipranolol, zoleprodolol

(b) stanozolol (anabolic steroid)

-alol — related to -olols (combined α and β blockers)

(a) amosulalol, bendacalol, brefonalol, bufuralol, dexsotalol, dilevalol, labetalol, medroxalol, nifenalol, pronetalol, sotalol, sulfinalol

(c) butidrine

---

-onide — steroids for topical use, acetal derivatives

(a) acrocinonide, amcinonide, budesonide, ciclesonide, cicortonide, ciprocinonide, desonide, dexbudesonide, drocinonide, fluclorolone acetonide, fluocinolone acetonide, flumoxonide, fluocinonide, halcinonide, itrocinonide, nicocortonide, procinonide, rofleponide, tralonide, triamcinolone benetonide, triamcinolone furetonide, triamcinolone hexacetonide, triclonide

(c) amcinafal, amcinafide

---

-onidine — antihypertensives, clonidine derivatives

(a) apraclonidine (control of intraocular pressure), benclonidine, brimonidine, clonidine, flutonidine, moxonidine, piclonidine, tolonidine

related: alinidine (analgesic)

-nidine

(a) related antihypertensives: betanidine, indanidine, rilmenidine, tiamenidine

(b) muscle relaxant: tizanidine

topical anti-infective: octenidine, pirtenidine

antibacterial: sulfaguanidine

vetirinary coccidiostatic: robenidine

(c) dexlofexidine, levlofexidine, lofexidine

---

-orex — anorexics (anorexiants/anorexic agents) (phenethylamine derivatives)

(a) acridorex, amfepentorex, aminorex, benfluorex, clobenzorex, cloforex, clominorex, difemetorex, etolorex, fenisorex, fenproporex, flucetorex, fludorex, fluminorex, formetorex, furfenorex, indanorex, mefenorex, morforex, oxifentorex, pentorex, picilorex, tiflorex

(b) almorexant, suvorexant

(c) bupropion (replaces amfebutamone), amfecloral, amfepramone, amfetamine, amfetaminil, benzfetamine, brolamfetamine, chlorphentermine, clortermine, dexamfetamine, dexfenfluramine, dimetamfetamine, etilamfetamine, fenbutrazate, fenfluramine, hexapradol, levamfetamine, levmetamfetamine, levofenfluramine, lisdexamfetamine, mephentermine, ortetamine, phendimetrazine, phenmetrazine, phentermine

---

-orph- — opioid receptor antagonists/agonists, morphinan derivates

(a) -orphan: butorphanol, dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, dimemorfan, ketorfanol (or ketorphanol), levomethorphan, levophenacylmorphan, levorphanol, norlevorphanol, oxilorphan, phenomorphan, proxorphan, racemethorphan, racemorphan, xorphanol

levallorphan

-orphine: acetorphine, alletorphine, buprenorphine, cyprenorphine, desomorphine, diprenorphine, etorphine, homprenorphine, methyldesorphine, methyldihydromorphine, morphine glucuronide, nalorphine, nicomorphine, normorphine

-orphinol: hydromorphinol

-orphone: conorfone, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, pentamorphone, semorphone

(b) emorfazone, morforex, morpheridine, orphenadrine

---

-ox, -alox — antacids, aluminium derivatives

(a) glucalox, sucralox

(b) -dox antibacterials, quinazoline dioxide derivatives: carbadox, ciadox, cinoquidox, drazidox, mequidox, olaquindox, temodox

-pirox antimycotics, pyridone derivatives: ciclopirox, metipirox, rilopirox

-xanox antiallergics (antiallergic respiratory tract drugs), tixanox group (xanoxic acid derivatives): amlexanox, mepixanox, sudexanox, tixanox, traxanox

others: acipimox (antihyperlipidaemic), bifeprunox (antipsychotic), cefminox (antibiotic), deferasirox (chelating agent), etofenprox (insecticide), nifurtimox (antiprotozoal), pardoprunox (antiparkinsonian), sulbenox (animal growth regulator), xanoxic acid (bronchodilator)

---

-oxacin — antibacterial agents, nalidixic acid/quinolone/cinoxacin derivatives

(a) cinoxacin, droxacin, fleroxacin, enoxacin, garenoxacin, irloxacin, miloxacin, nemonoxacin, ozenoxacin, rosoxacin, tioxacin -floxacin: alatrofloxacin, amifloxacin, balofloxacin, besifloxacin, binfloxacin, cadrofloxacin, cetefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, clinafloxacin, danofloxacin, delafloxacin, difloxacin, ecenofloxacin, enrofloxacin, esafloxacin, fandofloxacin, finafloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, grepafloxacin, ibafloxacin, levofloxacin, levonadifloxacin, lomefloxacin, marbofloxacin, merafloxacin, moxifloxacin, nadifloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, olamufloxacin, orbifloxacin, pazufloxacin, pefloxacin, pradofloxacin, premafloxacin, prulifloxacin, rufloxacin, sarafloxacin, sitafloxacin, sparfloxacin, temafloxacin, tosufloxacin, trovafloxacin, ulifloxacin, vebufloxacin, zabofloxacin

(b) itarnafloxin

(c) flumequine, nalidixic acid, oxolinic acid, pipemidic acid, piromidic acid, metioxate

---

-oxan(e) — α-adrenoceptor antagonists benzodioxane derivatives

(a) α-adrenoreceptor antagonists: azaloxan (antidepressant), fluparoxan (antidepressant), idazoxan (α₂), imiloxan (α₂) (antidepressant), piperoxan (sympatholytic), proroxan

antihypertensives: flesinoxan, guabenxan, guanoxan

tranquillizers: butamoxane, ethomoxane, pentamoxane

muscle relaxant: ambenoxan

oxa, axa, ox: acoxatrine (cardiovascular analeptic), axamozide (neuroleptic), cinepaxadil (coronary vasodilator), dioxadilol (slight β-adrenoreceptor antagonist), domoxin, doxazosin, enoxamast (antiallergic), spiroxatrine (analgesic)

related: dexefaroxan (β-adrenoreceptor antagonist), efaroxan (α₂)

(b) amoproxan, nibroxane, razoxane, dexrazoxane, sobuzoxane, tolboxane

(c) aplindore, bendacalol, binospirone, capeserod, eltoprazine, lecozotan, lurtotecan, osemozotan, quincarbate, silibinin, sulamserod

---

-oxetine — serotonin and/or norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, fluoxetine derivatives

(a) atomoxetine, ansoxetine, dapoxetine, duloxetine, edivoxetine, esreboxetine, femoxetine, fluoxetine, ifoxetine, litoxetine, nisoxetine, omiloxetine, paroxetine, reboxetine, seproxetine

---

-pafant — platelet-activating factor antagonists

(a) apafant, bepafant, dacopafant, foropafant, israpafant, lexipafant, minopafant, modipafant, nupafant, rocepafant, setipafant, tulopafant

---

-pamide — diuretics, sulfamoylbenzoic acid derivatives (could be sulfamoylbenzamide)

(a) alipamide, besulpamide, clopamide, indapamide, tripamide, xipamide, zidapamide (previously isodapamide)

(b) chlorpropamide (hypoglycemic), isopropamide iodide (anticholinergic)

(c) bumetanide, chlortalidone, clorexolone, furosemide, sulclamide, tiamizide

---

-pamil — calcium channel blockers, coronary vasodilators, verapamil derivatives

(a) anipamil, dagapamil, devapamil, dexverapamil, emopamil, falipamil, gallopamil, levemopamil, nexopamil, ronipamil, tiapamil, verapamil

related: bertosamil, bisaramil

---

-parcin — glycopeptide antibiotics

(a) avoparcin, orientiparcin

---

-parib — poly-ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors

iniparib, olaparib, rucaparib, veliparib

---

-parin — heparin derivatives including low molecular weight (or depolymerized) heparins

(a) adomiparin sodium, ardeparin sodium, bemiparin sodium, certoparin sodium, dalteparin sodium, deligoparin sodium, enoxaparin sodium, heparin sodium, livaraparin calcium, minolteparin sodium, nadroparin calcium, parnaparin sodium, reviparin sodium, semuloparin sodium, tafoxiparin sodium, tinzaparin sodium

---

-parinux — synthetic heparinoids (antithrombotic indirect selective synthetic factor Xa inhibitors)

(a) fondaparinux sodium (replaces fondaparin sodium), idrabiotaparinux sodium, idraparinux sodium

---

-penem — analogues of penicillanic acid antibiotics modified in the five-membered ring (carbapenem derivatives)

(a) biapenem, doripenem, ertapenem, faropenem, imipenem, lenapenem, meropenem, panipenem, razupenem, ritipenem, sulopenem, tacapenem, tebipenem pivoxil, tomopenem

---

perfl(u)- — perfluorinated compounds used as blood substitutes and/or diagnostic agents (perfluorochemicals)

(a) perflenapent, perflexane, perflisobutane, perflisopent, perfluamine, perflubrodec, perflubron, perflubutane, perflunafene, perflutren

---

-perone — antianxiety agents/tranquillizers, neuroleptics, 4'-fluoro-4-piperidinobutyrophenone derivatives

(a) aceperone, amiperone, biriperone, carperone, cicarperone, cinuperone, cloroperone, declenperone, duoperone, fenaperone, fluspiperone, lenperone, melperone, metrenperone, milenperone, mindoperone, moperone, nonaperone, pipamperone, pirenperone, prideperone, primaperone, propyperone, roxoperone, setoperone, spiperone, timiperone

closely related: azabuperone, azaperone, lodiperone, zoloperone

-peridol antipsychotics, haloperidol derivatives: benperidol, bromperidol, clofluperol, droperidol, fluanisone, haloperidol, trifluperidol

-peridone antipsychotics, risperidone derivatives: abaperidone, belaperidone, cloperidone, iloperidone, lusaperidone, ocaperidone, paliperidone, risperidone, tioperidone

(c) domperidone, etoperidone (antiemetic)

---

-pidem — hypnotics/sedatives, zolpidem derivatives

alpidem, necopidem, saripidem, zolpidem

---

-pin — tricyclic compounds

(a) dosulepin

-zepine:

antidepressant/neuroleptic: dibenzepin, elanzepine, enprazepine, erizepine, mezepine, nuvenzepine, prazepine, propizepine, tilozepine

tricyclic antiulcer: darenzepine, pirenzepine, siltenzepine, telenzepine, zolenzepine

tricyclic anticonvulsant: carbamazepine, eslicarbazepine, etazepine, licarbazepine, oxcarbazepine, rispenzepine

hyperthermia: amezepine

-apine: psychoactive: amoxapine, asenapine, batelapine, clotiapine, clozapine, esmirtazapine, flumezapine, fluperlapine, loxapine, metiapine, mirtazapine, olanzapine, pentiapine, perlapine, quetiapine, rilapine, serazapine, tenilapine, zicronapine

-cilpine: antiepileptic: dizocilpine

-oxepin: beloxepin, cidoxepin, doxepin, maroxepin, metoxepin, pinoxepin, savoxepin, spiroxepin

-oxopine: traboxopine

-sopine: adosopine

-tepine: citatepine, clorotepine, damotepine, metitepine, tropatepine

(b) atromepine, noscapine, prozapine

(c) clobenzepam, homopipramol, opipramol

---

-plact — platelet factor 4 analogues and derivatives

iroplact

---

-pladib — phospholipase A2 inhibitors

darapladib, ecopladib, efipladib, giripladib, goxalapladib, rilapladib, varespladib

---

-planin — antibacterials (Actinoplanes strains)

actaplanin, mideplanin, ramoplanin, teicoplanin

---

-platin — antineoplastic agents, platinum derivatives

(a) carboplatin, cisplatin, dexormaplatin, enloplatin, eptaplatin, iproplatin, lobaplatin, miboplatin, miriplatin, nedaplatin, ormaplatin, oxaliplatin, picoplatin, satraplatin, sebriplatin, spiroplatin, triplatin tetranitrate, zeniplatin

---

-plon — imidazopyrimidine or pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives (non-benzodiazepines), used as anxiolytics, sedatives, hypnotics

adipiplon, divaplon, fasiplon, indiplon, lorediplon, ocinaplon, panadiplon, taniplon, zaleplon

---

-poetin — erythropoietin type blood factors

(a) darbepoetin alfa, epoetin alfa, epoetin beta, epoetin delta, epoetin gamma, epoetin epsilon, epoetin kappa, epoetin omega, epoetin theta, epoetin zeta

---

-porfin — benzoporphyrin derivatives

(a) exeporfinium chloride, lemuteporfin, padeliporfin, padoporfin, rostaporfin, stannsoporfin, talaporfin, temoporfin, verteporfin

---

-poride — Na⁺/H⁺ antiport inhibitors

amiloride, cariporide, eniporide, rimeporide, sabiporide, zoniporide

---

-pramine — antidepressants, substances of the imipramine group

(a) saturated dibenzazepine: azipramine, carpipramine, cianopramine, ciclopramine, clocapramine, clomipramine, depramine, desipramine, imipramine, ketimipramine, lofepramine, lopramine (replaced by lofepramine), metapramine, mosapramine, quinupramine, tampramine, tienopramine, trimipramine, imipraminoxide

(c) unsaturated dibenzazepine: carbamazepine, homopipramol, opipramol

---

-prazole — antiulcer agents, benzimidazole derivatives

(a) cinprazole, dexlansoprazole, disuprazole, esaprazole, esomeprazole, fuprazole, ilaprazole, lansoprazole, leminoprazole, levolansoprazole, nepaprazole, nilprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, picoprazole, pumaprazole, rabeprazole, saviprazole, tenatoprazole, timoprazole, ufiprazole

---

-piprazole — psychotropics, phenylpiperazine derivatives

(a) aripiprazole, dapiprazole, elopiprazole, enpiprazole, lorpiprazole, mepiprazole, sonepiprazole, tolpiprazole

---

pred-, -pred-, -pred — prednisone and prednisolone derivatives

(a) chloroprednisone, cloprednol, difluprednate, domoprednate, etiprednol dicloacetate, fluprednidene, fluprednisolone, halopredone, isoflupredone, isoprednidene, loteprednol, mazipredone, meprednisone, methylprednisolone, methylprednisolone aceponate, methylprednisolone suleptanate, oxisopred, prednazate, prednazoline, prednicarbate, prednimustine, prednisolamate, prednisolone, prednisolone steaglate, prednisone, prednylidene, tipredane

(b) various non-steroidal compounds: citiolone (hepatobil. troubles), clorexolone (diuretic), fenozolone (psychotonic), tioxolone (keratolytic), vistatolon (antiviral)

(c) -betasol: clobetasol, doxibetasol, ulobetasol

(c) -methasone or -metasone: alclometasone, amelometasone, beclometasone, betamethasone, betamethasone acibutate, cormetasone, desoximetasone, dexamethasone, dexamethasone acefurate, dexamethasone cipecilate, flumetasone, halometasone, icometasone enbutate, mometasone, paramethasone

(c) -olone: steroids (not prednisolone derivatives) not used as glucocorticosteroids: bardoxolone, clocortolone, descinolone, diflucortolone, fluclorolone acetonide, fluocinolone acetonide, fluocortolone, fluorometholone, fluperolone, halocortolone, rimexolone, triamcinolone, triamcinolone benetonide, triamcinolone furetonide, triamcinolone hexacetonide

(c) clobetasone, cloticasone, deprodone, dichlorisone, diflorasone, flunisolide, fluticasone, fluticasone furoate, meclorisone, timobesone

-olone

general anesthetics, pregnanes: alfadolone, alfaxalone, eltanolone, ganaxolone, minaxolone, renanolone

antiarrhythmic: amafolone, edifolone

antihyperlipidaemic: colestolone

glycyrrhetic acid derivatives: carbenoxolone, cicloxolone, cinoxolone, deloxolone, enoxolone, roxolonium metilsulfate

cytostatics - sex hormones: drostanolone, trestolone

androgens: androstanolone, drostanolone, mestanolone, metenolone, nandrolone, norethandrolone, oxandrolone, oxymetholone

minimally androgenic/antiandrogenic androgens: oxendolone, mesterolone, rosterolone

-bolone (see bol, anabolic steroids): formebolone, mesabolone, metribolone, oxabolone cipionate, quinbolone, roxibolone, stenbolone, tibolone, trenbolone

---

-pressin — vasoconstrictors, vasopressin derivatives

(a) argipressin, desmopressin, felypressin, lypressin, ornipressin, selepressin, terlipressin, vasopressin injection

---

-pride — sulpiride derivatives

(a) alizapride, alpiropride, amisulpride, batanopride, broclepride, cisapride, dazopride, denipride, etacepride, eticlopride, flubepride, nemonapride (previously emonapride), peralopride, prosulpride, prucalopride, sulmepride, sultopride, sulverapride, veralipride

alepride, bromopride, cinitapride, cipropride, clebopride, dobupride, irolapride, isosulpride, itopride, lintopride, lirexapride, lorapride, mezacopride, mosapride, naronapride, pancopride, raclopride, remoxipride, renzapride, tiapride, ticalopride, tinisulpride, trazolopride, tropapride, zacopride

cloxacepride

iolopride (¹²³I)

(b) glimepride

(c) levosulpiride, sulpiride

metoclopramide

---

-pril — angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors), antihypertensive agents

(a) alacepril, benazepril, captopril, ceronapril, cilazapril, delapril, enalapril, fosinopril, idrapril, imidapril, indolapril, libenzapril, lisinopril, moexipril, moveltipril, orbutopril, pentopril, perindopril, pivopril, quinapril, ramipril, rentiapril, spirapril, temocapril, trandolapril, utibapril, zabicipril, zofenopril

-prilat — antihypertensives (ACE inhibitors) (diacid analogs of the -pril entity)

(a) benazeprilat, cilazaprilat, enalaprilat, fosinoprilat, imidaprilat, moexiprilat, perindoprilat, quinaprilat, ramiprilat, spiraprilat, temocaprilat, trandolaprilat, utibaprilat, zabiciprilat, zofenoprilat

---

-prim — antibacterials, trimethoprim derivatives

(a) aditoprim, baquiloprim, brodimoprim, epiroprim, iclaprim, metioprim, ormetoprim, talmetoprim, tetroxoprim, trimethoprim, vaneprim

(c) diaveridine

---

-pris- — steroidal compounds acting on progesterone receptors (excluding -gest- compounds)

- note: -prisnil selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRM); -pristone progesterone receptor antagonists

(a) aglepristone, asoprisnil, asoprisnil ecamate, lilopristone, lonaprisan, mifepristone, onapristone, telapristone, toripristone, ulipristal

(c) epristeride, saprisartan, and the stem -pristin selected for antibacterials, pristinamycin derivatives

---

-pristin — antibacterials, pristinamycin derivatives

(a) dalfopristin, efepristin, flopristin, quinupristin, linopristin, volpristin

---

-profen — anti-inflammatory/analgesic agents, ibuprofen derivatives

(a) alminoprofen, araprofen, atliprofen, bakeprofen, benoxaprofen, bermoprofen, bifeprofen, carprofen, cicloprofen, cliprofen, dexibuprofen, dexindoprofen, dexketoprofen, esflurbiprofen, fenoprofen, flunoxaprofen, fluprofen, flurbiprofen, frabuprofen, furaprofen, furcloprofen, hexaprofen, ibuprofen, indoprofen, isoprofen, ketoprofen, lobuprofen, lonaprofen, losmiprofen, loxoprofen, mabuprofen, mexoprofen, miroprofen, odalprofen, pelubiprofen, piketoprofen, pirprofen, pranoprofen, suprofen, tazeprofen, tetriprofen, tilnoprofen arbamel, tioxaprofen, vedaprofen, ximoprofen, zaltoprofen, zoliprofen

(b) aprofene (antispasm. coronary vasodilator), diprofene (antispasm. blood vessels)

(c) brofezil, protizinic acid, tiaprofenic acid

---

-prost-, -prost — prostaglandins

(a) alfaprostol, alprostadil, ataprost, beraprost, bimatoprost, butaprost, carboprost, cicaprost, ciprostene, clinprost, cloprostenol, cobiprostone, delprostenate, dimoxaprost, dinoprost, dinoprostone, doxaprost, ecraprost, eganoprost, enisoprost, epoprostenol, eptaloprost, etiproston, fenprostalene, flunoprost, fluprostenol, froxiprost, gemeprost, iloprost (originally ciloprost), lanproston, latanoprost, limaprost, lubiprostone, luprostiol, meteneprost, misoprostol, naxaprostene, nileprost, nocloprost, oxoprostol, penprostene, pimilprost, piriprost, posaraprost, prostalene, remiprostol, rivenprost, rosaprostol, sulprostone, taprostene, tiaprost, tafluprost, tilsuprost, tiprostanide, travoprost, treprostinil, unoprostone, vapiprost, viprostol

-prostil — prostaglandins, anti-ulcer

(a) arbaprostil, deprostil, enprostil, mexiprostil, ornoprostil, rioprostil, spiriprostil, trimoprostil

---

-quidar — drugs used in multidrug resistance (multidrug resistance inhibitors), quinoline derivatives

dofequidar, laniquidar, tariquidar, zosuquidar

---

-quine — quinoline derivatives

(a) antimalarial: amodiaquine, amopyroquine, bulaquine, chloroquine, ferroquine, hydroxychloroquine, mefloquine, moxipraquine, pamaquine, pentaquine, primaquine, quinocide, tafenoquine, tebuquine

acequinoline, actinoquinol, aminoquinol, amquinate, amiquinsin, aminoquinuride, benzoxiquine, broquinaldol, buquineran, buquinolate, clamoxyquine, cletoquine, chlorquinaldol, cinoquidox, ciproquinate, clioquinol, cloquinate, cloxiquine, debrisoquine, decoquinate, diiodohydroxyquinoline, esproquine, flumequine, guanisoquine, hedaquinium chloride, intiquinatine, iquindamine, isotiquimide, leniquinsin, mebiquine, nequinate, nifuroquine, olaquindox, oxamniquine, peraquinsin, pirquinozol, proquinolate, quinaldine blue, quincarbate, quindecamine, quindoxin, quinetalate, quinfamide, quinisocaine, quinprenaline, quinuclium bromide, quipazine, sitamaquine, tilbroquinol, tiliquinol, tiquinamide, tiquizium bromide, toquizine, tretoquinol, viquidil

(c) broxaldine, cinchocaine, cinchophen, climiqualine, dehydroemetine, dequalinium chloride, dimethyltubocurarinium chloride, dimoxyline, drotaverine, ethaverine, euprocin, famotine, flucarbril, glafenine, laudexium metilsulfate, laurolinium acetate, memotine, metofoline, neocinchophen, niceverine, nitroxoline, noscapine, octaverine, oxolinic acid, oxycinchophen, pyrvinium chloride, trethinium tosilate, tritoqualine, tubocurarine chloride

---

-racetam — amide type nootropic agents, piracetam derivatives

(a) aloracetam, aniracetam, brivaracetam, cebaracetam, coluracetam, dimiracetam, doliracetam, dupracetam, etiracetam, fasoracetam, fonturacetam, imuracetam, levetiracetam, molracetam, nebracetam, nefiracetam, nicoracetam, oxiracetam, piracetam, pramiracetam, rolziracetam, seletracetam

related: tenilsetam

---

-racil — uracil type antineoplastics

(a) eniluracil, fluorouracil, gimeracil, oteracil

-thiouracil — uracil derivatives used as thyroid antagonists and as antineoplastics

(a) iodothiouracil, methylthiouracil, propylthiouracil

---

-relin — pituitary (hypophyseal) prehormones/hormone-release stimulating peptides

(a) LHRH/GNRH-release-stimulating peptides: avorelin, buserelin, deslorelin, gonadorelin, goserelin, histrelin, leuprorelin, lutrelin, nafarelin, peforelin, triptorelin

-morelin — growth hormone release-stimulating peptides

(a) anamorelin, capromorelin, dumorelin, examorelin, ipamorelin, lenomorelin, macimorelin, pralmorelin, rismorelin, sermorelin, tabimorelin, tesamorelin, ulimorelin

(c) somatorelin

-tirelin — thyrotropin releasing hormone analogues

(a) azetirelin, fertirelin, montirelin, orotirelin, posatirelin, protirelin, ravatirelin, taltirelin

other: corticorelin (diagnostic agent)

(c) thyrotropin alfa (thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) analog)

---

-relix — pituitary hormone-release inhibiting peptides

(a) abarelix, cetrorelix, degarelix, detirelix, ganirelix, iturelix, ozarelix, prazarelix, ramorelix, teverelix

---

-renone — aldosterone antagonists, spironolactone derivatives

(a) canrenoic acid and potassium canrenoate, canrenone, dicirenone, drospirenone, eplerenone, mespirenone, spirorenone

(b) bromchlorenone (antifungal), menatetrenone (antihemorrhagic), teprenone, ubidecarenone (in congestive heart failure)

(c) oxprenoate potassium, prorenoate potassium, spironolactone, spiroxasone

---

-retin-, -retin — retinol derivatives

(a) acitretin (previously etretin), alitretinoin, doretinel, etretinate, fenretinide, isotretinoin, motretinide, pelretin, peretinoin, retinol, tretinoin, tretinoin tocoferil

(b) noretynodrel, secretin, trethinium tosilate

---

-ribine — ribofuranyl-derivatives of the "pyrazofurin" type

(a) azaribine, cladribine, isatoribine, loxoribine, mizoribine, triciribine

(c) pirazofurin, ribavirin, riboprine, tiazofurine

related: benaxibine

---

rifa- — antibiotics, rifamycin derivatives

(a) rifabutin, rifalazil, rifametane, rifamexil, rifamide, rifampicin, rifamycin, rifapentine, rifaximin (previously rifaxidine)

---

-rinone — cardiac stimulants (cardiotonics), amrinone derivatives

(a) amrinone, bemarinone, medorinone, milrinone, nanterinone, olprinone, pelrinone, saterinone, toborinone, vesnarinone

(b) gestrinone, indacrinone, taziprinone

---

-rozole — aromatase inhibitors, imidazole-triazole derivatives

anastrozole, fadrozole, finrozole, letrozole, liarozole, talarozole, vorozole

(b) aminitrozole, sulfatrozole, tenonitrozole

---

-rsen — antisense oligonucleotides

aganirsen, alicaforsen, anivamersen, aprinocarsen, beclanorsen, cenersen, custirsen, gataparsen, eteplirsen, mipomersen, oblimersen, trabedersen

---

-virsen — antivirals

afovirsen, fomivirsen, miravirsen, trecovirsen

---

-rubicin — antineoplastic antibiotics, daunorubicin derivatives

(a) aclarubicin, amrubicin, berubicin, carubicin, daunorubicin, detorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin (originally pidorubicin), esorubicin, galarubicin, idarubicin, ladirubicin, leurubicin, medorubicin, nemorubicin, pirarubicin, rodorubicin, sabarubicin, valrubicin, zorubicin

---

-sal-, -sal, or sal- — anti-inflammatory agents (salicylic acid derivatives)

(a) sal-: analgesic anti-inflammatory: choline salicylate, imidazole salicylate, salacetamide, salcolex, saletamide, salfluverine, salicylamide, salnacedin, salprotoside, salsalate, salverine

various: salafibrate (antihyperlipidaemic), salantel (anthelmintic), salcaprozic acid (absorption promotor), salclobuzic acid (pharmaceutical aid), salinazid (antituberculosis agent), salirasib (antineoplastic)

-sal: analgesic anti-inflammatory: detanosal, diflunisal, fendosal, flufenisal, fosfosal, guacetisal, guaimesal, parcetasal, pranosal, sulprosal, tenosal

antithrombotic: flufosal

various: antituberc.: fenamisal, thiomersal (disinfect.), triflusal (antithrombotic)

-sal-: analgesic anti-inflammatory: acetaminosalol, carbasalate calcium, carsalam, etersalate, etosalamide, isalmadol, parsalmide, talosalate

various: amotosalen, calcium benzamidosalicylate, homosalate (sunscreen agent), isalsteine (mucolytic), lasalocid (antibiotic (veterinary)), mersalyl (mercurial diuretic), octisalate (sunscreen), osalmid (choleretic), susalimod (immunomodulator), xenysalate (antiseborrheic)

salazo-: phenylazosalicylic acid derivatives antibacterial: salazodine, salazosulfadimidine, salazosulfamide, salazosulfathiazole

-salazine/-salazide: dersalazine, mesalazine, olsalazine, sulfasalazine, balsalazide, ipsalazide

-salan: brominated salicylamide derivatives disinfectant: bensalan, dibromsalan, flusalan, fursalan, metabromsalan, tiosalan, tribromsalan

(b)

non-salicylic acid derivatives: fosalvudine tidoxil, macrosalb (^99mTc), rusalatide, trioxysalen (pigmenting agent)

bronchodilators: levosalbutamol, salbutamol, salmefamol

(c)

analgesic, anti-inflammatory: aloxiprin, anilamate, benorilate, brosotamide, cresotamide, dibusadol, dipyrocetyl, ethenzamide, fenamifuril, gentisic acid, hydroxytoluic acid, sodium gentisate, sodium glucaspaldrate

various:

4-aminosalicylates of the -caine series: ambucaine, hydroxyprocaine, hydroxytetracaine, propoxycaine

antihypertensives: labetalol

antitussives: alloclamide, flualamide

saluretics: xipamide (sulfamoyl derivative)

mercurial diuretics: mercuderamide

anthelmintics: bromoxanide, clioxanide, niclosamide, rafoxanide

closantel, flurantel, resorantel

antifungals: buclosamide, exalamide, pentalamide

---

-sartan — angiotensin II receptor antagonists, antihypertensive (non-peptidic)

abitesartan, azilsartan, azilsartan medoxomil, candesartan, elisartan, embusartan, eprosartan, fimasartan, forasartan, irbesartan, losartan, milfasartan, olmesartan, olmesartan medoxomil, pomisartan, pratosartan, ripisartan, saprisartan, tasosartan, telmisartan, valsartan, zolasartan

---

-semide — diuretics, furosemide derivatives

(a) azosemide, furosemide, galosemide, sulosemide, torasemide

---

-serod — serotonin receptor antagonists and partial agonists

(a) capeserod, piboserod, sulamserod, tegaserod

---

-serpine — derivatives of Rauwolfia alkaloids

(a) bietaserpine, mefeserpine, reserpine

(c) chloroserpidine, deserpidine, methoserpidine, metoserpate, rescimetol, rescinnamine, syrosingopine

---

-sertib — serine/threonine kinase inhibitors

alisertib, barasertib, cenisertib, danusertib, delcasertib, pimasertib, silmitasertib, tozasertib, volasertib

---

-setron — serotonin receptor antagonists (5-HT₃) not fitting into other established groups of serotonin receptor antagonists

(a) alosetron, azasetron, bemesetron, cilansetron, dolasetron, fabesetron, galdansetron, granisetron, indisetron, itasetron, lerisetron, lurosetron, mirisetron, ondansetron, palonosetron, ramosetron, ricasetron, tropisetron, zatosetron

---

som- — growth hormone (somatotropin) derivatives

(a) -bove: bovine type substances: somagrebove, somavubove, sometribove, somidobove

-por: porcine-type substances: somalapor, somenopor, somfasepor, sometripor

-salm: salmon-type substances: somatosalm

thers: somatrem, somatropin, somatropin pegol

(b) somatorelin, somantadine, somatostatin

---

-spirone — anxiolytics, buspirone derivatives

(a) alnespirone, binospirone, buspirone, enilospirone, perospirone, revospirone, tandospirone, tiospirone, umespirone, zalospirone

(c) eptapirone, gepirone, ipsapirone

---

-stat, -stat- — enzyme inhibitors

-castat — dopamine β-hydroxylase inhibitors

(a) etamicastat, nepicastat

-elestat — elastase inhibitors

(a) alvelestat, depelestat, freselestat, sivelestat, tiprelestat

-inostat — histone deacetylase inhibitors

(a) abexinostat, belinostat, dacinostat, entinostat, givinostat, mocetinostat, panobinostat, pracinostat, resminostat, tefinostat, vorinostat

-listat — gastrointestinal lipase inhibitors

(a) cetilistat, orlistat

-mastat — matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors

(a) batimastat, cipemastat, ilomastat, marimastat, prinomastat, rebimastat, solimastat, tanomastat

-mostat — proteolytic enzyme inhibitors

(a) camostat, nafamostat, patamostat, sepimostat, upamostat

(c) aloxistatin, ulinastatin

-restat — aldose reductase inhibitors

(a) alrestatin, epalrestat, fidarestat, imirestat, lidorestat, minalrestat, ponalrestat, ranirestat, risarestat, tolrestat, zenarestat, zopolrestat

various

• afegostat - β-glucocerebrosidase inhibitor
• apratastat - inhibition of TNF-α converting enzyme
• avagacestat - γ-secretase inhibitor
• azalanstat - lanosterol 14α-demethylase inhibitor
• begacestat - γ-secretase inhibitor
• benurestat - urease inhibitor
• cilastatin - renal dehydropeptidase inhibitor
• cobicistat - cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitor
• conestat alfa - human plasma protease C1 inhibitor
• duvoglustat - Pompe's disease therapy
• eliglustat - glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor
• ezatiostat - glutathione-S-transferase inhibitor
• febuxostat - xanthine oxydase and xanthine dehydrogenase inhibitor
• imetelstat - antineoplastic, telomerase inhibitor
• iofolastat (¹²³I) - radiopharmaceutical
• irosustat - antineoplastic
• lapaquistat - squalene synthase inhibitor
• migalastat - α-galactosidase A enzyme inhibitor
• miglustat - glucosyltransferase inhibitor
• niraxostat - xanthine oxydase inhibitor
• nystatin - antifungal antibiotic
• pentostatin - vidarabin activity potentiator; inhibitor of enzymatic deaminative metabolism
• pepstatin - pepsin inhibitor
• semgacestat - γ-secretase inhibitor
• somatostatin - growth hormone release inhibiting factor
• talabostat - antineoplastic
• telotristat - tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor
• tendamistat - amylase inhibitor
• topiroxostat - xanthine oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase inhibitor
• tosedostat - antineoplastic, aminopeptidase inhibitor
• vistatolon - antiviral antibiotic
• zinostatin - antineoplastic
• zinostatin stimalamer - -

-vastatin — antihyperlipidaemic substances, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors

(a) atorvastatin, bervastatin, cerivastatin, crilvastatin, dalvastatin, fluvastatin, glenvastatin, lovastatin, mevastatin, pitavastatin (replaces itavastatin), pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin, tenivastatin

---

-steine — mucolytics, other than bromhexine derivatives (substances of the acetylcysteine group)

(a) acetylcysteine, bencisteine, carbocisteine, cartasteine, dacisteine, danosteine, erdosteine, fudosteine, guaisteine, isalsteine, letosteine, mecysteine, midesteine, moguisteine, nesosteine, omonasteine, prenisteine, salmisteine, taurosteine, telmesteine

---

-ster- — androgens/anabolic steroids

(a) -testosterone: cloxotestosterone, methyltestosterone, testosterone, testosterone ketolaurate

-sterone: bolasterone, fluoxymesterone, oxymesterone, prasterone, tiomesterone

-ster-: mesterolone, penmesterol, rosterolone

(b) progestational steroids:

-gesterone: dydrogesterone, haloprogesterone, hydroxyprogesterone, medroxyprogesterone, norgesterone, progesterone, segesterone

-sterone: dimethisterone, ethisterone, norethisterone, norvinisterone

various: -sterone: aldosterone (corticosteroid), calusterone (antineoplastic)

-sterol: azacosterol (hypocholesterolemic), dihydrotachysterol (antihypoparathyroid), iodocholesterol (¹³¹I)

ster: nisterime (contraceptive agent), stercuronium iodide (neuromuscular blocking agent)

-steride testosterone reductase inhibitors: bexlosteride, dutasteride, epristeride, finasteride, izonsteride, lapisteride, turosteride

---

-stigmine — acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (physostigmine type)

(a) distigmine bromide, eptastigmine, ganstigmine, neostigmine bromide, pyridostigmine bromide, quilostigmine, rivastigmine, terestigmine

(c) eseridine

---

-stim — colony stimulating factors

(a) ancestim (cell growth factor), garnocestim (immunomodulator), pegacaristim (megakaryocyte growth factor), romiplostim (platelet stimulating factor)

-distim — combination/conjugates of two different types of colony-stimulating factors

(a) leridistim, milodistim

-gramostim — granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) types substances

(a) ecogramostim, molgramostim, regramostim, sargramostim

-grastim — granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) type substances

(a) filgrastim, lenograstim, lipegfilgrastim, nartograstim, pegfilgrastim, pegnartograstim

-mostim — macrophage stimulating factors (M-CSF) type substances

(a) cilmostim, lanimostim, mirimostim

-plestim — interleukin-3 analogues and derivatives, pleiotropic colony-stimulating factors

(a) daniplestim, muplestim

---

sulfa- (or sulpha-) — anti-infectives, sulfonamides

(a) sulfabenz, sulfabenzamide, sulfacarbamide, sulfacecole, sulfacetamide, sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfachrysoidine, sulfacitine, sulfaclomide, sulfaclorazole, sulfaclozine, sulfadiasulfone sodium, sulfadiazine, sulfadiazine sodium, sulfadicramide, sulfadimethoxine, sulfadimidine, sulfadoxine, sulfaethidole, sulfafurazole, sulfaguanidine, sulfaguanole, sulfalene, sulfaloxic acid, sulfamazone, sulfamerazine, sulfamerazine sodium, sulfamethizole, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfametomidine, sulfametoxydiazine, sulfametrole, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfamoxole, sulfanilamide, sulfanitran, sulfaperin, sulfaphenazole, sulfaproxyline, sulfapyrazole, sulfapyridine, sulfaquinoxaline, sulfasalazine, sulfasomizole, sulfasuccinamide, sulfasymazine, sulfathiazole, sulfathiourea, sulfatolamide, sulfatroxazole, sulfatrozole

(b) galsulfase, idursulfase, sulfarsphenamine

(c) benzylsulfamide, glucosulfamide, maleylsulfathiazole, mesulfamide, nitrosulfathiazole, phthalylsulfamethizole, phthalylsulfathiazole, salazodine, salazosulfadimidine, salazosulfamide, salazosulfathiazole, stearylsulfamide, succinylsulfathiazole, sulfisomidine, vanyldisulfamide, mafenide (sulfonamide, but not sulfanilamide)

---

-sulfan — antineoplastic, alkylating agents, methanesulfonates

(a) busulfan, improsulfan, mannosulfan, piposulfan, ritrosulfan, treosulfan

---

-tadine — histamine-H₁ receptor antagonists, tricyclic compounds, loratadine derivatives

(a) alcaftadine, azatadine, cyproheptadine, desloratadine, loratadine, napactadine, olopatadine, rupatadine, vapitadine

(b) amantadine, carmantadine, rimantadine, somantadine, tromantadine (see -mantadine)

---

-tant — neurokinin (tachykinin) receptor antagonists

-pitant — neurokinin NK₁ (substance P) receptor antagonist

(a) aprepitant, befetupitant, burapitant, casopitant, dapitant, ezlopitant, figopitant, fosaprepitant, lanepitant, maropitant, netupitant, nolpitantium besilate, orvepitant, rolapitant, serlopitant, vestipitant, vofopitant

-dutant — neurokinin NK₂ receptor antagonist

(a) ibodutant, nepadutant, saredutant

-nertant — neurotensin antagonist

(a) meclinertant (replaces reminertant)

-netant — neurokinin NK₃ receptor antagonist

(a) osanetant, talnetant

---

-tapide — microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) inhibitors

dirlotapide, granotapide, implitapide, mitratapide, lomitapide, usistapide

---

-taxel — antineoplastics, taxane derivatives

cabazitaxel, docetaxel, larotaxel, milataxel, ortataxel, paclitaxel, paclitaxel ceribate, paclitaxel poliglumex, simotaxel, tesetaxel

---

-tecan — antineoplastics, topoisomerase I inhibitors (camptothecine derivatives)

afeletecan, atiratecan, belotecan, cositecan, delimotecan, diflomotecan, elemotecan, exatecan, exatecan alideximer, gimatecan, irinotecan, lurtotecan, mureletecan, namitecan, pegamotecan, rubitecan, tenifatecan, topotecan

---

-tepa — antineoplastics, thiotepa derivatives

(a) azatepa, pumitepa, thiotepa

---

-terol — bronchodilators, phenethylamine derivatives (previously -prenaline or -terenol unofficial)

(a) abediterol, amiterol, arformoterol, bitolterol, broxaterol, carmoterol, cimaterol, colterol, difeterol, etanterol, fenoterol, formoterol, imoxiterol, indacaterol, milveterol, naminterol, nardeterol, olodaterol, picumeterol, procaterol, reproterol, rimiterol, salmeterol, sulfonterol, vilanterol, zilpaterol, zinterol

-buterol: bambuterol, carbuterol, clenbuterol, divabuterol, flerobuterol, ibuterol, mabuterol, nisbuterol, pirbuterol, tobuterol, tulobuterol

cardiac stimulants: metaterol, prenalterol, xamoterol

previously -prenaline or -terenol: clorprenaline, hexoprenaline, isoprenaline, levisoprenaline, metiprenaline, orciprenaline, quinprenaline

deterenol, soterenol

(b) azacosterol, dihydrotachysterol, penmesterol

(c) dioxethedrine, isoetarine, methoxyphenamine, pseudoephedrine, salbutamol, salmefamol, terbutaline

---

-terone — antiandrogens

(a) abiraterone, benorterone, cyproterone, delanterone, galeterone, inocoterone, osaterone, topterone, zanoterone

(b) clometerone (antiestrogen)

(c) cioteronel, orteronel, oxendolone, rosterolone

---

-tiazem — calcium channel blockers, diltiazem derivatives

clentiazem, diltiazem, iprotiazem, nictiazem, siratiazem

---

-tide — peptides and glycopeptides (for special groups of peptides see -actide, - pressin, -relin, -tocin)

• analgesic: leconotide, ziconotide
• angiogenesis inhibitor: cilengitide
• angiotensin convers. inhibitor: teprotide
• anti-inflammatory: icrocaptide
• antianaemic: peginesatide
• antiarrythmic: danegaptide, rotigaptide
• antidepressant: nemifitide
• antidiabetic: amlintide, davalintide, exenatide, lixisenatide, pramlintide, seglitide
• antidiarrhoeal: lagatide
• antithrombotic: eptifibatide
• antiviral: enfuvirtide, tifuvirtide
• autoimmune disorders: dirucotide
• atrial natriuretic factor type substance: anaritide, cenderitide, neseritide, ularitide
• cardiac stimulant: carperitide
• diagnostic: betiatide, bibapcitide, ceruletide, depreotide, fluciclatide (¹⁸F), maraciclatide, mertiatide, pendetide, technetium (^99mTc) apcitide, teriparatide
• expectorant (in cystic fibrosis): lancovutide
• gastro-intestinal bleeding/antineoplastic: edotreotide, ilatreotide, lanreotide, octreotide, pentetreotide, vapreotide
• gastrointestinal functions normalizing agent: linaclotide, plecanatide
• growth stimulant-veterinary: nosiheptide
• gut motility increasing: ociltide
• hormone analogue: semparatide
• immunological agents - antineoplastic: almurtide, delmitide, edratide, goralatide, mifamurtide, murabutide, pentigetide, pimelautide, prezatide copper acetate, rolipoltide, romurtide, tabilautide, temurtide, tigapotide
• inhibition of growth hormone release: pasireotide
• kallicrein inhibitor: ecallantide
• melanocortin receptor agonist: afamelanotide, bremelanotide
• neuromodulator: davunetide, ebiratide, obinepitide
• peptic ulcer: sulglicotide, triletide
• pulmonary surfactant: lusupultide, sinapultide
• sedative: emideltide
• thrombin fragment: rusalatide
• transforming growth factor inhibitor: disitertide
• treatment of Alzheimer's disease: vanutide cridificar
• treatment of Parkinson's disease: doreptide, pareptide
• treatment of coeliac disease: larazotide

-glutide Glucagon-like Peptide (GLP) analogues

albiglutide, dulaglutide, elsiglutide, liraglutide, semaglutide, taspoglutide, teduglutide

-motide immunological agents for active immunization

amilomotide, disomotide, elpamotide, ovemotide, tertomotide, tiplimotide

(b) defibrotide (nucleotide), diamfenetide (fasciolicide), diclometide (behaviour modificator), fludroxycortide, glisentide

(c) angiotensin II, angiotensinamide

---

-tidine — histamine-H₂-receptor antagonists, cimetidine derivatives

(a) bisfentidine, cimetidine, dalcotidine, donetidine, ebrotidine, etintidine, famotidine, lafutidine, lamtidine, lavoltidine (previously loxtidine), lupitidine, mifentidine, niperotidine, nizatidine, osutidine, oxmetidine, pibutidine, quisultidine (replaced by quisultazine), ramixotidine, ranitidine, roxatidine, sufotidine, tiotidine, tuvatidine, venritidine, zaltidine

(b) azacitidine (antineoplastic), benzethidine, furethidine, guanethidine, hexetidine, hydroxypethidine, pethidine, propinetidine

(c) metiamide

---

-tinib — tyrosine kinase inhibitors

(a) afatinib, amuvatinib, axitinib, bafetinib, bosutinib, cabozantinib, canertinib, crizotinib, dacomitinib, dasatinib, dovitinib, erlotinib, foretinib, fostamatinib, gefitinib, imatinib, lapatinib, lenvatinib, lestaurtinib, linsitinib, masitinib, mubritinib, neratinib, nilotinib, oclacitinib, orantinib, pacritinib, pelitinib, ponatinib, quizartinib, radotinib, ruxolitinib, saracatinib, selumetinib, sunitinib, tandutinib, telatinib, tivantinib, tofacitinib, trametinib, varlitinib

---

-tizide — diuretics, chlorothiazide derivatives (thiazide derivatives)

(a) altizide, bemetizide, butizide, carmetizide, epitizide, hydrobentizide, mebutizide, paraflutizide, penflutizide, sumetizide

(c) bendroflumethiazide, benzthiazide, chlorothiazide, cyclopenthiazide, cyclothiazide, disulfamide, ethiazide, flumethiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, methyclothiazide, polythiazide, teclothiazide, trichlormethiazide

---

-tocin — oxytocin derivatives

(a) argiprestocin, aspartocin, carbetocin, cargutocin, demoxytocin, nacartocin, oxytocin

---

-toin — antiepileptics, hydantoin derivatives

(a) albutoin, doxenitoin, ethotoin, fosphenytoin, imepitoin, mephenytoin, metetoin, phenytoin

ropitoin

(b) clodantoin (antifungal), nitrofurantoin (antibacterial)

---

-trexate — folic acid analogues (antimetabolites)

(a) edatrexate, ketotrexate, methotrexate, pralatrexate, trimetrexate

(c) aminopterin sodium

---

-trexed — antineoplastics, thymidylate synthetase inhibitors

nolatrexed, pemetrexed, plevitrexed, raltitrexed

---

-tricin — antibiotics, polyene derivatives

(a) mepartricin, partricin

(b) tyrothricin

(c) amphotericin B, candicidin, filipin, hachimycin, hamycin, levorin, mocimycin, natamycin, nystatin, pecilocin

---

-tril, -trilat — endopeptidase inhibitors

candoxatril, candoxatrilat

-dotril: dexecadotril, ecadotril, fasidotril, racecadotril

-lutril: daglutril

-patril/-patrilat: gemopatrilat, ilepatril, omapatrilat, sampatrilat

---

-triptan — serotonin (5-HT₁) receptor agonists, sumatriptan derivatives (antimigraine agents)

(a) almotriptan, avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, naratriptan, oxitriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan

(c) alniditan

---

-triptyline — antidepressants, dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptane or cyclopheptene derivatives

(a) amitriptyline, butriptyline, cotriptyline, intriptyline, nortriptyline, octriptyline, protriptyline, amitriptylinoxide, demexiptiline, levoprotiline, noxiptiline, oxaprotiline, setiptiline

(b) oxitriptyline (anticonvulsant)

(c) hepzidine

---

-troban — thromboxane A2 receptor antagonists, antithrombotic agents

argatroban, daltroban, domitroban, ifetroban, linotroban, mipitroban, ramatroban, sulotroban, terutroban

---

trop-, -trop- — atropine derivatives

(a) parasympatholytic/anticholinergic:

tertiary amines: atropine oxyde, benzatropine, decitropine, etybenzatropine, eucatropine, tropatepine, tropicamide, tropigline, tropodifene

closely related: esbatropate

quaternary ammonium salts: atropine methonitrate, butropium bromide, ciclotropium bromide, cimetropium bromide, darotropium bromide, flutropium bromide, homatropine methylbromide, ipratropium bromide, octatropine methylbromide, oxitropium bromide, phenactropinium chloride, ritropirronium bromide, sevitropium mesilate, sintropium bromide, sultroponium, tematropium metilsulfate, tiotropium bromide, tipetropium bromide, tropenziline bromide, xenytropium bromide

various: clobenztropine (antihistaminic), cyheptropine (antiarrhythmic), deptropine (antiasthmatic), revatropate (bronchodilator), tropabazate (tranquillizer), tropanserin (serotonin receptor antagonist), tropapride (antipsychotic), tropirine (respiratory disorders), tropantiol (chelating agent), tropisetron (serotonin antagonist)

(b) dextropropoxyphene, somatropin, somatropin pegol, varfollitropin alfa

(c) parasympatholytic/anticholinergic:

tertiary amines: poskine, prampine, tigloidin

various: zepastine (antihistaminic)

---

-uridine — uridine derivatives used as antiviral agents and as antineoplastics

broxuridine, doxifluridine

related: carmofur, clanfenur, tegafur

fialuridine, floxuridine, fosfluridine tidoxil, idoxuridine, navuridine, ropidoxuridine, trifluridine, uridine triacetate

---

-vudine — antineoplastics, antivirals (zidovudine type))

(a) alovudine, brivudine, clevudine, epervudine, fosalvudine tidoxil, fozivudine tidoxil, lamivudine, netivudine, sorivudine, stavudine, telbivudine, zidovudine

(c) edoxudine

---

-vaptan — vasopressin receptor antagonists

(a) conivaptan, lixivaptan, mozavaptan, nelivaptan, relcovaptan, satavaptan, tolvaptan

---

-verine — spasmolytic agents with a papaverine-like action (papaverine-type)

(a) alverine, amifloverine, bietamiverine, butaverine, camiverine, caroverine, clofeverine, demelverine, denaverine, dexsecoverine, dicycloverine, dihexyverine, dipiproverine, diproteverine, drotaverine, elziverine, ethaverine, febuverine, fenoverine, floverine, heptaverine, ibuverine, idaverine, mebeverine, milverine, mofloverine, moxaverine, nafiverine, niceverine, octaverine, pargeverine, pentoxyverine, pramiverine, prenoverine, propiverine, rociverine, salfluverine, salverine, secoverine, temiverine, zardaverine

related: fenpiverinium bromide, pinaverium bromide

(b) cinnamaverine (anticholinergic, tertiary amine), diaveridine

(c) spasmolytics chemically related to some of the above: butetamate, butinoline, camylofin, cinnamedrine, cyclandelate, difemerine, diisopromin, dimoxylin, fenpiprane, fenyramidol, metindizate, oxybutynin, papaveroline, pentapiperide, prozapine, triclazate, tropenziline bromide

---

vin-, -vin- — vinca alkaloids

(a) stimulation of cerebrovascular circulation: apovincamine, brovincamine, vinburnine, vincamine, vincanol, vincantril, vinconate, vindeburnol, vinmegallate, vinpocetine, vinpoline, vintoperol

cytostatic: vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, vinepidine, vinflunine, vinformide, vinfosiltine, vinglycinate, vinleucinol, vinleurosine, vinorelbine, vinrosidine, vintriptol, vinzolidine

(b) barbiturates: vinbarbital, vinylbital

others: vincofos (phosphate, anthelmintic), vintiamol (vitamin B derivative, antineuralgic)

---

-vir, -vir-, or vir- — antivirals (undefined group)

(a) alisporivir, alvircept sudotox, amdoxovir, amenamevir, amitivir, atevirdine, balapiravir, bevirimat, daclatasvir, delavirdine, denotivir, dolutegravir, efavirenz, elvitegravir, enfuvirtide, enviradene, enviroxime, favipiravir, filibuvir, letermovir, litomeglovir, loviride, maribavir, nesbuvir, nevirapine, opaviraline, pirodavir, raltegravir, ribavirin, rupintrivir, taribavirin, talviraline, tecovirimat, tegobuvir, tifuvirtide, tivirapine, tomeglovir, trovirdine, umifenovir, viroxime, zinviroxime

-amivir neuraminidase inhibitors: laninamivir, oseltamivir, peramivir, zanamivir

-cavir carbocyclic nucleosides: abacavir, entecavir, lobucavir

-ciclovir bicyclic heterocycle compounds: aciclovir, buciclovir, desciclovir, detiviciclovir, famciclovir, ganciclovir, lagociclovir, lagociclovir valactate, omaciclovir, penciclovir, rociclovir, tiviciclovir, valaciclovir, valganciclovir, valomaciclovir

-fovir phosphonic acid derivatives: adefovir, alamifovir, besifovir, cidofovir, pradefovir, tenofovir

-gosivir glucoside inhibitors: celgosivir

-navir HIV protease inhibitors: amprenavir, atazanavir, brecanavir, darunavir, droxinavir, fosamprenavir, indinavir, lasinavir, lopinavir, mozenavir, nelfinavir, palinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, telinavir, tipranavir

-previr Hepatitis Virus C (HVC) protease inhibitors: asunaprevir, boceprevir, ciluprevir, danoprevir, narlaprevir, simaprevir, telaprevir, vaniprevir

-virine Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTI): capravirine, dapivirine, emivirine, etravirine, fosdevirine, lersivirine, rilpivirine

-viroc CCR5 (Chemokine CC motif receptor 5) receptor antagonists: ancriviroc, aplaviroc, cenicriviroc, maraviroc, vicriviroc

-virumab see mab

(b) virginiamycin, viridofulvin

(c) aranotin, arildone, avridine, didanosine, disoxaril, dimepranol, foscarnet sodium, fosfonet sodium, ketoxal, impacarzine, inosine, lodenosine, metisazone, moroxydine, pleconaril, tilorone, xenazoic acid

---

-xaban — blood coagulation factor XA inhibitors, antithrombotics

(a) apixaban, betrixaban, darexaban, edoxaban, eribaxaban, fidexaban, letaxaban, otamixaban, razaxaban, rivaroxaban

---

-zafone — alozafone derivatives

(a) alozafone, avizafone, ciprazafone, dinazafone, dulozafone, lorzafone, oxazafone, rilmazafone

---

-zotan — serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonists/antagonists acting primarly as neuroprotectors

ebalzotan, lecozotan, naluzotan, osemozotan, piclozotan, robalzotan, sarizotan

---